Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	HamiltonMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	785,184
Population, 2016¹	747,545
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0
Total private dwellings²	320,081
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	307,382
Population density per square kilometre	571.8
Land area in square kilometres	1,373.15
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	785,185
0 to 14 years	125,815
0 to 4 years	39,045
5 to 9 years	42,585
10 to 14 years	44,180
15 to 64 years	509,735
15 to 19 years	44,550
20 to 24 years	47,580
25 to 29 years	51,275
30 to 34 years	53,585
35 to 39 years	52,920
40 to 44 years	49,540
45 to 49 years	49,325
50 to 54 years	51,860
55 to 59 years	56,825
60 to 64 years	52,270
65 years and over	149,630
65 to 69 years	43,570
70 to 74 years	38,015
75 to 79 years	27,110
80 to 84 years	19,310
85 years and over	21,630
85 to 89 years	12,990
90 to 94 years	6,485
95 to 99 years	1,925
100 years and over	225
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0
15 to 64 years	64.9
65 years and over	19.1
85 years and over	2.8
Average age of the population	42.0
Median age of the population	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	307,380
Single-detached house	169,265
Semi-detached house	10,110
Row house	43,785
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,300
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,560
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	49,645
Other single-attached house	555
Movable dwelling⁴	160
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	307,380
1 person	83,310
2 persons	100,255
3 persons	48,930
4 persons	47,240
5 or more persons	27,640
Number of persons in private households	773,440
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	659,370
Married or living common-law	370,565
Married	311,810
Living common-law	58,760
Living common law - Never married	41,610
Living common law - Separated	3,270
Living common law - Divorced	12,405
Living common law - Widowed	1,470
Not married and not living common-law	288,800
Not married and not living common law - Never married	189,600
Not married and not living common law - Separated	19,340
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	40,755
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	39,110
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	220,170
2 persons	106,475
3 persons	48,650
4 persons	45,865
5 or more persons	19,175
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	220,165
Total couple families	180,875
Married couples	151,505
With children⁶	87,045
Without children	64,465
Common-law couples	29,370
With children⁶	10,850
Without children	18,515
Total one-parent families	39,295
in which the parent is a woman+	31,230
in which the parent is a man+	8,065
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	773,440
Total - Persons in census families	645,240
Married spouses or common-law partners	361,745
Parents in one-parent families	39,295
Children⁶	244,205
In a two-parent family	183,035
In a one-parent family	61,165
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	128,195
Living alone	83,310
Living with other relatives⁷	18,735
Living with non-relatives only	26,155
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	307,380
One-census-family households without additional persons	191,420
Couple-family households	160,885
With children⁶	87,295
Without children	73,590
One-parent-family households	30,530
Multigenerational households⁸	10,455
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,990
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	8,755
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	11,450
One-person households	83,310
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	647,770
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	622,735
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	623,075
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	555,060
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,300
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	563,545
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	55,890
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	175,490
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	647,770
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	622,730
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	623,075
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	554,900
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,295
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,840
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,150
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,610
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	175,120
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	647,770
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	216,750
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	171,185
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	647,770
Without total income	25,040
With total income	622,730
Under $10,000 (including loss)	50,305
$10,000 to $19,999	73,075
$20,000 to $29,999	93,210
$30,000 to $39,999	76,555
$40,000 to $49,999	66,850
$50,000 to $59,999	55,270
$60,000 to $69,999	44,940
$70,000 to $79,999	35,430
$80,000 to $89,999	27,630
$90,000 to $99,999	22,535
$100,000 and over	76,935
$100,000 to $149,999	50,885
$150,000 and over	26,045
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	647,770
Without after-tax income	24,695
With after-tax income	623,075
Under $10,000 (including loss)	52,850
$10,000 to $19,999	76,360
$20,000 to $29,999	104,845
$30,000 to $39,999	90,470
$40,000 to $49,999	77,745
$50,000 to $59,999	61,165
$60,000 to $69,999	45,260
$70,000 to $79,999	32,990
$80,000 to $89,999	26,855
$90,000 to $99,999	15,580
$100,000 and over	38,970
$100,000 to $124,999	19,205
$125,000 and over	19,760
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	647,770
Without employment income	197,475
With employment income	450,300
Under $5,000 (including loss)	66,505
$5,000 to $9,999	36,260
$10,000 to $19,999	49,895
$20,000 to $29,999	37,700
$30,000 to $39,999	36,310
$40,000 to $49,999	36,525
$50,000 to $59,999	34,390
$60,000 to $69,999	29,670
$70,000 to $79,999	24,075
$80,000 to $89,999	20,555
$90,000 to $99,999	18,760
$100,000 and over	59,650
$100,000 to $124,999	28,205
$125,000 and over	31,440
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	647,770
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	611,325
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	611,510
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	549,855
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	452,345
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	531,495
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,380
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	38,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	647,770
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	611,500
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	611,685
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	549,870
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,900
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	452,325
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,750
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	532,100
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	38,305
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,370
