Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	TorontoMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	6,202,225	...	...
Population, 2016¹	5,928,040	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	2,394,205	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	2,262,473	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,050.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,902.75	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	6,202,225	3,024,670	3,177,560
0 to 14 years	965,050	495,290	469,760
0 to 4 years	289,425	148,160	141,265
5 to 9 years	325,675	167,010	158,665
10 to 14 years	349,955	180,125	169,830
15 to 64 years	4,234,530	2,080,315	2,154,215
15 to 19 years	357,165	184,300	172,865
20 to 24 years	418,430	217,205	201,225
25 to 29 years	466,530	236,695	229,835
30 to 34 years	467,160	230,895	236,265
35 to 39 years	443,940	214,745	229,195
40 to 44 years	414,950	195,575	219,375
45 to 49 years	414,990	195,950	219,040
50 to 54 years	431,180	206,050	225,130
55 to 59 years	438,475	214,010	224,465
60 to 64 years	381,715	184,900	196,815
65 years and over	1,002,640	449,055	553,585
65 to 69 years	308,525	144,820	163,705
70 to 74 years	258,975	119,630	139,340
75 to 79 years	175,000	79,385	95,625
80 to 84 years	126,985	54,905	72,080
85 years and over	133,155	50,320	82,830
85 to 89 years	80,910	33,120	47,790
90 to 94 years	39,855	13,900	25,955
95 to 99 years	10,895	2,970	7,925
100 years and over	1,490	335	1,165
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.6	16.4	14.8
15 to 64 years	68.3	68.8	67.8
65 years and over	16.2	14.8	17.4
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.6
Average age of the population	40.7	39.6	41.7
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	2,262,470	...	...
Single-detached house	883,125	...	...
Semi-detached house	164,580	...	...
Row house	210,100	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	90,500	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	215,325	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	694,735	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,470	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	635	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	2,262,475	...	...
1 person	565,730	...	...
2 persons	644,115	...	...
3 persons	390,785	...	...
4 persons	386,555	...	...
5 or more persons	275,295	...	...
Number of persons in private households	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	5,237,170	2,529,375	2,707,800
Married or living common-law	2,885,510	1,443,935	1,441,570
Married	2,560,370	1,278,755	1,281,620
Living common-law	325,135	165,180	159,955
Living common law - Never married	244,105	123,665	120,445
Living common law - Separated	12,860	7,245	5,620
Living common law - Divorced	62,265	31,690	30,570
Living common law - Widowed	5,905	2,580	3,325
Not married and not living common-law	2,351,665	1,085,440	1,266,225
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,685,300	885,110	800,190
Not married and not living common law - Separated	130,470	51,545	78,925
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	284,130	101,095	183,030
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	251,765	47,690	204,075
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,692,915	...	...
2 persons	733,320	...	...
3 persons	411,390	...	...
4 persons	395,360	...	...
5 or more persons	152,850	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,692,910	...	...
Total couple families	1,390,485	...	...
Married couples	1,228,045	...	...
With children⁶	784,485	...	...
Without children	443,560	...	...
Common-law couples	162,445	...	...
With children⁶	53,825	...	...
Without children	108,615	...	...
Total one-parent families	302,425	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	248,000	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	54,425	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	6,142,880	2,999,625	3,143,255
Total - Persons in census families	5,093,460	2,513,595	2,579,870
Married spouses or common-law partners	2,780,975	1,393,875	1,387,105
Parents in one-parent families	302,430	54,430	247,995
Children⁶	2,010,060	1,065,290	944,765
In a two-parent family	1,538,405	812,600	725,805
In a one-parent family	471,655	252,690	218,960
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,049,420	486,030	563,390
Living alone	565,730	249,365	316,360
Living with other relatives⁷	207,055	78,440	128,610
Living with non-relatives only	276,635	158,225	118,410
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	2,262,470	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,341,615	...	...
Couple-family households	1,125,400	...	...
With children⁶	685,795	...	...
Without children	439,605	...	...
One-parent-family households	216,210	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	129,810	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	26,995	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	89,160	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	109,165	...	...
One-person households	565,730	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	5,179,125	2,505,015	2,674,110
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,927,950	2,378,665	2,549,285
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,930,470	2,379,970	2,550,505
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,340,975	2,142,980	2,197,995
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,605,255	1,832,750	1,772,505
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,476,525	2,136,845	2,339,675
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,120	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	458,075	191,085	266,990
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,645,600	810,760	834,840
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,929,140	2,379,485	2,549,650
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,250	68,600	50,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,931,565	2,380,675	2,550,890
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	53,300	42,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,342,100	2,144,605	2,197,495
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	67,200	46,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,605,250	1,833,440	1,771,805
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,100	66,400	47,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,477,610	2,137,045	2,340,565
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,240	9,010	11,370
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	455,765	190,300	265,470
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	5,965	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,642,495	809,115	833,380
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,730	9,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,716,095	940,140	775,950
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,500	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,000	100,400	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,370,830	643,340	727,490
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,400	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,720	33,880	26,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	88.2	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.6	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	11.8	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.2	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.8	6.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115
Without total income	251,180	126,350	124,825
With total income	4,927,945	2,378,665	2,549,285
Under $10,000 (including loss)	481,940	211,490	270,455
$10,000 to $19,999	614,440	279,500	334,940
$20,000 to $29,999	794,350	357,805	436,545
$30,000 to $39,999	588,250	260,235	328,015
$40,000 to $49,999	477,560	214,465	263,100
$50,000 to $59,999	389,850	178,905	210,945
$60,000 to $69,999	309,625	149,380	160,240
$70,000 to $79,999	248,620	126,215	122,405
$80,000 to $89,999	202,345	109,695	92,655
$90,000 to $99,999	166,190	90,860	75,335
$100,000 and over	654,785	400,125	254,655
$100,000 to $149,999	405,995	233,225	172,775
$150,000 and over	248,785	166,905	81,880
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115
Without after-tax income	248,655	125,050	123,605
With after-tax income	4,930,475	2,379,965	2,550,505
Under $10,000 (including loss)	500,000	219,075	280,920
$10,000 to $19,999	641,610	293,580	348,035
$20,000 to $29,999	885,350	398,495	486,860
$30,000 to $39,999	673,620	303,175	370,445
$40,000 to $49,999	553,905	254,170	299,735
$50,000 to $59,999	426,455	203,585	222,875
$60,000 to $69,999	322,320	164,765	157,560
$70,000 to $79,999	244,205	133,435	110,770
$80,000 to $89,999	200,315	105,390	94,920
$90,000 to $99,999	126,400	72,665	53,735
$100,000 and over	356,295	231,645	124,650
$100,000 to $124,999	162,140	100,005	62,135
$125,000 and over	194,155	131,640	62,520
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	5,179,130	2,505,020	2,674,115
Without employment income	1,573,870	672,260	901,610
With employment income	3,605,260	1,832,755	1,772,505
Under $5,000 (including loss)	514,575	244,315	270,260
$5,000 to $9,999	330,620	148,805	181,810
$10,000 to $19,999	405,410	190,200	215,215
$20,000 to $29,999	298,810	142,200	156,605
$30,000 to $39,999	285,705	136,285	149,425
$40,000 to $49,999	282,710	133,800	148,910
$50,000 to $59,999	259,595	126,375	133,220
$60,000 to $69,999	221,570	113,575	108,000
$70,000 to $79,999	184,210	98,120	86,095
$80,000 to $89,999	157,870	89,445	68,425
$90,000 to $99,999	140,395	76,665	63,735
$100,000 and over	523,785	332,970	190,810
$100,000 to $124,999	225,725	130,680	95,050
$125,000 and over	298,055	202,295	95,765
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	5,179,125	2,505,015	2,674,110
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,797,550	2,310,070	2,487,480
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,798,680	2,310,330	2,488,345
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,267,070	2,103,725	2,163,345
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,592,920	1,823,245	1,769,680
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,186,175	1,995,820	2,190,350
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,340	830	2,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	262,855	99,880	162,980
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,520	6,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,799,340	2,310,730	2,488,610
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,700	66,800	47,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,800,350	2,310,940	2,489,410
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,800	39,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,267,135	2,103,750	2,163,385
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,750	68,700	47,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,593,470	1,823,905	1,769,555
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,300	66,800	47,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,187,695	1,996,355	2,191,335
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,170	4,876	7,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	262,735	99,390	163,350
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,740	6,630	8,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,696,170	928,410	767,760
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,000	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,800	95,700	71,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,281,260	603,140	678,120
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	25,400	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,400	41,240	32,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.4
Employment income (%)	75.6	79.0	71.4
Government transfers (%)	9.5	6.3	13.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	2,262,475	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	565,730	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,696,745	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	2,262,470	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	565,460	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,697,005	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	2,262,475	...	...
Under $5,000	32,750	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	15,325	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	25,715	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	35,725	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	75,670	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	62,315	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	60,850	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	64,725	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	65,730	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	66,345	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	136,805	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	137,480	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	134,620	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	129,670	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	122,145	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,096,595	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	265,950	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	208,740	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	278,755	...	...
$200,000 and over	343,145	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	2,262,475	...	...
Under $5,000	36,900	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	15,830	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	26,310	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	38,100	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	80,570	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	69,190	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	68,515	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	74,305	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	77,660	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	80,020	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	164,380	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	164,945	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	159,340	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	151,615	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	136,375	...	...
$100,000 and over	918,420	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	282,550	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	206,830	...	...
