Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	TorontoMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	6,202,225
Population, 2016¹	5,928,040
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.6
Total private dwellings²	2,394,205
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	2,262,473
Population density per square kilometre	1,050.7
Land area in square kilometres	5,902.75
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	6,202,225
0 to 14 years	965,050
0 to 4 years	289,425
5 to 9 years	325,675
10 to 14 years	349,955
15 to 64 years	4,234,530
15 to 19 years	357,165
20 to 24 years	418,430
25 to 29 years	466,530
30 to 34 years	467,160
35 to 39 years	443,940
40 to 44 years	414,950
45 to 49 years	414,990
50 to 54 years	431,180
55 to 59 years	438,475
60 to 64 years	381,715
65 years and over	1,002,640
65 to 69 years	308,525
70 to 74 years	258,975
75 to 79 years	175,000
80 to 84 years	126,985
85 years and over	133,155
85 to 89 years	80,910
90 to 94 years	39,855
95 to 99 years	10,895
100 years and over	1,490
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.6
15 to 64 years	68.3
65 years and over	16.2
85 years and over	2.1
Average age of the population	40.7
Median age of the population	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	2,262,470
Single-detached house	883,125
Semi-detached house	164,580
Row house	210,100
Apartment or flat in a duplex	90,500
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	215,325
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	694,735
Other single-attached house	3,470
Movable dwelling⁴	635
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	2,262,475
1 person	565,730
2 persons	644,115
3 persons	390,785
4 persons	386,555
5 or more persons	275,295
Number of persons in private households	6,142,885
Average household size	2.7
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	5,237,170
Married or living common-law	2,885,510
Married	2,560,370
Living common-law	325,135
Living common law - Never married	244,105
Living common law - Separated	12,860
Living common law - Divorced	62,265
Living common law - Widowed	5,905
Not married and not living common-law	2,351,665
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,685,300
Not married and not living common law - Separated	130,470
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	284,130
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	251,765
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,692,915
2 persons	733,320
3 persons	411,390
4 persons	395,360
5 or more persons	152,850
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,692,910
Total couple families	1,390,485
Married couples	1,228,045
With children⁶	784,485
Without children	443,560
Common-law couples	162,445
With children⁶	53,825
Without children	108,615
Total one-parent families	302,425
in which the parent is a woman+	248,000
in which the parent is a man+	54,425
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	6,142,880
Total - Persons in census families	5,093,460
Married spouses or common-law partners	2,780,975
Parents in one-parent families	302,430
Children⁶	2,010,060
In a two-parent family	1,538,405
In a one-parent family	471,655
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,049,420
Living alone	565,730
Living with other relatives⁷	207,055
Living with non-relatives only	276,635
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	2,262,470
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,341,615
Couple-family households	1,125,400
With children⁶	685,795
Without children	439,605
One-parent-family households	216,210
Multigenerational households⁸	129,810
Multiple-census-family households⁹	26,995
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	89,160
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	109,165
One-person households	565,730
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	5,179,125
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,927,950
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,930,470
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,340,975
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,605,255
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,476,525
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	458,075
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,645,600
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	5,179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,929,140
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,931,565
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,342,100
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,605,250
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,100
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,477,610
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	455,765
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,642,495
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	5,179,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,716,095
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,370,830
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	5,179,130
Without total income	251,180
With total income	4,927,945
Under $10,000 (including loss)	481,940
$10,000 to $19,999	614,440
$20,000 to $29,999	794,350
$30,000 to $39,999	588,250
$40,000 to $49,999	477,560
$50,000 to $59,999	389,850
$60,000 to $69,999	309,625
$70,000 to $79,999	248,620
$80,000 to $89,999	202,345
$90,000 to $99,999	166,190
$100,000 and over	654,785
$100,000 to $149,999	405,995
$150,000 and over	248,785
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	5,179,130
Without after-tax income	248,655
With after-tax income	4,930,475
Under $10,000 (including loss)	500,000
$10,000 to $19,999	641,610
$20,000 to $29,999	885,350
$30,000 to $39,999	673,620
$40,000 to $49,999	553,905
$50,000 to $59,999	426,455
$60,000 to $69,999	322,320
$70,000 to $79,999	244,205
$80,000 to $89,999	200,315
$90,000 to $99,999	126,400
$100,000 and over	356,295
$100,000 to $124,999	162,140
$125,000 and over	194,155
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	5,179,130
Without employment income	1,573,870
With employment income	3,605,260
Under $5,000 (including loss)	514,575
$5,000 to $9,999	330,620
$10,000 to $19,999	405,410
$20,000 to $29,999	298,810
$30,000 to $39,999	285,705
$40,000 to $49,999	282,710
$50,000 to $59,999	259,595
$60,000 to $69,999	221,570
$70,000 to $79,999	184,210
$80,000 to $89,999	157,870
$90,000 to $99,999	140,395
$100,000 and over	523,785
$100,000 to $124,999	225,725
$125,000 and over	298,055
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	5,179,125
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,797,550
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,798,680
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,267,070
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,592,920
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,186,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	262,855
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	5,179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,799,340
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,800,350
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,267,135
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,593,470
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,187,695
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	262,735
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	5,179,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,696,170
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,281,260
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6
Employment income (%)	75.6
Government transfers (%)	9.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	2,262,475
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	565,730
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,696,745
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	2,262,470
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,700
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	565,460
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,400
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,040
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,697,005
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	2,262,475
Under $5,000	32,750
$5,000 to $9,999	15,325
$10,000 to $14,999	25,715
