Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa - GatineauMore information: Ontario/Quebec [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,488,307	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,371,576^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	638,013	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	604,721	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	185.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,046.99	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,488,305	727,245	761,055
0 to 14 years	251,345	127,990	123,350
0 to 4 years	74,165	37,585	36,585
5 to 9 years	86,825	44,180	42,650
10 to 14 years	90,350	46,230	44,120
15 to 64 years	983,785	484,155	499,625
15 to 19 years	85,865	43,875	41,995
20 to 24 years	95,515	48,410	47,110
25 to 29 years	101,490	50,710	50,785
30 to 34 years	101,450	49,900	51,550
35 to 39 years	101,965	49,580	52,385
40 to 44 years	97,820	47,160	50,670
45 to 49 years	96,800	46,880	49,920
50 to 54 years	97,960	47,875	50,080
55 to 59 years	107,175	52,750	54,425
60 to 64 years	97,735	47,025	50,705
65 years and over	253,180	115,100	138,075
65 to 69 years	80,115	38,240	41,875
70 to 74 years	67,345	31,765	35,580
75 to 79 years	45,455	21,080	24,380
80 to 84 years	29,605	12,990	16,620
85 years and over	30,660	11,030	19,625
85 to 89 years	18,400	7,255	11,145
90 to 94 years	9,285	3,045	6,235
95 to 99 years	2,625	660	1,965
100 years and over	350	65	285
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.9	17.6	16.2
15 to 64 years	66.1	66.6	65.6
65 years and over	17.0	15.8	18.1
85 years and over	2.1	1.5	2.6
Average age of the population	40.8	39.9	41.6
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	604,725	...	...
Single-detached house	272,125	...	...
Semi-detached house	43,225	...	...
Row house	98,330	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	16,795	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	87,770	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	84,155	...	...
Other single-attached house	845	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,480	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	604,720	...	...
1 person	175,875	...	...
2 persons	204,795	...	...
3 persons	90,600	...	...
4 persons	85,105	...	...
5 or more persons	48,355	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,464,500	717,525	746,980
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,236,965	599,255	637,705
Married or living common-law	698,880	349,090	349,785
Married	542,430	270,635	271,790
Living common-law	156,450	78,455	77,995
Living common law - Never married	120,225	60,035	60,190
Living common law - Separated	4,975	2,780	2,190
Living common law - Divorced	28,225	14,310	13,915
Living common law - Widowed	3,025	1,330	1,695
Not married and not living common-law	538,080	250,165	287,920
Not married and not living common law - Never married	373,635	196,880	176,760
Not married and not living common law - Separated	31,235	13,055	18,180
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	74,805	27,515	47,290
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	58,410	12,720	45,690
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	408,695	...	...
2 persons	205,070	...	...
3 persons	85,495	...	...
4 persons	81,435	...	...
5 or more persons	36,695	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	408,695	...	...
Total couple families	341,435	...	...
Married couples	263,250	...	...
With children⁶	145,305	...	...
Without children	117,945	...	...
Common-law couples	78,180	...	...
With children⁶	30,480	...	...
Without children	47,710	...	...
Total one-parent families	67,260	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	52,010	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	15,245	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,464,500	717,525	746,980
Total - Persons in census families	1,190,305	587,960	602,350
Married spouses or common-law partners	682,870	341,500	341,370
Parents in one-parent families	67,260	15,245	52,015
Children⁶	440,175	231,210	208,970
In a two-parent family	333,495	174,280	159,220
In a one-parent family	106,680	56,930	49,745
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	274,190	129,560	144,625
Living alone	175,875	78,455	97,415
Living with other relatives⁷	35,335	14,990	20,340
Living with non-relatives only	62,980	36,115	26,870
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	604,725	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	367,650	...	...
Couple-family households	312,915	...	...
With children⁶	161,380	...	...
Without children	151,535	...	...
One-parent-family households	54,735	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,515	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,625	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	15,875	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	29,185	...	...
One-person households	175,875	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,213,380	589,650	623,730
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,167,200	565,930	601,270
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,200	54,400	45,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,167,885	566,275	601,610
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,800	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,065,725	524,910	540,815
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	52,000	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	868,770	440,645	428,125
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	50,800	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,005,450	473,635	531,820
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,950	6,200	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,315	41,865	50,450
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,480	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	287,365	142,555	144,810
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,213,350	589,520	623,830
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,167,295	565,975	601,320
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,900	69,200	55,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,167,985	566,335	601,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,440	55,300	45,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,065,735	525,580	540,150
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,450	66,600	50,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	868,785	441,420	427,365
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,700	64,000	51,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,006,065	474,025	532,035
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,930	8,830	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,405	41,935	50,465
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,130	5,900	8,160
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	286,475	142,230	144,245
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,890	8,830	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,213,355	589,525	623,835
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	459,015	245,650	213,365
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	78,500	70,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,500	92,100	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	309,765	145,340	164,430
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	18,600	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,080	31,880	26,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.2	89.4	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	72.0	66.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.8	10.7	17.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.1	3.5	4.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.2	3.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,213,380	589,655	623,730
Without total income	46,180	23,715	22,460
With total income	1,167,205	565,935	601,265
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,990	39,600	49,385
$10,000 to $19,999	119,405	52,075	67,325
$20,000 to $29,999	147,010	65,185	81,830
$30,000 to $39,999	122,850	54,750	68,100
$40,000 to $49,999	112,950	50,905	62,045
$50,000 to $59,999	103,025	46,800	56,220
$60,000 to $69,999	93,830	44,450	49,380
$70,000 to $79,999	78,370	39,220	39,150
$80,000 to $89,999	65,490	34,290	31,205
$90,000 to $99,999	52,665	27,625	25,045
$100,000 and over	182,630	111,040	71,590
$100,000 to $149,999	129,670	74,800	54,860
$150,000 and over	52,965	36,235	16,725
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,213,380	589,655	623,730
Without after-tax income	45,495	23,375	22,120
With after-tax income	1,167,885	566,275	601,610
Under $10,000 (including loss)	95,395	41,395	54,000
$10,000 to $19,999	125,165	54,820	70,345
$20,000 to $29,999	168,220	75,395	92,820
$30,000 to $39,999	148,585	67,805	80,785
$40,000 to $49,999	139,310	63,590	75,720
$50,000 to $59,999	124,935	59,195	65,740
$60,000 to $69,999	98,765	49,410	49,350
$70,000 to $79,999	77,390	40,615	36,770
$80,000 to $89,999	61,295	32,425	28,875
$90,000 to $99,999	41,940	24,285	17,655
$100,000 and over	86,885	57,340	29,545
$100,000 to $124,999	48,115	30,275	17,845
$125,000 and over	38,770	27,065	11,705
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,213,380	589,655	623,730
Without employment income	344,610	149,010	195,605
With employment income	868,770	440,640	428,130
Under $5,000 (including loss)	109,580	53,565	56,015
$5,000 to $9,999	64,245	29,120	35,120
$10,000 to $19,999	89,565	41,735	47,830
$20,000 to $29,999	67,455	32,100	35,355
$30,000 to $39,999	63,000	30,680	32,320
$40,000 to $49,999	63,300	30,200	33,100
$50,000 to $59,999	64,655	30,670	33,985
$60,000 to $69,999	63,970	30,715	33,255
$70,000 to $79,999	53,095	27,255	25,840
$80,000 to $89,999	48,775	25,700	23,075
$90,000 to $99,999	41,365	21,595	19,775
$100,000 and over	139,760	87,305	52,455
$100,000 to $124,999	70,495	40,650	29,850
$125,000 and over	69,260	46,660	22,600
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,213,380	589,650	623,730
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,141,270	552,640	588,625
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,800	52,400	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,141,925	552,735	589,185
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,200	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,046,400	515,260	531,140
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	51,200	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	863,385	436,835	426,550
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,000	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	939,415	441,080	498,335
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,420	1,280	4,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	71,455	31,595	39,860
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,080	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,213,350	589,520	623,830
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,140,685	552,300	588,385
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,650	66,200	51,550
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,141,285	552,385	588,905
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,720	52,800	42,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,046,305	515,705	530,600
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,650	65,900	49,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	863,565	437,190	426,375
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,450	62,950	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	938,420	440,720	497,700
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,030	5,895	8,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,635	32,370	40,265
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,750	6,225	8,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,213,355	589,525	623,835
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	456,130	243,865	212,260
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	75,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,300	86,200	71,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	287,915	134,860	153,055
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	24,000	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,120	37,440	31,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	92.8	86.8
Employment income (%)	72.8	75.2	70.0
Government transfers (%)	9.9	7.1	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	604,720	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	175,875	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	428,845	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	604,720	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	175,675	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	429,050	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	143,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	604,720	...	...