$150,000 and over	429,040	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,629,060	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	460,295	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	838,675	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	265,690	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	842,365	407,590	434,775
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	39,200	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,627,835	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	459,575	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	134,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	839,930	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	179,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	264,185	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	841,520	405,785	435,735
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,950	56,900	53,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	45,840	44,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255
0 to 17 years	1,176,000	604,145	571,850
0 to 5 years	351,430	179,815	171,615
18 to 64 years	4,001,275	1,957,940	2,043,340
65 years and over	965,610	437,540	528,065
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	627,655	294,520	333,135
0 to 17 years	133,215	68,535	64,675
0 to 5 years	41,535	21,180	20,355
18 to 64 years	364,325	174,355	189,970
65 years and over	130,115	51,630	78,490
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.2	9.8	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.3	11.3	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.8	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	8.9	9.3
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.8	14.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	6,142,655	2,999,520	3,143,130
0 to 17 years	1,175,955	604,125	571,825
0 to 5 years	351,415	179,805	171,605
18 to 64 years	4,001,155	1,957,885	2,043,270
65 years and over	965,540	437,510	528,030
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	403,705	204,970	198,735
0 to 17 years	68,975	35,480	33,495
0 to 5 years	20,970	10,635	10,335
18 to 64 years	291,050	150,790	140,265
65 years and over	43,670	18,700	24,975
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6	6.8	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.7	6.9
65 years and over (%)	4.5	4.3	4.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	6,142,885	2,999,625	3,143,255
In bottom half of the distribution	2,762,010	1,324,105	1,437,910
In bottom decile	596,575	291,595	304,980
In second decile	542,090	253,490	288,605
In third decile	539,875	257,395	282,475
In fourth decile	535,000	256,940	278,055
In fifth decile	548,475	264,680	283,790
In top half of the distribution	3,380,870	1,675,525	1,705,345
In sixth decile	567,160	275,795	291,360
In seventh decile	597,730	292,230	305,505
In eighth decile	640,895	315,980	324,915
In ninth decile	710,200	353,375	356,830
In top decile	864,885	438,140	426,745
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	6,142,880	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.387	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.496	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
English only	5,436,685	2,703,025	2,733,660
French only	4,520	1,915	2,605
English and French	456,695	198,045	258,645
Neither English nor French	263,670	104,615	159,060
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
English	5,784,485	2,850,965	2,933,520
French	69,060	31,975	37,080
English and French	48,625	22,105	26,525
Neither English nor French	259,400	102,555	156,845
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
Single responses	5,744,420	2,805,835	2,938,590
Official languages	3,143,455	1,570,545	1,572,905
English	3,082,345	1,542,050	1,540,300
French	61,110	28,500	32,610
Non-official languages	2,600,965	1,235,285	1,365,680
Indigenous languages³⁹	330	150	175
Algonquian languages	270	130	145
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	90	40	55
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	85	40	50
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	5	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	5	10
Mi'kmaq	10	5	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	165	80	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	5
Oji-Cree	5	0	0
Ojibway languages	160	80	80
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	20	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0	5
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	60	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	5	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,600,640	1,235,130	1,365,505
Afro-Asiatic languages	156,290	78,100	78,190
Berber languages	215	120	90
Kabyle	130	70	60
Tamazight	50	30	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Chadic languages	390	225	160
Hausa	365	210	155
Mina	25	15	10
Coptic	420	205	215
Cushitic languages	14,655	6,575	8,080
Bilen	145	85	65
Oromo	1,025	500	525
Somali	13,385	5,945	7,445
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45
Semitic languages	140,605	70,970	69,640
Amharic	8,570	3,925	4,645
Arabic	97,690	50,090	47,595
Aramaic languages	13,525	6,525	7,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,020	4,785	5,230
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,960	1,460	1,500
Aramaic, n.o.s.	550	285	265
Harari	860	385	480
Hebrew	10,075	5,380	4,700
Maltese	2,745	1,300	1,445
Tigrigna	6,960	3,275	3,685
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	190	95	90
Austro-Asiatic languages	54,490	24,335	30,155
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,860	1,295	1,565
Vietnamese	51,540	23,000	28,540
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	100	45	55
Austronesian languages	163,430	66,145	97,285
Bikol	530	230	305
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,985	815	1,170
Cebuano	4,165	1,675	2,495
Fijian	20	10	15
Hiligaynon	3,020	1,185	1,840
Ilocano	12,065	4,925	7,140
Indonesian	4,035	1,790	2,250
Kankanaey	290	130	160
Kinaray-a	215	90	130
Malagasy languages	25	10	10
Merina	5	0	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Malay	340	150	185
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,580	735	845
Pangasinan	635	270	365
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	132,925	53,485	79,435
Waray-Waray	430	170	260
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,165	475	690
Creole languages	5,095	2,350	2,745
Haitian Creole	990	440	550
Jamaican English Creole	285	125	160
Krio	175	70	110
Morisyen	1,550	745	805
Sango	5	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325	610	715
Creole languages, n.i.e.	760	360	400
Dravidian languages	148,940	74,200	74,740
Kannada	3,200	1,610	1,590
Malayalam	18,380	9,855	8,520
Tamil	111,735	54,115	57,615
Telugu	15,155	8,380	6,775
Tulu	320	165	160
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	155	75	80
Georgian	1,525	830	695
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5
Indo-European languages	1,402,550	682,435	720,115
Albanian	14,255	7,055	7,195
Armenian	12,085	5,795	6,290
Balto-Slavic languages	233,130	106,100	127,030
Baltic languages	4,195	1,675	2,515
Latvian	1,675	660	1,015
Lithuanian	2,515	1,020	1,500
Slavic languages	228,930	104,420	124,515
Belarusian	280	120	155
Bulgarian	6,205	2,940	3,260
Czech	3,980	1,765	2,220
Macedonian	10,130	4,805	5,325
Polish	58,140	26,110	32,025
Russian	80,580	36,210	44,370
Rusyn	45	20	25
Serbo-Croatian	38,015	18,210	19,810
Bosnian	3,000	1,450	1,550
Croatian	14,355	6,715	7,640
Serbian	20,065	9,760	10,305
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	595	275	315
Slovak	4,475	2,060	2,420
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,020	1,275	1,740
Ukrainian	23,950	10,850	13,100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45
Celtic languages	300	145	150
Irish	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	55	30	30
Welsh	90	40	50
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Germanic languages	35,015	15,870	19,150
Frisian	100	50	50
High German languages	24,475	10,930	13,540
German	21,645	9,640	12,005
Pennsylvania German	20	15	5
Swiss German	550	245	310
Yiddish	2,255	1,035	1,215
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,880	3,745	4,135
Afrikaans	1,165	585	580
Dutch	6,440	3,030	3,405
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Low Saxon	10	5	5
Plautdietsch	55	25	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	95	110
Scandinavian languages	2,510	1,115	1,395
Danish	1,150	515	635
Icelandic	70	35	35
Norwegian	305	135	165
Swedish	985	425	560
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Greek	34,980	16,650	18,335
Indo-Iranian languages	686,750	348,570	338,180
Indo-Aryan languages	555,965	283,840	272,120
Assamese	235	110	120
Bengali	43,005	21,800	21,200
Gujarati	70,490	35,820	34,670
Hindi	65,805	34,040	31,765
Kacchi	3,285	1,485	1,800
Kashmiri	350	175	170
Konkani	2,105	1,020	1,085
Marathi	7,415	3,785	3,630
Nepali	6,490	3,315	3,175
Oriya languages	1,080	565	510
Odia	670	365	310
Oriya, n.o.s.	405	200	200
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210,165	108,850	101,315
Rohingya	15	10	10
Sindhi	2,075	1,060	1,020
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,970	3,895	4,080
Urdu	134,195	67,205	66,995
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,290	705	585
Iranian languages	130,675	64,670	66,010
Baluchi	260	145	115
Kurdish	3,565	1,995	1,565
Parsi	265	150	115
Pashto	8,415	4,350	4,070
Persian languages	117,775	57,825	59,950
Dari	24,210	11,760	12,450
Iranian Persian	81,105	39,855	41,250
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	12,460	6,210	6,250
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	395	205	190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50
Italic (Romance) languages	385,900	182,185	203,715
Catalan	160	80	85
Italian	125,895	59,190	66,700
Portuguese	102,255	48,775	53,475
Romanian	22,265	10,335	11,930
Spanish	134,970	63,635	71,340
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	360	170	190
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70
Japanese	9,315	3,055	6,255
Korean	56,855	25,755	31,095
Mongolian	415	190	230
Niger-Congo languages	24,620	11,540	13,080
Akan (Twi)	7,655	3,575	4,080
Bamanankan	65	30	35
Edo	910	365	550
Éwé	280	140	135
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	260	135	130
Ga	380	175	205
Ganda	780	370	410
Gikuyu	265	110	155
Igbo	1,530	775	760
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	190	255
Lingala	295	135	160
Luba-Kasai	30	10	20
Mòoré	20	15	10
Mwani	215	105	105
Ndebele	150	70	80
Rundi (Kirundi)	320	140	180
Shona	640	295	345
Soninke	165	100	70
Sotho-Tswana languages	135	40	90
Swahili	3,180	1,480	1,700
Wojenaka	20	15	10
Wolof	195	95	100
Yoruba	4,725	2,290	2,440
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,950	910	1,045
Nilo-Saharan languages	565	305	260
Dinka	40	25	15