$15,000 to $19,999	35,725
$20,000 to $24,999	75,670
$25,000 to $29,999	62,315
$30,000 to $34,999	60,850
$35,000 to $39,999	64,725
$40,000 to $44,999	65,730
$45,000 to $49,999	66,345
$50,000 to $59,999	136,805
$60,000 to $69,999	137,480
$70,000 to $79,999	134,620
$80,000 to $89,999	129,670
$90,000 to $99,999	122,145
$100,000 and over	1,096,595
$100,000 to $124,999	265,950
$125,000 to $149,999	208,740
$150,000 to $199,999	278,755
$200,000 and over	343,145
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	2,262,475
Under $5,000	36,900
$5,000 to $9,999	15,830
$10,000 to $14,999	26,310
$15,000 to $19,999	38,100
$20,000 to $24,999	80,570
$25,000 to $29,999	69,190
$30,000 to $34,999	68,515
$35,000 to $39,999	74,305
$40,000 to $44,999	77,660
$45,000 to $49,999	80,020
$50,000 to $59,999	164,380
$60,000 to $69,999	164,945
$70,000 to $79,999	159,340
$80,000 to $89,999	151,615
$90,000 to $99,999	136,375
$100,000 and over	918,420
$100,000 to $124,999	282,550
$125,000 to $149,999	206,830
$150,000 and over	429,040
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,629,060
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000
Average family size of economic families	3.3
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	460,295
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	838,675
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	265,690
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	842,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,627,835
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	459,575
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	134,200
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,300
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	839,930
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	179,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	264,185
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,900
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	841,520
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	6,142,885
0 to 17 years	1,176,000
0 to 5 years	351,430
18 to 64 years	4,001,275
65 years and over	965,610
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	627,655
0 to 17 years	133,215
0 to 5 years	41,535
18 to 64 years	364,325
65 years and over	130,115
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.2
0 to 17 years (%)	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1
65 years and over (%)	13.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	6,142,655
0 to 17 years	1,175,955
0 to 5 years	351,415
18 to 64 years	4,001,155
65 years and over	965,540
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	403,705
0 to 17 years	68,975
0 to 5 years	20,970
18 to 64 years	291,050
65 years and over	43,670
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3
65 years and over (%)	4.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	6,142,885
In bottom half of the distribution	2,762,010
In bottom decile	596,575
In second decile	542,090
In third decile	539,875
In fourth decile	535,000
In fifth decile	548,475
In top half of the distribution	3,380,870
In sixth decile	567,160
In seventh decile	597,730
In eighth decile	640,895
In ninth decile	710,200
In top decile	864,885
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	6,142,880
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.387
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.496
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	6,161,570
English only	5,436,685
French only	4,520
English and French	456,695
Neither English nor French	263,670
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	6,161,570
English	5,784,485
French	69,060
English and French	48,625
Neither English nor French	259,400
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	6,161,570
Single responses	5,744,420
Official languages	3,143,455
English	3,082,345
French	61,110
Non-official languages	2,600,965
Indigenous languages³⁹	330
Algonquian languages	270
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	90
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	85
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	40
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15
Mi'kmaq	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	165
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	160
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	5
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5
Non-Indigenous languages	2,600,640
Afro-Asiatic languages	156,290
Berber languages	215
Kabyle	130
Tamazight	50
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35
Chadic languages	390
Hausa	365
Mina	25
Coptic	420
Cushitic languages	14,655
Bilen	145
Oromo	1,025
Somali	13,385
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95
Semitic languages	140,605
Amharic	8,570
Arabic	97,690
Aramaic languages	13,525
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,020
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,960
Aramaic, n.o.s.	550
Harari	860
Hebrew	10,075
Maltese	2,745
Tigrigna	6,960
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	190
Austro-Asiatic languages	54,490
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,860
Vietnamese	51,540
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	100
Austronesian languages	163,430
Bikol	530
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,985
Cebuano	4,165
Fijian	20
Hiligaynon	3,020
Ilocano	12,065
Indonesian	4,035
Kankanaey	290
Kinaray-a	215
Malagasy languages	25
Merina	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20
Malay	340
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,580
Pangasinan	635
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	132,925
Waray-Waray	430
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,165
Creole languages	5,095
Haitian Creole	990
Jamaican English Creole	285
Krio	175
Morisyen	1,550
Sango	5
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325
Creole languages, n.i.e.	760
Dravidian languages	148,940
Kannada	3,200
Malayalam	18,380
Tamil	111,735
Telugu	15,155
Tulu	320
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	155
Georgian	1,525
Hmong-Mien languages	10
Indo-European languages	1,402,550
Albanian	14,255
Armenian	12,085
Balto-Slavic languages	233,130
Baltic languages	4,195
Latvian	1,675
Lithuanian	2,515
Slavic languages	228,930
Belarusian	280
Bulgarian	6,205
Czech	3,980
Macedonian	10,130
Polish	58,140
Russian	80,580
Rusyn	45
Serbo-Croatian	38,015
Bosnian	3,000
Croatian	14,355
Serbian	20,065
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	595
Slovak	4,475
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,020
Ukrainian	23,950
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	100
Celtic languages	300
Irish	120
Scottish Gaelic	55
Welsh	90
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30
Germanic languages	35,015
Frisian	100
High German languages	24,475
German	21,645
Pennsylvania German	20
Swiss German	550
Yiddish	2,255
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,880
Afrikaans	1,165
Dutch	6,440
Low German, n.o.s.	5
Low Saxon	10
Plautdietsch	55
Vlaams (Flemish)	205
Scandinavian languages	2,510
Danish	1,150
Icelandic	70
Norwegian	305
Swedish	985
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55
Greek	34,980
Indo-Iranian languages	686,750
Indo-Aryan languages	555,965
Assamese	235
Bengali	43,005
Gujarati	70,490
Hindi	65,805
Kacchi	3,285
Kashmiri	350
Konkani	2,105
Marathi	7,415
Nepali	6,490
Oriya languages	1,080
Odia	670
Oriya, n.o.s.	405
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210,165
Rohingya	15
Sindhi	2,075
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,970
Urdu	134,195
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,290
Iranian languages	130,675
Baluchi	260
Kurdish	3,565
Parsi	265
Pashto	8,415
Persian languages	117,775
Dari	24,210
Iranian Persian	81,105
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	12,460
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	395
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110
Italic (Romance) languages	385,900
Catalan	160
Italian	125,895
Portuguese	102,255
Romanian	22,265
Spanish	134,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	360
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	140
Japanese	9,315
Korean	56,855
Mongolian	415
Niger-Congo languages	24,620
Akan (Twi)	7,655
Bamanankan	65
Edo	910
Éwé	280
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	260
