Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	TorontoMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	6,202,225	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	5,928,040	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	2,394,205	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	2,262,473	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,050.7	...	...	1,050.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,902.75	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	6,202,225	3,024,670	3,177,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	965,050	495,290	469,760	15.6	16.4	14.8
0 to 4 years	289,425	148,160	141,265	4.7	4.9	4.4
5 to 9 years	325,675	167,010	158,665	5.3	5.5	5.0
10 to 14 years	349,955	180,125	169,830	5.6	6.0	5.3
15 to 64 years	4,234,530	2,080,315	2,154,215	68.3	68.8	67.8
15 to 19 years	357,165	184,300	172,865	5.8	6.1	5.4
20 to 24 years	418,430	217,205	201,225	6.7	7.2	6.3
25 to 29 years	466,530	236,695	229,835	7.5	7.8	7.2
30 to 34 years	467,160	230,895	236,265	7.5	7.6	7.4
35 to 39 years	443,940	214,745	229,195	7.2	7.1	7.2
40 to 44 years	414,950	195,575	219,375	6.7	6.5	6.9
45 to 49 years	414,990	195,950	219,040	6.7	6.5	6.9
50 to 54 years	431,180	206,050	225,130	7.0	6.8	7.1
55 to 59 years	438,475	214,010	224,465	7.1	7.1	7.1
60 to 64 years	381,715	184,900	196,815	6.2	6.1	6.2
65 years and over	1,002,640	449,055	553,585	16.2	14.8	17.4
65 to 69 years	308,525	144,820	163,705	5.0	4.8	5.2
70 to 74 years	258,975	119,630	139,340	4.2	4.0	4.4
75 to 79 years	175,000	79,385	95,625	2.8	2.6	3.0
80 to 84 years	126,985	54,905	72,080	2.0	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	133,155	50,320	82,830	2.1	1.7	2.6
85 to 89 years	80,910	33,120	47,790	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	39,855	13,900	25,955	0.6	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	10,895	2,970	7,925	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	1,490	335	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.6	16.4	14.8	15.6	16.4	14.8
15 to 64 years	68.3	68.8	67.8	68.3	68.8	67.8
65 years and over	16.2	14.8	17.4	16.2	14.8	17.4
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.6	2.1	1.7	2.6
Average age of the population	40.7	39.6	41.7	40.7	39.6	41.7
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	883,125	...	...	39.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	164,580	...	...	7.3	...	...
Row house	210,100	...	...	9.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	90,500	...	...	4.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	215,325	...	...	9.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	694,735	...	...	30.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,470	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	635	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	2,262,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	565,730	...	...	25.0	...	...
2 persons	644,115	...	...	28.5	...	...
3 persons	390,785	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	386,555	...	...	17.1	...	...
5 or more persons	275,295	...	...	12.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	5,237,170	2,529,375	2,707,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	2,885,510	1,443,935	1,441,570	55.1	57.1	53.2
Married	2,560,370	1,278,755	1,281,620	48.9	50.6	47.3
Living common-law	325,135	165,180	159,955	6.2	6.5	5.9
Living common law - Never married	244,105	123,665	120,445	4.7	4.9	4.4
Living common law - Separated	12,860	7,245	5,620	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	62,265	31,690	30,570	1.2	1.3	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	5,905	2,580	3,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	2,351,665	1,085,440	1,266,225	44.9	42.9	46.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,685,300	885,110	800,190	32.2	35.0	29.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	130,470	51,545	78,925	2.5	2.0	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	284,130	101,095	183,030	5.4	4.0	6.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	251,765	47,690	204,075	4.8	1.9	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,692,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	733,320	...	...	43.3	...	...
3 persons	411,390	...	...	24.3	...	...
4 persons	395,360	...	...	23.4	...	...
5 or more persons	152,850	...	...	9.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,692,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	1,390,485	...	...	82.1	...	...
Married couples	1,228,045	...	...	72.5	...	...
With children⁶	784,485	...	...	46.3	...	...
Without children	443,560	...	...	26.2	...	...
Common-law couples	162,445	...	...	9.6	...	...
With children⁶	53,825	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	108,615	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	302,425	...	...	17.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	248,000	...	...	14.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	54,425	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	6,142,880	2,999,625	3,143,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	5,093,460	2,513,595	2,579,870	82.9	83.8	82.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	2,780,975	1,393,875	1,387,105	45.3	46.5	44.1
Parents in one-parent families	302,430	54,430	247,995	4.9	1.8	7.9
Children⁶	2,010,060	1,065,290	944,765	32.7	35.5	30.1
In a two-parent family	1,538,405	812,600	725,805	25.0	27.1	23.1
In a one-parent family	471,655	252,690	218,960	7.7	8.4	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,049,420	486,030	563,390	17.1	16.2	17.9
Living alone	565,730	249,365	316,360	9.2	8.3	10.1
Living with other relatives⁷	207,055	78,440	128,610	3.4	2.6	4.1
Living with non-relatives only	276,635	158,225	118,410	4.5	5.3	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,341,615	...	...	59.3	...	...
Couple-family households	1,125,400	...	...	49.7	...	...
With children⁶	685,795	...	...	30.3	...	...
Without children	439,605	...	...	19.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	216,210	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	129,810	...	...	5.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	26,995	...	...	1.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	89,160	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	109,165	...	...	4.8	...	...
One-person households	565,730	...	...	25.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	5,179,125	2,505,015	2,674,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,927,950	2,378,665	2,549,285	95.2	95.0	95.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,800	39,600	43,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,930,470	2,379,970	2,550,505	95.2	95.0	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	34,000	36,400	39,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,340,975	2,142,980	2,197,995	83.8	85.5	82.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,400	35,600	41,600	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,605,255	1,832,750	1,772,505	69.6	73.2	66.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,000	38,800	44,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,476,525	2,136,845	2,339,675	86.4	85.3	87.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,120	9,600	8,000	6,120	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	458,075	191,085	266,990	8.8	7.6	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,640	5,560	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,645,600	810,760	834,840	31.8	32.4	31.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	10,000	9,500	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,929,140	2,379,485	2,549,650	95.2	95.0	95.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,250	68,600	50,480	59,250	68,600	50,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,931,565	2,380,675	2,550,890	95.2	95.0	95.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	53,300	42,240	47,600	53,300	42,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,342,100	2,144,605	2,197,495	83.8	85.6	82.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	67,200	46,480	56,700	67,200	46,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,605,250	1,833,440	1,771,805	69.6	73.2	66.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,100	66,400	47,440	57,100	66,400	47,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,477,610	2,137,045	2,340,565	86.5	85.3	87.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,240	9,010	11,370	10,240	9,010	11,370
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	455,765	190,300	265,470	8.8	7.6	9.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	5,965	7,000	6,570	5,965	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,642,495	809,115	833,380	31.7	32.3	31.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,730	9,880	9,800	9,730	9,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,716,095	940,140	775,950	33.1	37.5	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,500	64,500	69,500	74,500	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,000	100,400	77,400	90,000	100,400	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,370,830	643,340	727,490	26.5	25.7	27.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,400	15,700	17,000	18,400	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,720	33,880	26,000	29,720	33,880	26,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	88.2	79.4	84.2	88.2	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.6	65.4	70.4	74.6	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	11.8	20.7	15.7	11.8	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.2	7.3	6.1	5.2	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.8	6.4	5.5	4.8	6.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	251,180	126,350	124,825	4.8	5.0	4.7
With total income	4,927,945	2,378,665	2,549,285	95.2	95.0	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	481,940	211,490	270,455	9.8	8.9	10.6
$10,000 to $19,999	614,440	279,500	334,940	12.5	11.8	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	794,350	357,805	436,545	16.1	15.0	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	588,250	260,235	328,015	11.9	10.9	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	477,560	214,465	263,100	9.7	9.0	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	389,850	178,905	210,945	7.9	7.5	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	309,625	149,380	160,240	6.3	6.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	248,620	126,215	122,405	5.0	5.3	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	202,345	109,695	92,655	4.1	4.6	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	166,190	90,860	75,335	3.4	3.8	3.0
$100,000 and over	654,785	400,125	254,655	13.3	16.8	10.0
$100,000 to $149,999	405,995	233,225	172,775	8.2	9.8	6.8
$150,000 and over	248,785	166,905	81,880	5.0	7.0	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	248,655	125,050	123,605	4.8	5.0	4.6
With after-tax income	4,930,475	2,379,965	2,550,505	95.2	95.0	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	500,000	219,075	280,920	10.1	9.2	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	641,610	293,580	348,035	13.0	12.3	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	885,350	398,495	486,860	18.0	16.7	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	673,620	303,175	370,445	13.7	12.7	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	553,905	254,170	299,735	11.2	10.7	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	426,455	203,585	222,875	8.6	8.6	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	322,320	164,765	157,560	6.5	6.9	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	244,205	133,435	110,770	5.0	5.6	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	200,315	105,390	94,920	4.1	4.4	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	126,400	72,665	53,735	2.6	3.1	2.1
$100,000 and over	356,295	231,645	124,650	7.2	9.7	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	162,140	100,005	62,135	3.3	4.2	2.4
$125,000 and over	194,155	131,640	62,520	3.9	5.5	2.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	1,573,870	672,260	901,610	30.4	26.8	33.7
With employment income	3,605,260	1,832,755	1,772,505	69.6	73.2	66.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	514,575	244,315	270,260	14.3	13.3	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	330,620	148,805	181,810	9.2	8.1	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	405,410	190,200	215,215	11.2	10.4	12.1
$20,000 to $29,999	298,810	142,200	156,605	8.3	7.8	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	285,705	136,285	149,425	7.9	7.4	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	282,710	133,800	148,910	7.8	7.3	8.4
$50,000 to $59,999	259,595	126,375	133,220	7.2	6.9	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	221,570	113,575	108,000	6.1	6.2	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	184,210	98,120	86,095	5.1	5.4	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	157,870	89,445	68,425	4.4	4.9	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	140,395	76,665	63,735	3.9	4.2	3.6
$100,000 and over	523,785	332,970	190,810	14.5	18.2	10.8
$100,000 to $124,999	225,725	130,680	95,050	6.3	7.1	5.4
$125,000 and over	298,055	202,295	95,765	8.3	11.0	5.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	5,179,125	2,505,015	2,674,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,797,550	2,310,070	2,487,480	92.6	92.2	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,600	37,200	42,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,798,680	2,310,330	2,488,345	92.7	92.2	93.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,400	34,000	37,600	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,267,070	2,103,725	2,163,345	82.4	84.0	80.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,592,920	1,823,245	1,769,680	69.4	72.8	66.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	35,600	39,600	44,400	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,186,175	1,995,820	2,190,350	80.8	79.7	81.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,340	830	2,940	1,340	830	2,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	262,855	99,880	162,980	5.1	4.0	6.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,520	6,360	6,040	5,520	6,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,799,340	2,310,730	2,488,610	92.7	92.2	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,700	66,800	47,360	56,700	66,800	47,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,800,350	2,310,940	2,489,410	92.7	92.3	93.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,800	39,520	45,440	51,800	39,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,267,135	2,103,750	2,163,385	82.4	84.0	80.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,750	68,700	47,040	57,750	68,700	47,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,593,470	1,823,905	1,769,555	69.4	72.8	66.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,300	66,800	47,520	57,300	66,800	47,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,187,695	1,996,355	2,191,335	80.9	79.7	81.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,170	4,876	7,340	6,170	4,876	7,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	262,735	99,390	163,350	5.1	4.0	6.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,740	6,630	8,430	7,740	6,630	8,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,696,170	928,410	767,760	32.8	37.1	28.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,000	59,200	64,500	70,000	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,800	95,700	71,600	84,800	95,700	71,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,281,260	603,140	678,120	24.7	24.1	25.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	25,400	22,600	24,000	25,400	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,400	41,240	32,040	36,400	41,240	32,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.4	90.6	93.6	86.4
Employment income (%)	75.6	79.0	71.4	75.6	79.0	71.4