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	647,770
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	215,040
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	161,475
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	88.0
Employment income (%)	72.2
Government transfers (%)	11.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	307,380
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	83,310
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	224,075
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	307,380
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,800
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	83,290
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,950
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	224,095
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	139,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,100
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	307,380
Under $5,000	3,065
$5,000 to $9,999	1,385
$10,000 to $14,999	3,140
$15,000 to $19,999	5,650
$20,000 to $24,999	9,905
$25,000 to $29,999	9,735
$30,000 to $34,999	9,030
$35,000 to $39,999	9,820
$40,000 to $44,999	10,545
$45,000 to $49,999	10,275
$50,000 to $59,999	20,845
$60,000 to $69,999	20,215
$70,000 to $79,999	19,395
$80,000 to $89,999	18,175
$90,000 to $99,999	17,140
$100,000 and over	139,070
$100,000 to $124,999	36,905
$125,000 to $149,999	28,120
$150,000 to $199,999	36,155
$200,000 and over	37,900
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	307,380
Under $5,000	3,425
$5,000 to $9,999	1,445
$10,000 to $14,999	3,250
$15,000 to $19,999	5,915
$20,000 to $24,999	10,555
$25,000 to $29,999	11,020
$30,000 to $34,999	10,610
$35,000 to $39,999	11,505
$40,000 to $44,999	12,290
$45,000 to $49,999	12,210
$50,000 to $59,999	24,550
$60,000 to $69,999	24,005
$70,000 to $79,999	22,395
$80,000 to $89,999	21,410
$90,000 to $99,999	19,000
$100,000 and over	113,805
$100,000 to $124,999	38,690
$125,000 to $149,999	27,035
$150,000 and over	48,085
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	216,305
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	75,135
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	98,525
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	35,940
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	109,465
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	216,115
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	136,600
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,500
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	74,800
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	98,640
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	35,765
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,800
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,700
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	109,405
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	773,440
0 to 17 years	152,290
0 to 5 years	47,400
18 to 64 years	480,030
65 years and over	141,115
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	72,610
0 to 17 years	16,800
0 to 5 years	5,545
18 to 64 years	40,770
65 years and over	15,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	11.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5
65 years and over (%)	10.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	773,440
0 to 17 years	152,295
0 to 5 years	47,395
18 to 64 years	480,030
65 years and over	141,120
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	41,780
0 to 17 years	7,860
0 to 5 years	2,615
18 to 64 years	29,670
65 years and over	4,255
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2
65 years and over (%)	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	773,440
In bottom half of the distribution	341,060
In bottom decile	64,815
In second decile	66,775
In third decile	67,720
In fourth decile	70,120
In fifth decile	71,640
In top half of the distribution	432,375
In sixth decile	76,820
In seventh decile	80,780
In eighth decile	86,630
In ninth decile	92,975
In top decile	95,170
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	773,440
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.342
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.452
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.298
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	777,060
English only	714,105
French only	500
English and French	50,125
Neither English nor French	12,325
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	777,060
English	752,740
French	9,260
English and French	3,110
Neither English nor French	11,950
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	777,060
Single responses	748,190
Official languages	575,970
English	566,960
French	9,010
Non-official languages	172,220
Indigenous languages³⁹	55
Algonquian languages	35
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	20
Cayuga	5
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	172,165
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,100
Berber languages	40
Kabyle	25
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	35
Hausa	35
Mina	0
Coptic	25
Cushitic languages	1,310
Bilen	0
Oromo	60
Somali	1,255
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	19,690
Amharic	260
Arabic	15,705
Aramaic languages	3,120
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,610
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	420
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85
Harari	10
Hebrew	205
Maltese	155
Tigrigna	230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,820
Khmer (Cambodian)	825
Vietnamese	3,985
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	7,810
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	130
Cebuano	240
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	90
Ilocano	465
Indonesian	150
Kankanaey	15
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,440
Waray-Waray	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65
Creole languages	370
Haitian Creole	155
Jamaican English Creole	25
Krio	15
Morisyen	30
Sango	10
Creole, n.o.s.	100
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45
Dravidian languages	2,950
Kannada	130
Malayalam	1,345
Tamil	975
Telugu	480
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	112,950
Albanian	1,540
Armenian	400
Balto-Slavic languages	30,685
Baltic languages	785
Latvian	290
Lithuanian	490
Slavic languages	29,905
Belarusian	15
Bulgarian	290
Czech	995
Macedonian	575
Polish	9,315
Russian	2,715
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	12,740
Bosnian	1,130
Croatian	5,140
Serbian	6,320
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	145
Slovak	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	595
Ukrainian	2,045
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30
Celtic languages	60
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	20
Welsh	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	8,505
Frisian	90
High German languages	4,295
German	4,185
Pennsylvania German	5
Swiss German	75
Yiddish	30
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,695
Afrikaans	320
Dutch	3,270
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	70
Scandinavian languages	410
Danish	230
Icelandic	10
Norwegian	55
Swedish	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15
Greek	1,825
Indo-Iranian languages	30,235
Indo-Aryan languages	24,240
Assamese	10
Bengali	1,615
Gujarati	3,580
Hindi	2,840
Kacchi	65
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	90
Marathi	260