Ga	380
Ganda	780
Gikuyu	265
Igbo	1,530
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445
Lingala	295
Luba-Kasai	30
Mòoré	20
Mwani	215
Ndebele	150
Rundi (Kirundi)	320
Shona	640
Soninke	165
Sotho-Tswana languages	135
Swahili	3,180
Wojenaka	20
Wolof	195
Yoruba	4,725
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	565
Dinka	40
Nuer	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	390
African, n.o.s.	100
Sign languages	990
American Sign Language	845
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	145
Sino-Tibetan languages	529,160
Chinese languages	522,010
Hakka	5,780
Mandarin	259,555
Min Dong	895
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	8,615
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,540
Yue (Cantonese)	239,720
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,685
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	215
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,000
Burmese	920
Kuki-Chin languages	20
Karenic languages	225
S'gaw Karen	190
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40
Tibetan	5,560
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	155
Tai-Kadai languages	3,720
Lao	1,910
Thai	1,685
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	120
Turkic languages	22,225
Azerbaijani	2,300
Kazakh	180
Turkish	18,330
Uyghur	440
Uzbek	625
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350
Uralic languages	20,170
Estonian	2,070
Finnish	2,000
Hungarian	16,100
Other languages, n.i.e.	260
Multiple responses	417,150
English and French	23,655
English and non-official language(s)	345,775
French and non-official language(s)	6,730
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,120
Multiple non-official languages	31,865
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	6,161,570
English	3,258,635
French	16,000
Non-official language	822,050
Indigenous³⁹	55
Non-Indigenous	821,995
English and French	60,840
English and non-official language(s)	1,861,335
French and non-official language(s)	3,650
English, French and non-official language(s)	60,965
Multiple non-official languages	78,105
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	6,161,570
Single responses	5,680,760
Official languages	4,062,965
English	4,035,545
French	27,420
Non-official languages	1,617,795
Indigenous languages³⁹	100
Algonquian languages	80
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	25
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	45
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,617,695
Afro-Asiatic languages	87,150
Berber languages	85
Kabyle	30
Tamazight	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30
Chadic languages	220
Hausa	210
Mina	10
Coptic	205
Cushitic languages	8,245
Bilen	105
Oromo	560
Somali	7,540
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35
Semitic languages	78,390
Amharic	4,350
Arabic	54,360
Aramaic languages	10,035
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	7,540
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,105
Aramaic, n.o.s.	385
Harari	470
Hebrew	4,340
Maltese	610
Tigrigna	4,150
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,960
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,650
Vietnamese	35,275
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40
Austronesian languages	93,445
Bikol	200
Bisaya, n.o.s.	990
Cebuano	2,320
Fijian	20
Hiligaynon	1,655
Ilocano	6,680
Indonesian	1,550
Kankanaey	150
Kinaray-a	95
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	800
Pangasinan	220
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	77,925
Waray-Waray	175
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	575
Creole languages	2,915
Haitian Creole	530
Jamaican English Creole	150
Krio	75
Morisyen	1,175
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	665
Creole languages, n.i.e.	315
Dravidian languages	105,575
Kannada	1,640
Malayalam	11,085
Tamil	83,220
Telugu	9,445
Tulu	110
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60
Georgian	1,015
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	811,075
Albanian	6,735
Armenian	7,335
Balto-Slavic languages	122,035
Baltic languages	1,140
Latvian	360
Lithuanian	785
Slavic languages	120,895
Belarusian	75
Bulgarian	3,100
Czech	1,190
Macedonian	4,325
Polish	27,560
Russian	52,030
Rusyn	15
Serbo-Croatian	18,030
Bosnian	1,400
Croatian	5,390
Serbian	11,005
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	230
Slovak	2,030
Slovene (Slovenian)	600
Ukrainian	11,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30
Celtic languages	50
Irish	25
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	3,985
Frisian	5
High German languages	2,600
German	2,295
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	70
Yiddish	230
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,055
Afrikaans	440
Dutch	590
Low German, n.o.s.	5
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20
Scandinavian languages	315
Danish	85
Icelandic	10
Norwegian	35
Swedish	180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	14,680
Indo-Iranian languages	472,310
Indo-Aryan languages	382,790
Assamese	105
Bengali	27,640
Gujarati	46,805
Hindi	40,070
Kacchi	1,435
Kashmiri	110
Konkani	530
Marathi	4,055
Nepali	4,380
Oriya languages	560
Odia	360
Oriya, n.o.s.	195
Punjabi (Panjabi)	161,965
Rohingya	10
Sindhi	1,070
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	4,215
Urdu	89,120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	735
Iranian languages	89,475
Baluchi	165
Kurdish	2,065
Parsi	145
Pashto	5,775
Persian languages	81,070
Dari	15,110
Iranian Persian	57,085
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	8,870
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	255
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40
Italic (Romance) languages	183,875
Catalan	65
Italian	42,260
Portuguese	52,740
Romanian	10,390
Spanish	78,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	145
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	70
Japanese	4,395
Korean	40,600
Mongolian	245
Niger-Congo languages	9,580
Akan (Twi)	3,775
Bamanankan	40
Edo	215
Éwé	70
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	120
Ga	140
Ganda	250
Gikuyu	45
Igbo	450
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	170
Lingala	135
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	10
Mwani	65
Ndebele	55
Rundi (Kirundi)	140
Shona	165
Soninke	90
Sotho-Tswana languages	40
Swahili	1,255
Wojenaka	5
Wolof	65
Yoruba	1,785
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495
Nilo-Saharan languages	220
Dinka	10
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	150
African, n.o.s.	30
Sign languages	1,970
American Sign Language	1,525
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	445
Sino-Tibetan languages	399,595
Chinese languages	394,300
Hakka	2,435
Mandarin	204,415
Min Dong	565
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,225
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,335
Yue (Cantonese)	177,950
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,285
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85
Tibeto-Burman languages	5,230
Burmese	545
Kuki-Chin languages	5
Karenic languages	150
S'gaw Karen	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibetan	4,400
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	125
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60
Tai-Kadai languages	1,685
Lao	955
Thai	665
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60
Turkic languages	13,825
Azerbaijani	1,205
Kazakh	15
Turkish	11,820
Uyghur	300
Uzbek	340
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145
Uralic languages	7,335
Estonian	390
Finnish	325
Hungarian	6,625
Other languages, n.i.e.	115
Multiple responses	480,810
English and French	13,920
English and non-official language(s)	449,840
French and non-official language(s)	1,960
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,885
Multiple non-official languages	9,200
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	6,161,570
None	4,485,430
English	622,355
French	53,455
Non-official language	766,180
Indigenous³⁹	400
Non-Indigenous	765,780
English and French	8,425
English and non-official language(s)	104,015
French and non-official language(s)	28,590
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,785
Multiple non-official languages	91,330
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	6,142,880
Official languages	5,879,555
