Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kitchener - Cambridge - WaterlooMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	575,847
Population, 2016¹	523,894
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.9
Total private dwellings²	229,809
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	219,060
Population density per square kilometre	527.2
Land area in square kilometres	1,092.33
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	575,845
0 to 14 years	98,590
0 to 4 years	30,730
5 to 9 years	33,275
10 to 14 years	34,590
15 to 64 years	387,550
15 to 19 years	34,735
20 to 24 years	41,905
25 to 29 years	45,370
30 to 34 years	43,105
35 to 39 years	40,825
40 to 44 years	37,315
45 to 49 years	36,335
50 to 54 years	36,440
55 to 59 years	37,915
60 to 64 years	33,595
65 years and over	89,705
65 to 69 years	27,730
70 to 74 years	23,265
75 to 79 years	16,090
80 to 84 years	11,070
85 years and over	11,555
85 to 89 years	6,940
90 to 94 years	3,495
95 to 99 years	1,010
100 years and over	110
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.1
15 to 64 years	67.3
65 years and over	15.6
85 years and over	2.0
Average age of the population	39.5
Median age of the population	38.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	219,060
Single-detached house	116,045
Semi-detached house	12,905
Row house	25,590
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,240
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	29,035
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,685
Other single-attached house	300
Movable dwelling⁴	250
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	219,060
1 person	54,350
2 persons	72,155
3 persons	35,675
4 persons	35,170
5 or more persons	21,715
Number of persons in private households	568,065
Average household size	2.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	477,255
Married or living common-law	272,430
Married	229,055
Living common-law	43,380
Living common law - Never married	31,575
Living common law - Separated	2,370
Living common law - Divorced	8,555
Living common law - Widowed	875
Not married and not living common-law	204,825
Not married and not living common law - Never married	142,985
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,455
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	25,750
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,630
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	158,300
2 persons	75,390
3 persons	34,505
4 persons	33,485
5 or more persons	14,920
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	158,300
Total couple families	132,900
Married couples	111,220
With children⁶	64,460
Without children	46,760
Common-law couples	21,680
With children⁶	7,925
Without children	13,755
Total one-parent families	25,400
in which the parent is a woman+	20,040
in which the parent is a man+	5,360
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	568,065
Total - Persons in census families	469,050
Married spouses or common-law partners	265,800
Parents in one-parent families	25,395
Children⁶	177,850
In a two-parent family	137,780
In a one-parent family	40,070
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,020
Living alone	54,355
Living with other relatives⁷	14,050
Living with non-relatives only	30,615
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	219,060
One-census-family households without additional persons	137,070
Couple-family households	117,510
With children⁶	64,345
Without children	53,165
One-parent-family households	19,560
Multigenerational households⁸	7,295
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,460
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,075
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	11,810
One-person households	54,355
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	469,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	449,105
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	449,315
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	404,260
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	338,730
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	403,590
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	40,835
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	129,820
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	469,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,015
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,235
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	404,090
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	338,730
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	403,660
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,790
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	40,480
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	130,060
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,420
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	469,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	167,280
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	131,640
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	469,605
Without total income	20,495
With total income	449,105
Under $10,000 (including loss)	37,945
$10,000 to $19,999	52,140
$20,000 to $29,999	66,200
$30,000 to $39,999	55,525
$40,000 to $49,999	50,035
$50,000 to $59,999	43,130
$60,000 to $69,999	33,670
$70,000 to $79,999	25,610
$80,000 to $89,999	19,165
$90,000 to $99,999	15,225
$100,000 and over	50,465
$100,000 to $149,999	34,570
$150,000 and over	15,895
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	469,605
Without after-tax income	20,285
With after-tax income	449,320
Under $10,000 (including loss)	39,490
$10,000 to $19,999	54,275
$20,000 to $29,999	74,915
$30,000 to $39,999	66,545
$40,000 to $49,999	59,685
$50,000 to $59,999	46,120
$60,000 to $69,999	32,315
$70,000 to $79,999	22,810
$80,000 to $89,999	17,970
$90,000 to $99,999	10,590
$100,000 and over	24,595
$100,000 to $124,999	12,520
$125,000 and over	12,080
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	469,605
Without employment income	130,870
With employment income	338,730
Under $5,000 (including loss)	43,075
$5,000 to $9,999	26,155
$10,000 to $19,999	39,125
$20,000 to $29,999	29,750
$30,000 to $39,999	30,365
$40,000 to $49,999	31,490
$50,000 to $59,999	28,595
$60,000 to $69,999	23,595
$70,000 to $79,999	18,530
$80,000 to $89,999	14,900
$90,000 to $99,999	13,000
$100,000 and over	40,150
$100,000 to $124,999	19,835
$125,000 and over	20,310
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	469,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	439,220
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	439,305
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	398,255
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	337,515
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	377,760
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,875
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	469,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	439,465
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	439,560
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	398,390
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	337,815
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	377,900
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,875
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,460