Nuer	40	20	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	390	200	190
African, n.o.s.	100	60	45
Sign languages	990	515	475
American Sign Language	845	430	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	145	80	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	529,160	243,070	286,095
Chinese languages	522,010	239,575	282,430
Hakka	5,780	2,665	3,110
Mandarin	259,555	118,775	140,775
Min Dong	895	465	435
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	8,615	3,855	4,760
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,540	1,590	1,950
Yue (Cantonese)	239,720	110,440	129,275
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,685	1,680	2,000
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	215	105	115
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,000	3,430	3,575
Burmese	920	440	475
Kuki-Chin languages	20	10	15
Karenic languages	225	105	125
S'gaw Karen	190	85	105
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Tibetan	5,560	2,725	2,830
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	145	130
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	155	65	90
Tai-Kadai languages	3,720	1,450	2,265
Lao	1,910	905	1,005
Thai	1,685	505	1,185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	120	40	75
Turkic languages	22,225	11,745	10,485
Azerbaijani	2,300	1,235	1,070
Kazakh	180	85	95
Turkish	18,330	9,740	8,590
Uyghur	440	205	230
Uzbek	625	305	320
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350	170	180
Uralic languages	20,170	8,965	11,205
Estonian	2,070	860	1,210
Finnish	2,000	800	1,200
Hungarian	16,100	7,305	8,800
Other languages, n.i.e.	260	130	130
Multiple responses	417,150	201,765	215,385
English and French	23,655	11,120	12,535
English and non-official language(s)	345,775	169,005	176,770
French and non-official language(s)	6,730	3,040	3,690
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,120	4,130	4,985
Multiple non-official languages	31,865	14,470	17,395
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
English	3,258,635	1,621,915	1,636,720
French	16,000	7,560	8,440
Non-official language	822,050	382,820	439,230
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35
Non-Indigenous	821,995	382,800	439,195
English and French	60,840	27,500	33,340
English and non-official language(s)	1,861,335	904,030	957,305
French and non-official language(s)	3,650	1,580	2,065
English, French and non-official language(s)	60,965	26,515	34,440
Multiple non-official languages	78,105	35,675	42,430
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
Single responses	5,680,760	2,775,325	2,905,440
Official languages	4,062,965	2,004,750	2,058,210
English	4,035,545	1,991,905	2,043,635
French	27,420	12,850	14,570
Non-official languages	1,617,795	770,570	847,225
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	55
Algonquian languages	80	30	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	20	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0
Ojibway languages	45	20	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,617,695	770,530	847,165
Afro-Asiatic languages	87,150	41,935	45,210
Berber languages	85	50	35
Kabyle	30	15	15
Tamazight	20	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Chadic languages	220	110	110
Hausa	210	110	105
Mina	10	5	10
Coptic	205	100	105
Cushitic languages	8,245	3,665	4,575
Bilen	105	60	45
Oromo	560	260	300
Somali	7,540	3,330	4,215
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Semitic languages	78,390	38,010	40,385
Amharic	4,350	1,935	2,415
Arabic	54,360	26,630	27,735
Aramaic languages	10,035	4,785	5,245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	7,540	3,560	3,980
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,105	1,035	1,070
Aramaic, n.o.s.	385	190	200
Harari	470	205	260
Hebrew	4,340	2,210	2,135
Maltese	610	280	330
Tigrigna	4,150	1,925	2,225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,960	16,715	20,245
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,650	735	915
Vietnamese	35,275	15,970	19,310
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	15	25
Austronesian languages	93,445	40,745	52,695
Bikol	200	90	115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	990	420	565
Cebuano	2,320	1,010	1,320
Fijian	20	10	5
Hiligaynon	1,655	720	935
Ilocano	6,680	2,990	3,690
Indonesian	1,550	730	825
Kankanaey	150	70	80
Kinaray-a	95	40	50
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	85	40	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	800	370	425
Pangasinan	220	100	120
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	77,925	33,830	44,095
Waray-Waray	175	70	110
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	575	255	320
Creole languages	2,915	1,325	1,585
Haitian Creole	530	225	305
Jamaican English Creole	150	60	90
Krio	75	30	45
Morisyen	1,175	565	605
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	665	295	370
Creole languages, n.i.e.	315	150	165
Dravidian languages	105,575	51,730	53,845
Kannada	1,640	830	815
Malayalam	11,085	5,870	5,215
Tamil	83,220	39,825	43,395
Telugu	9,445	5,115	4,330
Tulu	110	55	60
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Georgian	1,015	555	465
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	811,075	394,270	416,805
Albanian	6,735	3,305	3,430
Armenian	7,335	3,450	3,885
Balto-Slavic languages	122,035	56,765	65,270
Baltic languages	1,140	485	660
Latvian	360	150	210
Lithuanian	785	330	450
Slavic languages	120,895	56,285	64,610
Belarusian	75	30	40
Bulgarian	3,100	1,475	1,620
Czech	1,190	545	645
Macedonian	4,325	2,020	2,305
Polish	27,560	12,770	14,795
Russian	52,030	23,955	28,070
Rusyn	15	5	10
Serbo-Croatian	18,030	8,660	9,375
Bosnian	1,400	655	740
Croatian	5,390	2,525	2,865
Serbian	11,005	5,370	5,640
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	230	105	130
Slovak	2,030	990	1,035
Slovene (Slovenian)	600	250	350
Ukrainian	11,920	5,570	6,350
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Celtic languages	50	25	30
Irish	25	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5
Welsh	15	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	3,985	1,865	2,115
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	2,600	1,190	1,410
German	2,295	1,045	1,250
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	70	35	35
Yiddish	230	105	125
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,055	515	535
Afrikaans	440	220	225
Dutch	590	285	305
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10
Scandinavian languages	315	155	160
Danish	85	35	50
Icelandic	10	5	10
Norwegian	35	20	20
Swedish	180	90	85
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Greek	14,680	6,615	8,070
Indo-Iranian languages	472,310	237,620	234,685
Indo-Aryan languages	382,790	194,385	188,400
Assamese	105	50	55
Bengali	27,640	13,705	13,930
Gujarati	46,805	23,495	23,305
Hindi	40,070	20,615	19,450
Kacchi	1,435	635	800
Kashmiri	110	55	55
Konkani	530	245	280
Marathi	4,055	2,060	1,995
Nepali	4,380	2,250	2,130
Oriya languages	560	295	260
Odia	360	185	170
Oriya, n.o.s.	195	105	90
Punjabi (Panjabi)	161,965	83,995	77,970
Rohingya	10	5	10
Sindhi	1,070	530	535
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	4,215	2,095	2,120
Urdu	89,120	43,975	45,145
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	735	385	355
Iranian languages	89,475	43,220	46,260
Baluchi	165	85	80
Kurdish	2,065	1,090	980
Parsi	145	60	80
Pashto	5,775	2,890	2,885
Persian languages	81,070	38,940	42,130
Dari	15,110	7,165	7,950
Iranian Persian	57,085	27,465	29,625
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	8,870	4,315	4,555
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	255	145	110
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Italic (Romance) languages	183,875	84,590	99,285
Catalan	65	30	35
Italian	42,260	17,475	24,790
Portuguese	52,740	25,205	27,535
Romanian	10,390	4,810	5,580
Spanish	78,275	37,010	41,265
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	70	35	30
Japanese	4,395	1,835	2,560
Korean	40,600	18,780	21,825
Mongolian	245	125	115
Niger-Congo languages	9,580	4,370	5,215
Akan (Twi)	3,775	1,685	2,090
Bamanankan	40	25	20
Edo	215	80	135
Éwé	70	35	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	120	50	65
Ga	140	55	85
Ganda	250	120	130
Gikuyu	45	25	20
Igbo	450	225	225
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	170	80	95
Lingala	135	60	80
Luba-Kasai	5	5	10
Mòoré	10	0	5
Mwani	65	30	30
Ndebele	55	30	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	65	75
Shona	165	80	90
Soninke	90	55	30
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	25
Swahili	1,255	570	685
Wojenaka	5	5	0
Wolof	65	25	30
Yoruba	1,785	810	970
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	245	250
Nilo-Saharan languages	220	110	110
Dinka	10	10	5
Nuer	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	150	75	80
African, n.o.s.	30	15	10
Sign languages	1,970	1,145	825
American Sign Language	1,525	895	630
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	445	250	195
Sino-Tibetan languages	399,595	185,635	213,960
Chinese languages	394,300	183,045	211,255
Hakka	2,435	1,120	1,320
Mandarin	204,415	96,125	108,295
Min Dong	565	270	295
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,225	1,890	2,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,335	1,090	1,245
Yue (Cantonese)	177,950	81,435	96,515
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,285	1,070	1,210
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	5,230	2,560	2,670
Burmese	545	255	295
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	0
Karenic languages	150	70	80
S'gaw Karen	120	60	60
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Tibetan	4,400	2,170	2,230
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Tai-Kadai languages	1,685	775	905
Lao	955	460	495
Thai	665	295	375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40
Turkic languages	13,825	7,050	6,770
Azerbaijani	1,205	600	595
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	11,820	6,055	5,765
Uyghur	300	140	160
Uzbek	340	165	170
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75
Uralic languages	7,335	3,370	3,965
Estonian	390	145	245
Finnish	325	160	165
Hungarian	6,625	3,075	3,555
Other languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60
Multiple responses	480,810	232,275	248,535
English and French	13,920	6,265	7,650
English and non-official language(s)	449,840	218,415	231,425
French and non-official language(s)	1,960	860	1,105
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,885	2,600	3,285
Multiple non-official languages	9,200	4,135	5,065
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	6,161,570	3,007,600	3,153,970
None	4,485,430	2,200,050	2,285,380
English	622,355	304,420	317,935
French	53,455	23,770	29,685
Non-official language	766,180	366,110	400,070
Indigenous³⁹	400	180	225
Non-Indigenous	765,780	365,930	399,850
English and French	8,425	3,810	4,620
English and non-official language(s)	104,015	51,700	52,320