Nepali	365
Oriya languages	20
Odia	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,245
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	115
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	460
Urdu	6,485
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70
Iranian languages	5,990
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,275
Parsi	10
Pashto	430
Persian languages	4,265
Dari	1,595
Iranian Persian	2,245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	430
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	39,705
Catalan	20
Italian	14,645
Portuguese	9,265
Romanian	2,275
Spanish	13,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	90
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	400
Korean	2,600
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	2,125
Akan (Twi)	305
Bamanankan	0
Edo	40
Éwé	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25
Ga	20
Ganda	50
Gikuyu	45
Igbo	125
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130
Lingala	45
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	80
Shona	215
Soninke	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	30
Swahili	465
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	260
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195
Nilo-Saharan languages	155
Dinka	10
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	150
American Sign Language	135
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,660
Chinese languages	11,225
Hakka	50
Mandarin	7,370
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195
Wu (Shanghainese)	60
Yue (Cantonese)	3,355
Chinese, n.o.s.	165
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	435
Burmese	105
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	295
S'gaw Karen	230
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60
Tibetan	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tai-Kadai languages	600
Lao	310
Thai	280
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10
Turkic languages	1,450
Azerbaijani	85
Kazakh	10
Turkish	1,270
Uyghur	30
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	2,965
Estonian	230
Finnish	160
Hungarian	2,570
Other languages, n.i.e.	30
Multiple responses	28,865
English and French	3,045
English and non-official language(s)	22,610
French and non-official language(s)	565
English, French and non-official language(s)	535
Multiple non-official languages	2,110
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	777,060
English	595,925
French	1,955
Non-official language	43,560
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	43,545
English and French	6,970
English and non-official language(s)	121,185
French and non-official language(s)	325
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,885
Multiple non-official languages	3,255
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	777,060
Single responses	748,435
Official languages	660,715
English	657,740
French	2,975
Non-official languages	87,720
Indigenous languages³⁹	25
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	10
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	87,690
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,730
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	20
Hausa	20
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	915
Bilen	0
Oromo	30
Somali	885
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	12,775
Amharic	100
Arabic	9,995
Aramaic languages	2,430
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,075
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	300
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55
Harari	0
Hebrew	90
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	140
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,105
Khmer (Cambodian)	470
Vietnamese	2,635
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	4,015
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55
Cebuano	130
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	35
Ilocano	255
Indonesian	60
Kankanaey	10
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70
Pangasinan	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,345
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	215
Haitian Creole	80
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	10
Morisyen	25
Sango	15
Creole, n.o.s.	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25
Dravidian languages	1,800
Kannada	55
Malayalam	850
Tamil	590
Telugu	305
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	51,730
Albanian	795
Armenian	165
Balto-Slavic languages	12,930
Baltic languages	155
Latvian	50
Lithuanian	105
Slavic languages	12,775
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	120
Czech	420
Macedonian	225
Polish	3,670
Russian	1,605
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,910
Bosnian	600
Croatian	1,895
Serbian	3,365
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	165
Slovene (Slovenian)	125
Ukrainian	520
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	20
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	695
Frisian	0
High German languages	365
German	360
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	5
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295
Afrikaans	150
Dutch	140
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5
Scandinavian languages	30
Danish	15
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	665
Indo-Iranian languages	19,525
Indo-Aryan languages	15,835
Assamese	0
Bengali	980
Gujarati	2,495
Hindi	1,605
Kacchi	35
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	15
Marathi	130
Nepali	255
Oriya languages	10
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,795
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	70
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	235
Urdu	4,175
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40
Iranian languages	3,690
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	745
Parsi	0
Pashto	285
Persian languages	2,650
Dari	960
Iranian Persian	1,395
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	295
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,930
Catalan	10
Italian	4,045
Portuguese	4,030
Romanian	1,040
Spanish	7,790
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	155
Korean	1,775
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	735
Akan (Twi)	120
Bamanankan	0
Edo	5
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15
Ga	0
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	10
Igbo	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	30
Shona	75
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	220
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	75
Dinka	5
Nuer	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	320
American Sign Language	245
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,905
Chinese languages	7,600
Hakka	5
Mandarin	5,375
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	40
Yue (Cantonese)	1,970
Chinese, n.o.s.	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	300
Burmese	65
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	210
S'gaw Karen	160
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	365
Lao	175
Thai	185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	865
Azerbaijani	35
Kazakh	0
Turkish	805
Uyghur	15
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	880
Estonian	20
Finnish	30
Hungarian	835
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	28,625
English and French	1,260
English and non-official language(s)	26,365
French and non-official language(s)	145