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	469,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	166,120
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	123,040
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0
Employment income (%)	75.6
Government transfers (%)	11.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	219,060
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	54,355
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	164,710
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	219,060
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	112,100
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	93,400
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	54,330
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,700
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,760
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	164,730
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	219,060
Under $5,000	2,480
$5,000 to $9,999	1,050
$10,000 to $14,999	2,180
$15,000 to $19,999	3,425
$20,000 to $24,999	6,080
$25,000 to $29,999	6,365
$30,000 to $34,999	5,880
$35,000 to $39,999	6,745
$40,000 to $44,999	7,215
$45,000 to $49,999	7,555
$50,000 to $59,999	14,955
$60,000 to $69,999	14,900
$70,000 to $79,999	14,355
$80,000 to $89,999	13,620
$90,000 to $99,999	13,070
$100,000 and over	99,185
$100,000 to $124,999	28,225
$125,000 to $149,999	21,340
$150,000 to $199,999	25,935
$200,000 and over	23,685
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	219,060
Under $5,000	2,735
$5,000 to $9,999	1,095
$10,000 to $14,999	2,230
$15,000 to $19,999	3,595
$20,000 to $24,999	6,495
$25,000 to $29,999	7,240
$30,000 to $34,999	7,055
$35,000 to $39,999	7,880
$40,000 to $44,999	8,790
$45,000 to $49,999	8,940
$50,000 to $59,999	17,655
$60,000 to $69,999	17,755
$70,000 to $79,999	16,780
$80,000 to $89,999	16,055
$90,000 to $99,999	14,640
$100,000 and over	80,125
$100,000 to $124,999	29,355
$125,000 to $149,999	19,675
$150,000 and over	31,095
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	155,780
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	54,705
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	72,780
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,265
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	84,965
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	155,735
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,600
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	54,650
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,900
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,300
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,925
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	161,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,800
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,110
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	84,800
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	568,065
0 to 17 years	118,810
0 to 5 years	37,270
18 to 64 years	364,630
65 years and over	84,620
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	52,840
0 to 17 years	12,810
0 to 5 years	4,350
18 to 64 years	30,915
65 years and over	9,115
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	10.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5
65 years and over (%)	10.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	568,065
0 to 17 years	118,815
0 to 5 years	37,275
18 to 64 years	364,635
65 years and over	84,625
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	35,415
0 to 17 years	6,340
0 to 5 years	2,080
18 to 64 years	26,575
65 years and over	2,500
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3
65 years and over (%)	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	568,065
In bottom half of the distribution	266,930
In bottom decile	51,735
In second decile	51,210
In third decile	52,855
In fourth decile	54,000
In fifth decile	57,125
In top half of the distribution	301,140
In sixth decile	58,810
In seventh decile	60,555
In eighth decile	62,005
In ninth decile	62,470
In top decile	57,295
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	568,065
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	570,890
English only	523,455
French only	260
English and French	36,350
Neither English nor French	10,815
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	570,890
English	552,070
French	5,580
English and French	2,690
Neither English nor French	10,545
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	570,890
Single responses	548,795
Official languages	401,370
English	395,835
French	5,530
Non-official languages	147,425
Indigenous languages³⁹	25
Algonquian languages	20
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	147,395
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,230
Berber languages	10
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	15
Hausa	15
Mina	0
Coptic	20
Cushitic languages	2,230
Bilen	570
Oromo	135
Somali	1,405
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120
Semitic languages	13,960
Amharic	1,070
Arabic	9,535
Aramaic languages	510
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	315
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	100
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105
Harari	30
Hebrew	150
Maltese	55
Tigrigna	2,605
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,075
Khmer (Cambodian)	255
Vietnamese	3,800
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20
Austronesian languages	3,415
Bikol	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100
Cebuano	140
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	70
Ilocano	145
Indonesian	200
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,590
Waray-Waray	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60
Creole languages	280
Haitian Creole	50
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	15
Morisyen	55
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60
Dravidian languages	4,770
Kannada	195
Malayalam	2,030
Tamil	1,390
Telugu	1,115
Tulu	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25
Georgian	15
Hmong-Mien languages	430
Indo-European languages	95,085
Albanian	1,085
Armenian	655
Balto-Slavic languages	17,975
Baltic languages	155
Latvian	75
Lithuanian	85
Slavic languages	17,825
Belarusian	20
Bulgarian	180
Czech	585
Macedonian	245
Polish	4,875
Russian	2,280
Rusyn	140
Serbo-Croatian	7,855
Bosnian	650
Croatian	1,925
Serbian	5,170
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115
Slovak	495
Slovene (Slovenian)	225
Ukrainian	915
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	25
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	11,285
Frisian	25
High German languages	9,050
German	7,700
Pennsylvania German	1,270
Swiss German	70
Yiddish	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,000
Afrikaans	115
Dutch	1,535
Low German, n.o.s.	60
Low Saxon	35
Plautdietsch	210
Vlaams (Flemish)	50
Scandinavian languages	200
Danish	130
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	15
Swedish	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	1,255
Indo-Iranian languages	36,140
Indo-Aryan languages	29,835
Assamese	10
Bengali	1,340
Gujarati	5,665
Hindi	4,120
Kacchi	130
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	55
Marathi	380
Nepali	910
Oriya languages	25
Odia	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,615