French and non-official language(s)	28,590	12,160	16,435
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,785	855	935
Multiple non-official languages	91,330	44,730	46,600
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340
Official languages	5,879,555	2,895,270	2,984,285
English	5,875,115	2,893,335	2,981,775
French	459,590	198,490	261,105
Non-official languages	3,431,630	1,642,410	1,789,220
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,160	510	655
Algonquian languages	915	390	525
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	230	110	115
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	225	110	115
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	10	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	105	55	50
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	90	25	65
Mi'kmaq	90	25	65
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	630	275	350
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	25	0	15
Ojibway languages	605	275	330
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	125	55	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0	10
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	475	220	260
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	45	25	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75	30	50
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10
Inuinnaqtun	20	10	10
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	55	20	35
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	65	25	40
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	60	25	40
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0
Salish languages	15	10	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	15	15	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous languages	3,430,670	1,641,985	1,788,685
Afro-Asiatic languages	258,215	129,380	128,840
Berber languages	460	275	190
Kabyle	220	120	100
Tamazight	170	100	70
Berber languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40
Chadic languages	1,240	605	640
Hausa	1,165	565	600
Mina	75	35	35
Coptic	1,600	740	860
Cushitic languages	23,245	10,640	12,605
Bilen	185	110	75
Oromo	2,035	1,015	1,020
Somali	21,005	9,495	11,510
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	245	125	115
Semitic languages	236,355	119,450	116,910
Amharic	15,170	7,200	7,975
Arabic	163,405	83,830	79,575
Aramaic languages	19,075	9,425	9,645
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	13,885	6,780	7,105
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,470	2,265	2,205
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,030	530	505
Harari	1,405	635	770
Hebrew	40,970	20,590	20,380
Maltese	4,070	1,905	2,160
Tigrigna	10,380	4,890	5,495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	365	215	145
Austro-Asiatic languages	76,215	34,800	41,415
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,090	1,825	2,265
Vietnamese	72,440	33,095	39,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	175	70	105
Austronesian languages	228,445	92,395	136,055
Bikol	1,115	470	640
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,515	1,000	1,510
Cebuano	7,525	2,990	4,535
Fijian	160	80	75
Hiligaynon	5,025	1,970	3,050
Ilocano	21,405	8,360	13,050
Indonesian	5,655	2,540	3,110
Kankanaey	450	185	260
Kinaray-a	245	115	135
Malagasy languages	85	20	60
Merina	15	0	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	20	45
Malay	3,200	1,445	1,755
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	2,765	1,155	1,610
Pangasinan	1,260	520	740
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	214,030	85,870	128,160
Waray-Waray	1,385	545	840
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,680	1,950	2,730
Creole languages	18,175	8,035	10,140
Haitian Creole	2,940	1,335	1,605
Jamaican English Creole	2,305	915	1,390
Krio	360	140	220
Morisyen	4,425	2,130	2,295
Sango	25	15	10
Creole, n.o.s.	6,520	2,720	3,800
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,470	1,130	1,340
Dravidian languages	219,670	110,515	109,150
Kannada	9,805	5,040	4,760
Malayalam	28,875	15,235	13,640
Tamil	167,010	82,585	84,425
Telugu	28,190	15,590	12,605
Tulu	1,010	530	475
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	505	210	285
Georgian	1,940	995	945
Hmong-Mien languages	35	10	25
Indo-European languages	1,942,405	954,235	988,170
Albanian	17,940	9,030	8,905
Armenian	15,920	7,680	8,245
Balto-Slavic languages	289,895	134,650	155,240
Baltic languages	5,670	2,395	3,275
Latvian	2,425	1,035	1,390
Lithuanian	3,255	1,365	1,885
Slavic languages	285,745	132,935	152,810
Belarusian	1,050	430	610
Bulgarian	8,135	3,940	4,195
Czech	6,095	2,780	3,315
Macedonian	15,765	7,425	8,340
Polish	75,170	34,645	40,525
Russian	117,225	54,020	63,205
Rusyn	75	35	40
Serbo-Croatian	51,280	24,915	26,365
Bosnian	6,620	3,225	3,395
Croatian	24,830	11,945	12,885
Serbian	28,915	14,150	14,765
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,025	515	510
Slovak	5,930	2,830	3,100
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,125	1,775	2,355
Ukrainian	39,185	17,695	21,495
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95
Celtic languages	1,845	1,020	825
Irish	1,210	685	525
Scottish Gaelic	255	135	120
Welsh	270	125	140
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	120	80	35
Germanic languages	74,495	35,885	38,605
Frisian	180	110	70
High German languages	56,180	27,385	28,795
German	50,450	24,615	25,835
Pennsylvania German	15	15	0
Swiss German	945	445	495
Yiddish	5,425	2,615	2,810
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	14,905	7,225	7,680
Afrikaans	4,730	2,465	2,265
Dutch	9,925	4,670	5,250
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	115	55	65
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	160	165
Scandinavian languages	5,440	2,400	3,045
Danish	2,060	935	1,125
Icelandic	160	85	75
Norwegian	950	440	510
Swedish	2,605	1,130	1,475
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	180	105	75
Greek	55,410	26,715	28,690
Indo-Iranian languages	966,655	493,705	472,955
Indo-Aryan languages	816,655	418,700	397,955
Assamese	510	250	260
Bengali	60,425	30,715	29,715
Gujarati	107,595	54,810	52,780
Hindi	333,470	171,575	161,885
Kacchi	6,860	3,075	3,790
Kashmiri	875	455	415
Konkani	5,710	2,675	3,035
Marathi	19,595	9,990	9,610
Nepali	9,835	4,960	4,870
Oriya languages	2,135	1,105	1,030
Odia	1,190	650	545
Oriya, n.o.s.	955	465	495
Punjabi (Panjabi)	318,135	166,395	151,740
Rohingya	40	15	25
Sindhi	4,580	2,390	2,180
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,330	8,295	8,030
Urdu	230,085	116,020	114,070
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	4,545	2,515	2,030
Iranian languages	160,210	80,265	79,940
Baluchi	445	240	200
Kurdish	6,060	3,435	2,625
Parsi	420	265	155
Pashto	14,270	7,460	6,805
Persian languages	145,385	72,400	72,985
Dari	33,370	16,425	16,950
Iranian Persian	100,745	50,185	50,560
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	13,225	6,745	6,475
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	715	365	350
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	980	540	440
Italic (Romance) languages	569,890	270,170	299,715
Catalan	405	230	175
Italian	204,090	96,225	107,860
Portuguese	138,030	66,670	71,360
Romanian	27,390	12,710	14,680
Spanish	231,870	110,025	121,845
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,145	605	540
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	595	300	300
Japanese	20,680	9,085	11,600
Korean	67,850	30,710	37,140
Mongolian	535	235	305
Niger-Congo languages	61,480	28,855	32,625
Akan (Twi)	13,900	6,300	7,600
Bamanankan	335	155	180
Edo	2,500	1,060	1,435
Éwé	735	370	360
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	430	240	195
Ga	1,275	530	745
Ganda	1,760	730	1,030
Gikuyu	620	220	395
Igbo	4,485	2,155	2,325
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	930	345	585
Lingala	2,545	1,170	1,380
Luba-Kasai	305	120	180
Mòoré	80	45	35
Mwani	335	170	165
Ndebele	400	175	225
Rundi (Kirundi)	710	315	395
Shona	1,370	605	760
Soninke	245	155	90
Sotho-Tswana languages	400	160	240
Swahili	12,860	6,310	6,550
Wojenaka	95	45	40
Wolof	640	305	330
Yoruba	15,100	7,315	7,780
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,405	3,075	3,330
Nilo-Saharan languages	870	450	425
Dinka	55	35	25
Nuer	40	20	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	775	395	380
African, n.o.s.	440	205	230
Sign languages	5,975	2,590	3,390
American Sign Language	5,345	2,255	3,085
Quebec Sign Language	45	30	15
Sign languages, n.i.e.	830	395	435
Sino-Tibetan languages	623,635	289,900	333,730
Chinese languages	614,615	285,515	329,100
Hakka	8,125	3,810	4,315
Mandarin	377,960	172,850	205,105
Min Dong	1,260	600	660
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15,000	6,690	8,305
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,625	2,540	3,085
Yue (Cantonese)	312,945	144,995	167,945
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,795	1,825	1,970
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	345	155	190
Tibeto-Burman languages	9,250	4,495	4,755
Burmese	1,345	655	695
Kuki-Chin languages	60	15	45
Karenic languages	260	115	140
S'gaw Karen	185	90	95
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	35	50
Tibetan	7,125	3,500	3,620
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	645	300	345
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	325	145	180
Tai-Kadai languages	5,975	2,605	3,370
Lao	3,230	1,530	1,700
Thai	3,015	1,180	1,835
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	285	120	160
Turkic languages	36,030	18,935	17,090
Azerbaijani	4,650	2,500	2,150
Kazakh	450	190	250
Turkish	30,930	16,335	14,600
Uyghur	420	185	230
Uzbek	1,180	595	580
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	715	315	400
Uralic languages	24,285	11,000	13,290
Estonian	2,385	1,000	1,385
Finnish	2,555	1,015	1,540
Hungarian	19,435	9,015	10,415
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	525	585
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	44,635	21,115	23,520
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	41,680	19,770	21,910
First Nations (North American Indian)	25,770	12,345	13,425
Métis	15,325	7,165	8,155
Inuk (Inuit)	590	260	325
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,255	505	745
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,700	835	865
Non-Indigenous identity	6,098,250	2,978,430	3,119,815
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,145	6,735	7,405
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,128,740	2,992,810	3,135,930
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	2,262,470	...	...
Owner	1,472,905	...	...
Renter	789,545	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	20	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	2,262,470	...	...
Condominium	539,720	...	...
Not condominium	1,722,750	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	2,262,470	...	...
No bedrooms	33,240	...	...