English, French and non-official language(s)	360
Multiple non-official languages	495
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	777,055
None	665,505
English	36,750
French	5,880
Non-official language	56,165
Indigenous³⁹	80
Non-Indigenous	56,090
English and French	515
English and non-official language(s)	4,875
French and non-official language(s)	1,900
English, French and non-official language(s)	95
Multiple non-official languages	5,360
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	773,440
Official languages	761,265
English	760,760
French	50,245
Non-official languages	230,945
Indigenous languages³⁹	260
Algonquian languages	85
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	70
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	130
Cayuga	45
Mohawk	95
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20
Non-Indigenous languages	230,725
Afro-Asiatic languages	29,645
Berber languages	90
Kabyle	70
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	145
Hausa	145
Mina	0
Coptic	70
Cushitic languages	1,995
Bilen	0
Oromo	165
Somali	1,880
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	27,640
Amharic	430
Arabic	23,980
Aramaic languages	4,125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,385
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	590
Aramaic, n.o.s.	205
Harari	20
Hebrew	795
Maltese	240
Tigrigna	275
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,160
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,030
Vietnamese	5,180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	11,095
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125
Cebuano	505
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	160
Ilocano	865
Indonesian	175
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	130
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	190
Pangasinan	95
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,450
Waray-Waray	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	365
Creole languages	1,340
Haitian Creole	370
Jamaican English Creole	205
Krio	40
Morisyen	75
Sango	75
Creole, n.o.s.	405
Creole languages, n.i.e.	250
Dravidian languages	4,465
Kannada	390
Malayalam	1,685
Tamil	1,965
Telugu	915
Tulu	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	153,755
Albanian	2,020
Armenian	535
Balto-Slavic languages	38,850
Baltic languages	900
Latvian	330
Lithuanian	565
Slavic languages	38,040
Belarusian	70
Bulgarian	405
Czech	1,390
Macedonian	905
Polish	11,995
Russian	4,630
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	16,510
Bosnian	2,010
Croatian	8,035
Serbian	8,565
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	180
Slovak	805
Slovene (Slovenian)	815
Ukrainian	3,245
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	50
Celtic languages	255
Irish	135
Scottish Gaelic	25
Welsh	55
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35
Germanic languages	13,715
Frisian	205
High German languages	8,210
German	8,120
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	110
Yiddish	40
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,055
Afrikaans	790
Dutch	4,125
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	40
Vlaams (Flemish)	130
Scandinavian languages	725
Danish	330
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	140
Swedish	310
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	3,090
Indo-Iranian languages	42,075
Indo-Aryan languages	35,260
Assamese	45
Bengali	2,345
Gujarati	4,815
Hindi	13,775
Kacchi	195
Kashmiri	35
Konkani	130
Marathi	655
Nepali	480
Oriya languages	50
Odia	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,530
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	275
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	805
Urdu	11,120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	195
Iranian languages	7,465
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,860
Parsi	0
Pashto	655
Persian languages	5,270
Dari	2,215
Iranian Persian	2,740
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	420
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	85
Italic (Romance) languages	57,325
Catalan	35
Italian	22,100
Portuguese	12,415
Romanian	2,970
Spanish	22,015
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	175
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	50
Japanese	1,245
Korean	3,220
Mongolian	25
Niger-Congo languages	5,700
Akan (Twi)	655
Bamanankan	0
Edo	110
Éwé	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55
Ga	100
Ganda	175
Gikuyu	115
Igbo	505
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	205
Lingala	395
Luba-Kasai	40
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	85
Rundi (Kirundi)	225
Shona	415
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45
Swahili	1,445
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	25
Yoruba	1,315
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	715
Nilo-Saharan languages	280
Dinka	0
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255
African, n.o.s.	45
Sign languages	1,115
American Sign Language	970
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	185
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,915
Chinese languages	13,370
Hakka	105
Mandarin	9,565
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	310
Wu (Shanghainese)	80
Yue (Cantonese)	4,900
Chinese, n.o.s.	115
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	550
Burmese	130
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	350
S'gaw Karen	305
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	850
Lao	530
Thai	385
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	2,505
Azerbaijani	185
Kazakh	30
Turkish	2,280
Uyghur	75
Uzbek	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	60
Uralic languages	3,655
Estonian	210
Finnish	200
Hungarian	3,250
Other languages, n.i.e.	90
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	773,440
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,420
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,640
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,280
Métis	4,220
Inuk (Inuit)	135
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	220
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	565
Non-Indigenous identity	758,015
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	773,440
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,440
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	768,000
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	307,380
Owner	210,785
Renter	96,600
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	307,380
Condominium	44,575
Not condominium	262,810
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	307,380
No bedrooms	1,870
1 bedroom	41,595
2 bedrooms	64,610
3 bedrooms	120,515
4 or more bedrooms	78,790
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	307,380
1 to 4 rooms	78,400
5 rooms	43,860
6 rooms	46,075
7 rooms	41,425
8 or more rooms	97,625
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	307,380
One person or fewer per room	301,090
More than one person per room	6,295
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	307,380
Suitable	290,775
Not suitable	16,610
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	307,380
1960 or before	85,650
1961 to 1980	89,530
1981 to 1990	36,315
1991 to 2000	33,260
2001 to 2005	17,875
2006 to 2010	15,480
2011 to 2015	14,405
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	14,870
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	307,380
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	289,280