Rohingya	240
Sindhi	145
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	370
Urdu	5,735
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80
Iranian languages	6,295
Baluchi	20
Kurdish	755
Parsi	10
Pashto	1,120
Persian languages	4,355
Dari	1,595
Iranian Persian	2,260
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	505
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	26,650
Catalan	5
Italian	1,650
Portuguese	9,940
Romanian	4,920
Spanish	10,125
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10
Japanese	475
Korean	2,680
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,160
Akan (Twi)	145
Bamanankan	0
Edo	15
Éwé	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	5
Ganda	20
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	80
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	40
Shona	120
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	190
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	15
Yoruba	245
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140
Nilo-Saharan languages	320
Dinka	10
Nuer	115
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	130
American Sign Language	115
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,725
Chinese languages	13,230
Hakka	40
Mandarin	10,400
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	200
Wu (Shanghainese)	60
Yue (Cantonese)	2,295
Chinese, n.o.s.	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	480
Burmese	115
Kuki-Chin languages	205
Karenic languages	110
S'gaw Karen	95
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibetan	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tai-Kadai languages	1,010
Lao	885
Thai	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	1,890
Azerbaijani	100
Kazakh	5
Turkish	1,700
Uyghur	35
Uzbek	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30
Uralic languages	1,670
Estonian	75
Finnish	105
Hungarian	1,485
Other languages, n.i.e.	40
Multiple responses	22,095
English and French	2,125
English and non-official language(s)	17,400
French and non-official language(s)	320
English, French and non-official language(s)	420
Multiple non-official languages	1,830
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	570,890
English	414,035
French	990
Non-official language	42,380
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	42,380
English and French	4,925
English and non-official language(s)	102,090
French and non-official language(s)	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,890
Multiple non-official languages	3,425
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	570,890
Single responses	546,195
Official languages	460,975
English	459,355
French	1,620
Non-official languages	85,215
Indigenous languages³⁹	10
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	85,205
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,060
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	10
Hausa	10
Mina	0
Coptic	15
Cushitic languages	1,550
Bilen	525
Oromo	80
Somali	875
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65
Semitic languages	9,480
Amharic	640
Arabic	6,290
Aramaic languages	375
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	215
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75
Harari	25
Hebrew	65
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	2,080
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,725
Khmer (Cambodian)	140
Vietnamese	2,570
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10
Austronesian languages	1,750
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65
Cebuano	60
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	40
Ilocano	75
Indonesian	65
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,380
Waray-Waray	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25
Creole languages	125
Haitian Creole	20
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	15
Morisyen	20
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25
Dravidian languages	3,010
Kannada	80
Malayalam	1,400
Tamil	805
Telugu	700
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	180
Indo-European languages	51,540
Albanian	655
Armenian	440
Balto-Slavic languages	9,120
Baltic languages	15
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	5
Slavic languages	9,110
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	70
Czech	175
Macedonian	120
Polish	2,105
Russian	1,360
Rusyn	85
Serbo-Croatian	4,545
Bosnian	365
Croatian	765
Serbian	3,380
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40
Slovak	135
Slovene (Slovenian)	30
Ukrainian	475
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	5
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	2,860
Frisian	5
High German languages	2,440
German	1,505
Pennsylvania German	925
Swiss German	10
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	390
Afrikaans	55
Dutch	205
Low German, n.o.s.	50
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	80
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	20
Danish	15
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	445
Indo-Iranian languages	24,820
Indo-Aryan languages	20,505
Assamese	5
Bengali	785
Gujarati	3,755
Hindi	2,620
Kacchi	45
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	20
Marathi	180
Nepali	735
Oriya languages	5
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,120
Rohingya	185
Sindhi	95
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	190
Urdu	3,745
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35
Iranian languages	4,310
Baluchi	15
Kurdish	435
Parsi	5
Pashto	810
Persian languages	3,020
Dari	1,045
Iranian Persian	1,585
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	390
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	13,185
Catalan	0
Italian	335
Portuguese	4,645
Romanian	2,370
Spanish	5,825
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	240
Korean	2,030
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	405
Akan (Twi)	55
Bamanankan	0
Edo	0
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	20
Shona	45
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	85
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	70
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	145
Dinka	0
Nuer	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	210
American Sign Language	190
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,455
Chinese languages	9,080
Hakka	15
Mandarin	7,635
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75
Wu (Shanghainese)	40
Yue (Cantonese)	1,170
Chinese, n.o.s.	140
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	365
Burmese	95
Kuki-Chin languages	150
Karenic languages	100
S'gaw Karen	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tai-Kadai languages	500
Lao	455
Thai	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	1,285
Azerbaijani	50
Kazakh	5
Turkish	1,200
Uyghur	20
Uzbek	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	510
Estonian	0
Finnish	5
Hungarian	500
Other languages, n.i.e.	20
Multiple responses	24,695
English and French	885
English and non-official language(s)	23,045
French and non-official language(s)	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	245
Multiple non-official languages	425
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	570,885
None	477,350
English	34,215
French	4,245
Non-official language	42,705
Indigenous³⁹	60
Non-Indigenous	42,650
English and French	420
English and non-official language(s)	5,685