Government transfers (%)	9.5	6.3	13.6	9.5	6.3	13.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	2,262,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	565,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,696,745	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	2,262,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...	103,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	565,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,400	...	...	63,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,040	...	...	51,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,697,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...	121,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	2,262,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	32,750	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	15,325	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	25,715	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	35,725	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	75,670	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	62,315	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	60,850	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	64,725	...	...	2.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	65,730	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	66,345	...	...	2.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	136,805	...	...	6.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	137,480	...	...	6.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	134,620	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	129,670	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	122,145	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,096,595	...	...	48.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	265,950	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	208,740	...	...	9.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	278,755	...	...	12.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	343,145	...	...	15.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	2,262,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	36,900	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	15,830	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	26,310	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	38,100	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	80,570	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	69,190	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	68,515	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	74,305	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	77,660	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	80,020	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	164,380	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	164,945	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	159,340	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	151,615	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	136,375	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	918,420	...	...	40.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	282,550	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	206,830	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	429,040	...	...	19.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,629,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	460,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	838,675	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	265,690	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	842,365	407,590	434,775	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	39,200	39,200	39,200	39,200	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600	36,000	35,600	35,600	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,627,835	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,900	...	...	120,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	459,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	134,200	...	...	134,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,300	...	...	105,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	839,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	179,800	...	...	179,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	264,185	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...	93,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,900	...	...	80,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	841,520	405,785	435,735	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,950	56,900	53,200	54,950	56,900	53,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	45,840	44,320	45,040	45,840	44,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,176,000	604,145	571,850	19.1	20.1	18.2
0 to 5 years	351,430	179,815	171,615	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	4,001,275	1,957,940	2,043,340	65.1	65.3	65.0
65 years and over	965,610	437,540	528,065	15.7	14.6	16.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	627,655	294,520	333,135	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	133,215	68,535	64,675	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	41,535	21,180	20,355	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	364,325	174,355	189,970	...	...	...
65 years and over	130,115	51,630	78,490	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.2	9.8	10.6	10.2	9.8	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.3	11.3	11.3	11.3	11.3	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.8	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	8.9	9.3	9.1	8.9	9.3
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.8	14.9	13.5	11.8	14.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	6,142,655	2,999,520	3,143,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,175,955	604,125	571,825	19.1	20.1	18.2
0 to 5 years	351,415	179,805	171,605	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	4,001,155	1,957,885	2,043,270	65.1	65.3	65.0
65 years and over	965,540	437,510	528,030	15.7	14.6	16.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	403,705	204,970	198,735	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	68,975	35,480	33,495	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	20,970	10,635	10,335	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	291,050	150,790	140,265	...	...	...
65 years and over	43,670	18,700	24,975	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6	6.8	6.3	6.6	6.8	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.0	6.0	5.9	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.7	6.9	7.3	7.7	6.9
65 years and over (%)	4.5	4.3	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	2,762,010	1,324,105	1,437,910	45.0	44.1	45.7
In bottom decile	596,575	291,595	304,980	9.7	9.7	9.7
In second decile	542,090	253,490	288,605	8.8	8.5	9.2
In third decile	539,875	257,395	282,475	8.8	8.6	9.0
In fourth decile	535,000	256,940	278,055	8.7	8.6	8.8
In fifth decile	548,475	264,680	283,790	8.9	8.8	9.0
In top half of the distribution	3,380,870	1,675,525	1,705,345	55.0	55.9	54.3
In sixth decile	567,160	275,795	291,360	9.2	9.2	9.3
In seventh decile	597,730	292,230	305,505	9.7	9.7	9.7
In eighth decile	640,895	315,980	324,915	10.4	10.5	10.3
In ninth decile	710,200	353,375	356,830	11.6	11.8	11.4
In top decile	864,885	438,140	426,745	14.1	14.6	13.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	6,142,880	...	...	6,142,880	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.387	...	...	0.387	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.496	...	...	0.496	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	5,436,685	2,703,025	2,733,660	88.2	89.9	86.7
French only	4,520	1,915	2,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	456,695	198,045	258,645	7.4	6.6	8.2
Neither English nor French	263,670	104,615	159,060	4.3	3.5	5.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	5,784,485	2,850,965	2,933,520	93.9	94.8	93.0
French	69,060	31,975	37,080	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and French	48,625	22,105	26,525	0.8	0.7	0.8
Neither English nor French	259,400	102,555	156,845	4.2	3.4	5.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	5,744,420	2,805,835	2,938,590	93.2	93.3	93.2
Official languages	3,143,455	1,570,545	1,572,905	51.0	52.2	49.9
English	3,082,345	1,542,050	1,540,300	50.0	51.3	48.8
French	61,110	28,500	32,610	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-official languages	2,600,965	1,235,285	1,365,680	42.2	41.1	43.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	330	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	270	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,600,640	1,235,130	1,365,505	42.2	41.1	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	156,290	78,100	78,190	2.5	2.6	2.5
Berber languages	215	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	390	225	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	365	210	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	420	205	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	14,655	6,575	8,080	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bilen	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,025	500	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	13,385	5,945	7,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	140,605	70,970	69,640	2.3	2.4	2.2
Amharic	8,570	3,925	4,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	97,690	50,090	47,595	1.6	1.7	1.5
Aramaic languages	13,525	6,525	7,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,020	4,785	5,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,960	1,460	1,500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	860	385	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10,075	5,380	4,700	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	2,745	1,300	1,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	6,960	3,275	3,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	190	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	54,490	24,335	30,155	0.9	0.8	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,860	1,295	1,565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	51,540	23,000	28,540	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	163,430	66,145	97,285	2.7	2.2	3.1
Bikol	530	230	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,985	815	1,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	4,165	1,675	2,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,020	1,185	1,840	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	12,065	4,925	7,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	4,035	1,790	2,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	290	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	215	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	340	150	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,580	735	845	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	635	270	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	132,925	53,485	79,435	2.2	1.8	2.5
Waray-Waray	430	170	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,165	475	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5,095	2,350	2,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	990	440	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	285	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,550	745	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325	610	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	760	360	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	148,940	74,200	74,740	2.4	2.5	2.4
Kannada	3,200	1,610	1,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	18,380	9,855	8,520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	111,735	54,115	57,615	1.8	1.8	1.8
Telugu	15,155	8,380	6,775	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	320	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,525	830	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,402,550	682,435	720,115	22.8	22.7	22.8
Albanian	14,255	7,055	7,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	12,085	5,795	6,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	233,130	106,100	127,030	3.8	3.5	4.0
Baltic languages	4,195	1,675	2,515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,675	660	1,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	2,515	1,020	1,500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	228,930	104,420	124,515	3.7	3.5	3.9
Belarusian	280	120	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	6,205	2,940	3,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,980	1,765	2,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10,130	4,805	5,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	58,140	26,110	32,025	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	80,580	36,210	44,370	1.3	1.2	1.4
Rusyn	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	38,015	18,210	19,810	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	3,000	1,450	1,550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	14,355	6,715	7,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	20,065	9,760	10,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	595	275	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	4,475	2,060	2,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,020	1,275	1,740	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	23,950	10,850	13,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35,015	15,870	19,150	0.6	0.5	0.6
Frisian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	24,475	10,930	13,540	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	21,645	9,640	12,005	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	550	245	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	2,255	1,035	1,215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,880	3,745	4,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	1,165	585	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	6,440	3,030	3,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,510	1,115	1,395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	1,150	515	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	305	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	985	425	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	34,980	16,650	18,335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	686,750	348,570	338,180	11.1	11.6	10.7
Indo-Aryan languages	555,965	283,840	272,120	9.0	9.4	8.6
Assamese	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	43,005	21,800	21,200	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	70,490	35,820	34,670	1.1	1.2	1.1
Hindi	65,805	34,040	31,765	1.1	1.1	1.0
Kacchi	3,285	1,485	1,800	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	350	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	2,105	1,020	1,085	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	7,415	3,785	3,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	6,490	3,315	3,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	1,080	565	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	670	365	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	405	200	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210,165	108,850	101,315	3.4	3.6	3.2
Rohingya	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	2,075	1,060	1,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,970	3,895	4,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	134,195	67,205	66,995	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,290	705	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	130,675	64,670	66,010	2.1	2.2	2.1
Baluchi	260	145	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,565	1,995	1,565	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	265	150	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	8,415	4,350	4,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	117,775	57,825	59,950	1.9	1.9	1.9
Dari	24,210	11,760	12,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	81,105	39,855	41,250	1.3	1.3	1.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	12,460	6,210	6,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	395	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	385,900	182,185	203,715	6.3	6.1	6.5
Catalan	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	125,895	59,190	66,700	2.0	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	102,255	48,775	53,475	1.7	1.6	1.7