Major repairs needed	18,100
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	307,380
One-maintainer household	150,905
Two-maintainer household	142,530
Three-or-more-maintainer household	13,945
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	307,380
15 to 24 years	5,620
25 to 34 years	39,455
35 to 44 years	52,425
45 to 54 years	56,550
55 to 64 years	63,560
65 to 74 years	48,775
75 to 84 years	29,160
85 years and over	11,825
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	305,450
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	235,095
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	70,360
30% to less than 100%	63,805
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	307,380
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	95,510
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	62,380
Not suitable only	12,155
Major repairs needed only	11,700
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,875
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,825
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,300
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	280
Acceptable housing	211,870
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	298,900
In core need	34,555
Not in core need	264,340
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	210,270
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,690
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	755,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	826,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	96,540
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.0
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0
% in core housing need⁶³	26.1
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	773,440
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,935
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,860
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,140
Métis single ancestry	700
Inuit single ancestry	25
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	16,250
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,815
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,520
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,215
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	430
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	752,250
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	773,440
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	715,200
Canadian citizens aged under 18	143,935
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	571,270
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	58,240
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	773,440
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	561,180
Immigrants⁸¹	197,845
Before 1980	56,360
1980 to 1990	22,965
1991 to 2000	33,875
2001 to 2010	38,275
2011 to 2021⁸²	46,365
2011 to 2015	19,820
2016 to 2021	26,545
Non-permanent residents⁸³	14,410
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	197,845
Under 5 years	21,575
5 to 14 years	39,590
15 to 24 years	41,970
25 to 44 years	79,550
45 years and over	15,160
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	197,845
Americas	27,195
Brazil	870
Colombia	2,825
El Salvador	1,920
Guyana	1,775
Haiti	295
Jamaica	4,160
Mexico	1,240
Peru	545
Trinidad and Tobago	1,910
United States of America	5,895
Other places of birth in Americas	5,765
Europe	79,505
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,110
Croatia	4,895
France	635
Germany	3,850
Greece	1,420
Hungary	1,500
Italy	10,135
Netherlands	3,230
Poland	7,550
Portugal	6,500
Romania	2,520
Russian Federation	1,225
Serbia⁸⁶	2,450
Ukraine	1,285
United Kingdom⁸⁷	21,255
Other places of birth in Europe	7,955
Africa	14,735
Algeria	190
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	750
Egypt	2,285
Eritrea	200
Ethiopia	545
Morocco	280
Nigeria	2,055
Somalia	990
South Africa, Republic of	1,590
Other places of birth in Africa	5,845
Asia	75,670
Afghanistan	1,640
Iran⁸⁸	2,170
Iraq	6,635
Lebanon	1,595
Syria⁸⁹	3,935
Turkey	1,030
China⁹⁰	6,215
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,090
Korea, South⁹²	2,170
Taiwan	445
Philippines	10,570
Viet Nam	3,830
Bangladesh	1,345
India	15,810
Pakistan	6,720
Sri Lanka	1,230
Other places of birth in Asia	9,230
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	750
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	26,545
Americas	3,435
Brazil	330
Colombia	410
Haiti	35
Jamaica	560
Mexico	215
United States of America	855
Venezuela⁹⁵	195
Other places of birth in Americas	835
Europe	2,690
France	140
Germany	75
Ireland⁹⁶	90
Italy	50
Russian Federation	165
Ukraine	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	575
Other places of birth in Europe	1,425
Africa	3,940
Algeria	70
Burundi	120
Cameroon	70
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265
Côte d'Ivoire	40
Egypt	575
Eritrea	75
Ethiopia	110
Morocco	55
Nigeria	1,070
Somalia	230
South Africa, Republic of	245
Sudan⁹⁷	290
Tunisia	35
Other places of birth in Africa	685
Asia	16,390
Afghanistan	310
Bangladesh	195
China⁹⁰	925
Hong Kong⁹¹	30
India	4,780
Iran⁸⁸	215
Iraq	1,045
Israel	40
Japan	15
Jordan	250
Korea, South⁹²	295
Lebanon	230
Nepal	70
Pakistan	835
Philippines	2,225
Saudi Arabia	290
Sri Lanka	95
Syria⁸⁹	2,865
Turkey	300
United Arab Emirates	315
Viet Nam	280
Other places of birth in Asia	780
Oceania and other⁹³	90
Australia	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	773,440
First generation¹⁰⁰	218,870
Second generation¹⁰¹	193,765
Third generation or more¹⁰²	360,810
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	141,480
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	62,880
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	24,750
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	38,135
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	40,085
Refugees¹⁰⁸	36,480
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,040
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	141,480
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,790
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	12,205
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,510
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,580
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	970
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	106,430
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	773,440
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	182,115
South Asian	47,635
Chinese	15,550
Black	33,510
Filipino	14,960
Arab	19,720
Latin American	14,605
Southeast Asian	9,675
West Asian	8,900
Korean	3,800
Japanese	1,715
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,265
Multiple visible minorities	7,775
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	591,320
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	773,440
Canadian	96,885
English	163,070
Irish	122,800
Scottish	131,080
French, n.o.s.¹²²	44,915
German	63,820
Chinese	17,570
Italian	80,165
Indian (India)	26,835
Ukrainian	26,060
Dutch	35,030
Polish	39,055
Québécois	960
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	34,820
Filipino	14,850
French Canadian	10,335
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,275
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,440
Métis	4,380
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	10,075
Russian	8,315
Norwegian	3,680
Welsh	13,570
Portuguese	20,955
American	8,330
Spanish	8,440
Swedish	4,140
Hungarian	13,750