English	5,875,115
French	459,590
Non-official languages	3,431,630
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,160
Algonquian languages	915
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	230
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	225
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10
Cree, n.o.s.	105
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	90
Mi'kmaq	90
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	630
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	25
Ojibway languages	605
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	125
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	475
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	45
Northern Athabaskan languages	30
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	20
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20
Inuinnaqtun	20
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	55
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	65
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	60
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	10
Salish languages	15
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	15
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20
Non-Indigenous languages	3,430,670
Afro-Asiatic languages	258,215
Berber languages	460
Kabyle	220
Tamazight	170
Berber languages, n.i.e.	105
Chadic languages	1,240
Hausa	1,165
Mina	75
Coptic	1,600
Cushitic languages	23,245
Bilen	185
Oromo	2,035
Somali	21,005
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	245
Semitic languages	236,355
Amharic	15,170
Arabic	163,405
Aramaic languages	19,075
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	13,885
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,470
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,030
Harari	1,405
Hebrew	40,970
Maltese	4,070
Tigrigna	10,380
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	365
Austro-Asiatic languages	76,215
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,090
Vietnamese	72,440
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	175
Austronesian languages	228,445
Bikol	1,115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,515
Cebuano	7,525
Fijian	160
Hiligaynon	5,025
Ilocano	21,405
Indonesian	5,655
Kankanaey	450
Kinaray-a	245
Malagasy languages	85
Merina	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70
Malay	3,200
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	2,765
Pangasinan	1,260
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	214,030
Waray-Waray	1,385
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,680
Creole languages	18,175
Haitian Creole	2,940
Jamaican English Creole	2,305
Krio	360
Morisyen	4,425
Sango	25
Creole, n.o.s.	6,520
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,470
Dravidian languages	219,670
Kannada	9,805
Malayalam	28,875
Tamil	167,010
Telugu	28,190
Tulu	1,010
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	505
Georgian	1,940
Hmong-Mien languages	35
Indo-European languages	1,942,405
Albanian	17,940
Armenian	15,920
Balto-Slavic languages	289,895
Baltic languages	5,670
Latvian	2,425
Lithuanian	3,255
Slavic languages	285,745
Belarusian	1,050
Bulgarian	8,135
Czech	6,095
Macedonian	15,765
Polish	75,170
Russian	117,225
Rusyn	75
Serbo-Croatian	51,280
Bosnian	6,620
Croatian	24,830
Serbian	28,915
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,025
Slovak	5,930
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,125
Ukrainian	39,185
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	180
Celtic languages	1,845
Irish	1,210
Scottish Gaelic	255
Welsh	270
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	120
Germanic languages	74,495
Frisian	180
High German languages	56,180
German	50,450
Pennsylvania German	15
Swiss German	945
Yiddish	5,425
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	14,905
Afrikaans	4,730
Dutch	9,925
Low German, n.o.s.	20
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	115
Vlaams (Flemish)	320
Scandinavian languages	5,440
Danish	2,060
Icelandic	160
Norwegian	950
Swedish	2,605
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	180
Greek	55,410
Indo-Iranian languages	966,655
Indo-Aryan languages	816,655
Assamese	510
Bengali	60,425
Gujarati	107,595
Hindi	333,470
Kacchi	6,860
Kashmiri	875
Konkani	5,710
Marathi	19,595
Nepali	9,835
Oriya languages	2,135
Odia	1,190
Oriya, n.o.s.	955
Punjabi (Panjabi)	318,135
Rohingya	40
Sindhi	4,580
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,330
Urdu	230,085
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	4,545
Iranian languages	160,210
Baluchi	445
Kurdish	6,060
Parsi	420
Pashto	14,270
Persian languages	145,385
Dari	33,370
Iranian Persian	100,745
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	13,225
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	715
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	980
Italic (Romance) languages	569,890
Catalan	405
Italian	204,090
Portuguese	138,030
Romanian	27,390
Spanish	231,870
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,145
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	595
Japanese	20,680
Korean	67,850
Mongolian	535
Niger-Congo languages	61,480
Akan (Twi)	13,900
Bamanankan	335
Edo	2,500
Éwé	735
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	430
Ga	1,275
Ganda	1,760
Gikuyu	620
Igbo	4,485
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	930
Lingala	2,545
Luba-Kasai	305
Mòoré	80
Mwani	335
Ndebele	400
Rundi (Kirundi)	710
Shona	1,370
Soninke	245
Sotho-Tswana languages	400
Swahili	12,860
Wojenaka	95
Wolof	640
Yoruba	15,100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,405
Nilo-Saharan languages	870
Dinka	55
Nuer	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	775
African, n.o.s.	440
Sign languages	5,975
American Sign Language	5,345
Quebec Sign Language	45
Sign languages, n.i.e.	830
Sino-Tibetan languages	623,635
Chinese languages	614,615
Hakka	8,125
Mandarin	377,960
Min Dong	1,260
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,625
Yue (Cantonese)	312,945
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,795
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	345
Tibeto-Burman languages	9,250
Burmese	1,345
Kuki-Chin languages	60
Karenic languages	260
S'gaw Karen	185
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80
Tibetan	7,125
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	645
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	325
Tai-Kadai languages	5,975
Lao	3,230
Thai	3,015
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	285
Turkic languages	36,030
Azerbaijani	4,650
Kazakh	450
Turkish	30,930
Uyghur	420
Uzbek	1,180
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	715
Uralic languages	24,285
Estonian	2,385
Finnish	2,555
Hungarian	19,435
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	44,635
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	41,680
First Nations (North American Indian)	25,770
Métis	15,325
Inuk (Inuit)	590
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,255
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,700
Non-Indigenous identity	6,098,250
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	6,142,880
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,145
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,128,740
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	2,262,470
Owner	1,472,905
Renter	789,545
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	20
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	2,262,470
Condominium	539,720
Not condominium	1,722,750
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	2,262,470
No bedrooms	33,240
1 bedroom	420,600
2 bedrooms	489,795
3 bedrooms	631,985
4 or more bedrooms	686,850
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	2,262,470
1 to 4 rooms	860,525
5 rooms	308,640
6 rooms	282,885
7 rooms	244,745
8 or more rooms	565,675
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	2,262,470
One person or fewer per room	2,148,260
More than one person per room	114,215
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	2,262,470
Suitable	2,030,505
Not suitable	231,970
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	2,262,470
1960 or before	411,845
1961 to 1980	550,360
1981 to 1990	298,955
1991 to 2000	280,050
2001 to 2005	193,730
2006 to 2010	176,570
2011 to 2015	172,580
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	178,380