Romanian	22,265	10,335	11,930	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	134,970	63,635	71,340	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	9,315	3,055	6,255	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	56,855	25,755	31,095	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	415	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	24,620	11,540	13,080	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	7,655	3,575	4,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	910	365	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	280	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	260	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	380	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	780	370	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	265	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,530	775	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	190	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	295	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	215	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	320	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	640	295	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	165	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	135	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,180	1,480	1,700	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	4,725	2,290	2,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,950	910	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	565	305	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	390	200	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	990	515	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	845	430	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	529,160	243,070	286,095	8.6	8.1	9.1
Chinese languages	522,010	239,575	282,430	8.5	8.0	9.0
Hakka	5,780	2,665	3,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	259,555	118,775	140,775	4.2	3.9	4.5
Min Dong	895	465	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	8,615	3,855	4,760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,540	1,590	1,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	239,720	110,440	129,275	3.9	3.7	4.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,685	1,680	2,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,000	3,430	3,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	920	440	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	225	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5,560	2,725	2,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,720	1,450	2,265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	1,910	905	1,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,685	505	1,185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	120	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	22,225	11,745	10,485	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	2,300	1,235	1,070	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	18,330	9,740	8,590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	440	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	625	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20,170	8,965	11,205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Estonian	2,070	860	1,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	2,000	800	1,200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	16,100	7,305	8,800	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	417,150	201,765	215,385	6.8	6.7	6.8
English and French	23,655	11,120	12,535	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	345,775	169,005	176,770	5.6	5.6	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	6,730	3,040	3,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,120	4,130	4,985	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	31,865	14,470	17,395	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,258,635	1,621,915	1,636,720	52.9	53.9	51.9
French	16,000	7,560	8,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	822,050	382,820	439,230	13.3	12.7	13.9
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	821,995	382,800	439,195	13.3	12.7	13.9
English and French	60,840	27,500	33,340	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,861,335	904,030	957,305	30.2	30.1	30.4
French and non-official language(s)	3,650	1,580	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	60,965	26,515	34,440	1.0	0.9	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	78,105	35,675	42,430	1.3	1.2	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	5,680,760	2,775,325	2,905,440	92.2	92.3	92.1
Official languages	4,062,965	2,004,750	2,058,210	65.9	66.7	65.3
English	4,035,545	1,991,905	2,043,635	65.5	66.2	64.8
French	27,420	12,850	14,570	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	1,617,795	770,570	847,225	26.3	25.6	26.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,617,695	770,530	847,165	26.3	25.6	26.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	87,150	41,935	45,210	1.4	1.4	1.4
Berber languages	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	210	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	8,245	3,665	4,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	560	260	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	7,540	3,330	4,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	78,390	38,010	40,385	1.3	1.3	1.3
Amharic	4,350	1,935	2,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	54,360	26,630	27,735	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	10,035	4,785	5,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	7,540	3,560	3,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,105	1,035	1,070	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	385	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	470	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	4,340	2,210	2,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	610	280	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,150	1,925	2,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,960	16,715	20,245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,650	735	915	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	35,275	15,970	19,310	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	93,445	40,745	52,695	1.5	1.4	1.7
Bikol	200	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	990	420	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	2,320	1,010	1,320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,655	720	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	6,680	2,990	3,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,550	730	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	800	370	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	77,925	33,830	44,095	1.3	1.1	1.4
Waray-Waray	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	575	255	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,915	1,325	1,585	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	530	225	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,175	565	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	665	295	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	315	150	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	105,575	51,730	53,845	1.7	1.7	1.7
Kannada	1,640	830	815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	11,085	5,870	5,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	83,220	39,825	43,395	1.4	1.3	1.4
Telugu	9,445	5,115	4,330	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,015	555	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	811,075	394,270	416,805	13.2	13.1	13.2
Albanian	6,735	3,305	3,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	7,335	3,450	3,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	122,035	56,765	65,270	2.0	1.9	2.1
Baltic languages	1,140	485	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	360	150	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	785	330	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	120,895	56,285	64,610	2.0	1.9	2.0
Belarusian	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,100	1,475	1,620	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	1,190	545	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	4,325	2,020	2,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	27,560	12,770	14,795	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian	52,030	23,955	28,070	0.8	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	18,030	8,660	9,375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	1,400	655	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5,390	2,525	2,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	11,005	5,370	5,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	230	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,030	990	1,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	600	250	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	11,920	5,570	6,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,985	1,865	2,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,600	1,190	1,410	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	2,295	1,045	1,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,055	515	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	440	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	590	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	180	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	14,680	6,615	8,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	472,310	237,620	234,685	7.7	7.9	7.4
Indo-Aryan languages	382,790	194,385	188,400	6.2	6.5	6.0
Assamese	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	27,640	13,705	13,930	0.4	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	46,805	23,495	23,305	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hindi	40,070	20,615	19,450	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	1,435	635	800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	530	245	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	4,055	2,060	1,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	4,380	2,250	2,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	560	295	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	360	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	161,965	83,995	77,970	2.6	2.8	2.5
Rohingya	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	1,070	530	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	4,215	2,095	2,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	89,120	43,975	45,145	1.4	1.5	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	735	385	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	89,475	43,220	46,260	1.5	1.4	1.5
Baluchi	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,065	1,090	980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5,775	2,890	2,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	81,070	38,940	42,130	1.3	1.3	1.3
Dari	15,110	7,165	7,950	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	57,085	27,465	29,625	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	8,870	4,315	4,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	255	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	183,875	84,590	99,285	3.0	2.8	3.1
Catalan	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	42,260	17,475	24,790	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portuguese	52,740	25,205	27,535	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romanian	10,390	4,810	5,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	78,275	37,010	41,265	1.3	1.2	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	4,395	1,835	2,560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	40,600	18,780	21,825	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	245	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	9,580	4,370	5,215	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	3,775	1,685	2,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	215	80	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	450	225	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	170	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,255	570	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	65	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,785	810	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	245	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,970	1,145	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	1,525	895	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	445	250	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	399,595	185,635	213,960	6.5	6.2	6.8
Chinese languages	394,300	183,045	211,255	6.4	6.1	6.7
Hakka	2,435	1,120	1,320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	204,415	96,125	108,295	3.3	3.2	3.4
Min Dong	565	270	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,225	1,890	2,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,335	1,090	1,245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	177,950	81,435	96,515	2.9	2.7	3.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,285	1,070	1,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5,230	2,560	2,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	545	255	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	4,400	2,170	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,685	775	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	955	460	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	665	295	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	13,825	7,050	6,770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	1,205	600	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	11,820	6,055	5,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	300	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	340	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	7,335	3,370	3,965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	390	145	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	325	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	6,625	3,075	3,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	480,810	232,275	248,535	7.8	7.7	7.9
English and French	13,920	6,265	7,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	449,840	218,415	231,425	7.3	7.3	7.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,960	860	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,885	2,600	3,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	9,200	4,135	5,065	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	4,485,430	2,200,050	2,285,380	72.8	73.1	72.5
English	622,355	304,420	317,935	10.1	10.1	10.1
French	53,455	23,770	29,685	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	766,180	366,110	400,070	12.4	12.2	12.7
Indigenous³⁹	400	180	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	765,780	365,930	399,850	12.4	12.2	12.7
English and French	8,425	3,810	4,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	104,015	51,700	52,320	1.7	1.7	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	28,590	12,160	16,435	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,785	855	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	91,330	44,730	46,600	1.5	1.5	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	5,879,555	2,895,270	2,984,285	95.7	96.5	94.9
English	5,875,115	2,893,335	2,981,775	95.6	96.5	94.9
French	459,590	198,490	261,105	7.5	6.6	8.3
Non-official languages	3,431,630	1,642,410	1,789,220	55.9	54.8	56.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,160	510	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	915	390	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	230	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	630	275	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	605	275	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	475	220	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,430,670	1,641,985	1,788,685	55.8	54.7	56.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	258,215	129,380	128,840	4.2	4.3	4.1
Berber languages	460	275	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,240	605	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	1,165	565	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,600	740	860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	23,245	10,640	12,605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bilen	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,035	1,015	1,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	21,005	9,495	11,510	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	245	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	236,355	119,450	116,910	3.8	4.0	3.7