Acadian	1,965
Pakistani	8,820
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	6,610
Jewish	4,480
Punjabi	4,005
Vietnamese	6,540
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,520
Greek	7,150
Jamaican	9,530
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,290
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	580
Korean	3,725
Romanian	6,135
Lebanese	3,255
Iranian	2,610
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,960
Danish	3,290
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,200
Sikh	2,375
Austrian	4,770
Belgian	2,545
Haitian	475
Hindu	3,155
Mexican	2,510
Mennonite	865
Swiss	2,595
Finnish	2,865
Sri Lankan	1,415
Croatian	12,670
Japanese	2,325
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,150
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,155
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,940
Muslim	2,950
Egyptian	3,335
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,890
Tamil	755
Icelandic	870
Colombian	3,145
Moroccan	395
Czech	3,255
Syrian	3,340
Guyanese	2,900
Afghan	2,765
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,065
Serbian	9,720
Ojibway	1,170
Newfoundlander	1,310
Hong Konger	440
Ontarian	3,050
Persian	1,380
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,645
Turkish	2,275
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	170
Bangladeshi	1,395
Algerian	210
Brazilian	1,465
Nigerian	1,905
Armenian	1,475
Slovak	2,890
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,895
Somali	1,895
Taiwanese	440
Iraqi	3,810
Salvadorean	2,365
African Caribbean	1,295
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	775
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,430
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,340
Algonquin	380
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,135
Lithuanian	2,765
South African	1,520
Australian	1,090
Palestinian	2,310
Chilean	675
Congolese	785
Nova Scotian	745
Ethiopian	740
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,315
Peruvian	675
Yoruba	1,115
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,505
Berber	160
Albanian	1,770
Maltese	1,980
Macedonian	1,685
Slovenian	2,885
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	725
New Brunswicker	400
Gujarati	845
Eritrean	90
African Canadian	885
Israeli	465
Mohawk	1,520
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	950
Bulgarian	765
Albertan	75
Ghanaian	1,035
Barbadian	1,080
African American	1,000
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,515
Tunisian	130
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	870
Cuban	1,070
Bosnian	2,510
Venezuelan	740
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10
Latvian	1,130
Bengali	555
Cameroonian	225
Guatemalan	680
Indonesian	410
Laotian	755
Ilocano	335
Northern Irish	1,050
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	590
British Columbian	35
Ecuadorian	450
Franco Ontarian	315
Argentinian	780
Estonian	1,200
Kurdish	1,770
Fijian	105
Jatt	200
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	345
Coptic	685
Thai	595
Dominican	565
Nepali	355
Kabyle	80
Assyrian	2,940
Igbo	630
Byelorussian	430
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	130
Abenaki	25
Moldovan	90
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	480
New Zealander	310
Sudanese	850
Breton	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	810
Malaysian	280
Plains Cree	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	230
Huron (Wendat)	65
Saskatchewanian	95
Buddhist	190
Gaspesian	45
Norman	115
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	400
Ivorian	65
Saulteaux	35
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175
Burundian	165
Tigrinya	55
Nicaraguan	300
Mauritian	90
Kenyan	400
Oji-Cree	20
Vincentian	215
Jordanian	835
Manitoban	30
Cape Bretoner	195
Rwandan	130
Grenadian	375
Malayali	275
Chaldean	665
Sinhalese	390
Mayan	290
Honduran	350
Cherokee	250
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	75
Indo-Caribbean	250
Flemish	195
United Empire Loyalist	640
Senegalese	25
Azerbaijani	235
Sicilian	815
Pashtun	220
Malay	115
Goan	215
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140
Tibetan	85
Zimbabwean	505
Burmese	395
Mongolian	125
Azorean	465
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	35
Indo-Guyanese	160
Ugandan	265
Oromo	100
Tanzanian	195
Yemeni	325
Central African	230
Libyan	190
Basque	60
Uruguayan	170
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	200
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135
Igorot	185
Fulani	35
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	65
St. Lucian	185
Prince Edward Islander	155
Maliseet	75
Beninese	25
Telugu	90
Roma	405
Costa Rican	115
African Nova Scotian	50
Malagasy	20
Kashmiri	245
Singaporean	75
Karen	330
Edo	75
Tajik	150
Amhara	25
Paraguayan	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	773,440
Buddhist	5,960
Christian	434,730
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	56,065
Anabaptist	1,280
Anglican	33,705
Baptist	9,410
Catholic	225,465
Christian Orthodox	21,460
Jehovah's Witness	2,810
Latter Day Saints	910
Lutheran	4,840
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,375
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	8,360
Presbyterian	14,210
Reformed	6,335
United Church	30,670
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	17,835
Hindu	14,690
Jewish	3,880
Muslim	46,435
Sikh	9,590
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	385
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,580
No religion and secular perspectives	253,190
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	766,235
Non-movers	685,000
Movers	81,240
Non-migrants	43,975
Migrants	37,260
Internal migrants	33,165
Intraprovincial migrants	30,970
Interprovincial migrants	2,190
External migrants	4,100
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	734,545
Non-movers	474,745
Movers	259,795
Non-migrants	120,375
Migrants	139,415
Internal migrants	108,805
Intraprovincial migrants	99,460
Interprovincial migrants	9,340
External migrants	30,615
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	647,770
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	110,500
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	537,270
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	414,960
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	41,740
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	373,220
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	647,770
No certificate, diploma or degree	100,565
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	176,420
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	370,790
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	191,260
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	34,345
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	17,925
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	143,125
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,790
Bachelor's degree or higher	179,530
Bachelor's degree	119,565
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,870
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,380
Master's degree	36,995
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,720
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	414,960
No certificate, diploma or degree	36,510
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	97,130
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	281,320
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,855