Under $5,000	5,910	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,395	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,710	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	9,410	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,735	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,480	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,875	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,660	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,485	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,955	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	37,100	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,860	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	37,955	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	36,715	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	34,195	...	...
$100,000 and over	295,275	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	76,280	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	59,580	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	78,240	...	...
$200,000 and over	81,175	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	604,720	...	...
Under $5,000	6,620	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,505	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,905	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	9,880	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,235	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,005	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	18,090	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,750	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	21,875	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	22,635	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	47,365	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	46,675	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	44,975	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	42,550	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	39,580	...	...
$100,000 and over	237,070	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	79,740	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	56,540	...	...
$150,000 and over	100,785	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	407,930	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	154,340	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	176,745	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	63,410	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	238,855	114,570	124,285
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	45,200	46,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,000	40,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	407,915	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	154,025	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	177,200	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,125	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	238,730	114,285	124,445
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,200	56,350	54,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,840	46,120	45,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,464,495	717,520	746,975
0 to 17 years	302,195	154,130	148,065
0 to 5 years	90,720	46,050	44,665
18 to 64 years	926,500	453,730	472,770
65 years and over	235,805	109,660	126,140
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	128,500	60,315	68,185
0 to 17 years	29,545	15,065	14,480
0 to 5 years	9,805	5,000	4,805
18 to 64 years	74,555	35,625	38,930
65 years and over	24,395	9,625	14,770
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.8	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	10.8	10.9	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.9	8.2
65 years and over (%)	10.4	8.8	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,464,500	717,520	746,975
0 to 17 years	302,200	154,135	148,070
0 to 5 years	90,720	46,050	44,670
18 to 64 years	926,495	453,730	472,770
65 years and over	235,800	109,660	126,140
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	79,070	39,850	39,225
0 to 17 years	14,485	7,405	7,080
0 to 5 years	4,720	2,370	2,350
18 to 64 years	57,005	29,270	27,740
65 years and over	7,580	3,170	4,405
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9
65 years and over (%)	3.2	2.9	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,464,495	717,520	746,975
In bottom half of the distribution	587,380	281,635	305,750
In bottom decile	122,070	59,515	62,555
In second decile	106,190	49,850	56,335
In third decile	112,220	53,765	58,455
In fourth decile	118,035	56,490	61,545
In fifth decile	128,860	62,010	66,850
In top half of the distribution	877,115	435,885	441,230
In sixth decile	140,910	68,590	72,325
In seventh decile	154,165	75,690	78,475
In eighth decile	173,330	85,975	87,355
In ninth decile	201,925	100,940	100,985
In top decile	206,785	104,695	102,085
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,464,500	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.421	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
English only	713,765	364,540	349,230
French only	107,400	48,030	59,370
English and French	634,425	301,700	332,725
Neither English nor French	17,610	6,870	10,745
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
English	977,640	485,205	492,435
French	439,030	210,155	228,870
English and French	39,525	19,225	20,300
Neither English nor French	17,000	6,550	10,450
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
Single responses	1,389,400	680,915	708,490
Official languages	1,116,605	550,690	565,920
English	715,670	357,840	357,835
French	400,940	192,850	208,085
Non-official languages	272,795	130,220	142,575
Indigenous languages³⁹	780	320	455
Algonquian languages	335	150	180
Blackfoot	5	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	205	105	105
Atikamekw	5	5	5
Cree languages	195	95	100
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	35	30
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40	15	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	35	35
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	5	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Mi'kmaq	15	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	105	40	65
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	35	15	20
Oji-Cree	10	5	5
Ojibway languages	60	20	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	45	15	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	420	155	265
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	5
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	415	155	260
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	5	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	272,020	129,900	142,115
Afro-Asiatic languages	65,195	32,780	32,420
Berber languages	1,100	620	480
Kabyle	830	450	385
Tamazight	235	155	80
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Chadic languages	180	90	95
Hausa	65	30	35
Mina	115	55	60
Coptic	35	15	20
Cushitic languages	7,945	3,440	4,510
Bilen	90	45	45
Oromo	210	115	95
Somali	7,475	3,195	4,280
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	175	85	85
Semitic languages	55,935	28,620	27,320
Amharic	1,680	780	905
Arabic	52,060	26,705	25,355
Aramaic languages	125	60	65
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	30	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Harari	40	15	25
Hebrew	510	285	230
Maltese	40	15	20
Tigrigna	1,430	735	695
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,400	3,785	4,610
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,335	605	725
Vietnamese	7,055	3,175	3,880
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5
Austronesian languages	9,620	3,640	5,980
Bikol	35	20	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	65	110
Cebuano	430	145	285
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	205	80	120
Ilocano	735	295	440
Indonesian	410	150	260
Kankanaey	20	10	15
Kinaray-a	25	5	15
Malagasy languages	155	65	90
Merina	65	25	45
Malagasy, n.o.s.	85	40	45
Malay	55	15	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	30
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,090	2,665	4,420
Waray-Waray	45	15	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	155	60	100
Creole languages	5,980	2,610	3,375
Haitian Creole	4,565	1,980	2,585
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	15
Krio	25	15	15
Morisyen	270	135	140
Sango	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	975	405	565
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	35	45
Dravidian languages	6,105	3,200	2,905
Kannada	330	170	165
Malayalam	1,475	795	680
Tamil	3,030	1,520	1,510
Telugu	1,225	695	530
Tulu	30	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Georgian	50	20	25
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	117,310	56,370	60,940
Albanian	840	425	415
Armenian	555	280	280
Balto-Slavic languages	24,720	11,140	13,580
Baltic languages	455	190	265
Latvian	240	100	140
Lithuanian	220	90	130
Slavic languages	24,265	10,950	13,315
Belarusian	60	30	25
Bulgarian	1,120	530	585
Czech	915	400	515
Macedonian	105	45	60
Polish	5,800	2,535	3,265
Russian	8,555	3,795	4,765
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,860	2,365	2,495
Bosnian	975	480	495
Croatian	1,215	575	645
Serbian	2,525	1,240	1,285
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	145	75	70
Slovak	585	250	335
Slovene (Slovenian)	200	80	120
Ukrainian	2,045	910	1,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Celtic languages	85	45	40
Irish	20	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5
Welsh	40	25	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Germanic languages	9,450	4,315	5,140
Frisian	45	20	20
High German languages	5,800	2,560	3,240
German	5,370	2,360	3,010
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	295	125	170
Yiddish	130	80	55
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,805	1,360	1,445
Afrikaans	245	125	120
Dutch	2,440	1,175	1,265
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	5	0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	35	50
Scandinavian languages	780	360	420
Danish	320	150	170
Icelandic	25	15	10
Norwegian	150	55	95
Swedish	285	140	145
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Greek	2,185	1,135	1,045
Indo-Iranian languages	37,890	19,410	18,485
Indo-Aryan languages	26,030	13,490	12,535
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	4,115	2,060	2,055
Gujarati	2,920	1,680	1,245
Hindi	4,395	2,310	2,085
Kacchi	150	55	95
Kashmiri	30	15	15
Konkani	125	60	65
Marathi	495	250	245
Nepali	1,025	505	520
Oriya languages	80	40	40
Odia	55	25	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,860	3,100	2,760
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	105	55	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	960	465	500
Urdu	5,660	2,840	2,820
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45