French and non-official language(s)	1,360
English, French and non-official language(s)	85
Multiple non-official languages	4,815
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	568,065
Official languages	557,250
English	557,060
French	36,220
Non-official languages	190,705
Indigenous languages³⁹	140
Algonquian languages	105
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	20
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	60
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	25
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	20
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	190,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,445
Berber languages	45
Kabyle	35
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	70
Hausa	70
Mina	0
Coptic	75
Cushitic languages	2,930
Bilen	785
Oromo	250
Somali	1,715
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225
Semitic languages	20,275
Amharic	2,165
Arabic	14,700
Aramaic languages	750
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	565
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110
Harari	55
Hebrew	685
Maltese	60
Tigrigna	3,960
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,485
Khmer (Cambodian)	360
Vietnamese	5,090
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45
Austronesian languages	4,940
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125
Cebuano	300
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	145
Ilocano	220
Indonesian	295
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	30
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	110
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,205
Waray-Waray	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	190
Creole languages	1,030
Haitian Creole	205
Jamaican English Creole	95
Krio	60
Morisyen	205
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	325
Creole languages, n.i.e.	215
Dravidian languages	6,815
Kannada	415
Malayalam	2,875
Tamil	2,705
Telugu	1,695
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25
Georgian	30
Hmong-Mien languages	415
Indo-European languages	126,630
Albanian	1,265
Armenian	810
Balto-Slavic languages	22,045
Baltic languages	240
Latvian	120
Lithuanian	125
Slavic languages	21,845
Belarusian	95
Bulgarian	310
Czech	770
Macedonian	355
Polish	5,855
Russian	3,785
Rusyn	135
Serbo-Croatian	10,035
Bosnian	1,100
Croatian	3,435
Serbian	6,990
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150
Slovak	680
Slovene (Slovenian)	310
Ukrainian	1,615
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10
Celtic languages	125
Irish	40
Scottish Gaelic	30
Welsh	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	16,250
Frisian	30
High German languages	13,425
German	12,060
Pennsylvania German	1,420
Swiss German	125
Yiddish	55
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,120
Afrikaans	275
Dutch	2,395
Low German, n.o.s.	20
Low Saxon	55
Plautdietsch	340
Vlaams (Flemish)	55
Scandinavian languages	475
Danish	245
Icelandic	10
Norwegian	80
Swedish	160
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	1,945
Indo-Iranian languages	49,125
Indo-Aryan languages	42,555
Assamese	20
Bengali	1,920
Gujarati	7,870
Hindi	19,095
Kacchi	280
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	125
Marathi	840
Nepali	990
Oriya languages	45
Odia	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,150
Rohingya	310
Sindhi	180
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	575
Urdu	10,675
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	185
Iranian languages	7,620
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,105
Parsi	0
Pashto	1,470
Persian languages	5,415
Dari	1,925
Iranian Persian	3,030
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	555
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Italic (Romance) languages	38,485
Catalan	35
Italian	3,475
Portuguese	13,045
Romanian	6,215
Spanish	17,170
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45
Japanese	1,265
Korean	2,905
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,020
Akan (Twi)	315
Bamanankan	0
Edo	60
Éwé	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	75
Ganda	25
Gikuyu	10
Igbo	410
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40
Lingala	80
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	90
Rundi (Kirundi)	25
Shona	225
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15
Swahili	640
Wojenaka	10
Wolof	45
Yoruba	880
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	480
Nilo-Saharan languages	540
Dinka	0
Nuer	245
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	290
African, n.o.s.	30
Sign languages	950
American Sign Language	855
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,955
Chinese languages	15,425
Hakka	40
Mandarin	12,710
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	430
Wu (Shanghainese)	100
Yue (Cantonese)	3,575
Chinese, n.o.s.	230
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	535
Burmese	300
Kuki-Chin languages	250
Karenic languages	65
S'gaw Karen	60
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60
Tai-Kadai languages	1,485
Lao	1,325
Thai	300
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	2,775
Azerbaijani	270
Kazakh	25
Turkish	2,470
Uyghur	50
Uzbek	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55
Uralic languages	2,085
Estonian	110
Finnish	105
Hungarian	1,870
Other languages, n.i.e.	125
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	568,065
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	9,845
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	9,210
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,675
Métis	3,345
Inuk (Inuit)	185
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	355
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	280
Non-Indigenous identity	558,225
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	568,065
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,580
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	565,485
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	219,060
Owner	141,590
Renter	77,470
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	219,060
Condominium	30,380
Not condominium	188,680
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	219,060
No bedrooms	1,005
1 bedroom	26,050
2 bedrooms	48,235
3 bedrooms	89,840
4 or more bedrooms	53,940
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	219,060
1 to 4 rooms	57,690
5 rooms	32,220
6 rooms	34,665
7 rooms	28,620
8 or more rooms	65,860
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	219,060
One person or fewer per room	213,130
More than one person per room	5,935
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	219,060
Suitable	205,970
Not suitable	13,090
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	219,060
1960 or before	39,870
1961 to 1980	58,060
1981 to 1990	29,945
1991 to 2000	28,035
2001 to 2005	18,330
2006 to 2010	14,640
2011 to 2015	12,805
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	17,385
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	219,060
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	209,180
Major repairs needed	9,880
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	219,060
One-maintainer household	101,440
Two-maintainer household	105,120
Three-or-more-maintainer household	12,500
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	219,060
15 to 24 years	7,940
25 to 34 years	35,945