Amharic	15,170	7,200	7,975	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arabic	163,405	83,830	79,575	2.7	2.8	2.5
Aramaic languages	19,075	9,425	9,645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	13,885	6,780	7,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,470	2,265	2,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,030	530	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	1,405	635	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40,970	20,590	20,380	0.7	0.7	0.6
Maltese	4,070	1,905	2,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	10,380	4,890	5,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	365	215	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	76,215	34,800	41,415	1.2	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,090	1,825	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	72,440	33,095	39,350	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	228,445	92,395	136,055	3.7	3.1	4.3
Bikol	1,115	470	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,515	1,000	1,510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	7,525	2,990	4,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5,025	1,970	3,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	21,405	8,360	13,050	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	5,655	2,540	3,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	450	185	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	245	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	85	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	3,200	1,445	1,755	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	2,765	1,155	1,610	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	1,260	520	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	214,030	85,870	128,160	3.5	2.9	4.1
Waray-Waray	1,385	545	840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,680	1,950	2,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	18,175	8,035	10,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	2,940	1,335	1,605	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	2,305	915	1,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	360	140	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	4,425	2,130	2,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	6,520	2,720	3,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,470	1,130	1,340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	219,670	110,515	109,150	3.6	3.7	3.5
Kannada	9,805	5,040	4,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	28,875	15,235	13,640	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	167,010	82,585	84,425	2.7	2.8	2.7
Telugu	28,190	15,590	12,605	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tulu	1,010	530	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	505	210	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,940	995	945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,942,405	954,235	988,170	31.6	31.8	31.4
Albanian	17,940	9,030	8,905	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	15,920	7,680	8,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	289,895	134,650	155,240	4.7	4.5	4.9
Baltic languages	5,670	2,395	3,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	2,425	1,035	1,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	3,255	1,365	1,885	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	285,745	132,935	152,810	4.7	4.4	4.9
Belarusian	1,050	430	610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	8,135	3,940	4,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	6,095	2,780	3,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15,765	7,425	8,340	0.3	0.2	0.3
Polish	75,170	34,645	40,525	1.2	1.2	1.3
Russian	117,225	54,020	63,205	1.9	1.8	2.0
Rusyn	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	51,280	24,915	26,365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bosnian	6,620	3,225	3,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	24,830	11,945	12,885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	28,915	14,150	14,765	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,025	515	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5,930	2,830	3,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,125	1,775	2,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	39,185	17,695	21,495	0.6	0.6	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,845	1,020	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	1,210	685	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	270	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	120	80	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	74,495	35,885	38,605	1.2	1.2	1.2
Frisian	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	56,180	27,385	28,795	0.9	0.9	0.9
German	50,450	24,615	25,835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	945	445	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5,425	2,615	2,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	14,905	7,225	7,680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	4,730	2,465	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	9,925	4,670	5,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5,440	2,400	3,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	2,060	935	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	950	440	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	2,605	1,130	1,475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55,410	26,715	28,690	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	966,655	493,705	472,955	15.7	16.5	15.0
Indo-Aryan languages	816,655	418,700	397,955	13.3	14.0	12.7
Assamese	510	250	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60,425	30,715	29,715	1.0	1.0	0.9
Gujarati	107,595	54,810	52,780	1.8	1.8	1.7
Hindi	333,470	171,575	161,885	5.4	5.7	5.2
Kacchi	6,860	3,075	3,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	875	455	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5,710	2,675	3,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	19,595	9,990	9,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	9,835	4,960	4,870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	2,135	1,105	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	1,190	650	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	955	465	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	318,135	166,395	151,740	5.2	5.5	4.8
Rohingya	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	4,580	2,390	2,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,330	8,295	8,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	230,085	116,020	114,070	3.7	3.9	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	4,545	2,515	2,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	160,210	80,265	79,940	2.6	2.7	2.5
Baluchi	445	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	6,060	3,435	2,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	420	265	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	14,270	7,460	6,805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	145,385	72,400	72,985	2.4	2.4	2.3
Dari	33,370	16,425	16,950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	100,745	50,185	50,560	1.6	1.7	1.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	13,225	6,745	6,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	715	365	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	980	540	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	569,890	270,170	299,715	9.3	9.0	9.5
Catalan	405	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	204,090	96,225	107,860	3.3	3.2	3.4
Portuguese	138,030	66,670	71,360	2.2	2.2	2.3
Romanian	27,390	12,710	14,680	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	231,870	110,025	121,845	3.8	3.7	3.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,145	605	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	595	300	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20,680	9,085	11,600	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	67,850	30,710	37,140	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mongolian	535	235	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	61,480	28,855	32,625	1.0	1.0	1.0
Akan (Twi)	13,900	6,300	7,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bamanankan	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	2,500	1,060	1,435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	735	370	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	430	240	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	1,275	530	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	1,760	730	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	620	220	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	4,485	2,155	2,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	930	345	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	2,545	1,170	1,380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	305	120	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	335	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	400	175	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	710	315	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	1,370	605	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	245	155	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	400	160	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	12,860	6,310	6,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	95	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	640	305	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15,100	7,315	7,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,405	3,075	3,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	870	450	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	775	395	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	440	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5,975	2,590	3,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	5,345	2,255	3,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	830	395	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	623,635	289,900	333,730	10.2	9.7	10.6
Chinese languages	614,615	285,515	329,100	10.0	9.5	10.5
Hakka	8,125	3,810	4,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	377,960	172,850	205,105	6.2	5.8	6.5
Min Dong	1,260	600	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15,000	6,690	8,305	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,625	2,540	3,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	312,945	144,995	167,945	5.1	4.8	5.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,795	1,825	1,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	345	155	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	9,250	4,495	4,755	0.2	0.1	0.2
Burmese	1,345	655	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	7,125	3,500	3,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	645	300	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	325	145	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5,975	2,605	3,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	3,230	1,530	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	3,015	1,180	1,835	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	285	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	36,030	18,935	17,090	0.6	0.6	0.5
Azerbaijani	4,650	2,500	2,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	450	190	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30,930	16,335	14,600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	420	185	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	1,180	595	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	715	315	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	24,285	11,000	13,290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	2,385	1,000	1,385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	2,555	1,015	1,540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	19,435	9,015	10,415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	525	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	44,635	21,115	23,520	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	41,680	19,770	21,910	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	25,770	12,345	13,425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	15,325	7,165	8,155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	590	260	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,255	505	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,700	835	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	6,098,250	2,978,430	3,119,815	99.3	99.3	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,145	6,735	7,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,128,740	2,992,810	3,135,930	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	1,472,905	...	...	65.1	...	...
Renter	789,545	...	...	34.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	539,720	...	...	23.9	...	...
Not condominium	1,722,750	...	...	76.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	33,240	...	...	1.5	...	...
1 bedroom	420,600	...	...	18.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	489,795	...	...	21.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	631,985	...	...	27.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	686,850	...	...	30.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	860,525	...	...	38.0	...	...
5 rooms	308,640	...	...	13.6	...	...
6 rooms	282,885	...	...	12.5	...	...
7 rooms	244,745	...	...	10.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	565,675	...	...	25.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	2,148,260	...	...	95.0	...	...
More than one person per room	114,215	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	2,030,505	...	...	89.7	...	...
Not suitable	231,970	...	...	10.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	411,845	...	...	18.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	550,360	...	...	24.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	298,955	...	...	13.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	280,050	...	...	12.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	193,730	...	...	8.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	176,570	...	...	7.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	172,580	...	...	7.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	178,380	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	2,147,630	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	114,845	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	1,085,200	...	...	48.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	1,002,420	...	...	44.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	174,855	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	46,980	...	...	2.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	311,120	...	...	13.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	417,775	...	...	18.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	459,580	...	...	20.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	463,845	...	...	20.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	317,690	...	...	14.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	172,565	...	...	7.6	...	...
85 years and over	72,910	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	2,247,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,561,965	...	...	69.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	685,435	...	...	30.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	597,335	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	2,262,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	922,710	...	...	40.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	593,080	...	...	26.2	...	...
Not suitable only	160,520	...	...	7.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	63,230	...	...	2.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	54,260	...	...	2.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	34,420	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,520	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	3,675	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,339,765	...	...	59.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	2,159,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	348,510	...	...	16.1	...	...