Iranian languages	11,855	5,905	5,945
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	900	460	435
Parsi	20	10	10
Pashto	1,325	680	645
Persian languages	9,555	4,725	4,830
Dari	2,540	1,230	1,310
Iranian Persian	6,305	3,130	3,180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	705	360	345
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	41,565	19,620	21,945
Catalan	40	20	25
Italian	8,610	4,250	4,360
Portuguese	8,510	4,065	4,445
Romanian	3,810	1,745	2,065
Spanish	20,545	9,520	11,030
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Japanese	1,120	340	780
Korean	2,890	1,240	1,645
Mongolian	50	15	40
Niger-Congo languages	11,690	5,415	6,275
Akan (Twi)	405	190	215
Bamanankan	225	120	100
Edo	70	30	40
Éwé	220	105	120
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	355	195	160
Ga	55	25	30
Ganda	170	70	100
Gikuyu	65	20	45
Igbo	230	110	125
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,685	720	970
Lingala	565	245	320
Luba-Kasai	120	50	65
Mòoré	75	30	45
Mwani	40	20	15
Ndebele	30	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,830	1,300	1,530
Shona	135	55	75
Soninke	25	15	10
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	15	10
Swahili	1,940	895	1,045
Wojenaka	95	55	45
Wolof	480	250	225
Yoruba	700	340	355
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,155	555	595
Nilo-Saharan languages	440	220	225
Dinka	100	55	45
Nuer	70	25	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Sign languages	320	170	145
American Sign Language	205	110	95
Quebec Sign Language	55	35	25
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	36,640	17,065	19,575
Chinese languages	35,770	16,655	19,115
Hakka	135	55	80
Mandarin	24,175	11,215	12,960
Min Dong	30	15	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	660	305	355
Wu (Shanghainese)	305	130	175
Yue (Cantonese)	10,050	4,725	5,330
Chinese, n.o.s.	370	195	175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	815	380	430
Burmese	175	85	90
Kuki-Chin languages	210	90	120
Karenic languages	300	150	150
S'gaw Karen	285	140	145
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Tibetan	60	30	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Tai-Kadai languages	920	335	585
Lao	435	200	240
Thai	475	130	340
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Turkic languages	3,200	1,715	1,490
Azerbaijani	170	95	80
Kazakh	25	5	20
Turkish	2,755	1,495	1,265
Uyghur	60	35	25
Uzbek	90	40	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55
Uralic languages	2,015	950	1,070
Estonian	150	75	75
Finnish	295	120	175
Hungarian	1,570	755	815
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30
Multiple responses	83,795	40,225	43,570
English and French	35,860	17,210	18,650
English and non-official language(s)	30,270	14,790	15,485
French and non-official language(s)	9,425	4,350	5,070
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,095	2,455	2,645
Multiple non-official languages	3,150	1,420	1,725
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
English	750,170	374,830	375,340
French	297,010	143,530	153,480
Non-official language	69,640	32,715	36,920
Indigenous³⁹	120	50	70
Non-Indigenous	69,515	32,670	36,850
English and French	129,660	61,225	68,440
English and non-official language(s)	159,675	78,030	81,645
French and non-official language(s)	19,295	8,635	10,660
English, French and non-official language(s)	42,615	19,765	22,850
Multiple non-official languages	5,125	2,400	2,730
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
Single responses	1,386,940	680,045	706,895
Official languages	1,242,285	610,735	631,555
English	888,365	440,355	448,010
French	353,920	170,380	183,540
Non-official languages	144,655	69,310	75,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	230	100	125
Algonquian languages	85	45	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	65	35	30
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	65	30	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	20	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	130	60	75
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	130	60	75
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	5	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	144,425	69,210	75,220
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,520	18,220	19,300
Berber languages	455	245	210
Kabyle	350	185	170
Tamazight	90	55	35
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Chadic languages	55	35	25
Hausa	20	10	10
Mina	35	20	15
Coptic	5	5	5
Cushitic languages	4,410	1,840	2,575
Bilen	55	30	25
Oromo	105	55	50
Somali	4,130	1,695	2,435
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65
Semitic languages	32,595	16,100	16,490
Amharic	885	390	495
Arabic	30,555	15,135	15,425
Aramaic languages	80	35	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Harari	15	10	15
Hebrew	200	100	100
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	815	420	395
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,955	2,280	2,680
Khmer (Cambodian)	615	285	325
Vietnamese	4,340	1,990	2,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,805	2,085	2,720
Bikol	5	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50
Cebuano	230	100	130
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	105	50	50
Ilocano	395	180	220
Indonesian	120	55	65
Kankanaey	20	5	10
Kinaray-a	10	0	5
Malagasy languages	70	20	40
Merina	25	10	20
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	25
Pangasinan	10	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,645	1,570	2,070
Waray-Waray	20	10	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
Creole languages	2,880	1,200	1,685
Haitian Creole	2,175	900	1,270
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	170	80	90
Sango	15	10	5
Creole, n.o.s.	475	180	290
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Dravidian languages	3,740	1,915	1,825
Kannada	175	90	85
Malayalam	870	475	395
Tamil	1,975	950	1,025
Telugu	705	400	310
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	56,080	27,230	28,850
Albanian	385	190	195
Armenian	255	120	135
Balto-Slavic languages	11,525	5,460	6,060
Baltic languages	90	45	50
Latvian	45	20	20
Lithuanian	45	20	30
Slavic languages	11,430	5,420	6,005
Belarusian	35	20	20
Bulgarian	525	245	280
Czech	210	100	110
Macedonian	45	20	25
Polish	1,960	875	1,085
Russian	5,175	2,450	2,720
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,495	1,240	1,255
Bosnian	470	230	235
Croatian	450	215	230
Serbian	1,535	770	770
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Slovak	160	75	85
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20
Ukrainian	805	385	420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	10	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5
Welsh	0	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,015	465	555
Frisian	95	25	75
High German languages	595	270	325
German	530	230	295
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	60	30	30
Yiddish	10	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	120	115
Afrikaans	80	40	40
Dutch	150	80	70
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	85	45	40
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	15	5	10
Swedish	50	25	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Greek	640	300	340
Indo-Iranian languages	22,895	11,580	11,315
Indo-Aryan languages	15,535	8,020	7,520
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	2,500	1,230	1,265
Gujarati	1,660	950	715
Hindi	2,380	1,240	1,135
Kacchi	50	20	30
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	25	10	15
Marathi	210	100	100
Nepali	720	360	360
Oriya languages	35	20	20
Odia	25	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,975	2,105	1,870
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	540	255	285
Urdu	3,355	1,675	1,680
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Iranian languages	7,350	3,560	3,795
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	515	245	275
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	895	435	465
Persian languages	5,915	2,865	3,045
Dari	1,460	695	765
Iranian Persian	4,040	1,965	2,070
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	415	200	215
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,345	9,100	10,250
Catalan	15	5	10
Italian	2,080	935	1,150
Portuguese	4,115	1,985	2,130
Romanian	1,870	875	1,000
Spanish	11,255	5,295	5,960
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	430	160	265
Korean	1,680	765	910
Mongolian	35	10	20
Niger-Congo languages	4,230	1,890	2,345
Akan (Twi)	140	55	85
Bamanankan	55	30	30
Edo	20	5	15
Éwé	45	15	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	140	70	65
Ga	10	5	10
Ganda	35	15	15
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	45	25	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	650	275	380
Lingala	200	80	125
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15
Mòoré	10	5	5
Mwani	5	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,350	630	715
Shona	25	15	15
Soninke	15	10	10
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	815	340	475
Wojenaka	45	25	20
Wolof	185	100	85
Yoruba	240	105	135
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	170	70	100
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	65	85
Dinka	30	10	15
Nuer	25	5	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	530	305	225
American Sign Language	340	190	155
Quebec Sign Language	75	45	30
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,580	11,685	12,895
Chinese languages	23,995	11,405	12,590
Hakka	35	15	20
Mandarin	17,605	8,450	9,155
Min Dong	25	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	255	115	140
Wu (Shanghainese)	195	95	100
Yue (Cantonese)	5,680	2,610	3,075
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	105	80
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	255	275
Burmese	110	55	55
Kuki-Chin languages	145	60	80
Karenic languages	210	100	110
S'gaw Karen	200	95	100
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibetan	30	10	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages	355	150	205
Lao	215	105	115
Thai	130	45	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	1,990	1,045	945
Azerbaijani	60	35	35
Kazakh	15	5	10
Turkish	1,775	940	835
Uyghur	45	30	15
Uzbek	50	20	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Uralic languages	430	195	235
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	25	10	15
Hungarian	395	180	215
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Multiple responses	86,255	41,090	45,165
English and French	32,530	15,265	17,270
English and non-official language(s)	40,280	19,695	20,585
French and non-official language(s)	7,245	3,210	4,030
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,370	2,535	2,830
Multiple non-official languages	830	385	445
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,473,200	721,135	752,060
None	1,186,770	584,525	602,245
English	95,040	46,035	49,005