35 to 44 years	40,890
45 to 54 years	40,955
55 to 64 years	41,455
65 to 74 years	29,550
75 to 84 years	16,430
85 years and over	5,890
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	217,640
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	169,785
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	47,860
30% to less than 100%	43,170
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	219,060
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	64,910
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	42,820
Not suitable only	9,800
Major repairs needed only	6,525
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,405
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,475
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	725
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155
Acceptable housing	154,150
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	212,950
In core need	19,265
Not in core need	193,685
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	141,085
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.0
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.9
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,540
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,612
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	731,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	77,445
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.9
% in core housing need⁶³	19.0
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,352
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	568,065
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,605
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,500
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,835
Métis single ancestry	560
Inuit single ancestry	100
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,790
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	11,515
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,675
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,635
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	275
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	553,670
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	568,065
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	502,795
Canadian citizens aged under 18	110,125
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	392,670
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	65,275
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	568,065
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	399,245
Immigrants⁸¹	146,575
Before 1980	28,615
1980 to 1990	16,865
1991 to 2000	25,005
2001 to 2010	31,495
2011 to 2021⁸²	44,595
2011 to 2015	16,810
2016 to 2021	27,780
Non-permanent residents⁸³	22,250
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	146,575
Under 5 years	15,420
5 to 14 years	27,770
15 to 24 years	28,585
25 to 44 years	63,595
45 years and over	11,205
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	146,575
Americas	20,795
Brazil	1,220
Colombia	2,120
El Salvador	2,060
Guyana	2,400
Haiti	145
Jamaica	2,330
Mexico	985
Peru	150
Trinidad and Tobago	880
United States of America	4,370
Other places of birth in Americas	4,135
Europe	47,630
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,875
Croatia	2,015
France	415
Germany	3,790
Greece	555
Hungary	665
Italy	1,150
Netherlands	1,320
Poland	4,000
Portugal	6,580
Romania	4,680
Russian Federation	990
Serbia⁸⁶	2,415
Ukraine	1,015
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,130
Other places of birth in Europe	5,035
Africa	13,770
Algeria	60
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	215
Egypt	1,335
Eritrea	3,125
Ethiopia	1,665
Morocco	55
Nigeria	1,465
Somalia	930
South Africa, Republic of	735
Other places of birth in Africa	4,185
Asia	63,900
Afghanistan	1,430
Iran⁸⁸	2,240
Iraq	2,325
Lebanon	910
Syria⁸⁹	3,525
Turkey	1,210
China⁹⁰	7,110
Hong Kong⁹¹	850
Korea, South⁹²	1,650
Taiwan	465
Philippines	4,165
Viet Nam	3,525
Bangladesh	1,000
India	18,265
Pakistan	6,125
Sri Lanka	865
Other places of birth in Asia	8,240
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	480
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	27,785
Americas	2,770
Brazil	695
Colombia	260
Haiti	20
Jamaica	310
Mexico	100
United States of America	590
Venezuela⁹⁵	200
Other places of birth in Americas	595
Europe	1,995
France	55
Germany	175
Ireland⁹⁶	45
Italy	30
Russian Federation	210
Ukraine	325
United Kingdom⁸⁷	230
Other places of birth in Europe	915
Africa	5,525
Algeria	0
Burundi	10
Cameroon	65
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95
Côte d'Ivoire	15
Egypt	220
Eritrea	2,215
Ethiopia	480
Morocco	10
Nigeria	945
Somalia	260
South Africa, Republic of	200
Sudan⁹⁷	325
Tunisia	30
Other places of birth in Africa	660
Asia	17,400
Afghanistan	285
Bangladesh	195
China⁹⁰	1,440
Hong Kong⁹¹	45
India	6,580
Iran⁸⁸	400
Iraq	545
Israel	295
Japan	85
Jordan	220
Korea, South⁹²	280
Lebanon	180
Nepal	45
Pakistan	990
Philippines	1,015
Saudi Arabia	320
Sri Lanka	95
Syria⁸⁹	2,500
Turkey	755
United Arab Emirates	245
Viet Nam	300
Other places of birth in Asia	575
Oceania and other⁹³	100
Australia	75
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	568,065
First generation¹⁰⁰	173,740
Second generation¹⁰¹	119,150
Third generation or more¹⁰²	275,170
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	117,960
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	52,765
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	21,495
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,270
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	31,485
Refugees¹⁰⁸	32,680
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,025
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	117,960
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,725
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,060
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,940
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,810
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	535
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	91,890
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	568,065
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	158,810
South Asian	55,305
Chinese	17,180
Black	26,550
Filipino	5,980
Arab	10,960
Latin American	12,775
Southeast Asian	10,520
West Asian	6,040
Korean	3,155
Japanese	1,230
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,055
Multiple visible minorities	5,060
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	409,255
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	568,065
Canadian	72,355
English	103,605
Irish	84,800
Scottish	84,965
French, n.o.s.¹²²	36,210
German	98,975
Chinese	18,230
Italian	19,475
Indian (India)	31,040
Ukrainian	12,570
Dutch	23,165
Polish	23,190
Québécois	885
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,620
Filipino	6,005
French Canadian	5,945
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,220
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,510
Métis	3,550
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,285
Russian	6,135
Norwegian	2,235
Welsh	8,275
Portuguese	19,950
American	5,790
Spanish	5,380
Swedish	2,285
Hungarian	8,185
Acadian	1,335
Pakistani	8,015
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,750
Jewish	2,030
Punjabi	4,620
Vietnamese	6,005
