Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	CalgaryMore information: Alberta [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,481,806	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,392,609	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	594,513	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	563,440	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	290.6	...	...	290.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,098.68	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,481,805	736,270	745,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	274,190	140,905	133,295	18.5	19.1	17.9
0 to 4 years	84,655	43,455	41,205	5.7	5.9	5.5
5 to 9 years	94,065	48,125	45,940	6.3	6.5	6.2
10 to 14 years	95,470	49,320	46,150	6.4	6.7	6.2
15 to 64 years	1,007,755	502,405	505,350	68.0	68.2	67.8
15 to 19 years	84,790	43,575	41,215	5.7	5.9	5.5
20 to 24 years	86,665	44,680	41,985	5.8	6.1	5.6
25 to 29 years	96,745	48,085	48,665	6.5	6.5	6.5
30 to 34 years	117,760	57,610	60,150	7.9	7.8	8.1
35 to 39 years	125,330	61,800	63,535	8.5	8.4	8.5
40 to 44 years	114,275	56,480	57,795	7.7	7.7	7.8
45 to 49 years	104,035	51,840	52,195	7.0	7.0	7.0
50 to 54 years	96,040	48,280	47,755	6.5	6.6	6.4
55 to 59 years	93,675	46,415	47,260	6.3	6.3	6.3
60 to 64 years	88,445	43,645	44,800	6.0	5.9	6.0
65 years and over	199,860	92,965	106,895	13.5	12.6	14.3
65 to 69 years	70,735	34,700	36,035	4.8	4.7	4.8
70 to 74 years	52,690	25,325	27,365	3.6	3.4	3.7
75 to 79 years	32,545	15,300	17,245	2.2	2.1	2.3
80 to 84 years	21,365	9,235	12,130	1.4	1.3	1.6
85 years and over	22,520	8,395	14,120	1.5	1.1	1.9
85 to 89 years	13,915	5,585	8,325	0.9	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	6,890	2,350	4,540	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	1,500	415	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	220	45	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.5	19.1	17.9	18.5	19.1	17.9
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.2	67.8	68.0	68.2	67.8
65 years and over	13.5	12.6	14.3	13.5	12.6	14.3
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Average age of the population	38.7	38.1	39.3	38.7	38.1	39.3
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.8	38.0	37.6	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	320,530	...	...	56.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	36,290	...	...	6.4	...	...
Row house	55,260	...	...	9.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,405	...	...	3.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	86,640	...	...	15.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,750	...	...	7.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	315	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,255	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	143,155	...	...	25.4	...	...
2 persons	180,685	...	...	32.1	...	...
3 persons	90,285	...	...	16.0	...	...
4 persons	91,555	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	57,760	...	...	10.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,465,175	728,980	736,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,207,615	595,370	612,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	715,525	358,035	357,490	59.3	60.1	58.4
Married	606,895	303,510	303,385	50.3	51.0	49.6
Living common-law	108,630	54,525	54,100	9.0	9.2	8.8
Living common law - Never married	82,635	41,610	41,025	6.8	7.0	6.7
Living common law - Separated	3,620	1,930	1,690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	20,765	10,285	10,480	1.7	1.7	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	1,615	705	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	492,085	237,335	254,750	40.7	39.9	41.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	344,835	187,360	157,475	28.6	31.5	25.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	27,390	11,775	15,615	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	74,505	28,690	45,815	6.2	4.8	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	45,360	9,515	35,845	3.8	1.6	5.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	406,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	187,380	...	...	46.1	...	...
3 persons	89,115	...	...	21.9	...	...
4 persons	91,650	...	...	22.5	...	...
5 or more persons	38,685	...	...	9.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	406,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	348,670	...	...	85.7	...	...
Married couples	294,360	...	...	72.4	...	...
With children⁶	178,440	...	...	43.9	...	...
Without children	115,925	...	...	28.5	...	...
Common-law couples	54,310	...	...	13.3	...	...
With children⁶	17,640	...	...	4.3	...	...
Without children	36,670	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	58,160	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	44,995	...	...	11.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	13,160	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,465,180	728,975	736,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,215,520	604,810	610,705	83.0	83.0	83.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	697,350	348,725	348,620	47.6	47.8	47.4
Parents in one-parent families	58,155	13,160	45,000	4.0	1.8	6.1
Children⁶	460,015	242,920	217,095	31.4	33.3	29.5
In a two-parent family	369,815	194,310	175,505	25.2	26.7	23.8
In a one-parent family	90,200	48,615	41,590	6.2	6.7	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	249,655	124,165	125,490	17.0	17.0	17.0
Living alone	143,155	67,700	75,455	9.8	9.3	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	38,265	16,280	21,980	2.6	2.2	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	68,235	40,180	28,055	4.7	5.5	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	346,305	...	...	61.5	...	...
Couple-family households	302,480	...	...	53.7	...	...
With children⁶	170,370	...	...	30.2	...	...
Without children	132,115	...	...	23.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	43,825	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	19,250	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,485	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	21,195	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	29,045	...	...	5.2	...	...
One-person households	143,155	...	...	25.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,191,350	588,270	603,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,132,035	559,380	572,650	95.0	95.1	95.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,000	39,600	44,800	52,000	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,132,660	559,720	572,935	95.1	95.1	95.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	36,400	40,400	45,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,028,960	517,725	511,235	86.4	88.0	84.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	32,800	40,800	50,000	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	861,540	443,265	418,275	72.3	75.4	69.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	35,200	42,800	50,800	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	990,170	481,315	508,855	83.1	81.8	84.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,450	5,480	9,000	7,450	5,480	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	129,820	60,980	68,835	10.9	10.4	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880	5,800	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	363,770	175,345	188,425	30.5	29.8	31.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	8,500	8,500	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,191,355	588,245	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,131,575	559,080	572,495	95.0	95.0	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,500	78,300	53,050	65,500	78,300	53,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,132,205	559,390	572,815	95.0	95.1	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,100	61,650	44,720	53,100	61,650	44,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,029,200	517,780	511,420	86.4	88.0	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,400	76,300	48,400	62,400	76,300	48,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	861,540	443,515	418,025	72.3	75.4	69.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,050	73,300	48,080	61,050	73,300	48,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	989,175	480,755	508,420	83.0	81.7	84.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,980	8,870	11,020	9,980	8,870	11,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	129,770	61,180	68,590	10.9	10.4	11.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,070	6,620	7,480	7,070	6,620	7,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	362,395	175,150	187,245	30.4	29.8	31.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,310	9,200	9,410	9,310	9,200	9,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,191,350	588,250	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	404,785	228,880	175,905	34.0	38.9	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	80,000	65,500	73,000	80,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,200	107,100	77,400	94,200	107,100	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	349,485	161,905	187,580	29.3	27.5	31.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	23,400	18,600	20,600	23,400	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,960	40,320	28,480	33,960	40,320	28,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.6	90.2	81.6	86.6	90.2	81.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	74.2	66.2	71.0	74.2	66.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.3	9.7	18.5	13.3	9.7	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.0	6.6	5.0	4.0	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.7	5.8	4.6	3.7	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,191,350	588,275	603,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	59,315	28,885	30,425	5.0	4.9	5.0
With total income	1,132,035	559,385	572,655	95.0	95.1	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	100,140	41,645	58,495	8.8	7.4	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	106,820	44,760	62,065	9.4	8.0	10.8
$20,000 to $29,999	166,180	73,885	92,300	14.7	13.2	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	133,325	57,335	75,990	11.8	10.2	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	114,630	52,445	62,190	10.1	9.4	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	94,680	45,050	49,625	8.4	8.1	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	79,280	39,620	39,660	7.0	7.1	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	64,120	34,290	29,830	5.7	6.1	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	50,195	28,215	21,985	4.4	5.0	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	42,215	23,615	18,600	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	180,445	118,530	61,915	15.9	21.2	10.8