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	21,540
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,305
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,235
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	107,855
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,460
Bachelor's degree or higher	142,465
Bachelor's degree	93,755
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,205
Master's degree	30,750
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,165
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	647,770
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	276,985
Education	21,375
13. Education	21,375
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	14,230
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,480
50. Visual and performing arts	12,750
Humanities	22,255
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,810
23. English language and literature/letters	5,775
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,840
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	765
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,720
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,790
54. History	3,545
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,015
Social and behavioural sciences and law	50,760
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	555
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	6,405
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,305
22. Legal professions and studies	6,295
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,510
42. Psychology	7,595
45. Social sciences	20,085
Business, management and public administration	76,335
30.16 Accounting and computer science	130
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,785
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	69,415
Physical and life sciences and technologies	16,650
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,370
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,615
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	345
40. Physical sciences	4,505
41. Science technologies/technicians	815
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,205
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,465
25. Library science	930
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,465
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	350
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	70,110
04. Architecture and related services	3,490
14. Engineering	18,750
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	17,610
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	11,500
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,310
48. Precision production	7,445
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,730
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,750
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,980
Health and related fields	58,600
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,680
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	51,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	145
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,745
Personal, protective and transportation services	19,375
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,995
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75
43. Security and protective services	6,305
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,955
Other¹⁷⁹	170
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	414,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	133,640
Education	15,095
13. Education	15,095
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,125
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,080
50. Visual and performing arts	10,040
Humanities	16,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,360
23. English language and literature/letters	4,240
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	560
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,265
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,235
54. History	2,655
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	725
Social and behavioural sciences and law	39,945
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	435
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,555
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,380
22. Legal professions and studies	5,060
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,105
42. Psychology	5,860
45. Social sciences	15,550
Business, management and public administration	59,945
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,600
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	54,240
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,370
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,675
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,750
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	300
40. Physical sciences	3,145
41. Science technologies/technicians	495
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	9,680
25. Library science	565
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,745
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	265
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	50,135
04. Architecture and related services	2,790
14. Engineering	14,605
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,710
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10
46. Construction trades	7,435
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,860
48. Precision production	4,730
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,315
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,740
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,570
Health and related fields	44,525
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,605
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	38,515
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,270
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,035
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,545
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40
43. Security and protective services	5,150
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,265
Other¹⁷⁹	110
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	414,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	133,640
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	281,325
Location of study inside Canada	229,220
Same as province or territory of residence	217,530
Different than province or territory of residence	11,685
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	52,100
Americas	12,635
United States of America	8,015
Mexico	650
Cuba	300
Haiti	40
Jamaica	355
Brazil	595
Colombia	1,080
Peru	160
Venezuela⁹⁵	370
Other locations of study in Americas	1,070
Europe	11,895
Belgium	85
France	350
Germany	385
Netherlands	250
Switzerland	90
Hungary	180
Moldova¹⁸³	50
Poland	1,240
Romania	845
Russian Federation	525
Ukraine	580
Ireland⁹⁶	325
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	370
Italy	175
Serbia⁸⁶	515
Other locations of study in Europe	1,755
Africa	3,705
Nigeria	865
Algeria	85
Morocco	65
Tunisia	30
Egypt	1,115
South Africa, Republic of	520
Other locations of study in Africa	1,020
Asia	22,695
Iran⁸⁸	720
Iraq	1,235
Israel	140
Lebanon	360
Syria⁸⁹	545
Turkey	355
China⁹⁰	2,155
Taiwan	125
Hong Kong⁹¹	55
Japan	175
Korea, South⁹²	800
Philippines	4,230
Viet Nam	225
Bangladesh	340
Sri Lanka	200
India	7,215
Pakistan	2,115
Other locations of study in Asia	1,710