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,745
Greek	3,690
Jamaican	5,140
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,995
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	420
Korean	3,050
Romanian	9,035
Lebanese	1,835
Iranian	2,775
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,370
Danish	2,285
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,980
Sikh	2,790
Austrian	4,000
Belgian	2,405
Haitian	195
Hindu	4,065
Mexican	1,935
Mennonite	4,790
Swiss	6,785
Finnish	1,850
Sri Lankan	965
Croatian	5,020
Japanese	1,520
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,315
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,390
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,245
Muslim	3,025
Egyptian	1,760
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,660
Tamil	910
Icelandic	500
Colombian	2,305
Moroccan	95
Czech	2,200
Syrian	2,525
Guyanese	3,000
Afghan	2,360
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,410
Serbian	6,795
Ojibway	865
Newfoundlander	2,875
Hong Konger	470
Ontarian	2,925
Persian	1,320
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,465
Turkish	2,375
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	400
Bangladeshi	1,195
Algerian	70
Brazilian	1,940
Nigerian	1,340
Armenian	1,335
Slovak	1,790
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,325
Somali	1,795
Taiwanese	570
Iraqi	1,680
Salvadorean	2,240
African Caribbean	650
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,035
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,505
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	805
Algonquin	345
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,005
Lithuanian	955
South African	700
Australian	630
Palestinian	1,220
Chilean	495
Congolese	350
Nova Scotian	490
Ethiopian	1,585
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	965
Peruvian	305
Yoruba	825
Cambodian (Khmer)	600
Berber	155
Albanian	1,135
Maltese	775
Macedonian	725
Slovenian	1,090
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	615
New Brunswicker	295
Gujarati	1,785
Eritrean	3,240
African Canadian	465
Israeli	355
Mohawk	445
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	560
Bulgarian	635
Albertan	55
Ghanaian	495
Barbadian	570
African American	290
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,130
Tunisian	55
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	645
Cuban	540
Bosnian	1,485
Venezuelan	370
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20
Latvian	545
Bengali	445
Cameroonian	120
Guatemalan	820
Indonesian	355
Laotian	1,970
Ilocano	160
Northern Irish	625
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	300
British Columbian	50
Ecuadorian	275
Franco Ontarian	230
Argentinian	365
Estonian	540
Kurdish	910
Fijian	30
Jatt	335
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	345
Coptic	420
Thai	465
Dominican	375
Nepali	555
Kabyle	25
Assyrian	375
Igbo	240
Byelorussian	320
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	105
Abenaki	40
Moldovan	290
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100
New Zealander	240
Sudanese	810
Breton	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,720
Malaysian	205
Plains Cree	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	105
Huron (Wendat)	50
Saskatchewanian	45
Buddhist	350
Gaspesian	35
Norman	75
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	355
Ivorian	20
Saulteaux	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	155
Burundian	35
Tigrinya	1,095
Nicaraguan	835
Mauritian	135
Kenyan	245
Oji-Cree	10
Vincentian	160
Jordanian	365
Manitoban	55
Cape Bretoner	220
Rwandan	65
Grenadian	140
Malayali	450
Chaldean	130
Sinhalese	190
Mayan	285
Honduran	230
Cherokee	95
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	110
Indo-Caribbean	270
Flemish	155
United Empire Loyalist	245
Senegalese	20
Azerbaijani	200
Sicilian	175
Pashtun	445
Malay	85
Goan	140
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50
Tibetan	25
Zimbabwean	245
Burmese	480
Mongolian	75
Azorean	575
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	270
Ugandan	100
Oromo	305
Tanzanian	135
Yemeni	130
Central African	30
Libyan	375
Basque	50
Uruguayan	115
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	140
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135
Igorot	65
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	15
Guinean	40
St. Lucian	125
Prince Edward Islander	75
Maliseet	15
Beninese	0
Telugu	140
Roma	135
Costa Rican	140
African Nova Scotian	45
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	70
Singaporean	80
Karen	65
Edo	115
Tajik	185
Amhara	285
Paraguayan	70
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	568,065
Buddhist	5,580
Christian	298,560
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	48,815
Anabaptist	8,845
Anglican	17,100
Baptist	8,230
Catholic	129,310
Christian Orthodox	16,150
Jehovah's Witness	1,970
Latter Day Saints	865
Lutheran	16,130
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,810
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	8,010
Presbyterian	9,825
Reformed	1,755
United Church	17,485
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,275
Hindu	19,595
Jewish	1,480
Muslim	38,655
Sikh	12,295
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	125
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,440
No religion and secular perspectives	187,335
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	562,280
Non-movers	486,095
Movers	76,180
Non-migrants	39,900
Migrants	36,280
Internal migrants	30,565
Intraprovincial migrants	28,555
Interprovincial migrants	2,010
External migrants	5,715
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	537,545
Non-movers	313,365
Movers	224,185
Non-migrants	79,135
Migrants	145,050
Internal migrants	106,035
Intraprovincial migrants	96,685
Interprovincial migrants	9,350
External migrants	39,015
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,600
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	81,655
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	387,950
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	309,190
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	32,610
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	276,580
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,600
No certificate, diploma or degree	74,680
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	130,950
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	263,965
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	128,465
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,165
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	11,025
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,130
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	95,295
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,005
Bachelor's degree or higher	135,505
Bachelor's degree	88,715
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,710
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,730
Master's degree	30,080
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,275
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	309,190
No certificate, diploma or degree	28,695
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	73,870
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	206,625
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	97,035
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,530