$100,000 to $149,999	105,505	63,960	41,545	9.3	11.4	7.3
$150,000 and over	74,945	54,575	20,370	6.6	9.8	3.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,191,350	588,275	603,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	58,690	28,555	30,140	4.9	4.9	5.0
With after-tax income	1,132,655	559,725	572,935	95.1	95.1	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	104,345	43,230	61,115	9.2	7.7	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	111,505	46,935	64,570	9.8	8.4	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	188,460	84,185	104,280	16.6	15.0	18.2
$30,000 to $39,999	155,540	68,850	86,690	13.7	12.3	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	133,685	63,040	70,645	11.8	11.3	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	106,750	53,080	53,665	9.4	9.5	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	81,465	43,635	37,835	7.2	7.8	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	60,555	33,945	26,610	5.3	6.1	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	48,145	26,670	21,470	4.3	4.8	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	32,800	19,600	13,200	2.9	3.5	2.3
$100,000 and over	109,415	76,560	32,855	9.7	13.7	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	45,520	29,720	15,805	4.0	5.3	2.8
$125,000 and over	63,895	46,835	17,055	5.6	8.4	3.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,191,350	588,275	603,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	329,810	145,010	184,800	27.7	24.7	30.6
With employment income	861,540	443,260	418,280	72.3	75.3	69.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	106,145	49,485	56,665	12.3	11.2	13.5
$5,000 to $9,999	68,575	29,285	39,290	8.0	6.6	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	95,025	41,855	53,175	11.0	9.4	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	73,225	33,505	39,725	8.5	7.6	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	69,155	32,495	36,665	8.0	7.3	8.8
$40,000 to $49,999	67,095	32,630	34,460	7.8	7.4	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	63,100	30,920	32,180	7.3	7.0	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	56,605	29,000	27,600	6.6	6.5	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	46,480	25,905	20,580	5.4	5.8	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	38,105	21,835	16,275	4.4	4.9	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	34,540	19,095	15,440	4.0	4.3	3.7
$100,000 and over	143,480	97,265	46,220	16.7	21.9	11.1
$100,000 to $124,999	57,295	34,270	23,030	6.7	7.7	5.5
$125,000 and over	86,180	62,995	23,190	10.0	14.2	5.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,191,350	588,270	603,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,105,905	545,440	560,470	92.8	92.7	92.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	52,800	38,000	44,400	52,800	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,106,295	545,535	560,765	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,800	40,000	46,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,015,155	510,735	504,420	85.2	86.8	83.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	52,800	36,000	43,600	52,800	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	862,890	443,735	419,155	72.4	75.4	69.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	53,200	38,000	45,200	53,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	935,750	456,095	479,655	78.5	77.5	79.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,160	950	2,880	1,160	950	2,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	80,405	36,345	44,060	6.7	6.2	7.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,720	7,250	6,500	5,720	7,250
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,191,355	588,245	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,105,360	545,105	560,255	92.8	92.7	92.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,400	79,700	51,500	65,400	79,700	51,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,105,730	545,190	560,540	92.8	92.7	92.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,600	62,350	43,120	52,600	62,350	43,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,015,625	510,895	504,735	85.2	86.9	83.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,600	80,600	50,480	65,600	80,600	50,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	862,970	443,895	419,065	72.4	75.5	69.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,200	77,500	50,160	64,200	77,500	50,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	936,020	456,335	479,680	78.6	77.6	79.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,025	4,952	7,050	6,025	4,952	7,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,865	35,960	43,905	6.7	6.1	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,230	7,140	9,130	8,230	7,140	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	401,025	226,880	174,145	33.7	38.6	28.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	78,000	62,400	70,500	78,000	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,100	105,600	74,500	92,100	105,600	74,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	329,735	152,965	176,770	27.7	26.0	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,000	33,200	25,800	29,000	33,200	25,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,720	52,850	35,840	43,720	52,850	35,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.2	94.8	88.2	92.2	94.8	88.2
Employment income (%)	76.6	79.2	72.8	76.6	79.2	72.8
Government transfers (%)	7.8	5.2	11.7	7.8	5.2	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	563,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	143,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	420,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	563,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	131,600	...	...	131,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...	106,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	143,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	68,200	...	...	68,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,500	...	...	55,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	420,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	153,200	...	...	153,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...	124,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,380	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,105	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,200	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,855	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,005	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,560	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,405	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	15,270	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	16,435	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	16,500	...	...	2.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,805	...	...	6.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	35,160	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	34,800	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	33,310	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,990	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	282,655	...	...	50.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	69,850	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	54,250	...	...	9.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	71,100	...	...	12.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	87,455	...	...	15.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	7,175	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,210	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,330	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,330	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,200	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,605	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	15,660	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,985	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	19,785	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	19,710	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	41,550	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	42,525	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	41,055	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	39,640	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	36,025	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	234,645	...	...	41.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	73,565	...	...	13.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	52,740	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	108,345	...	...	19.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	399,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	137,045	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	196,185	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	53,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	211,390	107,880	103,510	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,800	46,000	43,200	44,800	46,000	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	40,800	39,200	40,000	40,800	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	399,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,600	...	...	153,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,200	...	...	124,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	137,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...	114,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	196,140	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,600	...	...	180,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,600	...	...	144,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,025	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...	78,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	211,415	107,865	103,545	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,250	62,000	58,400	60,250	62,000	58,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,800	50,720	48,800	49,800	50,720	48,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,465,175	728,975	736,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	325,425	167,195	158,230	22.2	22.9	21.5
0 to 5 years	103,425	52,935	50,490	7.1	7.3	6.9
18 to 64 years	951,270	472,495	478,775	64.9	64.8	65.0
65 years and over	188,480	89,285	99,195	12.9	12.2	13.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	125,685	60,550	65,135	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	33,170	17,075	16,105	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	10,900	5,555	5,345	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	73,660	35,805	37,855	...	...	...