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	2,262,470
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	2,147,630
Major repairs needed	114,845
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	2,262,470
One-maintainer household	1,085,200
Two-maintainer household	1,002,420
Three-or-more-maintainer household	174,855
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	2,262,470
15 to 24 years	46,980
25 to 34 years	311,120
35 to 44 years	417,775
45 to 54 years	459,580
55 to 64 years	463,845
65 to 74 years	317,690
75 to 84 years	172,565
85 years and over	72,910
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	2,247,405
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,561,965
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	685,435
30% to less than 100%	597,335
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	2,262,470
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	922,710
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	593,080
Not suitable only	160,520
Major repairs needed only	63,230
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	54,260
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	34,420
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,520
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	3,675
Acceptable housing	1,339,765
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	2,159,300
In core need	348,510
Not in core need	1,810,790
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,471,800
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,108
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,112,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	789,420
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.3
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.5
% in core housing need⁶³	28.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,540
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,618
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	20
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	168
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	240
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	6,142,885
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,435
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,060
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	8,575
Métis single ancestry	2,345
Inuit single ancestry	145
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	375
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	25
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	49,325
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	48,015
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35,515
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,020
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	470
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,310
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,145
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	6,082,120
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	6,142,880
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	5,203,840
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,068,635
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,135,200
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	939,045
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	6,142,880
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,030,045
Immigrants⁸¹	2,862,850
Before 1980	473,315
1980 to 1990	348,930
1991 to 2000	634,830
2001 to 2010	689,395
2011 to 2021⁸²	716,380
2011 to 2015	324,700
2016 to 2021	391,680
Non-permanent residents⁸³	249,980
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	2,862,850
Under 5 years	221,730
5 to 14 years	465,230
15 to 24 years	563,430
25 to 44 years	1,307,915
45 years and over	304,550
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	2,862,850
Americas	410,150
Brazil	15,425
Colombia	17,365
El Salvador	10,550
Guyana	64,885
Haiti	2,485
Jamaica	95,900
Mexico	14,450
Peru	8,520
Trinidad and Tobago	40,855
United States of America	48,265
Other places of birth in Americas	91,465
Europe	553,105
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,435
Croatia	10,895
France	8,240
Germany	18,405
Greece	23,525
Hungary	9,825
Italy	87,875
Netherlands	6,075
Poland	50,405
Portugal	63,460
Romania	22,975
Russian Federation	33,760
Serbia⁸⁶	11,885
Ukraine	33,160
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85,895
Other places of birth in Europe	77,295
Africa	173,195
Algeria	1,620
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,440
Egypt	26,810
Eritrea	7,080
Ethiopia	12,695
Morocco	4,320
Nigeria	23,935
Somalia	12,400
South Africa, Republic of	13,165
Other places of birth in Africa	67,735
Asia	1,718,685
Afghanistan	27,415
Iran⁸⁸	87,105
Iraq	34,575
Lebanon	14,355
Syria⁸⁹	19,170
Turkey	14,405
China⁹⁰	296,625
Hong Kong⁹¹	99,515
Korea, South⁹²	48,770
Taiwan	14,935
Philippines	212,655
Viet Nam	62,105
Bangladesh	36,745
India	394,620
Pakistan	128,305
Sri Lanka	99,280
Other places of birth in Asia	128,095
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	7,710
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	391,680
Americas	41,605
Brazil	5,795
Colombia	2,115
Haiti	345
Jamaica	6,815
Mexico	3,255
United States of America	9,805
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,380
Other places of birth in Americas	11,090
Europe	31,540
France	2,250
Germany	945
Ireland⁹⁶	1,675
Italy	1,340
Russian Federation	3,670
Ukraine	4,345
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,335
Other places of birth in Europe	12,975
Africa	31,755
Algeria	365
Burundi	170
Cameroon	705
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	470
Côte d'Ivoire	435
Egypt	4,130
Eritrea	2,895
Ethiopia	2,120
Morocco	750
Nigeria	9,475
Somalia	1,775
South Africa, Republic of	1,605
Sudan⁹⁷	820
Tunisia	220
Other places of birth in Africa	5,835
Asia	285,510
Afghanistan	5,130
Bangladesh	6,035
China⁹⁰	44,765
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,335
India	104,245
Iran⁸⁸	11,055
Iraq	6,430
Israel	1,530
Japan	1,105
Jordan	1,095
Korea, South⁹²	4,745
Lebanon	1,835
Nepal	1,965
Pakistan	18,110
Philippines	34,345
Saudi Arabia	3,745
Sri Lanka	4,930
Syria⁸⁹	11,150
Turkey	4,540
United Arab Emirates	3,430
Viet Nam	4,020
Other places of birth in Asia	8,960
Oceania and other⁹³	1,270
Australia	1,000
Other places of birth⁹⁸	265
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	6,142,880
First generation¹⁰⁰	3,172,330
Second generation¹⁰¹	1,721,285
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,249,270
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	2,389,535
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,240,520
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	522,390
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	718,125
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	753,565
Refugees¹⁰⁸	357,525
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	37,930
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	2,389,535
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	186,845
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	201,895
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	53,185
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	127,505
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	11,635
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	1,808,475
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	6,142,880
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	3,501,275
South Asian	1,182,485
Chinese	679,725
Black	488,155
Filipino	281,150
Arab	129,310
Latin American	156,455
Southeast Asian	102,325
West Asian	160,330
Korean	74,210
Japanese	20,210
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	95,350
Multiple visible minorities	131,560
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	2,641,605
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	6,142,880
Canadian	414,980
English	538,095
Irish	461,660
Scottish	439,565
French, n.o.s.¹²²	167,140
German	216,880
Chinese	668,700
Italian	444,755
Indian (India)	578,090
Ukrainian	122,925
Dutch	79,940
Polish	181,380
Québécois	4,925
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	138,210
Filipino	272,475
French Canadian	32,470
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	58,615
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	18,310