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,345
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,185
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	74,150
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,355
Bachelor's degree or higher	109,595
Bachelor's degree	70,040
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,170
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,270
Master's degree	25,930
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,180
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	469,600
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	205,635
Education	13,000
13. Education	13,000
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,280
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	770
50. Visual and performing arts	7,505
Humanities	17,235
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,220
23. English language and literature/letters	4,415
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,640
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	420
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,350
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,045
54. History	2,315
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	825
Social and behavioural sciences and law	32,475
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,135
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,830
22. Legal professions and studies	3,925
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	935
42. Psychology	5,545
45. Social sciences	11,705
Business, management and public administration	52,125
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,560
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	47,470
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,995
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,775
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,810
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	185
40. Physical sciences	3,740
41. Science technologies/technicians	485
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,275
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	13,220
25. Library science	695
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,775
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	575
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	57,140
04. Architecture and related services	1,830
14. Engineering	19,505
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,400
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	7,425
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,980
48. Precision production	6,995
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,430
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,370
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,060
Health and related fields	33,840
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,015
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,120
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	595
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,810
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,350
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70
43. Security and protective services	4,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,985
Other¹⁷⁹	360
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	309,185
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	102,565
Education	9,465
13. Education	9,465
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,565
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	555
50. Visual and performing arts	6,015
Humanities	12,880
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	915
23. English language and literature/letters	3,420
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,375
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	305
38. Philosophy and religious studies	975
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,465
54. History	1,830
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	590
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,775
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	340
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,505
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,675
22. Legal professions and studies	3,205
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	750
42. Psychology	4,045
45. Social sciences	9,250
Business, management and public administration	41,655
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,695
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,890
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,285
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,780
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,095
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	155
40. Physical sciences	2,915
41. Science technologies/technicians	340
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,205
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,460
25. Library science	500
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,805
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	440
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,310
04. Architecture and related services	1,525
14. Engineering	16,150
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,665
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10
46. Construction trades	5,260
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,765
48. Precision production	4,940
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,320
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,600
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,720
Health and related fields	25,995
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,185
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,255
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	460
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,875
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,625
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30
43. Security and protective services	3,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,530
Other¹⁷⁹	280
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	309,185
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	102,565
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	206,625
Location of study inside Canada	161,690
Same as province or territory of residence	153,220
Different than province or territory of residence	8,470
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	44,940
Americas	8,895
United States of America	5,100
Mexico	380
Cuba	160
Haiti	10
Jamaica	240
Brazil	1,065
Colombia	865
Peru	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	130
Other locations of study in Americas	895
Europe	9,250
Belgium	25
France	275
Germany	460
Netherlands	165
Switzerland	65
Hungary	145
Moldova¹⁸³	100
Poland	700
Romania	1,520
Russian Federation	445
Ukraine	500
Ireland⁹⁶	150
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	450
Italy	105
Serbia⁸⁶	505
Other locations of study in Europe	1,165
Africa	2,670
Nigeria	640
Algeria	30
Morocco	40
Tunisia	25
Egypt	585
South Africa, Republic of	245
Other locations of study in Africa	1,105
Asia	23,295
Iran⁸⁸	720
Iraq	485
Israel	105
Lebanon	180
Syria⁸⁹	485
Turkey	420
China⁹⁰	2,395
Taiwan	100
Hong Kong⁹¹	110
Japan	240
Korea, South⁹²	940
Philippines	2,025
Viet Nam	230
Bangladesh	315