65 years and over	18,855	7,680	11,175	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.6	8.3	8.9	8.6	8.3	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	10.2	10.2	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.5	10.6	10.5	10.5	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.9	7.7	7.6	7.9
65 years and over (%)	10.0	8.6	11.3	10.0	8.6	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,465,180	728,975	736,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	325,430	167,195	158,230	22.2	22.9	21.5
0 to 5 years	103,425	52,930	50,495	7.1	7.3	6.9
18 to 64 years	951,265	472,495	478,770	64.9	64.8	65.0
65 years and over	188,480	89,285	99,195	12.9	12.2	13.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	78,820	40,845	37,970	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	17,395	8,940	8,455	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,475	2,805	2,675	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	55,265	29,025	26,240	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,160	2,885	3,275	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.2	5.4	5.6	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.5	5.8	6.1	5.5
65 years and over (%)	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,465,175	728,975	736,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	628,965	307,335	321,630	42.9	42.2	43.7
In bottom decile	116,775	58,830	57,945	8.0	8.1	7.9
In second decile	123,920	58,295	65,620	8.5	8.0	8.9
In third decile	124,885	60,595	64,285	8.5	8.3	8.7
In fourth decile	129,375	63,460	65,920	8.8	8.7	9.0
In fifth decile	134,015	66,155	67,855	9.1	9.1	9.2
In top half of the distribution	836,210	421,640	414,570	57.1	57.8	56.3
In sixth decile	139,985	69,690	70,295	9.6	9.6	9.5
In seventh decile	144,745	72,400	72,350	9.9	9.9	9.8
In eighth decile	153,305	77,005	76,300	10.5	10.6	10.4
In ninth decile	168,900	85,130	83,770	11.5	11.7	11.4
In top decile	229,270	117,415	111,855	15.6	16.1	15.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,465,180	...	...	1,465,180	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.468	...	...	0.468	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,470,355	731,110	739,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,337,960	672,340	665,620	91.0	92.0	90.0
French only	935	400	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	97,525	44,695	52,830	6.6	6.1	7.1
Neither English nor French	33,940	13,680	20,265	2.3	1.9	2.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,470,355	731,110	739,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,410,685	704,710	705,975	95.9	96.4	95.5
French	19,500	9,655	9,840	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	7,100	3,520	3,585	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	33,075	13,235	19,840	2.2	1.8	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,470,355	731,110	739,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,398,860	696,360	702,505	95.1	95.2	95.0
Official languages	992,280	501,675	490,600	67.5	68.6	66.4
English	973,460	492,345	481,120	66.2	67.3	65.1
French	18,810	9,335	9,480	1.3	1.3	1.3
Non-official languages	406,585	194,680	211,905	27.7	26.6	28.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	620	255	370	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	430	170	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	195	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	195	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	405,960	194,425	211,535	27.6	26.6	28.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,325	18,165	17,155	2.4	2.5	2.3
Berber languages	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	3,195	1,600	1,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,395	695	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,610	800	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	31,920	16,460	15,455	2.2	2.3	2.1
Amharic	4,515	2,170	2,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	21,215	11,140	10,075	1.4	1.5	1.4
Aramaic languages	660	320	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	350	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	475	235	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,955	2,540	2,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	14,715	6,620	8,100	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	860	395	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	13,745	6,165	7,585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	53,665	23,660	30,005	3.6	3.2	4.1
Bikol	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	910	385	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,905	845	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,015	430	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,535	1,585	1,945	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	695	280	415	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	490	235	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	43,620	19,210	24,410	3.0	2.6	3.3
Waray-Waray	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	430	185	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	595	295	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,665	3,425	3,240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,740	1,380	1,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,200	1,150	1,050	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	1,290	680	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	198,420	97,410	101,000	13.5	13.3	13.7
Albanian	1,370	720	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	270	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	29,405	13,570	15,830	2.0	1.9	2.1
Baltic languages	475	225	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	295	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	28,930	13,345	15,585	2.0	1.8	2.1
Belarusian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	810	410	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,330	610	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,380	3,435	3,945	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	9,970	4,420	5,545	0.7	0.6	0.8
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,815	2,335	2,475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	880	425	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,970	935	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,885	930	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,040	515	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,185	1,435	1,750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	14,825	7,135	7,690	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,900	4,185	4,715	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	8,555	4,010	4,550	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	285	150	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,725	2,345	2,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	1,085	530	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	3,295	1,650	1,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,140	565	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	660	345	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	255	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,485	695	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	106,015	53,340	52,680	7.2	7.3	7.1
Indo-Aryan languages	92,675	46,630	46,045	6.3	6.4	6.2
Assamese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,440	2,220	2,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,500	3,350	3,150	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	8,440	4,255	4,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	1,080	475	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	995	505	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,235	1,155	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.1
Oriya languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	48,850	24,560	24,285	3.3	3.4	3.3
Rohingya	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	305	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,000	485	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	17,785	8,925	8,860	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	640	340	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,305	6,695	6,610	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,095	530	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,015	1,030	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	10,075	5,060	5,010	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	3,045	1,520	1,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	5,685	2,860	2,825	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,340	680	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	44,870	21,720	23,150	3.1	3.0	3.1
Catalan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,500	2,265	2,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	4,465	2,135	2,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	4,495	2,220	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	31,355	15,075	16,280	2.1	2.1	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,360	790	1,565	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	10,605	4,875	5,725	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	465	210	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,375	3,215	3,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	705	365	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	775	400	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	790	380	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,825	960	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	365	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,310	660	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	555	305	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	380	170	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	315	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	215	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	68,485	31,810	36,670	4.7	4.4	5.0
Chinese languages	67,195	31,195	36,005	4.6	4.3	4.9
Hakka	290	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	31,825	14,705	17,125	2.2	2.0	2.3
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,235	520	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,660	15,265	17,390	2.2	2.1	2.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	860	390	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,240	605	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	635	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,195	425	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	445	210	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	710	200	510	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,940	1,040	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	240	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,390	760	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,400	1,575	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	290	105	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,025	1,430	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	71,490	34,755	36,740	4.9	4.8	5.0
English and French	6,005	2,890	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	57,605	28,215	29,390	3.9	3.9	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,205	590	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,100	510	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	5,570	2,550	3,020	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,470,355	731,110	739,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,004,815	506,600	498,210	68.3	69.3	67.4
French	4,540	2,270	2,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	125,805	59,955	65,845	8.6	8.2	8.9
Indigenous³⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	125,750	59,935	65,820	8.6	8.2	8.9
English and French	13,975	6,565	7,410	1.0	0.9	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	300,855	146,180	154,680	20.5	20.0	20.9
French and non-official language(s)	565	250	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,535	3,535	4,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	12,270	5,760	6,505	0.8	0.8	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,470,355	731,110	739,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,396,010	694,825	701,185	94.9	95.0	94.9
Official languages	1,140,755	571,200	569,555	77.6	78.1	77.0
English	1,133,875	567,815	566,060	77.1	77.7	76.6
French	6,880	3,385	3,490	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	255,255	123,620	131,635	17.4	16.9	17.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	255,145	123,570	131,575	17.4	16.9	17.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,415	11,210	11,210	1.5	1.5	1.5
Berber languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,145	1,040	1,105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,005	500	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,010	470	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20,190	10,115	10,070	1.4	1.4	1.4
Amharic	2,840	1,335	1,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	12,740	6,445	6,295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	510	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	240	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,795	1,935	1,860	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,890	4,510	5,375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	455	205	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	9,350	4,265	5,085	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	33,935	15,920	18,015	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bikol	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	490	230	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,130	550	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	550	265	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,175	1,005	1,170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	245	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	28,505	13,320	15,180	1.9	1.8	2.1
Waray-Waray	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,335	2,170	2,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,840	910	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,485	755	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	780	390	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	120,700	59,625	61,085	8.2	8.2	8.3
Albanian	625	330	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	13,750	6,590	7,160	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,535	6,480	7,055	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	380	180	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	380	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,950	1,420	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	6,345	3,020	3,330	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,995	970	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	365	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	705	330	375	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	915	455	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	380	185	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	970	465	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,015	970	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	960	470	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	920	445	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	900	425	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	530	260	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	355	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	470	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	78,800	39,390	39,405	5.4	5.4	5.3