French	67,810	31,730	36,080
Non-official language	81,125	38,635	42,485
Indigenous³⁹	540	210	325
Non-Indigenous	80,585	38,430	42,155
English and French	7,460	3,530	3,925
English and non-official language(s)	12,295	6,030	6,265
French and non-official language(s)	13,470	6,105	7,365
English, French and non-official language(s)	780	395	380
Multiple non-official languages	8,450	4,145	4,310
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,464,500	717,420	747,080
Official languages	1,446,870	710,480	736,395
English	1,340,410	662,755	677,655
French	737,865	347,810	390,060
Non-official languages	411,975	195,270	216,705
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,805	790	1,015
Algonquian languages	890	390	505
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	445	200	245
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	415	180	235
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	0	15
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	150	60	90
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90	45	45
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	20	15
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	110	45	65
Innu (Montagnais)	15	0	10
Naskapi	10	10	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	65	45	30
Mi'kmaq	45	30	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25	15	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	135	230
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	95	30	65
Oji-Cree	30	15	15
Ojibway languages	260	100	160
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	45	55
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	15	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	160	50	105
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages	30	25	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	25	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	745	310	440
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	740	300	440
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	90	30	60
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	70	30	40
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	20	20	10
Salish languages	15	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Non-Indigenous languages	410,375	194,605	215,775
Afro-Asiatic languages	96,775	48,975	47,795
Berber languages	1,550	840	705
Kabyle	1,190	640	550
Tamazight	380	220	160
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35
Chadic languages	720	385	335
Hausa	405	210	195
Mina	310	175	140
Coptic	155	80	70
Cushitic languages	11,395	5,170	6,225
Bilen	170	110	60
Oromo	335	155	185
Somali	10,665	4,770	5,890
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	315	170	140
Semitic languages	85,775	43,930	41,845
Amharic	3,290	1,630	1,655
Arabic	79,340	40,735	38,600
Aramaic languages	250	125	125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	115	55	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	15	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	50	30
Harari	85	30	50
Hebrew	2,405	1,275	1,130
Maltese	60	25	35
Tigrigna	2,075	1,045	1,025
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	170	95	80
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,845	4,975	5,870
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,835	805	1,030
Vietnamese	9,085	4,195	4,890
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	14,060	5,515	8,545
Bikol	35	10	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	215	100	125
Cebuano	770	275	505
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	520	260	260
Ilocano	1,475	575	900
Indonesian	965	410	555
Kankanaey	70	20	55
Kinaray-a	35	10	30
Malagasy languages	285	120	160
Merina	110	40	65
Malagasy, n.o.s.	190	90	100
Malay	395	160	235
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	25	40
Pangasinan	70	30	45
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,795	4,520	7,270
Waray-Waray	115	30	80
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	635	270	365
Creole languages	14,665	6,515	8,150
Haitian Creole	12,180	5,335	6,845
Jamaican English Creole	175	100	75
Krio	85	25	60
Morisyen	675	330	345
Sango	135	75	60
Creole, n.o.s.	1,700	745	950
Creole languages, n.i.e.	505	245	270
Dravidian languages	9,190	4,860	4,340
Kannada	860	480	380
Malayalam	2,105	1,185	920
Tamil	5,095	2,585	2,515
Telugu	2,220	1,190	1,020
Tulu	65	30	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30
Georgian	95	40	55
Hmong-Mien languages	15	0	0
Indo-European languages	194,015	91,935	102,080
Albanian	1,060	560	495
Armenian	915	480	430
Balto-Slavic languages	32,305	15,025	17,285
Baltic languages	595	260	335
Latvian	305	155	155
Lithuanian	290	110	180
Slavic languages	31,815	14,820	16,995
Belarusian	230	110	120
Bulgarian	1,290	640	655
Czech	1,540	735	805
Macedonian	225	105	120
Polish	7,600	3,435	4,165
Russian	13,885	6,660	7,225
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	6,540	3,090	3,440
Bosnian	1,885	900	990
Croatian	2,835	1,310	1,525
Serbian	3,940	1,900	2,040
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	165	95	70
Slovak	1,030	435	600
Slovene (Slovenian)	250	130	125
Ukrainian	3,785	1,660	2,125
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25
Celtic languages	595	290	305
Irish	370	210	160
Scottish Gaelic	115	65	55
Welsh	95	30	70
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30
Germanic languages	21,555	10,320	11,235
Frisian	70	35	40
High German languages	16,040	7,695	8,345
German	15,555	7,465	8,090
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	395	155	240
Yiddish	315	160	155
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,405	2,065	2,345
Afrikaans	745	375	365
Dutch	3,550	1,645	1,910
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	35	25	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	140	45	95
Scandinavian languages	1,780	895	890
Danish	595	245	345
Icelandic	40	10	30
Norwegian	425	240	190
Swedish	830	450	380
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	30	60
Greek	3,350	1,730	1,615
Indo-Iranian languages	55,190	28,345	26,845
Indo-Aryan languages	40,930	21,140	19,785
Assamese	30	15	20
Bengali	5,540	2,880	2,660
Gujarati	4,560	2,525	2,035
Hindi	19,240	10,075	9,170
Kacchi	345	155	195
Kashmiri	35	15	15
Konkani	290	115	175
Marathi	1,235	605	630
Nepali	1,300	660	635
Oriya languages	100	45	55
Odia	65	25	40
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,850	5,680	5,170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	210	110	100
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,550	770	780
Urdu	10,990	5,605	5,385
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305	185	120
Iranian languages	15,525	7,880	7,645
Baluchi	20	15	0
Kurdish	1,280	665	615
Parsi	60	35	15
Pashto	2,100	1,075	1,020
Persian languages	13,085	6,670	6,415
Dari	3,840	1,965	1,870
Iranian Persian	8,585	4,325	4,255
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	935	515	425
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	90
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	30	10
Italic (Romance) languages	88,095	39,425	48,665
Catalan	150	80	70
Italian	17,745	8,375	9,375
Portuguese	13,095	6,290	6,800
Romanian	4,970	2,215	2,750
Spanish	58,730	25,470	33,255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	230	130	105
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15
Japanese	3,465	1,640	1,820
Korean	4,085	1,780	2,300
Mongolian	110	40	75
Niger-Congo languages	27,855	13,020	14,835
Akan (Twi)	1,000	460	535
Bamanankan	670	360	315
Edo	235	110	125
Éwé	495	205	285
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	910	450	460
Ga	210	90	120
Ganda	455	190	265
Gikuyu	95	35	65
Igbo	1,130	550	580
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,320	1,435	1,880
Lingala	4,805	2,135	2,670
Luba-Kasai	665	325	340
Mòoré	265	140	125
Mwani	35	25	10
Ndebele	100	35	60
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,980	2,370	2,610
Shona	295	95	200
Soninke	15	10	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	85	35	45
Swahili	7,435	3,695	3,745
Wojenaka	290	145	150
Wolof	1,245	625	620
Yoruba	2,450	1,225	1,225
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,790	2,420	2,370
Nilo-Saharan languages	890	385	505
Dinka	155	75	70
Nuer	105	25	80
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	635	285	355
African, n.o.s.	280	125	160
Sign languages	2,695	1,000	1,700
American Sign Language	2,145	760	1,380
Quebec Sign Language	390	170	225
Sign languages, n.i.e.	310	135	175
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,235	20,625	23,610
Chinese languages	43,340	20,165	23,170
Hakka	245	115	130
Mandarin	32,670	14,945	17,725
Min Dong	40	10	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,165	510	650
Wu (Shanghainese)	525	240	285
Yue (Cantonese)	14,235	6,640	7,595
Chinese, n.o.s.	445	220	225
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35
Tibeto-Burman languages	875	450	425
Burmese	310	155	150
Kuki-Chin languages	280	120	160
Karenic languages	360	195	170
S'gaw Karen	345	185	155
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	20	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35
Tai-Kadai languages	1,545	590	955
Lao	655	290	370
Thai	1,065	385	680
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Turkic languages	4,915	2,540	2,380
Azerbaijani	420	265	155
Kazakh	175	85	90
Turkish	4,240	2,170	2,070
Uyghur	105	75	30
Uzbek	195	85	110
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	110	55	65
Uralic languages	2,870	1,355	1,515
Estonian	240	100	145
Finnish	490	220	265
Hungarian	2,160	1,035	1,120
Other languages, n.i.e.	395	175	215
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,464,500	717,420	747,075
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	46,545	22,140	24,395
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	44,415	21,130	23,285
First Nations (North American Indian)	23,395	10,975	12,415
Métis	19,290	9,350	9,940
Inuk (Inuit)	1,730	795	935
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,045	475	565
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,085	540	545
Non-Indigenous identity	1,417,955	695,280	722,680
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,464,500	717,420	747,075
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	10,345	4,945	5,395
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,454,155	712,475	741,680
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	604,720	...	...
Owner	395,725	...	...
Renter	208,990	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	604,720	...	...
Condominium	88,655	...	...
Not condominium	516,065	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	604,720	...	...
No bedrooms	4,735	...	...
1 bedroom	80,615	...	...
2 bedrooms	139,520	...	...
3 bedrooms	227,695	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	152,160	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	604,720	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	167,165	...	...