Sri Lanka	195
India	11,350
Pakistan	1,835
Other locations of study in Asia	1,165
Oceania	830
Australia	725
New Zealand	105
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	469,600
In the labour force	311,910
Employed	277,975
Unemployed	33,930
Not in the labour force	157,690
Participation rate	66.4
Employment rate	59.2
Unemployment rate	10.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	469,600
Did not work¹⁸⁶	158,255
Worked	311,350
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	172,025
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	139,320
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	311,905
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,585
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	304,330
Employee	267,490
Permanent position	230,160
Temporary position	37,335
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,520
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	24,810
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,830
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	311,905
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,585
All occupations¹⁹¹	304,330
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,525
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	50,700
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	35,365
3 Health occupations	19,410
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,245
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	7,990
6 Sales and service occupations	70,920
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	50,370
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,015
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	26,790
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	311,905
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,585
All industries¹⁹¹	304,330
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,425
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	360
22 Utilities	1,465
23 Construction	21,865
31-33 Manufacturing	47,200
41 Wholesale trade	11,225
44-45 Retail trade	32,485
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,815
51 Information and cultural industries	8,325
52 Finance and insurance	17,760
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,815
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	28,965
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,115
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,890
61 Educational services	26,635
62 Health care and social assistance	31,400
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,975
72 Accommodation and food services	15,315
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,455
91 Public administration	9,840
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	333,145
English	318,915
French	525
Non-official language	1,945
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,945
English and French	3,580
English and non-official language(s)	7,900
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	210
Multiple non-official languages	65
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	333,145
Single responses	331,295
Official languages	327,960
English	326,920
French	1,040
Non-official languages	3,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	295
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	15
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	280
Amharic	0
Arabic	235
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	150
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	40
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	20
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	10
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	1,835
Albanian	25
Armenian	10
Balto-Slavic languages	260
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	255
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	50
Russian	60
Serbo-Croatian	85
Bosnian	10
Croatian	10
Serbian	65
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	625
Frisian	0
High German languages	595
German	220
Pennsylvania German	375
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	415
Indo-Aryan languages	365
Bengali	0
Gujarati	30
Hindi	55
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	245
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	20
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	55
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	40
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	40
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	500
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	160
Romanian	70
Spanish	275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	35
Korean	90
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	60
American Sign Language	55
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	775
Chinese languages	775
Hakka	0
Mandarin	690
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	70
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	25
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	25
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	1,845
English and French	515
English and non-official language(s)	1,310
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	333,145
None	323,010
English	1,750
French	2,575
Non-official language	4,820
Indigenous³⁹	20
Non-Indigenous	4,800
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	90
French and non-official language(s)	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	725
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	277,975
Worked at home	79,985
Worked outside Canada	990
No fixed workplace address	28,345
Usual place of work	168,650
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	168,650
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	80,215
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	57,200
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	30,940
Commute to a different province or territory	300
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	196,995
Car, truck or van	175,600
Car, truck or van - as a driver	160,470
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,130
Public transit	9,110
Walked	6,990
Bicycle	1,370
Other method	3,930
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	196,995
Less than 15 minutes	63,175
15 to 29 minutes	81,975
30 to 44 minutes	29,360
45 to 59 minutes	9,760
60 minutes and over	12,730
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	196,995
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,400
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	37,850
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	43,930
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	37,760
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,325
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	36,735
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	121,135
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,755
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	112,380
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	88,130
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,730
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,075
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,655
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	81,405

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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