Indo-Aryan languages	69,970	35,035	34,935	4.8	4.8	4.7
Assamese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,960	1,450	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,170	2,145	2,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	5,480	2,760	2,725	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	580	245	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	570	285	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,570	810	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,495	20,340	20,150	2.8	2.8	2.7
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	535	260	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	12,885	6,395	6,490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	355	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,810	4,345	4,465	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	745	360	390	0.1	0.0	0.1
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,245	635	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,750	3,325	3,430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	1,880	905	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,960	1,955	2,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	910	455	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	24,845	12,040	12,805	1.7	1.6	1.7
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	990	450	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,380	1,175	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	2,130	1,065	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	19,310	9,345	9,970	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,150	490	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	8,030	3,785	4,240	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,165	1,025	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	335	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	655	310	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	720	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	335	190	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	425	240	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	335	190	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,805	22,495	25,305	3.3	3.1	3.4
Chinese languages	46,875	22,035	24,845	3.2	3.0	3.4
Hakka	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	23,875	11,390	12,490	1.6	1.6	1.7
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465	185	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,770	10,105	11,665	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	230	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	915	455	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	265	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,180	600	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	935	480	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,175	560	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,110	530	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	74,345	36,290	38,055	5.1	5.0	5.1
English and French	2,835	1,385	1,455	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	68,945	33,730	35,220	4.7	4.6	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	690	310	375	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,620	750	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,470,355	731,110	739,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,196,175	598,625	597,545	81.4	81.9	80.8
English	102,670	50,630	52,040	7.0	6.9	7.0
French	10,865	5,015	5,850	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	125,050	59,460	65,590	8.5	8.1	8.9
Indigenous³⁹	615	270	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	124,440	59,185	65,250	8.5	8.1	8.8
English and French	1,315	625	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	16,635	8,265	8,365	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	3,555	1,655	1,900	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	13,870	6,710	7,160	0.9	0.9	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,465,175	729,035	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,431,280	715,240	716,040	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	1,430,260	714,785	715,475	97.6	98.0	97.2
French	98,315	44,600	53,720	6.7	6.1	7.3
Non-official languages	551,670	265,465	286,205	37.7	36.4	38.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,660	650	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	1,085	405	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	465	185	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	545	215	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	545	215	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	235	70	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	235	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	550,165	264,875	285,290	37.5	36.3	38.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	54,250	28,065	26,185	3.7	3.8	3.6
Berber languages	280	185	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	170	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	365	225	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	355	220	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,715	2,470	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,115	1,125	990	0.1	0.2	0.1
Somali	2,425	1,260	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	50,295	25,960	24,335	3.4	3.6	3.3
Amharic	8,450	4,165	4,285	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arabic	34,975	18,360	16,615	2.4	2.5	2.3
Aramaic languages	845	490	360	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	365	215	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	370	210	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,070	1,060	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	7,650	3,910	3,740	0.5	0.5	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20,750	9,565	11,180	1.4	1.3	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,255	605	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	19,285	8,845	10,445	1.3	1.2	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	74,055	32,630	41,430	5.1	4.5	5.6
Bikol	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,115	495	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	3,530	1,610	1,915	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,360	575	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	6,565	2,840	3,720	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indonesian	1,255	575	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	810	370	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,150	500	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	530	275	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70,230	30,875	39,355	4.8	4.2	5.3
Waray-Waray	460	225	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,835	820	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,080	1,055	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	625	325	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	360	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	480	275	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	515	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,465	5,380	5,085	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	1,085	550	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	3,855	1,980	1,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	4,425	2,265	2,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	2,430	1,285	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	279,635	137,470	142,170	19.1	18.9	19.3
Albanian	1,865	1,015	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	465	265	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	36,860	17,245	19,625	2.5	2.4	2.7
Baltic languages	530	235	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	370	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	36,570	17,115	19,450	2.5	2.3	2.6
Belarusian	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,020	460	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,135	1,070	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	9,110	4,300	4,815	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian	15,025	7,060	7,965	1.0	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,595	3,105	3,495	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	1,775	845	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,355	1,570	1,785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,015	1,435	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,440	660	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	320	120	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,615	2,050	2,570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	475	260	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	235	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	24,855	12,050	12,805	1.7	1.7	1.7
Frisian	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,660	8,080	8,585	1.1	1.1	1.2
German	16,305	7,895	8,415	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,010	3,550	3,460	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	2,075	1,100	975	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dutch	4,545	2,265	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,150	995	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	1,080	550	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	445	175	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	675	300	375	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,335	1,170	1,165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	142,780	72,255	70,525	9.7	9.9	9.6
Indo-Aryan languages	127,915	64,825	63,090	8.7	8.9	8.6
Assamese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	6,135	3,085	3,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	11,115	5,660	5,450	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hindi	44,960	22,760	22,205	3.1	3.1	3.0
Kacchi	2,315	1,020	1,295	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	445	205	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	2,290	1,180	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	2,925	1,515	1,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	68,235	34,755	33,485	4.7	4.8	4.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	685	385	300	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,380	655	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	31,625	16,150	15,475	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,400	750	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	17,200	8,650	8,550	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,420	720	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,985	1,510	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	13,230	6,675	6,555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	4,765	2,320	2,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	6,955	3,585	3,375	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,705	885	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	77,865	37,110	40,755	5.3	5.1	5.5
Catalan	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	9,510	4,630	4,880	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	6,780	3,340	3,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	5,880	2,985	2,890	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	58,975	27,815	31,160	4.0	3.8	4.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	140	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,150	2,255	2,900	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	12,220	5,715	6,510	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	645	300	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	18,250	9,275	8,975	1.2	1.3	1.2
Akan (Twi)	1,395	715	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	360	190	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	185	115	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	3,035	1,585	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	300	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	660	315	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,405	1,790	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	245	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	6,340	3,125	3,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,510	1,255	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,895	965	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	855	455	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nuer	440	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	610	315	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,025	715	1,310	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,715	585	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,575	39,060	43,515	5.6	5.4	5.9
Chinese languages	80,780	38,175	42,605	5.5	5.2	5.8
Hakka	405	170	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	46,240	21,525	24,720	3.2	3.0	3.4
Min Dong	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,385	1,040	1,340	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	340	140	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	42,805	20,060	22,745	2.9	2.8	3.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	870	415	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,820	895	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	520	255	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	765	395	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,815	740	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	650	330	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,300	480	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,520	1,840	1,675	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	550	285	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,595	1,465	1,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,230	1,990	2,240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	410	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,665	1,730	1,935	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	525	290	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,465,175	729,030	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	48,625	22,775	25,850	3.3	3.1	3.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	46,645	21,840	24,805	3.2	3.0	3.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	20,890	9,500	11,400	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis	25,245	12,080	13,165	1.7	1.7	1.8
Inuk (Inuit)	505	260	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,010	460	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	965	480	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,416,555	706,260	710,295	96.7	96.9	96.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,465,175	729,030	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	16,045	7,365	8,680	1.1	1.0	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,449,135	721,665	727,470	98.9	99.0	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	397,375	...	...	70.5	...	...
Renter	166,065	...	...	29.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	134,250	...	...	23.8	...	...