Métis	15,875
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	69,495
Russian	109,285
Norwegian	15,540
Welsh	47,075
Portuguese	180,820
American	41,250
Spanish	82,745
Swedish	16,400
Hungarian	47,575
Acadian	7,360
Pakistani	162,710
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	95,125
Jewish	119,435
Punjabi	95,825
Vietnamese	82,225
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	51,380
Greek	90,400
Jamaican	140,870
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	85,765
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,315
Korean	74,975
Romanian	39,635
Lebanese	25,315
Iranian	88,915
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	36,545
Danish	14,060
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	7,520
Sikh	63,980
Austrian	22,685
Belgian	8,935
Haitian	4,330
Hindu	84,055
Mexican	24,165
Mennonite	2,845
Swiss	12,170
Finnish	14,710
Sri Lankan	91,525
Croatian	34,470
Japanese	27,250
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	67,850
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	5,225
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	8,255
Muslim	42,535
Egyptian	35,265
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	30,495
Tamil	76,250
Icelandic	4,300
Colombian	20,975
Moroccan	7,520
Czech	13,610
Syrian	19,370
Guyanese	65,305
Afghan	43,075
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	41,330
Serbian	29,595
Ojibway	4,460
Newfoundlander	8,225
Hong Konger	37,570
Ontarian	12,245
Persian	36,450
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	41,110
Turkish	28,490
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	805
Bangladeshi	36,670
Algerian	2,055
Brazilian	21,755
Nigerian	22,065
Armenian	21,630
Slovak	12,490
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	18,075
Somali	24,760
Taiwanese	14,155
Iraqi	23,330
Salvadorean	12,075
African Caribbean	32,995
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	26,205
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	20,860
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	29,100
Algonquin	1,215
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	33,275
Lithuanian	14,080
South African	11,755
Australian	5,935
Palestinian	15,330
Chilean	9,365
Congolese	4,345
Nova Scotian	2,815
Ethiopian	13,515
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	14,210
Peruvian	10,695
Yoruba	11,980
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,225
Berber	965
Albanian	20,205
Maltese	17,145
Macedonian	24,105
Slovenian	11,880
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	4,290
New Brunswicker	1,380
Gujarati	19,345
Eritrean	9,380
African Canadian	12,435
Israeli	16,895
Mohawk	2,370
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	3,230
Bulgarian	9,875
Albertan	295
Ghanaian	15,600
Barbadian	13,070
African American	8,070
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	5,325
Tunisian	1,000
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	9,010
Cuban	8,495
Bosnian	7,120
Venezuelan	8,155
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	170
Latvian	7,845
Bengali	13,070
Cameroonian	1,825
Guatemalan	5,225
Indonesian	6,415
Laotian	4,810
Ilocano	8,605
Northern Irish	5,720
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	3,370
British Columbian	285
Ecuadorian	15,755
Franco Ontarian	1,445
Argentinian	8,140
Estonian	6,445
Kurdish	6,630
Fijian	1,665
Jatt	7,415
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,280
Coptic	11,375
Thai	3,695
Dominican	5,335
Nepali	6,870
Kabyle	100
Assyrian	10,195
Igbo	4,825
Byelorussian	6,080
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560
Abenaki	155
Moldovan	2,995
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	650
New Zealander	1,985
Sudanese	4,010
Breton	195
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,600
Malaysian	5,150
Plains Cree	120
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,780
Huron (Wendat)	350
Saskatchewanian	365
Buddhist	6,185
Gaspesian	180
Norman	515
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	6,635
Ivorian	970
Saulteaux	160
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	755
Burundian	605
Tigrinya	2,570
Nicaraguan	3,440
Mauritian	3,740
Kenyan	4,540
Oji-Cree	80
Vincentian	7,015
Jordanian	4,265
Manitoban	365
Cape Bretoner	640
Rwandan	880
Grenadian	8,065
Malayali	5,190
Chaldean	4,750
Sinhalese	5,935
Mayan	1,885
Honduran	1,740
Cherokee	540
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	400
Indo-Caribbean	7,010
Flemish	745
United Empire Loyalist	1,545
Senegalese	425
Azerbaijani	4,845
Sicilian	2,190
Pashtun	4,470
Malay	3,060
Goan	6,750
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,460
Tibetan	6,905
Zimbabwean	1,640
Burmese	2,165
Mongolian	2,120
Azorean	3,515
Atikamekw	15
Bamileke	450
Indo-Guyanese	6,320
Ugandan	3,135
Oromo	2,000
Tanzanian	3,620
Yemeni	2,925
Central African	415
Libyan	1,095
Basque	585
Uruguayan	3,450
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	2,875
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	2,345
Igorot	1,440
Fulani	615
Woodland Cree	30
Guinean	440
St. Lucian	3,815
Prince Edward Islander	690
Maliseet	60
Beninese	805
Telugu	3,810
Roma	1,935
Costa Rican	1,535
African Nova Scotian	1,035
Malagasy	210
Kashmiri	2,985
Singaporean	1,685
Karen	310
Edo	2,490
Tajik	2,895
Amhara	2,165
Paraguayan	345
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	6,142,880
Buddhist	120,865
Christian	2,851,285
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	496,470
Anabaptist	3,450
Anglican	144,135
Baptist	51,380
Catholic	1,537,815
Christian Orthodox	215,310
Jehovah's Witness	18,210
Latter Day Saints	4,090
Lutheran	22,175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	10,425
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	78,440
Presbyterian	57,535
Reformed	4,655
United Church	107,810
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	99,375
Hindu	457,825
Jewish	165,765
Muslim	626,010
Sikh	244,240
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,290
Other religions and spiritual traditions	38,745
No religion and secular perspectives	1,636,860
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	6,088,875
Non-movers	5,381,710
Movers	707,170
Non-migrants	440,050
Migrants	267,120
Internal migrants	186,250
Intraprovincial migrants	167,430
Interprovincial migrants	18,820
External migrants	80,875
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	5,853,875
Non-movers	3,737,705
Movers	2,116,170
Non-migrants	926,770
Migrants	1,189,400
Internal migrants	720,445
Intraprovincial migrants	639,890
Interprovincial migrants	80,555
External migrants	468,955
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	788,935
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	4,390,200
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,840
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	305,485
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,135,355
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	5,179,140
No certificate, diploma or degree	737,285
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,289,080
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,152,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,185,165
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	190,475
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	103,200
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	87,275
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	844,180
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	150,510
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,967,605
Bachelor's degree	1,273,260
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	126,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	50,290
Master's degree	459,630
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	57,465
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,440,845
No certificate, diploma or degree	275,330
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	694,735
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,470,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	871,155
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	126,870
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	67,995
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	58,875
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	636,610
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,675
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,599,625