Oceania	1,170
Australia	1,020
New Zealand	130
Other locations of study in Oceania	15
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	647,770
In the labour force	406,505
Employed	358,350
Unemployed	48,155
Not in the labour force	241,270
Participation rate	62.8
Employment rate	55.3
Unemployment rate	11.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	647,770
Did not work¹⁸⁶	242,795
Worked	404,975
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	222,660
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	182,315
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	406,505
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,375
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	396,130
Employee	342,085
Permanent position	292,645
Temporary position	49,445
Fixed term (1 year or more)	16,805
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	32,635
Self-employed¹⁹²	54,040
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	406,505
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,375
All occupations¹⁹¹	396,130
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,685
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	69,130
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	32,475
3 Health occupations	35,300
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	49,035
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,610
6 Sales and service occupations	100,455
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	63,920
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	6,305
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	21,215
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	406,505
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,375
All industries¹⁹¹	396,130
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,695
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	690
22 Utilities	2,485
23 Construction	29,015
31-33 Manufacturing	41,665
41 Wholesale trade	16,210
44-45 Retail trade	46,235
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	18,975
51 Information and cultural industries	8,300
52 Finance and insurance	18,710
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,805
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	32,480
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,330
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	18,035
61 Educational services	34,575
62 Health care and social assistance	54,385
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,945
72 Accommodation and food services	21,245
81 Other services (except public administration)	15,975
91 Public administration	17,375
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	433,460
English	415,775
French	905
Non-official language	1,580
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,580
English and French	5,575
English and non-official language(s)	9,195
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	350
Multiple non-official languages	90
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	433,460
Single responses	431,065
Official languages	428,035
English	426,320
French	1,715
Non-official languages	3,030
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,025
Afro-Asiatic languages	290
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	290
Amharic	0
Arabic	225
Aramaic languages	55
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	15
Vietnamese	165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	85
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	25
Kannada	0
Malayalam	15
Tamil	15
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	1,585
Albanian	35
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	310
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	310
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	70
Russian	70
Serbo-Croatian	135
Bosnian	25
Croatian	30
Serbian	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	35
Frisian	0
High German languages	20
German	20
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	435
Indo-Aryan languages	340
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	20
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	65
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	95
Kurdish	20
Pashto	0
Persian languages	75
Dari	25
Iranian Persian	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	770
Catalan	0
Italian	25
Portuguese	175
Romanian	25
Spanish	540
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	30
Korean	120
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	10
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	10
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	65
American Sign Language	65
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	550
Chinese languages	540
Hakka	0
Mandarin	365
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	175
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	15
S'gaw Karen	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40
Lao	0
Thai	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	40
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	25
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	2,395
English and French	735
English and non-official language(s)	1,620
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	433,460
None	420,450
English	2,050
French	4,085
Non-official language	5,635
Indigenous³⁹	30
Non-Indigenous	5,610
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	130
French and non-official language(s)	260
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	840
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	358,350
Worked at home	101,105
Worked outside Canada	930
No fixed workplace address	39,985
Usual place of work	216,330
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	216,325
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	138,075
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,625
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	68,295
Commute to a different province or territory	335
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	256,320
Car, truck or van	221,700
Car, truck or van - as a driver	201,590
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	20,120
Public transit	16,535
Walked	11,110
Bicycle	1,675
Other method	5,300
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	256,320
Less than 15 minutes	69,035
15 to 29 minutes	98,805
30 to 44 minutes	47,110
45 to 59 minutes	20,115
60 minutes and over	21,255
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	256,320
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	22,260
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	45,960
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	60,495
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	52,170
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	33,295
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	42,140
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	155,385
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,495
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	143,885
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	113,465
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,695
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,785
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,905
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	104,770

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 27, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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