1 bedroom	420,600	...	...
2 bedrooms	489,795	...	...
3 bedrooms	631,985	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	686,850	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	2,262,470	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	860,525	...	...
5 rooms	308,640	...	...
6 rooms	282,885	...	...
7 rooms	244,745	...	...
8 or more rooms	565,675	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	2,262,470	...	...
One person or fewer per room	2,148,260	...	...
More than one person per room	114,215	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	2,262,470	...	...
Suitable	2,030,505	...	...
Not suitable	231,970	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	2,262,470	...	...
1960 or before	411,845	...	...
1961 to 1980	550,360	...	...
1981 to 1990	298,955	...	...
1991 to 2000	280,050	...	...
2001 to 2005	193,730	...	...
2006 to 2010	176,570	...	...
2011 to 2015	172,580	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	178,380	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	2,262,470	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	2,147,630	...	...
Major repairs needed	114,845	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	2,262,470	...	...
One-maintainer household	1,085,200	...	...
Two-maintainer household	1,002,420	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	174,855	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	2,262,470	...	...
15 to 24 years	46,980	...	...
25 to 34 years	311,120	...	...
35 to 44 years	417,775	...	...
45 to 54 years	459,580	...	...
55 to 64 years	463,845	...	...
65 to 74 years	317,690	...	...
75 to 84 years	172,565	...	...
85 years and over	72,910	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	2,247,405	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,561,965	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	685,435	...	...
30% to less than 100%	597,335	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	2,262,470	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	922,710	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	593,080	...	...
Not suitable only	160,520	...	...
Major repairs needed only	63,230	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	54,260	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	34,420	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,520	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	3,675	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,339,765	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	2,159,300	...	...
In core need	348,510	...	...
Not in core need	1,810,790	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,471,800	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,108	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,112,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	789,420	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,540	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,618	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	20	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	168	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	240	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	6,142,885	2,999,545	3,143,335
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,435	5,220	6,215
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,060	5,095	5,970
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	8,575	3,940	4,635
Métis single ancestry	2,345	1,095	1,250
Inuit single ancestry	145	65	80
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	375	125	245
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	320	120	200
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	20
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	49,325	23,825	25,500
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	48,015	23,215	24,800
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35,515	17,265	18,255
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,020	5,730	6,295
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	470	220	255
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,310	610	700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,145	520	625
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	85	70
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	6,082,120	2,970,495	3,111,625
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	5,203,840	2,539,095	2,664,745
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,068,635	548,835	519,805
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,135,200	1,990,260	2,144,945
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	939,045	460,450	478,595
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,030,045	1,523,055	1,506,995
Immigrants⁸¹	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655
Before 1980	473,315	218,520	254,795
1980 to 1990	348,930	166,145	182,790
1991 to 2000	634,830	296,180	338,650
2001 to 2010	689,395	321,245	368,150
2011 to 2021⁸²	716,380	341,105	375,275
2011 to 2015	324,700	151,750	172,950
2016 to 2021	391,680	189,360	202,320
Non-permanent residents⁸³	249,980	133,290	116,690
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655
Under 5 years	221,730	111,035	110,690
5 to 14 years	465,230	233,600	231,625
15 to 24 years	563,430	250,710	312,720
25 to 44 years	1,307,915	612,200	695,710
45 years and over	304,550	135,645	168,910
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	2,862,850	1,343,200	1,519,655
Americas	410,150	181,935	228,220
Brazil	15,425	7,225	8,195
Colombia	17,365	7,800	9,560
El Salvador	10,550	5,115	5,435
Guyana	64,885	28,415	36,465
Haiti	2,485	1,155	1,335
Jamaica	95,900	40,065	55,840
Mexico	14,450	6,540	7,905
Peru	8,520	3,785	4,730
Trinidad and Tobago	40,855	17,975	22,880
United States of America	48,265	22,925	25,335
Other places of birth in Americas	91,465	40,930	50,540
Europe	553,105	260,415	292,695
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,435	4,565	4,870
Croatia	10,895	5,185	5,715
France	8,240	4,070	4,165
Germany	18,405	8,715	9,695
Greece	23,525	11,100	12,425
Hungary	9,825	4,435	5,385
Italy	87,875	42,310	45,560
Netherlands	6,075	2,910	3,160
Poland	50,405	22,500	27,905
Portugal	63,460	30,630	32,825
Romania	22,975	10,565	12,410
Russian Federation	33,760	14,465	19,295
Serbia⁸⁶	11,885	5,695	6,190
Ukraine	33,160	14,900	18,265
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85,895	41,575	44,325
Other places of birth in Europe	77,295	36,790	40,510
Africa	173,195	83,700	89,495
Algeria	1,620	820	805
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,440	1,595	1,845
Egypt	26,810	13,785	13,030
Eritrea	7,080	3,465	3,620
Ethiopia	12,695	5,850	6,845
Morocco	4,320	1,845	2,475
Nigeria	23,935	12,025	11,905
Somalia	12,400	5,290	7,105
South Africa, Republic of	13,165	6,505	6,665
Other places of birth in Africa	67,735	32,530	35,200
Asia	1,718,685	813,230	905,455
Afghanistan	27,415	13,615	13,805
Iran⁸⁸	87,105	43,745	43,360
Iraq	34,575	17,345	17,230
Lebanon	14,355	7,450	6,910
Syria⁸⁹	19,170	9,600	9,575
Turkey	14,405	7,685	6,720
China⁹⁰	296,625	132,835	163,790
Hong Kong⁹¹	99,515	46,275	53,235
Korea, South⁹²	48,770	22,265	26,510
Taiwan	14,935	6,460	8,470
Philippines	212,655	87,195	125,465
Viet Nam	62,105	28,135	33,965
Bangladesh	36,745	18,585	18,155
India	394,620	198,135	196,485
Pakistan	128,305	64,100	64,210
Sri Lanka	99,280	47,995	51,285
Other places of birth in Asia	128,095	61,810	66,285
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	7,710	3,925	3,790
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	391,680	189,360	202,320
Americas	41,605	19,845	21,760
Brazil	5,795	2,730	3,070
Colombia	2,115	890	1,230
Haiti	345	180	165
Jamaica	6,815	3,485	3,335
Mexico	3,255	1,520	1,740
United States of America	9,805	4,935	4,870
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,380	1,050	1,325
Other places of birth in Americas	11,090	5,060	6,030
Europe	31,540	15,790	15,755
France	2,250	1,155	1,100
Germany	945	490	455
Ireland⁹⁶	1,675	1,085	590
Italy	1,340	785	560
Russian Federation	3,670	1,400	2,265
Ukraine	4,345	1,945	2,400
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,335	2,535	1,795
Other places of birth in Europe	12,975	6,390	6,585
Africa	31,755	15,895	15,860
Algeria	365	155	210
Burundi	170	55	110
Cameroon	705	355	350
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	470	205	265
Côte d'Ivoire	435	220	215
Egypt	4,130	2,085	2,050
Eritrea	2,895	1,550	1,345
Ethiopia	2,120	1,005	1,115
Morocco	750	320	425
Nigeria	9,475	4,745	4,725
Somalia	1,775	1,010	760
South Africa, Republic of	1,605	795	805
Sudan⁹⁷	820	415	405
Tunisia	220	100	120
Other places of birth in Africa	5,835	2,870	2,965
Asia	285,510	137,140	148,365
Afghanistan	5,130	2,500	2,625
Bangladesh	6,035	3,110	2,925
China⁹⁰	44,765	18,675	26,090
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,335	975	1,360
India	104,245	54,435	49,805
Iran⁸⁸	11,055	5,310	5,740
Iraq	6,430	3,200	3,230
Israel	1,530	765	760
Japan	1,105	255	855
Jordan	1,095	615	485
Korea, South⁹²	4,745	1,855	2,895
Lebanon	1,835	940	900
Nepal	1,965	1,030	940
Pakistan	18,110	8,990	9,115
Philippines	34,345	14,645	19,705
Saudi Arabia	3,745	2,005	1,745
Sri Lanka	4,930	2,315	2,620
Syria⁸⁹	11,150	5,665	5,490
Turkey	4,540	2,465	2,070
United Arab Emirates	3,430	1,780	1,645
Viet Nam	4,020	1,465	2,550
Other places of birth in Asia	8,960	4,145	4,820
Oceania and other⁹³	1,270	685	580
Australia	1,000	550	455
Other places of birth⁹⁸	265	135	130
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	6,142,880	2,999,540	3,143,340
First generation¹⁰⁰	3,172,330	1,505,720	1,666,610
Second generation¹⁰¹	1,721,285	868,635	852,650
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,249,270	625,190	624,075
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	2,389,535	1,124,675	1,264,860
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,240,520	614,195	626,320
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	522,390	313,805	208,590
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	718,125	300,395	417,730
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	753,565	304,570	448,995
Refugees¹⁰⁸	357,525	188,605	168,920
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	37,930	17,305	20,630
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	2,389,535	1,124,675	1,264,860
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	186,845	100,605	86,240
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	201,895	90,300	111,590
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	53,185	26,170	27,010
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	127,505	58,025	69,475
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	11,635	4,840	6,800
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	1,808,475	844,730	963,745
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	3,501,275	1,695,920	1,805,355
South Asian	1,182,485	602,940	579,545
Chinese	679,725	321,725	358,005
Black	488,155	227,430	260,720
Filipino	281,150	122,040	159,110
Arab	129,310	66,535	62,770
Latin American	156,455	74,865	81,595
Southeast Asian	102,325	47,995	54,330
West Asian	160,330	80,530	79,800
Korean	74,210	34,845	39,365
Japanese	20,210	8,630	11,575
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	95,350	45,130	50,225
Multiple visible minorities	131,560	63,245	68,315
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	2,641,605	1,303,620	1,337,980
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,340
Canadian	414,980	210,890	204,090
English	538,095	266,375	271,720
Irish	461,660	222,875	238,790
Scottish	439,565	214,955	224,605
French, n.o.s.¹²²	167,140	80,620	86,520
German	216,880	107,175	109,705
Chinese	668,700	315,705	352,995