Not in core need	1,810,790	...	...	83.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,471,800	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.7	...	...	61.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,108	...	...	2,108	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...	980,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,112,000	...	...	1,112,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	789,420	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.3	...	...	13.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.5	...	...	40.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.7	...	...	28.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,540	...	...	1,540	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,618	...	...	1,618	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	20	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	168	...	...	168	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	240	...	...	240	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	6,142,885	2,999,545	3,143,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,435	5,220	6,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,060	5,095	5,970	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	8,575	3,940	4,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	2,345	1,095	1,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	375	125	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	320	120	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	49,325	23,825	25,500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	48,015	23,215	24,800	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35,515	17,265	18,255	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,020	5,730	6,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	470	220	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,310	610	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,145	520	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	6,082,120	2,970,495	3,111,625	99.0	99.0	99.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	5,203,840	2,539,095	2,664,745	84.7	84.6	84.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,068,635	548,835	519,805	17.4	18.3	16.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,135,200	1,990,260	2,144,945	67.3	66.4	68.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	939,045	460,450	478,595	15.3	15.4	15.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,030,045	1,523,055	1,506,995	49.3	50.8	47.9
Immigrants⁸¹	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655	46.6	44.8	48.3
Before 1980	473,315	218,520	254,795	7.7	7.3	8.1
1980 to 1990	348,930	166,145	182,790	5.7	5.5	5.8
1991 to 2000	634,830	296,180	338,650	10.3	9.9	10.8
2001 to 2010	689,395	321,245	368,150	11.2	10.7	11.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	716,380	341,105	375,275	11.7	11.4	11.9
2011 to 2015	324,700	151,750	172,950	5.3	5.1	5.5
2016 to 2021	391,680	189,360	202,320	6.4	6.3	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	249,980	133,290	116,690	4.1	4.4	3.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	221,730	111,035	110,690	7.7	8.3	7.3
5 to 14 years	465,230	233,600	231,625	16.3	17.4	15.2
15 to 24 years	563,430	250,710	312,720	19.7	18.7	20.6
25 to 44 years	1,307,915	612,200	695,710	45.7	45.6	45.8
45 years and over	304,550	135,645	168,910	10.6	10.1	11.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	410,150	181,935	228,220	14.3	13.5	15.0
Brazil	15,425	7,225	8,195	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	17,365	7,800	9,560	0.6	0.6	0.6
El Salvador	10,550	5,115	5,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyana	64,885	28,415	36,465	2.3	2.1	2.4
Haiti	2,485	1,155	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	95,900	40,065	55,840	3.3	3.0	3.7
Mexico	14,450	6,540	7,905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	8,520	3,785	4,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	40,855	17,975	22,880	1.4	1.3	1.5
United States of America	48,265	22,925	25,335	1.7	1.7	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	91,465	40,930	50,540	3.2	3.0	3.3
Europe	553,105	260,415	292,695	19.3	19.4	19.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,435	4,565	4,870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatia	10,895	5,185	5,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	8,240	4,070	4,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	18,405	8,715	9,695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	23,525	11,100	12,425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hungary	9,825	4,435	5,385	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italy	87,875	42,310	45,560	3.1	3.1	3.0
Netherlands	6,075	2,910	3,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	50,405	22,500	27,905	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portugal	63,460	30,630	32,825	2.2	2.3	2.2
Romania	22,975	10,565	12,410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian Federation	33,760	14,465	19,295	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	11,885	5,695	6,190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	33,160	14,900	18,265	1.2	1.1	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85,895	41,575	44,325	3.0	3.1	2.9
Other places of birth in Europe	77,295	36,790	40,510	2.7	2.7	2.7
Africa	173,195	83,700	89,495	6.0	6.2	5.9
Algeria	1,620	820	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,440	1,595	1,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	26,810	13,785	13,030	0.9	1.0	0.9
Eritrea	7,080	3,465	3,620	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	12,695	5,850	6,845	0.4	0.4	0.5
Morocco	4,320	1,845	2,475	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	23,935	12,025	11,905	0.8	0.9	0.8
Somalia	12,400	5,290	7,105	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	13,165	6,505	6,665	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	67,735	32,530	35,200	2.4	2.4	2.3
Asia	1,718,685	813,230	905,455	60.0	60.5	59.6
Afghanistan	27,415	13,615	13,805	1.0	1.0	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	87,105	43,745	43,360	3.0	3.3	2.9
Iraq	34,575	17,345	17,230	1.2	1.3	1.1
Lebanon	14,355	7,450	6,910	0.5	0.6	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	19,170	9,600	9,575	0.7	0.7	0.6
Turkey	14,405	7,685	6,720	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	296,625	132,835	163,790	10.4	9.9	10.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	99,515	46,275	53,235	3.5	3.4	3.5
Korea, South⁹²	48,770	22,265	26,510	1.7	1.7	1.7
Taiwan	14,935	6,460	8,470	0.5	0.5	0.6
Philippines	212,655	87,195	125,465	7.4	6.5	8.3
Viet Nam	62,105	28,135	33,965	2.2	2.1	2.2
Bangladesh	36,745	18,585	18,155	1.3	1.4	1.2
India	394,620	198,135	196,485	13.8	14.8	12.9
Pakistan	128,305	64,100	64,210	4.5	4.8	4.2
Sri Lanka	99,280	47,995	51,285	3.5	3.6	3.4
Other places of birth in Asia	128,095	61,810	66,285	4.5	4.6	4.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	7,710	3,925	3,790	0.3	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	391,680	189,360	202,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	41,605	19,845	21,760	10.6	10.5	10.8
Brazil	5,795	2,730	3,070	1.5	1.4	1.5
Colombia	2,115	890	1,230	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	6,815	3,485	3,335	1.7	1.8	1.6
Mexico	3,255	1,520	1,740	0.8	0.8	0.9
United States of America	9,805	4,935	4,870	2.5	2.6	2.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,380	1,050	1,325	0.6	0.6	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	11,090	5,060	6,030	2.8	2.7	3.0
Europe	31,540	15,790	15,755	8.1	8.3	7.8
France	2,250	1,155	1,100	0.6	0.6	0.5
Germany	945	490	455	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	1,675	1,085	590	0.4	0.6	0.3
Italy	1,340	785	560	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	3,670	1,400	2,265	0.9	0.7	1.1
Ukraine	4,345	1,945	2,400	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,335	2,535	1,795	1.1	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	12,975	6,390	6,585	3.3	3.4	3.3
Africa	31,755	15,895	15,860	8.1	8.4	7.8
Algeria	365	155	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	170	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	705	355	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	470	205	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	4,130	2,085	2,050	1.1	1.1	1.0
Eritrea	2,895	1,550	1,345	0.7	0.8	0.7
Ethiopia	2,120	1,005	1,115	0.5	0.5	0.6
Morocco	750	320	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	9,475	4,745	4,725	2.4	2.5	2.3
Somalia	1,775	1,010	760	0.5	0.5	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	1,605	795	805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	820	415	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	5,835	2,870	2,965	1.5	1.5	1.5
Asia	285,510	137,140	148,365	72.9	72.4	73.3
Afghanistan	5,130	2,500	2,625	1.3	1.3	1.3
Bangladesh	6,035	3,110	2,925	1.5	1.6	1.4
China⁹⁰	44,765	18,675	26,090	11.4	9.9	12.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,335	975	1,360	0.6	0.5	0.7
India	104,245	54,435	49,805	26.6	28.7	24.6
Iran⁸⁸	11,055	5,310	5,740	2.8	2.8	2.8
Iraq	6,430	3,200	3,230	1.6	1.7	1.6
Israel	1,530	765	760	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japan	1,105	255	855	0.3	0.1	0.4
Jordan	1,095	615	485	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	4,745	1,855	2,895	1.2	1.0	1.4
Lebanon	1,835	940	900	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nepal	1,965	1,030	940	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistan	18,110	8,990	9,115	4.6	4.7	4.5
Philippines	34,345	14,645	19,705	8.8	7.7	9.7
Saudi Arabia	3,745	2,005	1,745	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	4,930	2,315	2,620	1.3	1.2	1.3
Syria⁸⁹	11,150	5,665	5,490	2.8	3.0	2.7
Turkey	4,540	2,465	2,070	1.2	1.3	1.0
United Arab Emirates	3,430	1,780	1,645	0.9	0.9	0.8
Viet Nam	4,020	1,465	2,550	1.0	0.8	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	8,960	4,145	4,820	2.3	2.2	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	1,270	685	580	0.3	0.4	0.3
Australia	1,000	550	455	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	6,142,880	2,999,540	3,143,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	3,172,330	1,505,720	1,666,610	51.6	50.2	53.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	1,721,285	868,635	852,650	28.0	29.0	27.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,249,270	625,190	624,075	20.3	20.8	19.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	2,389,535	1,124,675	1,264,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,240,520	614,195	626,320	51.9	54.6	49.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	522,390	313,805	208,590	21.9	27.9	16.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	718,125	300,395	417,730	30.1	26.7	33.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	753,565	304,570	448,995	31.5	27.1	35.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	357,525	188,605	168,920	15.0	16.8	13.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	37,930	17,305	20,630	1.6	1.5	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	2,389,535	1,124,675	1,264,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	186,845	100,605	86,240	7.8	8.9	6.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	201,895	90,300	111,590	8.4	8.0	8.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	53,185	26,170	27,010	2.2	2.3	2.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	127,505	58,025	69,475	5.3	5.2	5.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	11,635	4,840	6,800	0.5	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	1,808,475	844,730	963,745	75.7	75.1	76.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	3,501,275	1,695,920	1,805,355	57.0	56.5	57.4
South Asian	1,182,485	602,940	579,545	19.2	20.1	18.4
Chinese	679,725	321,725	358,005	11.1	10.7	11.4
Black	488,155	227,430	260,720	7.9	7.6	8.3
Filipino	281,150	122,040	159,110	4.6	4.1	5.1
Arab	129,310	66,535	62,770	2.1	2.2	2.0
Latin American	156,455	74,865	81,595	2.5	2.5	2.6
Southeast Asian	102,325	47,995	54,330	1.7	1.6	1.7
West Asian	160,330	80,530	79,800	2.6	2.7	2.5
Korean	74,210	34,845	39,365	1.2	1.2	1.3
Japanese	20,210	8,630	11,575	0.3	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	95,350	45,130	50,225	1.6	1.5	1.6
Multiple visible minorities	131,560	63,245	68,315	2.1	2.1	2.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	2,641,605	1,303,620	1,337,980	43.0	43.5	42.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	414,980	210,890	204,090	6.8	7.0	6.5
English	538,095	266,375	271,720	8.8	8.9	8.6
Irish	461,660	222,875	238,790	7.5	7.4	7.6
Scottish	439,565	214,955	224,605	7.2	7.2	7.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	167,140	80,620	86,520	2.7	2.7	2.8
German	216,880	107,175	109,705	3.5	3.6	3.5
Chinese	668,700	315,705	352,995	10.9	10.5	11.2
Italian	444,755	221,995	222,760	7.2	7.4	7.1
Indian (India)	578,090	293,580	284,515	9.4	9.8	9.1
Ukrainian	122,925	58,655	64,270	2.0	2.0	2.0
Dutch	79,940	38,730	41,210	1.3	1.3	1.3
Polish	181,380	87,610	93,775	3.0	2.9	3.0
Québécois	4,925	2,335	2,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	138,210	67,840	70,370	2.2	2.3	2.2
Filipino	272,475	118,770	153,710	4.4	4.0	4.9
French Canadian	32,470	15,265	17,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	58,615	29,250	29,360	1.0	1.0	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	18,310	8,760	9,550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	15,875	7,470	8,405	0.3	0.2	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	69,495	34,150	35,350	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian	109,285	50,595	58,690	1.8	1.7	1.9
Norwegian	15,540	7,420	8,115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Welsh	47,075	22,375	24,700	0.8	0.7	0.8
Portuguese	180,820	89,075	91,740	2.9	3.0	2.9
American	41,250	20,195	21,055	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	82,745	38,755	43,995	1.3	1.3	1.4
Swedish	16,400	7,635	8,770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	47,575	22,995	24,585	0.8	0.8	0.8
Acadian	7,360	3,505	3,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	162,710	82,130	80,585	2.6	2.7	2.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	95,125	45,385	49,735	1.5	1.5	1.6
Jewish	119,435	59,925	59,510	1.9	2.0	1.9
Punjabi	95,825	49,715	46,105	1.6	1.7	1.5
Vietnamese	82,225	38,780	43,445	1.3	1.3	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	51,380	26,620	24,760	0.8	0.9	0.8
Greek	90,400	45,345	45,055	1.5	1.5	1.4
Jamaican	140,870	64,965	75,895	2.3	2.2	2.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	85,765	40,895	44,870	1.4	1.4	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,315	1,170	1,145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	74,975	35,360	39,610	1.2	1.2	1.3
Romanian	39,635	18,880	20,750	0.6	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	25,315	12,650	12,670	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian	88,915	44,630	44,285	1.4	1.5	1.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	36,545	17,630	18,920	0.6	0.6	0.6
Danish	14,060	6,965	7,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	7,520	3,605	3,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	63,980	33,325	30,655	1.0	1.1	1.0
Austrian	22,685	11,090	11,595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	8,935	4,495	4,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	4,330	2,075	2,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	84,055	43,640	40,420	1.4	1.5	1.3