Not condominium	429,185	...	...	76.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,075	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	61,505	...	...	10.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	125,260	...	...	22.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	193,305	...	...	34.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	180,290	...	...	32.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	162,510	...	...	28.8	...	...
5 rooms	86,905	...	...	15.4	...	...
6 rooms	78,860	...	...	14.0	...	...
7 rooms	68,455	...	...	12.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	166,710	...	...	29.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	546,535	...	...	97.0	...	...
More than one person per room	16,900	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	536,095	...	...	95.1	...	...
Not suitable	27,345	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	45,395	...	...	8.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	139,365	...	...	24.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	63,780	...	...	11.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	85,925	...	...	15.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	57,960	...	...	10.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	57,925	...	...	10.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	57,850	...	...	10.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	55,245	...	...	9.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	538,785	...	...	95.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	24,655	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	268,055	...	...	47.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	261,770	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	33,610	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,635	...	...	2.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	91,415	...	...	16.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	125,620	...	...	22.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	113,425	...	...	20.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	105,330	...	...	18.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	70,930	...	...	12.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	30,990	...	...	5.5	...	...
85 years and over	11,095	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	560,185	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	434,075	...	...	77.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	126,110	...	...	22.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	113,165	...	...	20.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	563,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	165,050	...	...	29.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	114,540	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not suitable only	21,350	...	...	3.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	16,355	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,505	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,805	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,235	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	260	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	398,390	...	...	70.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	547,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	53,635	...	...	9.8	...	...
Not in core need	493,605	...	...	90.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	396,760	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.1	...	...	66.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.5	...	...	17.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,802	...	...	1,802	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	460,000	...	...	460,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	528,500	...	...	528,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	166,020	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.5	...	...	34.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.5	...	...	20.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,416	...	...	1,416	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,465,180	729,035	736,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	16,685	7,730	8,950	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	16,245	7,530	8,715	1.1	1.0	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	11,055	5,070	5,985	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	5,055	2,370	2,680	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	135	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	440	200	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	425	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	41,890	19,780	22,115	2.9	2.7	3.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	40,705	19,255	21,450	2.8	2.6	2.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	22,525	10,670	11,850	1.5	1.5	1.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,800	8,400	9,400	1.2	1.2	1.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,190	520	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,080	475	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,406,600	701,525	705,080	96.0	96.2	95.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,465,175	729,035	736,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,295,520	647,505	648,020	88.4	88.8	88.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	302,185	155,670	146,510	20.6	21.4	19.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	993,340	491,835	501,505	67.8	67.5	68.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	169,655	81,530	88,125	11.6	11.2	12.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,465,175	729,035	736,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	976,430	492,820	483,615	66.6	67.6	65.7
Immigrants⁸¹	460,875	221,635	239,240	31.5	30.4	32.5
Before 1980	53,400	25,920	27,480	3.6	3.6	3.7
1980 to 1990	43,715	21,400	22,310	3.0	2.9	3.0
1991 to 2000	65,945	31,675	34,280	4.5	4.3	4.7
2001 to 2010	124,645	59,840	64,800	8.5	8.2	8.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	173,170	82,800	90,365	11.8	11.4	12.3
2011 to 2015	87,550	41,955	45,595	6.0	5.8	6.2
2016 to 2021	85,620	40,845	44,770	5.8	5.6	6.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,865	14,575	13,285	1.9	2.0	1.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	460,875	221,635	239,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	39,895	20,380	19,510	8.7	9.2	8.2
5 to 14 years	77,125	40,030	37,090	16.7	18.1	15.5
15 to 24 years	80,745	36,935	43,810	17.5	16.7	18.3
25 to 44 years	217,430	103,250	114,185	47.2	46.6	47.7
45 years and over	45,685	21,035	24,650	9.9	9.5	10.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	460,875	221,635	239,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	48,475	22,590	25,890	10.5	10.2	10.8
Brazil	2,175	950	1,225	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	6,195	2,845	3,355	1.3	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	2,725	1,280	1,440	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyana	785	365	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	550	310	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	3,535	1,700	1,840	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mexico	5,405	2,645	2,760	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	1,125	510	620	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,435	690	745	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	12,405	5,590	6,815	2.7	2.5	2.8
Other places of birth in Americas	12,135	5,700	6,430	2.6	2.6	2.7
Europe	77,745	38,800	38,940	16.9	17.5	16.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,190	1,045	1,140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	1,475	690	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	1,385	690	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	5,545	2,565	2,985	1.2	1.2	1.2
Greece	930	500	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	1,710	825	885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	3,345	1,745	1,600	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	3,145	1,635	1,505	0.7	0.7	0.6
Poland	6,325	2,950	3,380	1.4	1.3	1.4
Portugal	1,150	585	560	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romania	4,325	2,185	2,140	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	4,455	1,885	2,570	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,025	485	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,260	1,470	1,795	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,450	12,940	11,515	5.3	5.8	4.8
Other places of birth in Europe	13,020	6,600	6,415	2.8	3.0	2.7
Africa	54,590	27,605	26,990	11.8	12.5	11.3
Algeria	640	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	900	445	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	3,475	1,825	1,650	0.8	0.8	0.7
Eritrea	4,775	2,500	2,275	1.0	1.1	1.0
Ethiopia	7,160	3,470	3,685	1.6	1.6	1.5
Morocco	950	485	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	13,340	6,825	6,510	2.9	3.1	2.7
Somalia	1,580	775	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	3,585	1,870	1,720	0.8	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	18,185	9,090	9,100	3.9	4.1	3.8
Asia	276,150	130,770	145,380	59.9	59.0	60.8
Afghanistan	4,275	2,115	2,160	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	5,690	2,965	2,720	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iraq	4,050	2,060	1,985	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanon	4,415	2,390	2,030	1.0	1.1	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	4,415	2,310	2,110	1.0	1.0	0.9
Turkey	1,100	545	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	36,785	16,860	19,930	8.0	7.6	8.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,940	5,230	5,710	2.4	2.4	2.4
Korea, South⁹²	8,600	4,005	4,590	1.9	1.8	1.9
Taiwan	2,195	930	1,270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	68,820	30,435	38,390	14.9	13.7	16.0
Viet Nam	16,265	7,285	8,980	3.5	3.3	3.8
Bangladesh	3,615	1,835	1,780	0.8	0.8	0.7
India	61,230	30,560	30,665	13.3	13.8	12.8
Pakistan	19,375	9,785	9,590	4.2	4.4	4.0
Sri Lanka	1,965	960	1,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	22,400	10,495	11,905	4.9	4.7	5.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,920	1,875	2,040	0.9	0.8	0.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	85,615	40,845	44,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,310	3,825	4,485	9.7	9.4	10.0
Brazil	900	385	515	1.1	0.9	1.2
Colombia	670	265	410	0.8	0.6	0.9
Haiti	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	555	260	295	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mexico	1,410	720	690	1.6	1.8	1.5
United States of America	2,365	1,115	1,255	2.8	2.7	2.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	900	390	505	1.1	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,400	640	765	1.6	1.6	1.7
Europe	7,250	3,685	3,565	8.5	9.0	8.0
France	235	110	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	255	125	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	485	315	170	0.6	0.8	0.4
Italy	290	170	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	685	240	445	0.8	0.6	1.0
Ukraine	750	335	410	0.9	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,675	925	745	2.0	2.3	1.7
Other places of birth in Europe	2,880	1,460	1,425	3.4	3.6	3.2
Africa	15,695	7,785	7,905	18.3	19.1	17.7
Algeria	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	430	190	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	610	300	305	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	2,545	1,340	1,205	3.0	3.3	2.7
Ethiopia	1,855	885	965	2.2	2.2	2.2
Morocco	230	105	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	6,170	3,040	3,130	7.2	7.4	7.0
Somalia	310	140	170	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	755	410	350	0.9	1.0	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	445	215	225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	95	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,940	955	985	2.3	2.3	2.2
Asia	53,690	25,180	28,515	62.7	61.6	63.7
Afghanistan	865	415	455	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	640	315	325	0.7	0.8	0.7