5 rooms	86,960	...	...
6 rooms	86,225	...	...
7 rooms	81,235	...	...
8 or more rooms	183,140	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	604,720	...	...
One person or fewer per room	593,880	...	...
More than one person per room	10,840	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	604,720	...	...
Suitable	576,360	...	...
Not suitable	28,360	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	604,720	...	...
1960 or before	93,315	...	...
1961 to 1980	162,085	...	...
1981 to 1990	93,520	...	...
1991 to 2000	74,180	...	...
2001 to 2005	43,620	...	...
2006 to 2010	46,505	...	...
2011 to 2015	43,660	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	47,830	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	604,720	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	571,405	...	...
Major repairs needed	33,315	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	604,720	...	...
One-maintainer household	298,490	...	...
Two-maintainer household	281,930	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	24,305	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	604,720	...	...
15 to 24 years	20,230	...	...
25 to 34 years	91,460	...	...
35 to 44 years	109,280	...	...
45 to 54 years	112,480	...	...
55 to 64 years	122,015	...	...
65 to 74 years	89,160	...	...
75 to 84 years	45,510	...	...
85 years and over	14,590	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	601,110	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	490,335	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	110,775	...	...
30% to less than 100%	99,285	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	604,725	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	157,770	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	98,330	...	...
Not suitable only	21,345	...	...
Major repairs needed only	23,735	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,780	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,345	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,915	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	325	...	...
Acceptable housing	446,950	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	589,625	...	...
In core need	55,245	...	...
Not in core need	534,370	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	394,430	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	585,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	208,920	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,230	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,296	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,464,495	717,420	747,075
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,550	10,200	11,355
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	21,115	10,025	11,090
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,565	7,515	8,050
Métis single ancestry	4,515	2,075	2,445
Inuit single ancestry	1,035	435	595
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	435	170	265
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	370	140	235
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	45	25	20
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	58,965	27,640	31,325
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	57,780	27,195	30,585
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	43,795	20,490	23,300
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,985	6,255	6,735
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	995	450	545
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,185	445	745
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,050	410	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	20	80
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,383,980	679,590	704,395
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,464,495	717,425	747,075
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,348,435	660,065	688,365
Canadian citizens aged under 18	281,800	143,280	138,515
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,066,635	516,790	549,845
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	116,060	57,355	58,710
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,464,495	717,425	747,075
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,115,495	550,335	565,155
Immigrants⁸¹	313,845	148,710	165,135
Before 1980	49,870	24,210	25,660
1980 to 1990	34,740	16,445	18,300
1991 to 2000	60,105	28,080	32,030
2001 to 2010	70,535	32,250	38,285
2011 to 2021⁸²	98,590	47,725	50,865
2011 to 2015	40,295	18,915	21,380
2016 to 2021	58,295	28,815	29,485
Non-permanent residents⁸³	35,160	18,375	16,780
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	313,845	148,710	165,135
Under 5 years	31,690	15,620	16,070
5 to 14 years	57,090	28,935	28,150
15 to 24 years	56,540	25,460	31,080
25 to 44 years	141,845	66,510	75,330
45 years and over	26,685	12,180	14,500
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	313,845	148,710	165,135
Americas	47,395	20,925	26,470
Brazil	2,445	1,150	1,300
Colombia	3,535	1,520	2,020
El Salvador	2,640	1,245	1,400
Guyana	1,355	605	750
Haiti	9,480	4,045	5,440
Jamaica	3,440	1,470	1,965
Mexico	2,370	925	1,445
Peru	1,155	480	670
Trinidad and Tobago	1,395	565	830
United States of America	10,500	4,860	5,640
Other places of birth in Americas	9,070	4,065	5,005
Europe	69,055	33,070	35,990
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,530	1,205	1,325
Croatia	1,035	465	565
France	5,160	2,480	2,680
Germany	4,250	1,945	2,300
Greece	890	470	425
Hungary	840	410	435
Italy	5,005	2,560	2,440
Netherlands	2,110	1,070	1,035
Poland	4,485	1,890	2,595
Portugal	3,480	1,780	1,705
Romania	3,675	1,660	2,020
Russian Federation	3,750	1,615	2,135
Serbia⁸⁶	985	440	540
Ukraine	3,005	1,365	1,645
United Kingdom⁸⁷	17,445	8,850	8,600
Other places of birth in Europe	10,415	4,870	5,550
Africa	61,620	29,755	31,860
Algeria	3,405	1,740	1,665
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	5,805	2,650	3,150
Egypt	4,885	2,610	2,270
Eritrea	1,550	865	685
Ethiopia	2,955	1,410	1,545
Morocco	4,740	2,410	2,330
Nigeria	3,440	1,780	1,665
Somalia	4,710	1,860	2,850
South Africa, Republic of	1,430	685	745
Other places of birth in Africa	28,705	13,755	14,955
Asia	134,650	64,360	70,290
Afghanistan	3,110	1,545	1,565
Iran⁸⁸	6,640	3,370	3,270
Iraq	4,745	2,420	2,330
Lebanon	14,490	7,480	7,005
Syria⁸⁹	7,080	3,635	3,445
Turkey	1,880	980	895
China⁹⁰	22,020	9,575	12,450
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,315	1,650	1,670
Korea, South⁹²	2,470	1,085	1,385
Taiwan	1,090	495	600
Philippines	11,805	4,600	7,200
Viet Nam	6,565	2,980	3,585
Bangladesh	3,350	1,720	1,635
India	16,975	8,770	8,200
Pakistan	5,830	2,910	2,920
Sri Lanka	3,040	1,475	1,565
Other places of birth in Asia	20,240	9,665	10,575
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,130	595	530
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	58,300	28,810	29,485
Americas	6,500	3,095	3,400
Brazil	860	425	430
Colombia	525	220	300
Haiti	1,365	620	745
Jamaica	220	115	105
Mexico	420	175	240
United States of America	1,790	915	875
Venezuela⁹⁵	155	60	95
Other places of birth in Americas	1,165	550	610
Europe	5,020	2,575	2,450
France	995	495	495
Germany	220	135	85
Ireland⁹⁶	140	100	40
Italy	75	50	20
Russian Federation	555	235	320
Ukraine	665	330	335
United Kingdom⁸⁷	830	480	345
Other places of birth in Europe	1,555	745	810
Africa	17,595	8,615	8,985
Algeria	830	425	410
Burundi	1,885	925	965
Cameroon	1,235	555	685
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,465	675	785
Côte d'Ivoire	865	410	455
Egypt	775	420	355
Eritrea	580	300	275
Ethiopia	470	225	250
Morocco	1,290	660	635
Nigeria	1,900	980	925
Somalia	590	310	280
South Africa, Republic of	380	170	215
Sudan⁹⁷	175	120	55
Tunisia	715	320	395
Other places of birth in Africa	4,420	2,120	2,295
Asia	29,005	14,425	14,580
Afghanistan	795	400	390
Bangladesh	615	275	340
China⁹⁰	3,605	1,600	2,010
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	50	55
India	6,005	3,290	2,710
Iran⁸⁸	855	440	420
Iraq	995	500	490
Israel	155	95	55
Japan	75	15	55
Jordan	390	180	215
Korea, South⁹²	415	175	240
Lebanon	1,275	665	610
Nepal	110	45	65
Pakistan	1,045	515	530
Philippines	2,910	1,300	1,610
Saudi Arabia	635	345	295
Sri Lanka	275	125	155
Syria⁸⁹	4,940	2,575	2,365
Turkey	785	405	380
United Arab Emirates	615	315	300
Viet Nam	490	195	300
Other places of birth in Asia	1,910	920	985
Oceania and other⁹³	175	100	75
Australia	115	70	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	60	35	25
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,464,500	717,420	747,080
First generation¹⁰⁰	367,930	176,465	191,470
Second generation¹⁰¹	258,425	129,070	129,350
Third generation or more¹⁰²	838,145	411,890	426,255
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	263,975	124,495	139,475
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	127,620	64,140	63,485
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	55,125	33,220	21,900
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	72,500	30,915	41,585
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	68,975	27,580	41,395
Refugees¹⁰⁸	63,700	31,275	32,430
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,675	1,505	2,170
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	263,975	124,495	139,475
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	24,140	11,555	12,585
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	21,380	9,590	11,790
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,270	4,315	3,955
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,080	8,940	8,135
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,660	645	1,020
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	191,440	89,455	101,995
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,464,500	717,420	747,080
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	386,925	187,875	199,050
South Asian	60,780	31,425	29,355
Chinese	50,030	23,185	26,850
Black	114,230	54,680	59,540
Filipino	16,105	6,775	9,330
Arab	69,210	35,660	33,555
Latin American	20,620	9,435	11,185
Southeast Asian	16,895	7,920	8,970
West Asian	14,525	7,360	7,170
Korean	4,680	2,180	2,495
Japanese	2,750	1,210	1,540
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,435	2,025	2,400
Multiple visible minorities	12,665	6,010	6,655
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,077,575	529,545	548,035
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,464,495	717,420	747,080
Canadian	233,275	115,710	117,565
English	196,190	96,800	99,385
Irish	256,320	122,625	133,695
Scottish	204,170	100,335	103,835
French, n.o.s.¹²²	250,030	122,265	127,765
German	95,710	47,025	48,680
Chinese	52,450	24,220	28,235
Italian	55,945	27,915	28,035
Indian (India)	33,800	17,310	16,490
Ukrainian	28,295	13,665	14,630