Bachelor's degree	1,016,330
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	100,410
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	40,435
Master's degree	398,095
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	44,350
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	5,179,140
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,026,370
Education	148,055
13. Education	148,055
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	141,885
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,925
50. Visual and performing arts	128,960
Humanities	198,360
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	23,045
23. English language and literature/letters	51,345
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	66,250
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	4,435
38. Philosophy and religious studies	13,100
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,915
54. History	23,670
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	6,595
Social and behavioural sciences and law	446,370
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	6,305
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	55,530
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	58,955
22. Legal professions and studies	77,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	10,035
42. Psychology	62,275
45. Social sciences	175,885
Business, management and public administration	792,020
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,250
44. Public administration and social service professions	45,130
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	745,645
Physical and life sciences and technologies	159,565
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	68,345
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	40,665
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,885
40. Physical sciences	41,210
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,460
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	213,785
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	166,950
25. Library science	6,335
27. Mathematics and statistics	33,820
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	6,685
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	537,690
04. Architecture and related services	36,610
14. Engineering	252,000
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	99,880
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	80
46. Construction trades	60,745
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	60,120
48. Precision production	28,250
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	38,970
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	24,715
03. Natural resources and conservation	14,255
Health and related fields	360,625
30.37 Design for human health	25
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	30,640
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	316,465
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	835
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	12,660
Personal, protective and transportation services	114,645
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	67,245
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	385
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	520
43. Security and protective services	30,320
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,180
Other¹⁷⁹	805
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,440,840
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	970,070
Education	104,875
13. Education	104,875
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	112,995
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,700
50. Visual and performing arts	103,290
Humanities	149,090
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	17,270
23. English language and literature/letters	38,910
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	50,845
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	3,105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,065
39. Theology and religious vocations	6,795
54. History	17,610
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	4,490
Social and behavioural sciences and law	357,290
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,270
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,465
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	44,580
22. Legal professions and studies	64,080
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	7,995
42. Psychology	48,535
45. Social sciences	140,360
Business, management and public administration	643,730
30.16 Accounting and computer science	995
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,925
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	606,810
Physical and life sciences and technologies	117,165
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	51,470
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	29,725
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,010
40. Physical sciences	29,175
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,790
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	181,770
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	146,195
25. Library science	3,925
27. Mathematics and statistics	26,105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	5,550
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	406,860
04. Architecture and related services	28,530
14. Engineering	202,025
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	73,095
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	75
46. Construction trades	43,315
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	41,840
48. Precision production	17,975
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	30,135
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	18,395
03. Natural resources and conservation	11,740
Health and related fields	279,185
30.37 Design for human health	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,815
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	246,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	720
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	9,455
Personal, protective and transportation services	87,095
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	51,065
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250
43. Security and protective services	23,785
49. Transportation and materials moving	11,750
Other¹⁷⁹	590
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	3,440,840
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	970,070
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	2,470,775
Location of study inside Canada	1,618,315
Same as province or territory of residence	1,500,705
Different than province or territory of residence	117,605
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	852,465
Americas	132,405
United States of America	74,570
Mexico	7,860
Cuba	2,195
Haiti	225
Jamaica	6,685
Brazil	11,805
Colombia	6,555
Peru	2,060
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,880
Other locations of study in Americas	16,590
Europe	142,460
Belgium	960
France	7,360
Germany	3,570
Netherlands	1,730
Switzerland	1,380
Hungary	1,650
Moldova¹⁸³	1,500
Poland	10,070
Romania	9,340
Russian Federation	14,655
Ukraine	14,070
Ireland⁹⁶	4,555
United Kingdom⁸⁷	43,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,655
Italy	2,705
Serbia⁸⁶	3,600
Other locations of study in Europe	20,655
Africa	38,540
Nigeria	9,360
Algeria	595
Morocco	1,010
Tunisia	295
Egypt	11,595
South Africa, Republic of	3,950
Other locations of study in Africa	11,730
Asia	528,185
Iran⁸⁸	30,430
Iraq	7,285
Israel	5,555
Lebanon	3,525
Syria⁸⁹	3,940
Turkey	5,205
China⁹⁰	73,945
Taiwan	2,725
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,275
Japan	4,600
Korea, South⁹²	15,040
Philippines	85,225
Viet Nam	3,400
Bangladesh	13,395
Sri Lanka	9,365
India	189,825
Pakistan	42,175
Other locations of study in Asia	24,265
Oceania	10,870
Australia	9,385
New Zealand	1,345
Other locations of study in Oceania	140
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	5,179,140
In the labour force	3,347,860
Employed	2,903,480
Unemployed	444,380
Not in the labour force	1,831,275
Participation rate	64.6
Employment rate	56.1
Unemployment rate	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	5,179,140
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,924,775
Worked	3,254,370