Mexican	24,165	11,770	12,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	2,845	1,365	1,475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	12,170	6,025	6,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	14,710	7,115	7,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	91,525	44,775	46,750	1.5	1.5	1.5
Croatian	34,470	17,145	17,325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	27,250	11,960	15,295	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	67,850	34,190	33,655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	5,225	2,445	2,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	8,255	4,120	4,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	42,535	21,715	20,825	0.7	0.7	0.7
Egyptian	35,265	18,325	16,940	0.6	0.6	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	30,495	14,810	15,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	76,250	37,975	38,275	1.2	1.3	1.2
Icelandic	4,300	2,110	2,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	20,975	9,985	10,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	7,520	3,480	4,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	13,610	6,425	7,185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	19,370	9,575	9,800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	65,305	30,600	34,700	1.1	1.0	1.1
Afghan	43,075	21,325	21,755	0.7	0.7	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	41,330	18,400	22,930	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbian	29,595	14,660	14,935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ojibway	4,460	2,155	2,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	8,225	4,070	4,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	37,570	18,165	19,405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ontarian	12,245	6,160	6,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	36,450	18,705	17,745	0.6	0.6	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	41,110	19,400	21,715	0.7	0.6	0.7
Turkish	28,490	14,840	13,650	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	805	365	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	36,670	18,705	17,960	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algerian	2,055	990	1,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	21,755	10,470	11,285	0.4	0.3	0.4
Nigerian	22,065	10,650	11,415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	21,630	10,660	10,970	0.4	0.4	0.3
Slovak	12,490	6,170	6,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	18,075	8,685	9,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	24,760	11,720	13,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwanese	14,155	6,400	7,755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	23,330	11,655	11,675	0.4	0.4	0.4
Salvadorean	12,075	5,830	6,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	32,995	14,165	18,830	0.5	0.5	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	26,205	12,320	13,890	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	20,860	10,795	10,060	0.3	0.4	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	29,100	12,795	16,310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Algonquin	1,215	595	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	33,275	14,920	18,355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lithuanian	14,080	6,730	7,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	11,755	5,840	5,915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	5,935	3,125	2,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	15,330	7,835	7,495	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chilean	9,365	4,395	4,970	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	4,345	2,020	2,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	2,815	1,400	1,415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	13,515	6,420	7,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	14,210	6,660	7,545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	10,695	5,085	5,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	11,980	6,155	5,825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,225	2,850	3,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	965	500	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	20,205	10,120	10,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	17,145	8,385	8,760	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	24,105	12,045	12,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovenian	11,880	5,720	6,165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	4,290	2,135	2,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	1,380	625	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	19,345	9,875	9,470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrean	9,380	4,470	4,915	0.2	0.1	0.2
African Canadian	12,435	5,910	6,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	16,895	8,810	8,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	2,370	1,145	1,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	3,230	1,530	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	9,875	4,850	5,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	295	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	15,600	7,415	8,185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Barbadian	13,070	5,970	7,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	8,070	3,800	4,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	5,325	2,515	2,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	1,000	505	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	9,010	4,375	4,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	8,495	4,090	4,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	7,120	3,590	3,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	8,155	3,780	4,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	7,845	3,635	4,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	13,070	6,755	6,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	1,825	860	965	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	5,225	2,595	2,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	6,415	2,870	3,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	4,810	2,260	2,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	8,605	3,920	4,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	5,720	2,935	2,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	3,370	1,685	1,680	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	15,755	7,495	8,255	0.3	0.2	0.3
Franco Ontarian	1,445	715	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	8,140	4,130	4,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	6,445	2,995	3,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	6,630	3,745	2,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,665	775	890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	7,415	3,820	3,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,280	1,170	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	11,375	5,670	5,705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	3,695	1,465	2,235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	5,335	2,530	2,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	6,870	3,450	3,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	10,195	5,025	5,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Igbo	4,825	2,305	2,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	6,080	2,945	3,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560	270	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	2,995	1,470	1,530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	650	345	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,985	960	1,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	4,010	1,950	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,600	670	930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	5,150	2,360	2,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,780	885	900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	350	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	365	160	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	6,185	2,965	3,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	515	305	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	6,635	3,025	3,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	970	465	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	755	350	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	605	280	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,570	1,290	1,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	3,440	1,525	1,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	3,740	1,885	1,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	4,540	2,145	2,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	7,015	3,035	3,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	4,265	2,280	1,990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	365	145	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	640	305	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	880	400	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	8,065	3,605	4,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	5,190	2,725	2,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	4,750	2,385	2,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	5,935	2,950	2,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	1,885	980	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	1,740	875	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	540	265	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	400	195	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	7,010	3,150	3,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	745	370	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	1,545	760	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	425	220	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	4,845	2,490	2,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	2,190	1,110	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	4,470	2,360	2,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	3,060	1,500	1,565	0.0	0.1	0.0
Goan	6,750	3,235	3,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,460	690	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	6,905	3,405	3,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zimbabwean	1,640	775	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	2,165	990	1,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	2,120	960	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	3,515	1,645	1,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	450	245	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	6,320	2,775	3,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	3,135	1,445	1,690	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oromo	2,000	1,060	940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	3,620	1,665	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	2,925	1,410	1,510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	415	230	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	1,095	570	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	585	335	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	3,450	1,700	1,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	2,875	1,475	1,400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	2,345	1,055	1,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,440	590	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	615	335	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	440	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	3,815	1,635	2,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	690	315	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	805	360	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	3,810	2,090	1,715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	1,935	1,040	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	1,535	815	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	1,035	410	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	2,985	1,430	1,555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	1,685	770	925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	2,490	1,220	1,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	2,895	1,455	1,440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	2,165	1,060	1,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	345	135	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	120,865	54,255	66,605	2.0	1.8	2.1
Christian	2,851,285	1,321,570	1,529,720	46.4	44.1	48.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	496,470	228,690	267,775	8.1	7.6	8.5
Anabaptist	3,450	1,645	1,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	144,135	64,480	79,650	2.3	2.1	2.5
Baptist	51,380	23,035	28,345	0.8	0.8	0.9
Catholic	1,537,815	724,205	813,610	25.0	24.1	25.9
Christian Orthodox	215,310	102,525	112,790	3.5	3.4	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	18,210	7,515	10,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	4,090	1,940	2,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	22,175	9,980	12,195	0.4	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	10,425	4,645	5,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	78,440	33,745	44,695	1.3	1.1	1.4
Presbyterian	57,535	25,855	31,685	0.9	0.9	1.0
Reformed	4,655	2,190	2,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	107,810	46,635	61,175	1.8	1.6	1.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	99,375	44,480	54,900	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hindu	457,825	232,880	224,940	7.5	7.8	7.2
Jewish	165,765	81,020	84,750	2.7	2.7	2.7
Muslim	626,010	314,390	311,620	10.2	10.5	9.9
Sikh	244,240	126,140	118,095	4.0	4.2	3.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,290	605	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	38,745	17,390	21,355	0.6	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	1,636,860	851,295	785,565	26.6	28.4	25.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	6,088,875	2,972,180	3,116,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	5,381,710	2,620,010	2,761,700	88.4	88.2	88.6
Movers	707,170	352,170	355,000	11.6	11.8	11.4
Non-migrants	440,050	219,230	220,815	7.2	7.4	7.1
Migrants	267,120	132,935	134,190	4.4	4.5	4.3
Internal migrants	186,250	92,620	93,625	3.1	3.1	3.0
Intraprovincial migrants	167,430	83,170	84,260	2.7	2.8	2.7
Interprovincial migrants	18,820	9,455	9,365	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	80,875	40,315	40,560	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	5,853,875	2,852,135	3,001,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	3,737,705	1,804,970	1,932,735	63.9	63.3	64.4
Movers	2,116,170	1,047,165	1,069,005	36.1	36.7	35.6
Non-migrants	926,770	454,515	472,255	15.8	15.9	15.7
Migrants	1,189,400	592,650	596,755	20.3	20.8	19.9
Internal migrants	720,445	355,000	365,450	12.3	12.4	12.2
Intraprovincial migrants	639,890	314,825	325,075	10.9	11.0	10.8
Interprovincial migrants	80,555	40,180	40,375	1.4	1.4	1.3
External migrants	468,955	237,650	231,305	8.0	8.3	7.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	788,935	383,280	405,655	15.2	15.3	15.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	4,390,200	2,121,595	2,268,605	84.8	84.7	84.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	305,485	160,465	145,025	8.9	9.6	8.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,135,355	1,506,150	1,629,205	91.1	90.4	91.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140	2,504,880	2,674,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	737,285	353,500	383,780	14.2	14.1	14.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,289,080	646,885	642,205	24.9	25.8	24.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,152,775	1,504,495	1,648,280	60.9	60.1	61.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,185,165	575,790	609,380	22.9	23.0	22.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	190,475	127,945	62,530	3.7	5.1	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	103,200	62,100	41,100	2.0	2.5	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	87,275	65,845	21,430	1.7	2.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	844,180	380,060	464,125	16.3	15.2	17.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	150,510	67,785	82,725	2.9	2.7	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,967,605	928,705	1,038,900	38.0	37.1	38.8