China⁹⁰	5,605	2,435	3,175	6.5	6.0	7.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	315	120	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
India	14,755	7,400	7,350	17.2	18.1	16.4
Iran⁸⁸	870	415	450	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iraq	945	440	505	1.1	1.1	1.1
Israel	345	195	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
Japan	170	25	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	165	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,805	770	1,030	2.1	1.9	2.3
Lebanon	455	220	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nepal	475	240	235	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	2,390	1,145	1,240	2.8	2.8	2.8
Philippines	16,430	7,435	8,995	19.2	18.2	20.1
Saudi Arabia	265	160	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	155	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	3,100	1,630	1,465	3.6	4.0	3.3
Turkey	405	175	225	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Arab Emirates	370	205	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	960	315	645	1.1	0.8	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,200	935	1,265	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	670	370	300	0.8	0.9	0.7
Australia	460	240	220	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	205	125	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,465,175	729,035	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	504,270	244,220	260,055	34.4	33.5	35.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	313,300	158,195	155,105	21.4	21.7	21.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	647,610	326,625	320,985	44.2	44.8	43.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	407,480	195,715	211,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	229,205	114,805	114,400	56.2	58.7	54.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	93,380	56,270	37,110	22.9	28.8	17.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	135,830	58,535	77,295	33.3	29.9	36.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	115,615	47,540	68,075	28.4	24.3	32.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	58,475	31,315	27,155	14.4	16.0	12.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,180	2,050	2,130	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	407,480	195,715	211,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	14,615	8,530	6,080	3.6	4.4	2.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	50,780	22,115	28,660	12.5	11.3	13.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	10,340	5,315	5,025	2.5	2.7	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	23,265	12,100	11,165	5.7	6.2	5.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,510	655	860	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	306,965	147,000	159,960	75.3	75.1	75.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,465,175	729,030	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	567,960	278,905	289,050	38.8	38.3	39.3
South Asian	153,205	77,770	75,435	10.5	10.7	10.2
Chinese	93,510	45,360	48,145	6.4	6.2	6.5
Black	75,650	38,250	37,400	5.2	5.2	5.1
Filipino	89,055	40,795	48,260	6.1	5.6	6.6
Arab	32,450	17,120	15,330	2.2	2.3	2.1
Latin American	34,395	16,520	17,870	2.3	2.3	2.4
Southeast Asian	28,395	13,265	15,130	1.9	1.8	2.1
West Asian	15,725	8,020	7,705	1.1	1.1	1.0
Korean	12,985	6,210	6,775	0.9	0.9	0.9
Japanese	6,330	2,725	3,605	0.4	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,785	2,845	2,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	20,485	10,035	10,450	1.4	1.4	1.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	897,215	450,125	447,095	61.2	61.7	60.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,465,175	729,035	736,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	151,745	79,080	72,670	10.4	10.8	9.9
English	245,280	121,760	123,520	16.7	16.7	16.8
Irish	181,950	88,430	93,520	12.4	12.1	12.7
Scottish	211,090	104,080	107,010	14.4	14.3	14.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	94,415	46,300	48,115	6.4	6.4	6.5
German	176,270	87,235	89,035	12.0	12.0	12.1
Chinese	99,055	47,770	51,285	6.8	6.6	7.0
Italian	41,620	20,680	20,945	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indian (India)	77,205	39,150	38,050	5.3	5.4	5.2
Ukrainian	81,955	39,910	42,045	5.6	5.5	5.7
Dutch	47,175	23,355	23,820	3.2	3.2	3.2
Polish	49,535	23,875	25,665	3.4	3.3	3.5
Québécois	1,880	940	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	49,005	24,705	24,295	3.3	3.4	3.3
Filipino	83,815	38,640	45,170	5.7	5.3	6.1
French Canadian	10,670	5,280	5,390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	24,505	12,650	11,860	1.7	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	14,520	6,875	7,645	1.0	0.9	1.0
Métis	24,430	11,475	12,950	1.7	1.6	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	26,690	13,475	13,210	1.8	1.8	1.8
Russian	33,050	15,395	17,655	2.3	2.1	2.4
Norwegian	39,060	18,580	20,485	2.7	2.5	2.8
Welsh	24,880	11,815	13,065	1.7	1.6	1.8
Portuguese	7,785	3,885	3,900	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	21,165	10,270	10,900	1.4	1.4	1.5
Spanish	18,915	8,710	10,200	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	24,835	12,005	12,830	1.7	1.6	1.7
Hungarian	18,980	9,230	9,755	1.3	1.3	1.3
Acadian	3,520	1,775	1,745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	24,050	12,200	11,850	1.6	1.7	1.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	14,755	7,280	7,475	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jewish	7,085	3,560	3,525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	19,980	10,100	9,880	1.4	1.4	1.3
Vietnamese	22,595	10,615	11,980	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	11,090	5,935	5,155	0.8	0.8	0.7
Greek	6,310	3,255	3,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	6,710	3,355	3,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,400	7,350	8,050	1.1	1.0	1.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,755	2,985	3,770	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	13,060	6,190	6,870	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romanian	12,080	5,735	6,340	0.8	0.8	0.9
Lebanese	12,650	6,605	6,040	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iranian	6,385	3,275	3,110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,470	2,665	2,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	17,340	8,670	8,665	1.2	1.2	1.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,735	2,245	2,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	16,060	8,280	7,785	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austrian	12,055	5,905	6,145	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	6,515	3,155	3,360	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian	1,100	560	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	8,895	4,465	4,430	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexican	8,625	4,195	4,425	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	4,520	2,270	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	7,025	3,435	3,590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	6,075	2,960	3,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	2,045	1,010	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	5,845	2,885	2,955	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	8,540	3,760	4,780	0.6	0.5	0.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,990	2,490	2,500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,665	790	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	7,760	3,750	4,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	6,465	3,345	3,120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	4,880	2,605	2,275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	6,395	3,155	3,245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	1,445	755	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	7,165	3,755	3,415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombian	6,740	3,225	3,515	0.5	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	960	470	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	7,295	3,605	3,695	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	4,385	2,230	2,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	1,320	650	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	6,870	3,375	3,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,655	1,385	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,230	1,530	1,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	1,340	685	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,835	985	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	4,020	1,950	2,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	1,270	570	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	2,800	1,505	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,730	870	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	2,695	1,490	1,205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	615	320	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,630	1,835	1,790	0.2	0.3	0.2
Algerian	655	325	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	2,745	1,350	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	8,700	4,445	4,255	0.6	0.6	0.6
Armenian	1,000	525	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	4,025	1,955	2,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,945	1,375	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	2,845	1,485	1,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	2,240	955	1,285	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	3,120	1,505	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	2,620	1,295	1,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,085	585	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,900	1,845	2,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,805	1,475	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,385	690	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	460	205	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	955	425	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,230	985	1,240	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	3,455	1,740	1,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	3,510	1,805	1,710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	1,845	1,010	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	3,280	1,740	1,540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,085	515	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	945	425	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	6,775	3,255	3,520	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,160	1,495	1,660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,560	760	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	5,550	2,810	2,740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,120	1,050	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	410	225	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,920	1,065	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	680	340	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,710	830	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,230	1,060	1,165	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	480	190	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,745	910	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	5,395	2,740	2,655	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Canadian	1,065	560	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,130	585	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	570	330	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,145	1,080	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	1,375	660	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	6,650	3,360	3,290	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ghanaian	1,530	785	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	700	340	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	1,115	540	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,255	660	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,360	705	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	880	425	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	2,150	1,015	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuelan	3,120	1,485	1,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,120	545	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,245	615	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	1,045	535	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	1,320	605	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,730	830	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,125	550	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,610	1,205	1,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	1,110	540	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	965	480	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	575	325	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	420	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	135	95	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,230	620	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	1,120	535	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,120	555	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,245	585	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	1,575	785	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	805	405	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	455	230	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,360	420	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	410	250	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	2,300	1,185	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	435	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	3,460	1,810	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Byelorussian	810	400	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,705	725	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,075	580	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	275	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,255	665	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	2,565	1,230	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	400	140	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,255	610	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	495	250	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,385	690	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	1,065	510	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	170	110	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,280	650	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,270	1,235	1,035	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nicaraguan	950	440	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	460	195	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,140	565	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	235	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	475	240	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	620	335	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	245	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	680	380	295	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	555	255	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	665	360	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	355	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	605	290	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	475	200	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	205	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	140	100	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	670	350	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	865	440	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	815	350	465	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	375	195	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	400	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	795	415	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zimbabwean	745	335	415	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	590	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	990	455	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	165	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	355	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,570	875	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	845	440	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	595	295	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	450	265	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	355	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	345	210	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,195	560	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	75	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	275	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	275	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	260	145	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	820	405	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	345	135	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	665	370	295	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tajik	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	820	440	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	110	30	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,465,175	729,030	736,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	22,125	9,825	12,295	1.5	1.3	1.7
Christian	656,315	309,310	347,005	44.8	42.4	47.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	141,095	67,490	73,605	9.6	9.3	10.0
Anabaptist	2,315	1,110	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	31,685	14,555	17,130	2.2	2.0	2.3
Baptist	13,135	6,070	7,070	0.9	0.8	1.0
Catholic	293,615	139,980	153,635	20.0	19.2	20.9
Christian Orthodox	25,360	12,315	13,050	1.7	1.7	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	5,945	2,655	3,295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	11,715	5,500	6,215	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lutheran	17,150	7,805	9,345	1.2	1.1	1.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,045	1,350	1,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,610	7,815	8,790	1.1	1.1	1.2
Presbyterian	9,390	4,215	5,175	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	1,690	860	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	44,355	19,075	25,280	3.0	2.6	3.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	39,220	18,520	20,700	2.7	2.5	2.8
Hindu	34,920	17,950	16,970	2.4	2.5	2.3
Jewish	6,705	3,260	3,445	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	100,825	51,425	49,405	6.9	7.1	6.7
Sikh	56,055	28,230	27,825	3.8	3.9	3.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,480	535	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	10,730	4,565	6,160	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	576,025	303,930	272,095	39.3	41.7	37.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,449,435	720,885	728,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,251,575	622,440	629,135	86.3	86.3	86.4
Movers	197,860	98,450	99,410	13.7	13.7	13.6
Non-migrants	142,720	71,195	71,520	9.8	9.9	9.8
Migrants	55,145	27,245	27,895	3.8	3.8	3.8
Internal migrants	40,680	20,100	20,575	2.8	2.8	2.8
Intraprovincial migrants	22,685	11,145	11,545	1.6	1.5	1.6
Interprovincial migrants	17,990	8,960	9,030	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	14,460	7,150	7,315	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,380,650	685,855	694,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	799,585	397,450	402,125	57.9	57.9	57.9
Movers	581,065	288,400	292,665	42.1	42.0	42.1
Non-migrants	353,200	176,485	176,715	25.6	25.7	25.4
Migrants	227,865	111,915	115,955	16.5	16.3	16.7
Internal migrants	150,970	74,420	76,550	10.9	10.9	11.0
Intraprovincial migrants	90,755	45,060	45,695	6.6	6.6	6.6
Interprovincial migrants	60,215	29,365	30,850	4.4	4.3	4.4
External migrants	76,895	37,490	39,410	5.6	5.5	5.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	168,565	88,065	80,500	14.1	15.0	13.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,022,785	500,185	522,600	85.9	85.0	86.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	832,230	411,140	421,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	73,740	40,465	33,275	8.9	9.8	7.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	758,495	370,670	387,820	91.1	90.2	92.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,191,350	588,245	603,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	151,525	77,850	73,675	12.7	13.2	12.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	312,050	156,370	155,680	26.2	26.6	25.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	727,775	354,030	373,745	61.1	60.2	62.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	317,535	158,430	159,110	26.7	26.9	26.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	75,245	56,245	18,995	6.3	9.6	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	26,515	15,000	11,515	2.2	2.5	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	48,725	41,245	7,480	4.1	7.0	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	201,940	85,135	116,800	17.0	14.5	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	40,360	17,045	23,315	3.4	2.9	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	410,235	195,600	214,640	34.4	33.3	35.6
Bachelor's degree	282,585	132,000	150,585	23.7	22.4	25.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	21,500	9,695	11,805	1.8	1.6	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,270	4,780	5,490	0.9	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	83,425	41,555	41,880	7.0	7.1	6.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	12,450	7,570	4,875	1.0	1.3	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	832,230	411,135	421,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	62,470	33,955	28,520	7.5	8.3	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	182,170	95,205	86,965	21.9	23.2	20.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	587,590	281,980	305,610	70.6	68.6	72.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	244,320	122,250	122,065	29.4	29.7	29.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	56,550	42,665	13,885	6.8	10.4	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,035	10,990	8,040	2.3	2.7	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	37,510	31,670	5,845	4.5	7.7	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	156,340	66,270	90,065	18.8	16.1	21.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,430	13,320	18,110	3.8	3.2	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	343,265	159,725	183,545	41.2	38.8	43.6
Bachelor's degree	235,090	107,735	127,360	28.2	26.2	30.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	17,290	7,555	9,735	2.1	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,790	3,845	4,945	1.1	0.9	1.2
Master's degree	72,450	35,075	37,380	8.7	8.5	8.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,655	5,525	4,130	1.2	1.3	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,191,350	588,250	603,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	463,580	234,225	229,355	38.9	39.8	38.0
Education	43,065	9,335	33,730	3.6	1.6	5.6
13. Education	43,065	9,335	33,730	3.6	1.6	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	22,215	8,925	13,285	1.9	1.5	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,375	1,775	600	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	19,835	7,150	12,685	1.7	1.2	2.1
Humanities	32,320	11,635	20,690	2.7	2.0	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,600	715	2,880	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	7,150	1,850	5,300	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,175	3,960	7,215	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	490	165	325	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,195	1,185	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,315	1,895	1,420	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	3,595	1,710	1,885	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	800	150	655	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	80,120	27,765	52,355	6.7	4.7	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,100	210	885	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	10,820	3,805	7,015	0.9	0.6	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,005	695	8,310	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	14,905	5,165	9,735	1.3	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,565	550	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	13,090	2,965	10,120	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	29,640	14,370	15,275	2.5	2.4	2.5