Italian	444,755	221,995	222,760
Indian (India)	578,090	293,580	284,515
Ukrainian	122,925	58,655	64,270
Dutch	79,940	38,730	41,210
Polish	181,380	87,610	93,775
Québécois	4,925	2,335	2,595
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	138,210	67,840	70,370
Filipino	272,475	118,770	153,710
French Canadian	32,470	15,265	17,200
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	58,615	29,250	29,360
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	18,310	8,760	9,550
Métis	15,875	7,470	8,405
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	69,495	34,150	35,350
Russian	109,285	50,595	58,690
Norwegian	15,540	7,420	8,115
Welsh	47,075	22,375	24,700
Portuguese	180,820	89,075	91,740
American	41,250	20,195	21,055
Spanish	82,745	38,755	43,995
Swedish	16,400	7,635	8,770
Hungarian	47,575	22,995	24,585
Acadian	7,360	3,505	3,855
Pakistani	162,710	82,130	80,585
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	95,125	45,385	49,735
Jewish	119,435	59,925	59,510
Punjabi	95,825	49,715	46,105
Vietnamese	82,225	38,780	43,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	51,380	26,620	24,760
Greek	90,400	45,345	45,055
Jamaican	140,870	64,965	75,895
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	85,765	40,895	44,870
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,315	1,170	1,145
Korean	74,975	35,360	39,610
Romanian	39,635	18,880	20,750
Lebanese	25,315	12,650	12,670
Iranian	88,915	44,630	44,285
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	36,545	17,630	18,920
Danish	14,060	6,965	7,095
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	7,520	3,605	3,915
Sikh	63,980	33,325	30,655
Austrian	22,685	11,090	11,595
Belgian	8,935	4,495	4,445
Haitian	4,330	2,075	2,255
Hindu	84,055	43,640	40,420
Mexican	24,165	11,770	12,395
Mennonite	2,845	1,365	1,475
Swiss	12,170	6,025	6,150
Finnish	14,710	7,115	7,595
Sri Lankan	91,525	44,775	46,750
Croatian	34,470	17,145	17,325
Japanese	27,250	11,960	15,295
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	67,850	34,190	33,655
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	5,225	2,445	2,775
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	8,255	4,120	4,135
Muslim	42,535	21,715	20,825
Egyptian	35,265	18,325	16,940
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	30,495	14,810	15,680
Tamil	76,250	37,975	38,275
Icelandic	4,300	2,110	2,190
Colombian	20,975	9,985	10,990
Moroccan	7,520	3,480	4,035
Czech	13,610	6,425	7,185
Syrian	19,370	9,575	9,800
Guyanese	65,305	30,600	34,700
Afghan	43,075	21,325	21,755
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	41,330	18,400	22,930
Serbian	29,595	14,660	14,935
Ojibway	4,460	2,155	2,300
Newfoundlander	8,225	4,070	4,155
Hong Konger	37,570	18,165	19,405
Ontarian	12,245	6,160	6,090
Persian	36,450	18,705	17,745
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	41,110	19,400	21,715
Turkish	28,490	14,840	13,650
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	805	365	440
Bangladeshi	36,670	18,705	17,960
Algerian	2,055	990	1,065
Brazilian	21,755	10,470	11,285
Nigerian	22,065	10,650	11,415
Armenian	21,630	10,660	10,970
Slovak	12,490	6,170	6,320
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	18,075	8,685	9,390
Somali	24,760	11,720	13,040
Taiwanese	14,155	6,400	7,755
Iraqi	23,330	11,655	11,675
Salvadorean	12,075	5,830	6,245
African Caribbean	32,995	14,165	18,830
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	26,205	12,320	13,890
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	20,860	10,795	10,060
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	29,100	12,795	16,310
Algonquin	1,215	595	620
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	33,275	14,920	18,355
Lithuanian	14,080	6,730	7,355
South African	11,755	5,840	5,915
Australian	5,935	3,125	2,805
Palestinian	15,330	7,835	7,495
Chilean	9,365	4,395	4,970
Congolese	4,345	2,020	2,325
Nova Scotian	2,815	1,400	1,415
Ethiopian	13,515	6,420	7,095
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	14,210	6,660	7,545
Peruvian	10,695	5,085	5,610
Yoruba	11,980	6,155	5,825
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,225	2,850	3,380
Berber	965	500	465
Albanian	20,205	10,120	10,085
Maltese	17,145	8,385	8,760
Macedonian	24,105	12,045	12,055
Slovenian	11,880	5,720	6,165
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	4,290	2,135	2,155
New Brunswicker	1,380	625	755
Gujarati	19,345	9,875	9,470
Eritrean	9,380	4,470	4,915
African Canadian	12,435	5,910	6,530
Israeli	16,895	8,810	8,095
Mohawk	2,370	1,145	1,225
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	3,230	1,530	1,700
Bulgarian	9,875	4,850	5,025
Albertan	295	155	140
Ghanaian	15,600	7,415	8,185
Barbadian	13,070	5,970	7,100
African American	8,070	3,800	4,270
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	5,325	2,515	2,815
Tunisian	1,000	505	495
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	9,010	4,375	4,640
Cuban	8,495	4,090	4,405
Bosnian	7,120	3,590	3,535
Venezuelan	8,155	3,780	4,370
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	170	75	90
Latvian	7,845	3,635	4,205
Bengali	13,070	6,755	6,315
Cameroonian	1,825	860	965
Guatemalan	5,225	2,595	2,635
Indonesian	6,415	2,870	3,545
Laotian	4,810	2,260	2,550
Ilocano	8,605	3,920	4,685
Northern Irish	5,720	2,935	2,790
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	3,370	1,685	1,680
British Columbian	285	145	140
Ecuadorian	15,755	7,495	8,255
Franco Ontarian	1,445	715	725
Argentinian	8,140	4,130	4,015
Estonian	6,445	2,995	3,450
Kurdish	6,630	3,745	2,885
Fijian	1,665	775	890
Jatt	7,415	3,820	3,590
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,280	1,170	1,105
Coptic	11,375	5,670	5,705
Thai	3,695	1,465	2,235
Dominican	5,335	2,530	2,810
Nepali	6,870	3,450	3,420
Kabyle	100	40	65
Assyrian	10,195	5,025	5,175
Igbo	4,825	2,305	2,525
Byelorussian	6,080	2,945	3,135
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560	270	290
Abenaki	155	75	80
Moldovan	2,995	1,470	1,530
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	650	345	310
New Zealander	1,985	960	1,025
Sudanese	4,010	1,950	2,065
Breton	195	100	95
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,600	670	930
Malaysian	5,150	2,360	2,785
Plains Cree	120	55	60
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,780	885	900
Huron (Wendat)	350	150	200
Saskatchewanian	365	160	205
Buddhist	6,185	2,965	3,220
Gaspesian	180	65	115
Norman	515	305	215
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	6,635	3,025	3,610
Ivorian	970	465	500
Saulteaux	160	65	95
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	755	350	405
Burundian	605	280	330
Tigrinya	2,570	1,290	1,275
Nicaraguan	3,440	1,525	1,915
Mauritian	3,740	1,885	1,855
Kenyan	4,540	2,145	2,390
Oji-Cree	80	30	55
Vincentian	7,015	3,035	3,980
Jordanian	4,265	2,280	1,990
Manitoban	365	145	220
Cape Bretoner	640	305	340
Rwandan	880	400	480
Grenadian	8,065	3,605	4,460
Malayali	5,190	2,725	2,460
Chaldean	4,750	2,385	2,365
Sinhalese	5,935	2,950	2,980
Mayan	1,885	980	905
Honduran	1,740	875	870
Cherokee	540	265	275
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	400	195	205
Indo-Caribbean	7,010	3,150	3,855
Flemish	745	370	375
United Empire Loyalist	1,545	760	780
Senegalese	425	220	210
Azerbaijani	4,845	2,490	2,350
Sicilian	2,190	1,110	1,075
Pashtun	4,470	2,360	2,110
Malay	3,060	1,500	1,565
Goan	6,750	3,235	3,520
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,460	690	770
Tibetan	6,905	3,405	3,500
Zimbabwean	1,640	775	865
Burmese	2,165	990	1,175
Mongolian	2,120	960	1,165
Azorean	3,515	1,645	1,870
Atikamekw	15	0	15
Bamileke	450	245	205
Indo-Guyanese	6,320	2,775	3,545
Ugandan	3,135	1,445	1,690
Oromo	2,000	1,060	940
Tanzanian	3,620	1,665	1,960
Yemeni	2,925	1,410	1,510
Central African	415	230	185
Libyan	1,095	570	525
Basque	585	335	255
Uruguayan	3,450	1,700	1,750
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	2,875	1,475	1,400
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	2,345	1,055	1,285
Igorot	1,440	590	850
Fulani	615	335	280
Woodland Cree	30	20	10
Guinean	440	240	200
St. Lucian	3,815	1,635	2,175
Prince Edward Islander	690	315	375
Maliseet	60	20	45
Beninese	805	360	445
Telugu	3,810	2,090	1,715
Roma	1,935	1,040	895
Costa Rican	1,535	815	720
African Nova Scotian	1,035	410	625
Malagasy	210	90	120
Kashmiri	2,985	1,430	1,555
Singaporean	1,685	770	925
Karen	310	150	160
Edo	2,490	1,220	1,275
Tajik	2,895	1,455	1,440
Amhara	2,165	1,060	1,095
Paraguayan	345	135	210
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	6,142,880	2,999,545	3,143,335
Buddhist	120,865	54,255	66,605
Christian	2,851,285	1,321,570	1,529,720
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	496,470	228,690	267,775
Anabaptist	3,450	1,645	1,805
Anglican	144,135	64,480	79,650
Baptist	51,380	23,035	28,345
Catholic	1,537,815	724,205	813,610
Christian Orthodox	215,310	102,525	112,790
Jehovah's Witness	18,210	7,515	10,700
Latter Day Saints	4,090	1,940	2,150
Lutheran	22,175	9,980	12,195
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	10,425	4,645	5,780
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	78,440	33,745	44,695
Presbyterian	57,535	25,855	31,685
Reformed	4,655	2,190	2,470
United Church	107,810	46,635	61,175
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	99,375	44,480	54,900
Hindu	457,825	232,880	224,940
Jewish	165,765	81,020	84,750
Muslim	626,010	314,390	311,620
Sikh	244,240	126,140	118,095
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,290	605	685
Other religions and spiritual traditions	38,745	17,390	21,355
No religion and secular perspectives	1,636,860	851,295	785,565
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	6,088,875	2,972,180	3,116,700
Non-movers	5,381,710	2,620,010	2,761,700
Movers	707,170	352,170	355,000
Non-migrants	440,050	219,230	220,815
Migrants	267,120	132,935	134,190
Internal migrants	186,250	92,620	93,625
Intraprovincial migrants	167,430	83,170	84,260
Interprovincial migrants	18,820	9,455	9,365
External migrants	80,875	40,315	40,560
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	5,853,875	2,852,135	3,001,745
Non-movers	3,737,705	1,804,970	1,932,735
Movers	2,116,170	1,047,165	1,069,005
Non-migrants	926,770	454,515	472,255
Migrants	1,189,400	592,650	596,755
Internal migrants	720,445	355,000	365,450
Intraprovincial migrants	639,890	314,825	325,075
Interprovincial migrants	80,555	40,180	40,375
External migrants	468,955	237,650	231,305
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,260
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	788,935	383,280	405,655
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	4,390,200	2,121,595	2,268,605
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	305,485	160,465	145,025
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,135,355	1,506,150	1,629,205
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140	2,504,880	2,674,265
No certificate, diploma or degree	737,285	353,500	383,780
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,289,080	646,885	642,205
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,152,775	1,504,495	1,648,280
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,185,165	575,790	609,380
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	190,475	127,945	62,530
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	103,200	62,100	41,100
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	87,275	65,845	21,430
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	844,180	380,060	464,125
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	150,510	67,785	82,725
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,967,605	928,705	1,038,900
Bachelor's degree	1,273,260	588,430	684,830
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	126,965	58,505	68,460