Bachelor's degree	1,273,260	588,430	684,830	24.6	23.5	25.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	126,965	58,505	68,460	2.5	2.3	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	50,290	23,935	26,350	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	459,630	224,215	235,415	8.9	9.0	8.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	57,465	33,615	23,850	1.1	1.3	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,845	1,666,615	1,774,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	275,330	144,220	131,110	8.0	8.7	7.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	694,735	363,225	331,515	20.2	21.8	18.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,470,775	1,159,170	1,311,605	71.8	69.6	73.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	871,155	418,240	452,910	25.3	25.1	25.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	126,870	84,805	42,065	3.7	5.1	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	67,995	40,560	27,435	2.0	2.4	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	58,875	44,245	14,630	1.7	2.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	636,610	285,740	350,870	18.5	17.1	19.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,675	47,695	59,980	3.1	2.9	3.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,599,625	740,930	858,695	46.5	44.5	48.4
Bachelor's degree	1,016,330	465,010	551,315	29.5	27.9	31.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	100,410	44,475	55,940	2.9	2.7	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	40,435	17,575	22,860	1.2	1.1	1.3
Master's degree	398,095	189,645	208,450	11.6	11.4	11.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	44,350	24,225	20,125	1.3	1.5	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,026,370	1,000,385	1,025,985	39.1	39.9	38.4
Education	148,055	29,785	118,270	2.9	1.2	4.4
13. Education	148,055	29,785	118,270	2.9	1.2	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	141,885	60,840	81,040	2.7	2.4	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,925	8,960	3,960	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	128,960	51,880	77,075	2.5	2.1	2.9
Humanities	198,360	67,900	130,460	3.8	2.7	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	23,045	4,710	18,330	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	51,345	14,145	37,200	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	66,250	21,570	44,685	1.3	0.9	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	4,435	1,550	2,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	13,100	7,215	5,890	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,915	5,955	3,955	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	23,670	11,770	11,900	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	6,595	980	5,610	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	446,370	156,180	290,195	8.6	6.2	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	6,305	1,310	4,995	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	55,530	21,415	34,115	1.1	0.9	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	58,955	5,500	53,445	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	77,395	29,720	47,670	1.5	1.2	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	10,035	3,445	6,590	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	62,275	14,630	47,645	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	175,885	80,155	95,730	3.4	3.2	3.6
Business, management and public administration	792,020	363,670	428,345	15.3	14.5	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,250	465	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	45,130	9,650	35,475	0.9	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	745,645	353,560	392,085	14.4	14.1	14.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	159,565	71,870	87,695	3.1	2.9	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	68,345	26,015	42,330	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	40,665	17,530	23,135	0.8	0.7	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,885	1,120	2,760	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	41,210	25,310	15,895	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,460	1,895	3,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	213,785	138,555	75,230	4.1	5.5	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	166,950	114,855	52,095	3.2	4.6	1.9
25. Library science	6,335	965	5,370	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	33,820	18,510	15,310	0.7	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	6,685	4,230	2,450	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	537,690	451,605	86,085	10.4	18.0	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	36,610	22,195	14,420	0.7	0.9	0.5
14. Engineering	252,000	196,935	55,065	4.9	7.9	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	99,880	86,865	13,020	1.9	3.5	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	60,745	59,595	1,150	1.2	2.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	60,120	58,880	1,245	1.2	2.4	0.0
48. Precision production	28,250	27,125	1,125	0.5	1.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	38,970	19,540	19,430	0.8	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	24,715	12,515	12,195	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	14,255	7,025	7,230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	360,625	88,335	272,290	7.0	3.5	10.2
30.37 Design for human health	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	30,640	16,160	14,480	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	316,465	65,245	251,215	6.1	2.6	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	835	295	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	12,660	6,635	6,025	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	114,645	55,970	58,675	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	67,245	20,995	46,250	1.3	0.8	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	385	330	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	520	480	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	30,320	20,360	9,955	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,180	13,805	2,375	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	805	235	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	970,070	507,445	462,625	28.2	30.4	26.1
Education	104,875	20,450	84,425	3.0	1.2	4.8
13. Education	104,875	20,450	84,425	3.0	1.2	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	112,995	48,505	64,490	3.3	2.9	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,700	6,695	3,005	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	103,290	41,805	61,490	3.0	2.5	3.5
Humanities	149,090	49,625	99,465	4.3	3.0	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	17,270	3,155	14,115	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	38,910	10,450	28,470	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	50,845	16,205	34,645	1.5	1.0	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	3,105	1,050	2,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,065	5,505	4,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	6,795	4,145	2,645	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	17,610	8,540	9,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	4,490	580	3,910	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	357,290	121,240	236,040	10.4	7.3	13.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,270	1,065	4,210	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,465	17,500	28,970	1.4	1.1	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	44,580	3,730	40,850	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	64,080	22,695	41,385	1.9	1.4	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	7,995	2,790	5,200	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	48,535	11,095	37,440	1.4	0.7	2.1
45. Social sciences	140,360	62,375	77,990	4.1	3.7	4.4
Business, management and public administration	643,730	290,760	352,970	18.7	17.4	19.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	995	365	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,925	7,430	28,500	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	606,810	282,970	323,845	17.6	17.0	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	117,165	51,025	66,145	3.4	3.1	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	51,470	19,435	32,035	1.5	1.2	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	29,725	12,380	17,345	0.9	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,010	900	2,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	29,175	17,105	12,070	0.8	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,790	1,210	2,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	181,770	117,970	63,800	5.3	7.1	3.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	146,195	100,030	46,165	4.2	6.0	2.6
25. Library science	3,925	690	3,235	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	26,105	13,750	12,360	0.8	0.8	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	5,550	3,505	2,035	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	406,860	334,520	72,335	11.8	20.1	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	28,530	16,630	11,895	0.8	1.0	0.7
14. Engineering	202,025	154,210	47,820	5.9	9.3	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	73,095	63,000	10,095	2.1	3.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	43,315	42,405	910	1.3	2.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	41,840	40,990	850	1.2	2.5	0.0
48. Precision production	17,975	17,265	715	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	30,135	14,480	15,655	0.9	0.9	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	18,395	8,860	9,535	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	11,740	5,620	6,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	279,185	67,940	211,250	8.1	4.1	11.9
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,815	12,085	10,735	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	246,165	51,105	195,060	7.2	3.1	11.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	720	210	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	9,455	4,535	4,920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	87,095	42,500	44,590	2.5	2.6	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	51,065	15,750	35,315	1.5	0.9	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	210	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	230	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	23,785	16,025	7,760	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	11,750	10,285	1,470	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	590	150	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	970,070	507,445	462,625	28.2	30.4	26.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	2,470,775	1,159,170	1,311,605	71.8	69.6	73.9
Location of study inside Canada	1,618,315	758,870	859,445	47.0	45.5	48.4
Same as province or territory of residence	1,500,705	701,040	799,670	43.6	42.1	45.1
Different than province or territory of residence	117,605	57,835	59,770	3.4	3.5	3.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	852,465	400,300	452,160	24.8	24.0	25.5
Americas	132,405	66,550	65,860	3.8	4.0	3.7
United States of America	74,570	39,785	34,775	2.2	2.4	2.0
Mexico	7,860	3,555	4,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	2,195	1,140	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	6,685	3,190	3,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	11,805	5,395	6,405	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	6,555	2,845	3,705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	2,060	815	1,245	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,880	1,675	2,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	16,590	8,040	8,545	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	142,460	71,565	70,895	4.1	4.3	4.0
Belgium	960	505	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	7,360	3,880	3,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	3,570	2,020	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	1,730	945	785	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	1,380	730	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	1,650	855	795	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	1,500	620	880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	10,070	4,500	5,570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	9,340	4,605	4,735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	14,655	6,595	8,055	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	14,070	6,355	7,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	4,555	2,650	1,900	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	43,000	22,980	20,025	1.2	1.4	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,655	780	880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	2,705	1,495	1,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	3,600	1,785	1,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	20,655	10,240	10,420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Africa	38,540	19,100	19,445	1.1	1.1	1.1
Nigeria	9,360	4,640	4,720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	595	300	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	1,010	405	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	11,595	5,715	5,885	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	3,950	2,055	1,905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	11,730	5,865	5,865	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asia	528,185	237,560	290,625	15.4	14.3	16.4
Iran⁸⁸	30,430	13,820	16,610	0.9	0.8	0.9
Iraq	7,285	3,420	3,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	5,555	2,795	2,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	3,525	1,655	1,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	3,940	1,850	2,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	5,205	2,885	2,315	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	73,945	33,130	40,820	2.1	2.0	2.3
Taiwan	2,725	895	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,275	3,430	4,845	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	4,600	1,525	3,080	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	15,040	5,755	9,280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	85,225	30,130	55,105	2.5	1.8	3.1
Viet Nam	3,400	1,270	2,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	13,395	6,090	7,305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lanka	9,365	4,305	5,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	189,825	93,465	96,360	5.5	5.6	5.4
Pakistan	42,175	19,755	22,425	1.2	1.2	1.3
Other locations of study in Asia	24,265	11,380	12,880	0.7	0.7	0.7
Oceania	10,870	5,530	5,340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	9,385	4,775	4,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	1,345	690	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265	...	...	...