Dutch	32,670	15,725	16,940
Polish	37,120	17,745	19,365
Québécois	37,075	18,480	18,595
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	46,950	22,830	24,120
Filipino	16,175	6,900	9,275
French Canadian	63,460	30,540	32,915
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,545	16,130	16,415
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	24,700	11,735	12,965
Métis	18,985	8,895	10,090
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	23,255	11,540	11,720
Russian	15,470	7,220	8,250
Norwegian	8,500	4,245	4,255
Welsh	19,960	9,795	10,160
Portuguese	15,045	7,505	7,545
American	14,170	6,910	7,265
Spanish	15,110	6,970	8,140
Swedish	7,960	3,910	4,055
Hungarian	9,930	4,780	5,145
Acadian	12,510	6,035	6,475
Pakistani	7,885	3,970	3,915
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	20,640	10,060	10,580
Jewish	11,870	6,155	5,710
Punjabi	3,550	1,905	1,655
Vietnamese	11,170	5,275	5,900
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	25,195	12,910	12,290
Greek	8,550	4,480	4,070
Jamaican	7,755	3,820	3,940
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,680	2,645	3,035
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,860	1,285	1,580
Korean	4,805	2,280	2,525
Romanian	7,665	3,550	4,120
Lebanese	29,515	14,895	14,625
Iranian	8,185	4,155	4,035
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,860	3,825	4,035
Danish	6,180	3,010	3,170
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,200	3,900	4,300
Sikh	1,800	960	840
Austrian	5,795	2,845	2,960
Belgian	6,930	3,270	3,660
Haitian	14,455	6,610	7,845
Hindu	4,390	2,440	1,955
Mexican	4,560	2,015	2,545
Mennonite	1,395	695	700
Swiss	5,425	2,590	2,830
Finnish	4,805	2,400	2,405
Sri Lankan	3,190	1,565	1,620
Croatian	4,175	2,105	2,065
Japanese	3,725	1,620	2,110
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,460	1,820	1,635
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	4,100	1,950	2,145
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,160	2,025	2,140
Muslim	5,765	2,795	2,965
Egyptian	7,975	4,180	3,795
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	4,565	2,180	2,380
Tamil	2,470	1,280	1,190
Icelandic	1,790	915	875
Colombian	4,250	1,915	2,330
Moroccan	5,360	2,740	2,620
Czech	3,780	1,775	2,000
Syrian	7,785	3,865	3,920
Guyanese	2,365	1,060	1,305
Afghan	4,825	2,425	2,400
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	5,125	2,535	2,585
Serbian	3,505	1,710	1,795
Ojibway	1,785	830	950
Newfoundlander	3,015	1,455	1,560
Hong Konger	1,235	625	615
Ontarian	8,130	3,915	4,225
Persian	3,335	1,735	1,600
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,420	1,160	1,265
Turkish	4,805	2,425	2,385
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	2,220	940	1,275
Bangladeshi	3,765	1,895	1,870
Algerian	3,200	1,605	1,595
Brazilian	3,205	1,620	1,580
Nigerian	4,200	2,020	2,185
Armenian	2,190	1,150	1,050
Slovak	3,000	1,385	1,620
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	3,100	1,415	1,685
Somali	11,070	5,045	6,030
Taiwanese	1,380	660	720
Iraqi	4,145	2,080	2,065
Salvadorean	2,780	1,350	1,430
African Caribbean	3,090	1,320	1,765
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,810	865	945
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,425	2,795	2,625
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,855	1,260	1,595
Algonquin	11,200	5,070	6,130
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,145	540	605
Lithuanian	2,425	1,140	1,290
South African	1,735	845	890
Australian	1,635	800	835
Palestinian	5,155	2,635	2,530
Chilean	1,325	635	695
Congolese	8,110	3,735	4,370
Nova Scotian	1,405	685	720
Ethiopian	2,780	1,445	1,335
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,565	735	830
Peruvian	1,790	870	920
Yoruba	2,040	1,110	930
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,930	1,325	1,610
Berber	2,490	1,345	1,145
Albanian	1,325	690	635
Maltese	780	375	405
Macedonian	580	260	320
Slovenian	1,140	585	555
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,180	1,035	1,150
New Brunswicker	1,150	505	645
Gujarati	1,030	540	495
Eritrean	2,135	1,100	1,030
African Canadian	1,420	655	770
Israeli	1,090	525	565
Mohawk	2,510	1,180	1,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	820	385	440
Bulgarian	1,875	890	985
Albertan	290	165	130
Ghanaian	1,445	710	735
Barbadian	1,310	660	645
African American	1,010	505	505
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,095	510	580
Tunisian	1,740	885	855
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,600	795	810
Cuban	1,685	810	880
Bosnian	1,915	950	965
Venezuelan	1,330	625	710
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	870	425	445
Latvian	1,325	680	650
Bengali	1,290	700	595
Cameroonian	2,860	1,385	1,480
Guatemalan	710	325	385
Indonesian	1,085	485	600
Laotian	1,035	470	560
Ilocano	495	245	245
Northern Irish	1,240	605	630
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,465	735	730
British Columbian	285	125	155
Ecuadorian	440	170	270
Franco Ontarian	9,005	4,150	4,865
Argentinian	720	325	400
Estonian	1,010	495	515
Kurdish	1,305	680	625
Fijian	70	20	45
Jatt	185	95	95
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	990	525	465
Coptic	1,125	550	580
Thai	1,245	470	770
Dominican	1,105	510	595
Nepali	935	485	450
Kabyle	655	355	310
Assyrian	290	135	150
Igbo	1,390	685	705
Byelorussian	1,140	525	620
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	30	30
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	435	210	225
Abenaki	705	320	385
Moldovan	540	225	315
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,380	610	770
New Zealander	595	345	250
Sudanese	830	415	410
Breton	720	355	365
Pennsylvania Dutch	290	100	190
Malaysian	645	305	345
Plains Cree	100	45	50
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,465	750	715
Huron (Wendat)	1,250	635	615
Saskatchewanian	470	205	270
Buddhist	440	185	260
Gaspesian	410	195	215
Norman	935	510	420
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	800	385	415
Ivorian	1,940	910	1,030
Saulteaux	80	30	50
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	615	295	320
Burundian	4,520	2,210	2,310
Tigrinya	410	220	190
Nicaraguan	755	350	410
Mauritian	780	385	395
Kenyan	670	260	410
Oji-Cree	105	40	65
Vincentian	365	135	230
Jordanian	1,605	845	760
Manitoban	355	180	180
Cape Bretoner	380	170	210
Rwandan	2,845	1,320	1,530
Grenadian	335	175	155
Malayali	575	310	265
Chaldean	55	30	25
Sinhalese	670	355	320
Mayan	385	150	240
Honduran	330	175	160
Cherokee	410	170	240
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	195	60	130
Indo-Caribbean	315	120	195
Flemish	460	210	250
United Empire Loyalist	640	305	335
Senegalese	1,105	545	560
Azerbaijani	325	180	150
Sicilian	365	190	175
Pashtun	545	300	245
Malay	130	45	85
Goan	330	145	185
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,425	725	695
Tibetan	60	25	40
Zimbabwean	395	160	235
Burmese	490	215	270
Mongolian	485	210	280
Azorean	470	225	240
Atikamekw	110	60	55
Bamileke	950	455	495
Indo-Guyanese	235	125	110
Ugandan	640	315	325
Oromo	435	235	205
Tanzanian	435	210	225
Yemeni	1,055	530	530
Central African	1,170	550	620
Libyan	1,520	760	760
Basque	530	275	260
Uruguayan	230	90	140
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	505	240	265
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	685	305	375
Igorot	195	95	100
Fulani	775	380	395
Woodland Cree	25	10	15
Guinean	915	435	480
St. Lucian	690	295	390
Prince Edward Islander	270	140	135
Maliseet	240	115	130
Beninese	845	430	415
Telugu	245	125	120
Roma	175	85	85
Costa Rican	235	120	120
African Nova Scotian	210	105	105
Malagasy	450	210	240
Kashmiri	130	70	65
Singaporean	165	65	100
Karen	385	215	170
Edo	320	145	175
Tajik	370	200	170
Amhara	445	205	240
Paraguayan	65	35	35
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,464,500	717,420	747,075
Buddhist	12,185	5,235	6,950
Christian	824,655	385,385	439,270
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	95,005	44,540	50,465
Anabaptist	985	425	565
Anglican	50,900	23,620	27,280
Baptist	10,625	4,835	5,790
Catholic	524,040	246,330	277,710
Christian Orthodox	25,905	12,525	13,380
Jehovah's Witness	4,765	2,090	2,675
Latter Day Saints	1,540	760	780
Lutheran	7,965	3,610	4,355
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,790	1,230	1,560
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,725	6,620	8,110
Presbyterian	11,815	5,495	6,325
Reformed	1,410	685	725
United Church	44,005	19,685	24,320
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	28,180	12,950	15,225
Hindu	21,205	11,130	10,070
Jewish	11,395	5,695	5,700
Muslim	114,780	57,715	57,065
Sikh	6,730	3,430	3,305
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	745	315	430
Other religions and spiritual traditions	10,250	4,320	5,930
No religion and secular perspectives	462,555	244,195	218,360
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,450,630	710,500	740,130
Non-movers	1,261,530	616,690	644,845
Movers	189,100	93,810	95,290
Non-migrants	126,025	62,685	63,335
Migrants	63,075	31,120	31,950
Internal migrants	50,130	24,495	25,635
Intraprovincial migrants	31,965	15,630	16,340
Interprovincial migrants	18,160	8,865	9,295
External migrants	12,945	6,630	6,315
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,390,440	679,590	710,845
Non-movers	819,280	399,810	419,470
Movers	571,150	279,775	291,375
Non-migrants	305,585	149,340	156,245
Migrants	265,565	130,435	135,130
Internal migrants	190,655	92,735	97,925
Intraprovincial migrants	126,165	61,030	65,135
Interprovincial migrants	64,495	31,700	32,790
External migrants	74,910	37,700	37,210
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,830
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	171,450	89,310	82,135
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,041,905	500,205	541,700
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	797,120	388,115	409,005
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	67,490	37,895	29,600
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	729,625	350,220	379,405
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	154,760	79,590	75,170
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	283,270	141,395	141,880
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	775,330	368,540	406,785
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	333,395	162,190	171,205
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	69,880	42,925	26,950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	42,380	22,220	20,160
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	27,505	20,710	6,795
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	235,770	107,720	128,050
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,740	11,540	16,200
Bachelor's degree or higher	441,935	206,355	235,580
Bachelor's degree	269,590	120,795	148,795