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	50,290	23,935	26,350
Master's degree	459,630	224,215	235,415
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	57,465	33,615	23,850
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,845	1,666,615	1,774,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	275,330	144,220	131,110
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	694,735	363,225	331,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,470,775	1,159,170	1,311,605
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	871,155	418,240	452,910
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	126,870	84,805	42,065
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	67,995	40,560	27,435
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	58,875	44,245	14,630
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	636,610	285,740	350,870
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,675	47,695	59,980
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,599,625	740,930	858,695
Bachelor's degree	1,016,330	465,010	551,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	100,410	44,475	55,940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	40,435	17,575	22,860
Master's degree	398,095	189,645	208,450
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	44,350	24,225	20,125
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,026,370	1,000,385	1,025,985
Education	148,055	29,785	118,270
13. Education	148,055	29,785	118,270
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	141,885	60,840	81,040
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,925	8,960	3,960
50. Visual and performing arts	128,960	51,880	77,075
Humanities	198,360	67,900	130,460
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	23,045	4,710	18,330
23. English language and literature/letters	51,345	14,145	37,200
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	66,250	21,570	44,685
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	4,435	1,550	2,890
38. Philosophy and religious studies	13,100	7,215	5,890
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,915	5,955	3,955
54. History	23,670	11,770	11,900
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	6,595	980	5,610
Social and behavioural sciences and law	446,370	156,180	290,195
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	6,305	1,310	4,995
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	55,530	21,415	34,115
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	58,955	5,500	53,445
22. Legal professions and studies	77,395	29,720	47,670
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	10,035	3,445	6,590
42. Psychology	62,275	14,630	47,645
45. Social sciences	175,885	80,155	95,730
Business, management and public administration	792,020	363,670	428,345
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,250	465	780
44. Public administration and social service professions	45,130	9,650	35,475
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	745,645	353,560	392,085
Physical and life sciences and technologies	159,565	71,870	87,695
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	68,345	26,015	42,330
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	40,665	17,530	23,135
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,885	1,120	2,760
40. Physical sciences	41,210	25,310	15,895
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,460	1,895	3,570
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	213,785	138,555	75,230
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	166,950	114,855	52,095
25. Library science	6,335	965	5,370
27. Mathematics and statistics	33,820	18,510	15,310
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	6,685	4,230	2,450
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	537,690	451,605	86,085
04. Architecture and related services	36,610	22,195	14,420
14. Engineering	252,000	196,935	55,065
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	99,880	86,865	13,020
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	80	20	60
46. Construction trades	60,745	59,595	1,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	60,120	58,880	1,245
48. Precision production	28,250	27,125	1,125
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	38,970	19,540	19,430
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	24,715	12,515	12,195
03. Natural resources and conservation	14,255	7,025	7,230
Health and related fields	360,625	88,335	272,290
30.37 Design for human health	25	0	25
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	30,640	16,160	14,480
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	316,465	65,245	251,215
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	835	295	540
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	12,660	6,635	6,025
Personal, protective and transportation services	114,645	55,970	58,675
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	67,245	20,995	46,250
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	385	330	55
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	520	480	35
43. Security and protective services	30,320	20,360	9,955
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,180	13,805	2,375
Other¹⁷⁹	805	235	570
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	970,070	507,445	462,625
Education	104,875	20,450	84,425
13. Education	104,875	20,450	84,425
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	112,995	48,505	64,490
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,700	6,695	3,005
50. Visual and performing arts	103,290	41,805	61,490
Humanities	149,090	49,625	99,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	17,270	3,155	14,115
23. English language and literature/letters	38,910	10,450	28,470
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	50,845	16,205	34,645
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	3,105	1,050	2,055
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,065	5,505	4,560
39. Theology and religious vocations	6,795	4,145	2,645
54. History	17,610	8,540	9,065
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	4,490	580	3,910
Social and behavioural sciences and law	357,290	121,240	236,040
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,270	1,065	4,210
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,465	17,500	28,970
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	44,580	3,730	40,850
22. Legal professions and studies	64,080	22,695	41,385
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	7,995	2,790	5,200
42. Psychology	48,535	11,095	37,440
45. Social sciences	140,360	62,375	77,990
Business, management and public administration	643,730	290,760	352,970
30.16 Accounting and computer science	995	365	625
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,925	7,430	28,500
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	606,810	282,970	323,845
Physical and life sciences and technologies	117,165	51,025	66,145
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	51,470	19,435	32,035
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	29,725	12,380	17,345
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,010	900	2,110
40. Physical sciences	29,175	17,105	12,070
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,790	1,210	2,575
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	181,770	117,970	63,800
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	146,195	100,030	46,165
25. Library science	3,925	690	3,235
27. Mathematics and statistics	26,105	13,750	12,360
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	5,550	3,505	2,035
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	406,860	334,520	72,335
04. Architecture and related services	28,530	16,630	11,895
14. Engineering	202,025	154,210	47,820
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	73,095	63,000	10,095
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	75	20	55
46. Construction trades	43,315	42,405	910
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	41,840	40,990	850
48. Precision production	17,975	17,265	715
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	30,135	14,480	15,655
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	18,395	8,860	9,535
03. Natural resources and conservation	11,740	5,620	6,120
Health and related fields	279,185	67,940	211,250
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,815	12,085	10,735
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	246,165	51,105	195,060
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	720	210	510
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	9,455	4,535	4,920
Personal, protective and transportation services	87,095	42,500	44,590
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	51,065	15,750	35,315
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	210	35
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	230	20
43. Security and protective services	23,785	16,025	7,760
49. Transportation and materials moving	11,750	10,285	1,470
Other¹⁷⁹	590	150	440
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	3,440,840	1,666,615	1,774,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	970,070	507,445	462,625
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	2,470,775	1,159,170	1,311,605
Location of study inside Canada	1,618,315	758,870	859,445
Same as province or territory of residence	1,500,705	701,040	799,670
Different than province or territory of residence	117,605	57,835	59,770
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	852,465	400,300	452,160
Americas	132,405	66,550	65,860
United States of America	74,570	39,785	34,775
Mexico	7,860	3,555	4,300
Cuba	2,195	1,140	1,060
Haiti	225	105	120
Jamaica	6,685	3,190	3,495
Brazil	11,805	5,395	6,405
Colombia	6,555	2,845	3,705
Peru	2,060	815	1,245
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,880	1,675	2,205
Other locations of study in Americas	16,590	8,040	8,545
Europe	142,460	71,565	70,895
Belgium	960	505	450
France	7,360	3,880	3,485
Germany	3,570	2,020	1,545
Netherlands	1,730	945	785
Switzerland	1,380	730	645
Hungary	1,650	855	795
Moldova¹⁸³	1,500	620	880
Poland	10,070	4,500	5,570
Romania	9,340	4,605	4,735
Russian Federation	14,655	6,595	8,055
Ukraine	14,070	6,355	7,715
Ireland⁹⁶	4,555	2,650	1,900
United Kingdom⁸⁷	43,000	22,980	20,025
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,655	780	880
Italy	2,705	1,495	1,205
Serbia⁸⁶	3,600	1,785	1,815
Other locations of study in Europe	20,655	10,240	10,420
Africa	38,540	19,100	19,445
Nigeria	9,360	4,640	4,720
Algeria	595	300	295
Morocco	1,010	405	600
Tunisia	295	125	170
Egypt	11,595	5,715	5,885
South Africa, Republic of	3,950	2,055	1,905
Other locations of study in Africa	11,730	5,865	5,865
Asia	528,185	237,560	290,625
Iran⁸⁸	30,430	13,820	16,610
Iraq	7,285	3,420	3,865
Israel	5,555	2,795	2,765
Lebanon	3,525	1,655	1,870
Syria⁸⁹	3,940	1,850	2,090
Turkey	5,205	2,885	2,315
China⁹⁰	73,945	33,130	40,820
Taiwan	2,725	895	1,825
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,275	3,430	4,845
Japan	4,600	1,525	3,080
Korea, South⁹²	15,040	5,755	9,280
Philippines	85,225	30,130	55,105
Viet Nam	3,400	1,270	2,125
Bangladesh	13,395	6,090	7,305
Sri Lanka	9,365	4,305	5,055
India	189,825	93,465	96,360
Pakistan	42,175	19,755	22,425
Other locations of study in Asia	24,265	11,380	12,880
Oceania	10,870	5,530	5,340
Australia	9,385	4,775	4,610
New Zealand	1,345	690	660
Other locations of study in Oceania	140	70	70
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	5,179,140	2,504,875	2,674,265
In the labour force	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,330
Employed	2,903,480	1,526,300	1,377,180