In the labour force	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,330	...	...	...
Employed	2,903,480	1,526,300	1,377,180	...	...	...
Unemployed	444,380	208,225	236,155	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	1,831,275	770,350	1,060,930	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.6	69.2	60.3	64.6	69.2	60.3
Employment rate	56.1	60.9	51.5	56.1	60.9	51.5
Unemployment rate	13.3	12.0	14.6	13.3	12.0	14.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	5,179,140	2,504,880	2,674,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,924,775	825,780	1,098,995	37.2	33.0	41.1
Worked	3,254,370	1,679,100	1,575,270	62.8	67.0	58.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,773,960	977,085	796,875	34.3	39.0	29.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,480,415	702,015	778,400	28.6	28.0	29.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.4	39.5	40.5	41.4	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320	3.4	3.1	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015	96.6	96.9	96.2
Employee	2,694,625	1,335,400	1,359,225	80.5	77.0	84.2
Permanent position	2,263,635	1,136,905	1,126,730	67.6	65.5	69.8
Temporary position	430,990	198,495	232,495	12.9	11.4	14.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	161,015	72,235	88,780	4.8	4.2	5.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	269,975	126,260	143,715	8.1	7.3	8.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	538,150	345,355	192,790	16.1	19.9	11.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320	3.4	3.1	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015	96.6	96.9	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	51,080	36,185	14,895	1.5	2.1	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	698,140	258,315	439,825	20.9	14.9	27.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	366,300	268,440	97,855	10.9	15.5	6.1
3 Health occupations	216,350	50,030	166,315	6.5	2.9	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	359,415	115,525	243,890	10.7	6.7	15.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	129,735	61,900	67,830	3.9	3.6	4.2
6 Sales and service occupations	773,655	363,645	410,010	23.1	21.0	25.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	464,310	414,745	49,565	13.9	23.9	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,035	20,185	5,845	0.8	1.2	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	147,765	91,780	55,980	4.4	5.3	3.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320	3.4	3.1	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015	96.6	96.9	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,395	5,810	4,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,525	3,065	1,455	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	16,560	11,350	5,205	0.5	0.7	0.3
23 Construction	210,590	179,440	31,150	6.3	10.3	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	264,770	172,695	92,075	7.9	10.0	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	129,125	77,305	51,815	3.9	4.5	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	342,815	166,650	176,165	10.2	9.6	10.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	201,140	149,070	52,070	6.0	8.6	3.2
51 Information and cultural industries	103,920	60,760	43,160	3.1	3.5	2.7
52 Finance and insurance	258,210	126,780	131,435	7.7	7.3	8.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	88,425	47,345	41,075	2.6	2.7	2.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	404,220	229,835	174,380	12.1	13.3	10.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	18,790	8,960	9,830	0.6	0.5	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	152,275	82,935	69,345	4.5	4.8	4.3
61 Educational services	225,005	70,395	154,605	6.7	4.1	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	333,110	71,255	261,855	9.9	4.1	16.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	58,065	30,430	27,635	1.7	1.8	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	165,805	77,140	88,665	5.0	4.4	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	124,245	53,245	70,995	3.7	3.1	4.4
91 Public administration	120,785	56,285	64,505	3.6	3.2	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,202,555	1,658,620	1,543,935	90.5	91.0	89.9
French	6,445	1,760	4,685	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	57,760	30,060	27,695	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	57,760	30,060	27,695	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	53,655	20,620	33,035	1.5	1.1	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	209,305	107,325	101,980	5.9	5.9	5.9
French and non-official language(s)	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,245	2,395	2,850	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	4,815	2,520	2,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	3,487,435	1,797,605	1,689,825	98.5	98.6	98.4
Official languages	3,382,120	1,743,810	1,638,310	95.5	95.6	95.4
English	3,368,920	1,740,255	1,628,665	95.2	95.4	94.9
French	13,200	3,550	9,650	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	105,320	53,800	51,515	3.0	3.0	3.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	105,300	53,795	51,500	3.0	3.0	3.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465	1,395	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	135	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,335	1,330	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,695	980	715	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	245	175	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	135	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	295	120	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,395	1,080	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,335	1,055	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,215	505	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,095	455	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,355	1,090	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	2,230	1,035	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	34,160	18,585	15,575	1.0	1.0	0.9
Albanian	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,200	2,300	2,900	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	60	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,140	2,285	2,855	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	65	55	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,320	610	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	2,590	1,055	1,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	305	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	780	355	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	345	140	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	265	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	215	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	270	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	16,925	9,660	7,260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	12,985	7,535	5,450	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bengali	395	175	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	695	325	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	915	435	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,030	5,700	3,335	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,810	845	965	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,935	2,125	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	65	60	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,795	2,020	1,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	290	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,140	1,615	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	360	230	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,050	6,165	4,885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	845	355	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	4,790	3,020	1,765	0.1	0.2	0.1
Romanian	155	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	5,255	2,715	2,540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	885	345	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,610	2,185	2,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,645	27,835	27,810	1.6	1.5	1.6
Chinese languages	55,540	27,780	27,760	1.6	1.5	1.6
Hakka	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	32,980	16,555	16,425	0.9	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	22,165	11,040	11,125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	730	385	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	680	375	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	52,465	25,740	26,725	1.5	1.4	1.6
English and French	9,260	3,305	5,950	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	41,825	21,780	20,035	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	940	435	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	3,311,595	1,712,400	1,599,195	93.6	93.9	93.2
English	43,660	20,360	23,305	1.2	1.1	1.4
French	38,610	15,895	22,720	1.1	0.9	1.3
Non-official language	113,615	58,940	54,675	3.2	3.2	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	113,565	58,915	54,645	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and French	110	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	6,540	2,980	3,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,800	1,775	2,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	21,930	10,925	11,000	0.6	0.6	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,903,480	1,526,300	1,377,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	1,028,185	492,035	536,150	35.4	32.2	38.9
Worked outside Canada	14,330	9,795	4,530	0.5	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	336,870	249,680	87,195	11.6	16.4	6.3
Usual place of work	1,524,100	774,795	749,300	52.5	50.8	54.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,524,095	774,795	749,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	882,790	409,930	472,855	57.9	52.9	63.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	172,630	91,070	81,560	11.3	11.8	10.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	465,555	272,015	193,535	30.5	35.1	25.8
Commute to a different province or territory	3,130	1,775	1,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	1,414,715	833,470	581,245	76.0	81.4	69.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,273,025	782,555	490,470	68.4	76.4	58.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	141,685	50,915	90,775	7.6	5.0	10.9
Public transit	290,400	118,960	171,445	15.6	11.6	20.5
Walked	86,480	37,580	48,905	4.6	3.7	5.8
Bicycle	18,710	12,575	6,135	1.0	1.2	0.7
Other method	50,665	21,895	28,770	2.7	2.1	3.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	339,370	162,575	176,800	18.2	15.9	21.1
15 to 29 minutes	601,820	325,005	276,825	32.3	31.7	33.1
30 to 44 minutes	501,325	295,630	205,695	26.9	28.9	24.6
45 to 59 minutes	201,730	116,310	85,425	10.8	11.4	10.2
60 minutes and over	216,720	124,955	91,765	11.6	12.2	11.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	121,850	89,215	32,640	6.5	8.7	3.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	282,210	177,980	104,230	15.2	17.4	12.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	403,315	213,235	190,080	21.7	20.8	22.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	408,565	198,675	209,885	22.0	19.4	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	331,865	165,605	166,255	17.8	16.2	19.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	313,170	179,765	133,405	16.8	17.5	15.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,200,475	616,765	583,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,830	52,525	51,305	8.6	8.5	8.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,096,640	564,240	532,400	91.4	91.5	91.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	890,010	457,935	432,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,485	41,600	40,890	9.3	9.1	9.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	53,085	26,195	26,890	6.0	5.7	6.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	29,400	15,405	13,995	3.3	3.4	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	807,530	416,340	391,190	90.7	90.9	90.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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