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,773,960
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,480,415
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	3,347,860
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	3,232,775
Employee	2,694,625
Permanent position	2,263,635
Temporary position	430,990
Fixed term (1 year or more)	161,015
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	269,975
Self-employed¹⁹²	538,150
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	3,347,860
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085
All occupations¹⁹¹	3,232,775
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	51,080
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	698,140
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	366,300
3 Health occupations	216,350
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	359,415
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	129,735
6 Sales and service occupations	773,655
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	464,310
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,035
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	147,765
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	3,347,860
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	115,085
All industries¹⁹¹	3,232,775
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,395
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,525
22 Utilities	16,560
23 Construction	210,590
31-33 Manufacturing	264,770
41 Wholesale trade	129,125
44-45 Retail trade	342,815
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	201,140
51 Information and cultural industries	103,920
52 Finance and insurance	258,210
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	88,425
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	404,220
55 Management of companies and enterprises	18,790
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	152,275
61 Educational services	225,005
62 Health care and social assistance	333,110
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	58,065
72 Accommodation and food services	165,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	124,245
91 Public administration	120,785
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	3,539,900
English	3,202,555
French	6,445
Non-official language	57,760
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	57,760
English and French	53,655
English and non-official language(s)	209,305
French and non-official language(s)	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,245
Multiple non-official languages	4,815
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	3,539,900
Single responses	3,487,435
Official languages	3,382,120
English	3,368,920
French	13,200
Non-official languages	105,320
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	15
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	105,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	135
Bilen	0
Oromo	10
Somali	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	2,335
Amharic	45
Arabic	1,695
Aramaic languages	245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	295
Tigrigna	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,395
Khmer (Cambodian)	60
Vietnamese	2,335
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	1,215
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	30
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	35
Indonesian	25
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,095
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10
Creole languages	15
Haitian Creole	10
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	2,355
Kannada	0
Malayalam	75
Tamil	2,230
Telugu	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	70
Indo-European languages	34,160
Albanian	200
Armenian	175
Balto-Slavic languages	5,200
Baltic languages	60
Latvian	30
Lithuanian	30
Slavic languages	5,140
Bulgarian	45
Czech	20
Macedonian	65
Polish	1,320
Russian	2,590
Serbo-Croatian	305
Bosnian	25
Croatian	90
Serbian	185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	780
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	345
Frisian	0
High German languages	265
German	215
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	50
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	30
Danish	10
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	270
Indo-Iranian languages	16,925
Indo-Aryan languages	12,985
Bengali	395
Gujarati	695
Hindi	915
Kacchi	0
Marathi	15
Nepali	75
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,030
Sindhi	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20
Urdu	1,810
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15
Iranian languages	3,935
Kurdish	65
Pashto	70
Persian languages	3,795
Dari	290
Iranian Persian	3,140
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	360
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,050
Catalan	0
Italian	845
Portuguese	4,790
Romanian	155
Spanish	5,255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	885
Korean	4,610
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	90
Akan (Twi)	20
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	35
Wolof	0
Yoruba	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	280
American Sign Language	270
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,645
Chinese languages	55,540
Hakka	40
Mandarin	32,980
Min Dong	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	22,165
Chinese, n.o.s.	210
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	80
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20
Tai-Kadai languages	150
Lao	35
Thai	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	730
Azerbaijani	35
Turkish	680
Uyghur	15
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	230
Estonian	45
Finnish	35
Hungarian	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	52,465
English and French	9,260
English and non-official language(s)	41,825
French and non-official language(s)	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	415
Multiple non-official languages	940
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	3,539,900
None	3,311,595
English	43,660
French	38,610
Non-official language	113,615
Indigenous³⁹	55
Non-Indigenous	113,565
English and French	110
English and non-official language(s)	6,540
French and non-official language(s)	3,800
English, French and non-official language(s)	40
Multiple non-official languages	21,930
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,903,480
Worked at home	1,028,185
Worked outside Canada	14,330
No fixed workplace address	336,870
Usual place of work	1,524,100
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,524,095
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	882,790
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	172,630
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	465,555
Commute to a different province or territory	3,130
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,860,970
Car, truck or van	1,414,715
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,273,025
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	141,685
Public transit	290,400
Walked	86,480
Bicycle	18,710
Other method	50,665
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,860,970
Less than 15 minutes	339,370
15 to 29 minutes	601,820
30 to 44 minutes	501,325
45 to 59 minutes	201,730
60 minutes and over	216,720
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,860,970
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	121,850
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	282,210
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	403,315
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	408,565
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	331,865
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	313,170
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,200,475
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,830
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,096,640
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	890,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,485
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	53,085
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	29,400
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	807,530

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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