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	25,900	11,170	14,730
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,560	4,435	5,130
Master's degree	114,980	56,415	58,560
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,900	13,530	8,370
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	797,115	388,115	409,000
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,900	31,890	25,010
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	147,150	77,955	69,195
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	593,070	278,275	314,800
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	245,090	120,540	124,545
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	50,765	30,865	19,900
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,990	15,980	15,005
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	19,775	14,885	4,895
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	175,650	81,685	93,960
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,670	7,990	10,685
Bachelor's degree or higher	347,980	157,735	190,250
Bachelor's degree	209,845	92,705	117,140
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,770	7,980	11,790
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,565	3,095	4,470
Master's degree	94,600	44,680	49,915
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	16,205	9,270	6,935
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,213,355	589,520	623,835
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,025	220,980	217,050
Education	42,710	9,665	33,045
13. Education	42,710	9,665	33,045
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	24,940	10,590	14,350
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,460	2,455	1,000
50. Visual and performing arts	21,485	8,135	13,350
Humanities	48,440	18,105	30,335
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,490	2,005	6,480
23. English language and literature/letters	10,105	3,020	7,090
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,400	4,040	7,360
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,195	515	685
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,350	2,015	1,345
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,460	1,470	985
54. History	7,700	4,155	3,540
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,740	885	2,860
Social and behavioural sciences and law	136,895	50,760	86,135
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,980	555	1,425
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	15,790	5,720	10,070
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,590	1,230	13,360
22. Legal professions and studies	21,160	8,105	13,050
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,355	1,630	2,725
42. Psychology	20,190	4,810	15,380
45. Social sciences	58,830	28,710	30,120
Business, management and public administration	161,650	67,410	94,240
30.16 Accounting and computer science	240	105	135
44. Public administration and social service professions	16,720	5,020	11,705
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,685	62,285	82,395
Physical and life sciences and technologies	38,370	19,070	19,295
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	18,200	7,310	10,890
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,220	2,945	3,280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,365	555	820
40. Physical sciences	11,395	7,770	3,625
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,180	495	680
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	52,105	35,575	16,530
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	41,115	30,215	10,900
25. Library science	3,500	715	2,785
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,950	3,595	2,350
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,545	1,050	490
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	127,105	110,100	17,005
04. Architecture and related services	7,100	4,425	2,675
14. Engineering	50,290	40,125	10,160
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,350	25,265	3,085
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	80	25	50
46. Construction trades	19,025	18,625	400
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,520	15,210	315
48. Precision production	6,740	6,430	315
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,810	6,920	6,885
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	8,150	3,780	4,375
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,650	3,145	2,510
Health and related fields	91,530	19,935	71,600
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	8,085	3,910	4,175
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	80,105	14,405	65,700
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190	35	155
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,160	1,580	1,575
Personal, protective and transportation services	37,610	20,365	17,250
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	19,050	5,805	13,245
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,035	925	115
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	720	655	65
43. Security and protective services	12,285	8,890	3,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,520	4,095	425
Other¹⁷⁹	165	40	125
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	797,115	388,115	409,005
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	204,045	109,845	94,200
Education	29,075	6,180	22,895
13. Education	29,075	6,180	22,895
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,925	7,905	11,025
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,470	1,705	765
50. Visual and performing arts	16,455	6,205	10,255
Humanities	33,635	12,170	21,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	6,215	1,370	4,845
23. English language and literature/letters	7,265	2,185	5,080
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,485	2,575	4,910
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	815	340	480
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,410	1,405	1,005
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,550	925	625
54. History	5,605	2,905	2,700
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,290	470	1,820
Social and behavioural sciences and law	108,275	38,930	69,345
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,610	435	1,175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	13,080	4,695	8,385
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,250	940	10,310
22. Legal professions and studies	17,240	6,020	11,220
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,315	1,265	2,040
42. Psychology	15,530	3,560	11,970
45. Social sciences	46,245	22,005	24,235
Business, management and public administration	126,965	51,680	75,285
30.16 Accounting and computer science	175	80	90
44. Public administration and social service professions	13,385	3,920	9,465
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	113,410	47,685	65,725
Physical and life sciences and technologies	27,405	12,910	14,495
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,045	5,375	8,665
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,290	2,005	2,290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	585	240	345
40. Physical sciences	7,775	5,045	2,735
41. Science technologies/technicians	720	250	465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	42,710	29,555	13,155
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	35,100	25,900	9,200
25. Library science	2,150	425	1,720
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,185	2,385	1,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,280	840	440
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	96,680	82,400	14,280
04. Architecture and related services	5,420	3,255	2,165
14. Engineering	39,665	30,940	8,730
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,360	18,905	2,460
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	75	25	45
46. Construction trades	14,385	14,035	350
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,205	10,940	270
48. Precision production	4,565	4,305	260
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,725	5,095	5,635
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,000	2,555	3,445
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,730	2,540	2,190
Health and related fields	69,330	15,490	53,840
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,330	3,000	3,330
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	60,540	11,430	49,100
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	25	135
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,310	1,040	1,280
Personal, protective and transportation services	29,205	15,915	13,285
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	14,460	4,380	10,085
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	850	745	105
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	430	395	40
43. Security and protective services	9,900	7,170	2,725
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,560	3,230	335
Other¹⁷⁹	130	40	95
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	797,115	388,115	409,005
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	204,045	109,845	94,200
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	593,070	278,275	314,795
Location of study inside Canada	497,320	233,560	263,765
Same as province or territory of residence	391,670	183,385	208,285
Different than province or territory of residence	105,655	50,180	55,480
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	95,750	44,715	51,035
Americas	19,500	9,615	9,890
United States of America	11,415	6,130	5,280
Mexico	1,080	400	670
Cuba	505	260	245
Haiti	1,105	525	580
Jamaica	285	140	145
Brazil	1,690	765	925
Colombia	1,190	475	715
Peru	275	105	175
Venezuela⁹⁵	390	135	255
Other locations of study in Americas	1,570	680	895
Europe	24,270	12,465	11,810
Belgium	530	295	235
France	4,080	2,215	1,865
Germany	830	440	385
Netherlands	485	265	225
Switzerland	395	215	180
Hungary	195	85	110
Moldova¹⁸³	270	120	150
Poland	875	350	525
Romania	1,315	655	655
Russian Federation	1,650	785	865
Ukraine	1,250	605	645
Ireland⁹⁶	600	290	310
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,880	4,215	3,665
Bosnia and Herzegovina	495	195	300
Italy	345	210	135
Serbia⁸⁶	415	205	205
Other locations of study in Europe	2,660	1,310	1,350
Africa	13,760	6,455	7,300
Nigeria	1,525	665	855
Algeria	1,250	550	705
Morocco	1,425	655	770
Tunisia	585	290	295
Egypt	2,070	985	1,085
South Africa, Republic of	595	300	295
Other locations of study in Africa	6,310	3,010	3,300
Asia	36,485	15,345	21,140
Iran⁸⁸	1,760	770	995
Iraq	955	515	445
Israel	460	230	230
Lebanon	2,460	1,140	1,320
Syria⁸⁹	1,265	595	665
Turkey	805	420	385
China⁹⁰	6,470	2,730	3,740
Taiwan	235	75	160
Hong Kong⁹¹	205	55	145
Japan	580	190	390
Korea, South⁹²	990	325	665