Unemployed	444,380	208,225	236,155
Not in the labour force	1,831,275	770,350	1,060,930
Participation rate	64.6	69.2	60.3
Employment rate	56.1	60.9	51.5
Unemployment rate	13.3	12.0	14.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	5,179,140	2,504,880	2,674,265
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,924,775	825,780	1,098,995
Worked	3,254,370	1,679,100	1,575,270
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,773,960	977,085	796,875
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,480,415	702,015	778,400
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.4	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015
Employee	2,694,625	1,335,400	1,359,225
Permanent position	2,263,635	1,136,905	1,126,730
Temporary position	430,990	198,495	232,495
Fixed term (1 year or more)	161,015	72,235	88,780
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	269,975	126,260	143,715
Self-employed¹⁹²	538,150	345,355	192,790
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320
All occupations¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	51,080	36,185	14,895
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	698,140	258,315	439,825
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	366,300	268,440	97,855
3 Health occupations	216,350	50,030	166,315
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	359,415	115,525	243,890
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	129,735	61,900	67,830
6 Sales and service occupations	773,655	363,645	410,010
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	464,310	414,745	49,565
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,035	20,185	5,845
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	147,765	91,780	55,980
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	3,347,860	1,734,525	1,613,335
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085	53,770	61,320
All industries¹⁹¹	3,232,775	1,680,760	1,552,015
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,395	5,810	4,585
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,525	3,065	1,455
22 Utilities	16,560	11,350	5,205
23 Construction	210,590	179,440	31,150
31-33 Manufacturing	264,770	172,695	92,075
41 Wholesale trade	129,125	77,305	51,815
44-45 Retail trade	342,815	166,650	176,165
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	201,140	149,070	52,070
51 Information and cultural industries	103,920	60,760	43,160
52 Finance and insurance	258,210	126,780	131,435
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	88,425	47,345	41,075
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	404,220	229,835	174,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	18,790	8,960	9,830
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	152,275	82,935	69,345
61 Educational services	225,005	70,395	154,605
62 Health care and social assistance	333,110	71,255	261,855
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	58,065	30,430	27,635
72 Accommodation and food services	165,805	77,140	88,665
81 Other services (except public administration)	124,245	53,245	70,995
91 Public administration	120,785	56,285	64,505
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555
English	3,202,555	1,658,620	1,543,935
French	6,445	1,760	4,685
Non-official language	57,760	30,060	27,695
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	57,760	30,060	27,695
English and French	53,655	20,620	33,035
English and non-official language(s)	209,305	107,325	101,980
French and non-official language(s)	110	40	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,245	2,395	2,850
Multiple non-official languages	4,815	2,520	2,295
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555
Single responses	3,487,435	1,797,605	1,689,825
Official languages	3,382,120	1,743,810	1,638,310
English	3,368,920	1,740,255	1,628,665
French	13,200	3,550	9,650
Non-official languages	105,320	53,800	51,515
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15
Algonquian languages	15	0	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	105,300	53,795	51,500
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465	1,395	1,075
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	135	55	70
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	125	50	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,335	1,330	1,000
Amharic	45	25	20
Arabic	1,695	980	715
Aramaic languages	245	175	70
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	135	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	35	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	295	120	175
Tigrigna	30	25	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,395	1,080	1,315
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	20	35
Vietnamese	2,335	1,055	1,280
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,215	505	705
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	30	0	25
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	35	15	15
Indonesian	25	15	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,095	455	640
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Creole languages	15	15	0
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,355	1,090	1,265
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	75	40	25
Tamil	2,230	1,035	1,195
Telugu	55	10	40
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	70	35	30
Indo-European languages	34,160	18,585	15,575
Albanian	200	100	95
Armenian	175	80	100
Balto-Slavic languages	5,200	2,300	2,900
Baltic languages	60	15	50
Latvian	30	10	20
Lithuanian	30	0	25
Slavic languages	5,140	2,285	2,855
Bulgarian	45	15	30
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	65	55	10
Polish	1,320	610	715
Russian	2,590	1,055	1,535
Serbo-Croatian	305	170	135
Bosnian	25	25	0
Croatian	90	50	40
Serbian	185	90	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	780	355	425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	345	140	205
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	265	110	155
German	215	75	140
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	50	35	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	15	35
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	45	15	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	10
Danish	10	0	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	270	140	125
Indo-Iranian languages	16,925	9,660	7,260
Indo-Aryan languages	12,985	7,535	5,450
Bengali	395	175	215
Gujarati	695	325	370
Hindi	915	435	480
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	15	0	15
Nepali	75	35	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,030	5,700	3,335
Sindhi	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	0
Urdu	1,810	845	965
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Iranian languages	3,935	2,125	1,810
Kurdish	65	60	10
Pashto	70	35	25
Persian languages	3,795	2,020	1,775
Dari	290	180	115
Iranian Persian	3,140	1,615	1,530
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	360	230	125
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,050	6,165	4,885
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	845	355	490
Portuguese	4,790	3,020	1,765
Romanian	155	70	80
Spanish	5,255	2,715	2,540
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	885	345	540
Korean	4,610	2,185	2,415
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	90	40	50
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	35	20	15
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	120	160
American Sign Language	270	115	155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,645	27,835	27,810
Chinese languages	55,540	27,780	27,760
Hakka	40	20	15
Mandarin	32,980	16,555	16,425
Min Dong	35	15	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	50	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	22,165	11,040	11,125
Chinese, n.o.s.	210	95	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	45
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	80	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	150	75	75
Lao	35	10	25
Thai	110	60	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	730	385	350
Azerbaijani	35	0	25
Turkish	680	375	310
Uyghur	15	0	15
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	230	100	125
Estonian	45	15	30
Finnish	35	0	30
Hungarian	145	85	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	52,465	25,740	26,725
English and French	9,260	3,305	5,950
English and non-official language(s)	41,825	21,780	20,035
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	200	215
Multiple non-official languages	940	435	500
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	3,539,900	1,823,345	1,716,555
None	3,311,595	1,712,400	1,599,195
English	43,660	20,360	23,305
French	38,610	15,895	22,720
Non-official language	113,615	58,940	54,675
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35
Non-Indigenous	113,565	58,915	54,645
English and French	110	35	70
English and non-official language(s)	6,540	2,980	3,560
French and non-official language(s)	3,800	1,775	2,020
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	40	0
Multiple non-official languages	21,930	10,925	11,000
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,903,480	1,526,300	1,377,180
Worked at home	1,028,185	492,035	536,150
Worked outside Canada	14,330	9,795	4,530
No fixed workplace address	336,870	249,680	87,195
Usual place of work	1,524,100	774,795	749,300
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,524,095	774,795	749,305
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	882,790	409,930	472,855
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	172,630	91,070	81,560
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	465,555	272,015	193,535
Commute to a different province or territory	3,130	1,775	1,350
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495
Car, truck or van	1,414,715	833,470	581,245
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,273,025	782,555	490,470
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	141,685	50,915	90,775
Public transit	290,400	118,960	171,445
Walked	86,480	37,580	48,905
Bicycle	18,710	12,575	6,135
Other method	50,665	21,895	28,770
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495
Less than 15 minutes	339,370	162,575	176,800
15 to 29 minutes	601,820	325,005	276,825
30 to 44 minutes	501,325	295,630	205,695
45 to 59 minutes	201,730	116,310	85,425
60 minutes and over	216,720	124,955	91,765
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,860,970	1,024,470	836,495
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	121,850	89,215	32,640
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	282,210	177,980	104,230
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	403,315	213,235	190,080
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	408,565	198,675	209,885
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	331,865	165,605	166,255
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	313,170	179,765	133,405
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,200,475	616,765	583,710
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,830	52,525	51,305
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,096,640	564,240	532,400
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	890,010	457,935	432,075
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,485	41,600	40,890
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	53,085	26,195	26,890
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	29,400	15,405	13,995
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	807,530	416,340	391,190

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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