Philippines	5,345	1,750	3,600
Viet Nam	460	170	290
Bangladesh	965	400	565
Sri Lanka	390	170	225
India	8,020	3,755	4,270
Pakistan	1,590	670	920
Other locations of study in Asia	3,525	1,385	2,135
Oceania	1,730	840	890
Australia	1,435	700	740
New Zealand	295	140	160
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,213,355	589,520	623,830
In the labour force	801,005	410,465	390,545
Employed	723,250	373,010	350,240
Unemployed	77,755	37,455	40,305
Not in the labour force	412,345	179,060	233,295
Participation rate	66.0	69.6	62.6
Employment rate	59.6	63.3	56.1
Unemployment rate	9.7	9.1	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,835
Did not work¹⁸⁶	412,055	179,835	232,220
Worked	801,300	409,685	391,615
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	470,250	252,730	217,520
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	331,050	156,960	174,090
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.3	42.9	41.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	801,005	410,465	390,540
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900
Employee	689,090	344,870	344,220
Permanent position	570,395	289,520	280,870
Temporary position	118,695	55,350	63,350
Fixed term (1 year or more)	43,175	19,500	23,675
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	75,520	35,845	39,675
Self-employed¹⁹²	93,175	56,495	36,675
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	801,005	410,465	390,540
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640
All occupations¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	12,235	7,965	4,270
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	161,890	54,680	107,210
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	103,005	76,965	26,035
3 Health occupations	57,325	13,025	44,300
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	136,995	51,305	85,695
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	27,735	11,940	15,795
6 Sales and service occupations	168,650	84,155	84,495
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	94,610	86,115	8,495
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	9,270	7,320	1,950
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,550	7,895	2,660
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	801,005	410,465	390,540
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640
All industries¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,795	3,030	1,770
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,095	945	150
22 Utilities	3,045	2,260	780
23 Construction	51,760	44,910	6,845
31-33 Manufacturing	24,690	17,675	7,015
41 Wholesale trade	14,695	10,815	3,885
44-45 Retail trade	79,030	41,045	37,980
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	26,685	20,745	5,945
51 Information and cultural industries	16,205	10,045	6,160
52 Finance and insurance	24,230	11,700	12,530
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,920	6,670	5,245
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	76,330	46,055	30,280
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,010	510	505
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	33,160	20,915	12,250
61 Educational services	61,355	19,760	41,595
62 Health care and social assistance	93,495	20,810	72,685
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	14,135	7,290	6,845
72 Accommodation and food services	39,785	19,375	20,415
81 Other services (except public administration)	30,440	13,415	17,025
91 Public administration	174,400	83,390	91,010
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	851,290	434,380	416,910
English	523,870	280,655	243,215
French	94,175	44,285	49,895
Non-official language	2,640	1,320	1,320
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,640	1,320	1,320
English and French	213,135	99,785	113,350
English and non-official language(s)	12,390	6,050	6,335
French and non-official language(s)	465	185	280
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,535	2,065	2,470
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	851,290	434,380	416,910
Single responses	811,660	415,810	395,855
Official languages	806,430	413,370	393,060
English	658,605	344,395	314,210
French	147,825	68,970	78,855
Non-official languages	5,235	2,445	2,790
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	15
Algonquian languages	25	15	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	15	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,190	2,415	2,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	910	485	425
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	55	25	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	55	25	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	855	460	395
Amharic	10	0	10
Arabic	830	440	385
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	15	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	95	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10
Vietnamese	180	90	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	65	35	30
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	20	10	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45	25	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	40	10	25
Haitian Creole	40	10	25
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	10	25
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	0	10
Tamil	15	0	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,735	755	980
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	300	90	210
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	300	90	210
Bulgarian	10	10	0
Czech	10	0	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	30	0	25
Russian	205	60	145
Serbo-Croatian	20	10	10
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	20	10	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	160	50	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	115	30	80
German	95	25	70
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	10	20
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	25	10	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	0
Swedish	10	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	355	190	165
Indo-Aryan languages	210	105	100
Bengali	20	15	0
Gujarati	15	10	0
Hindi	50	30	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	30	40
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	45	15	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	145	80	65
Kurdish	15	10	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	125	65	60
Dari	30	0	25
Iranian Persian	85	50	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	895	420	480
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	50	35	10
Portuguese	195	80	120
Romanian	10	0	0
Spanish	645	305	345
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	15	30
Korean	170	65	105
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	50	35	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	35	20
American Sign Language	40	25	10
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,730	830	900
Chinese languages	1,720	825	900
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,260	585	680
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	440	225	210
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	50	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	95	35	55
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	95	35	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	0	25
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	10
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	39,625	18,570	21,060
English and French	36,610	17,155	19,460
English and non-official language(s)	2,400	1,120	1,280
French and non-official language(s)	190	90	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	410	200	210
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	851,290	434,380	416,910
None	659,080	344,300	314,780
English	55,045	25,310	29,730
French	124,700	58,675	66,025
Non-official language	8,225	4,085	4,140
Indigenous³⁹	205	90	115
Non-Indigenous	8,020	3,995	4,025
English and French	170	75	90
English and non-official language(s)	675	290	390
French and non-official language(s)	2,400	1,135	1,265
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	995	505	490
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	723,245	373,010	350,235
Worked at home	287,140	135,655	151,485
Worked outside Canada	2,125	1,395	735
No fixed workplace address	71,570	55,470	16,105
Usual place of work	362,410	180,495	181,915
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	362,410	180,495	181,915
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	288,790	140,665	148,120
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,745	2,535	3,210
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	36,065	19,500	16,565
Commute to a different province or territory	31,810	17,790	14,020
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	433,980	235,965	198,015
Car, truck or van	347,755	195,720	152,035
Car, truck or van - as a driver	315,900	182,835	133,070
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	31,855	12,880	18,970
Public transit	41,985	18,940	23,040
Walked	25,780	11,930	13,850
Bicycle	5,630	3,780	1,845
Other method	12,830	5,585	7,245
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	433,980	235,965	198,015
Less than 15 minutes	115,985	56,795	59,195
15 to 29 minutes	168,965	91,280	77,685
30 to 44 minutes	94,470	55,995	38,475
45 to 59 minutes	30,730	18,045	12,685
60 minutes and over	23,830	13,845	9,985
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	433,980	235,965	198,015
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	28,725	21,780	6,950
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	84,785	52,585	32,195
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	117,500	58,605	58,890
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	87,760	42,025	45,740
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	51,830	25,795	26,035
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	63,380	35,170	28,210
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	308,120	157,160	150,960
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	101,340	51,320	50,020
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	206,785	105,845	100,940
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	228,230	116,630	111,600
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	76,495	38,700	37,795
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	56,120	27,980	28,135
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	20,380	10,715	9,660
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,735	77,935	73,805

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 10, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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