Business, management and public administration	168,620	72,655	95,960	14.2	12.4	15.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,090	1,540	6,550	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	160,360	71,060	89,305	13.5	12.1	14.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	38,420	19,860	18,565	3.2	3.4	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	12,940	4,980	7,960	1.1	0.8	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,840	3,630	4,210	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	655	255	400	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	15,515	10,430	5,085	1.3	1.8	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,470	570	905	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	35,385	23,305	12,080	3.0	4.0	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	29,200	20,430	8,775	2.5	3.5	1.5
25. Library science	1,545	190	1,355	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,935	2,215	1,715	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	705	470	235	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	161,025	137,635	23,385	13.5	23.4	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	6,180	3,860	2,320	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	64,845	51,520	13,325	5.4	8.8	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	35,240	29,170	6,065	3.0	5.0	1.0
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	24,945	24,195	750	2.1	4.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	19,430	18,855	570	1.6	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	10,365	10,030	330	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,320	6,505	6,810	1.1	1.1	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	8,205	3,945	4,265	0.7	0.7	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,110	2,560	2,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	103,430	21,635	81,795	8.7	3.7	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	8,490	4,040	4,450	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	91,815	16,015	75,805	7.7	2.7	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,955	1,515	1,445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	29,655	14,660	14,995	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	18,460	5,900	12,555	1.5	1.0	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	135	120	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	150	130	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,645	3,690	1,950	0.5	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,275	4,825	450	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	205	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	832,230	411,140	421,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	244,640	129,160	115,485	29.4	31.4	27.4
Education	31,180	6,515	24,665	3.7	1.6	5.9
13. Education	31,180	6,515	24,665	3.7	1.6	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,075	7,220	10,860	2.2	1.8	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,810	1,290	520	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	16,270	5,930	10,340	2.0	1.4	2.5
Humanities	25,755	8,985	16,770	3.1	2.2	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,945	565	2,380	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	5,860	1,510	4,350	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	9,130	3,115	6,010	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	360	115	245	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,765	930	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,320	1,335	985	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,805	1,310	1,495	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	570	95	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	66,820	22,460	44,355	8.0	5.5	10.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	925	190	735	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,545	3,250	6,295	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,195	515	6,680	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	12,420	4,010	8,405	1.5	1.0	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,295	445	855	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	10,625	2,275	8,355	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	24,815	11,780	13,035	3.0	2.9	3.1
Business, management and public administration	139,190	59,125	80,065	16.7	14.4	19.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,580	1,180	5,400	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	132,495	57,900	74,590	15.9	14.1	17.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	29,600	14,445	15,160	3.6	3.5	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,375	3,890	6,485	1.2	0.9	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,135	2,740	3,395	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	545	210	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	11,550	7,210	4,340	1.4	1.8	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	990	385	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	30,550	20,210	10,340	3.7	4.9	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,015	18,105	7,910	3.1	4.4	1.9
25. Library science	1,005	130	880	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,955	1,610	1,345	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	570	365	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	129,080	108,310	20,775	15.5	26.3	4.9
04. Architecture and related services	4,975	2,920	2,055	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	54,045	41,995	12,060	6.5	10.2	2.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,120	22,880	5,240	3.4	5.6	1.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	19,475	18,825	650	2.3	4.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,795	14,300	495	1.8	3.5	0.1
48. Precision production	7,650	7,390	260	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,780	5,035	5,740	1.3	1.2	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,335	2,880	3,460	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,440	2,160	2,280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	83,115	17,805	65,305	10.0	4.3	15.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,865	3,270	3,590	0.8	0.8	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	73,710	13,325	60,390	8.9	3.2	14.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,395	1,150	1,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	23,285	11,795	11,490	2.8	2.9	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	14,160	4,630	9,530	1.7	1.1	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	100	90	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	65	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,710	3,105	1,605	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,245	3,900	340	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	832,230	411,140	421,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	244,640	129,160	115,485	29.4	31.4	27.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	587,585	281,980	305,610	70.6	68.6	72.6
Location of study inside Canada	425,605	206,400	219,205	51.1	50.2	52.1
Same as province or territory of residence	305,485	146,785	158,705	36.7	35.7	37.7
Different than province or territory of residence	120,120	59,615	60,500	14.4	14.5	14.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	161,985	75,580	86,405	19.5	18.4	20.5
Americas	27,290	13,585	13,710	3.3	3.3	3.3
United States of America	16,285	8,795	7,495	2.0	2.1	1.8
Mexico	2,295	1,010	1,280	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	250	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	455	210	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	1,645	690	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	2,120	915	1,210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	395	150	245	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,830	770	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	1,925	855	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	28,075	14,670	13,400	3.4	3.6	3.2
Belgium	205	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,210	620	590	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	1,125	615	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	695	375	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	360	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	370	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	605	290	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	1,435	555	880	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	1,820	990	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	2,180	925	1,260	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	1,575	730	850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	900	545	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,875	6,080	4,795	1.3	1.5	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	320	175	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	345	210	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	375	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	3,665	1,895	1,765	0.4	0.5	0.4
Africa	13,005	6,585	6,415	1.6	1.6	1.5
Nigeria	4,955	2,370	2,585	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algeria	335	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	420	220	200	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	185	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,660	855	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	1,495	770	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	3,955	2,090	1,870	0.5	0.5	0.4
Asia	90,530	39,040	51,490	10.9	9.5	12.2
Iran⁸⁸	2,155	1,010	1,145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iraq	910	445	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	410	225	185	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	635	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	730	380	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	390	235	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	11,200	4,985	6,215	1.3	1.2	1.5
Taiwan	585	145	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	790	310	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	1,040	275	765	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,880	1,600	2,280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	29,565	11,665	17,905	3.6	2.8	4.3
Viet Nam	850	335	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	1,395	535	860	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	465	235	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	24,825	11,685	13,135	3.0	2.8	3.1
Pakistan	6,300	2,805	3,495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Other locations of study in Asia	4,400	1,885	2,515	0.5	0.5	0.6
Oceania	3,090	1,700	1,385	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	2,435	1,335	1,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	535	295	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,191,350	588,245	603,100	...	...	...
In the labour force	825,630	432,845	392,785	...	...	...
Employed	724,205	381,155	343,050	...	...	...
Unemployed	101,425	51,695	49,730	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	365,725	155,400	210,320	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.3	73.6	65.1	69.3	73.6	65.1
Employment rate	60.8	64.8	56.9	60.8	64.8	56.9
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.9	12.7	12.3	11.9	12.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	391,945	170,665	221,285	32.9	29.0	36.7
Worked	799,410	417,585	381,820	67.1	71.0	63.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	421,185	240,110	181,075	35.4	40.8	30.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	378,220	177,480	200,745	31.7	30.2	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.5	39.8	40.7	41.5	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	825,630	432,850	392,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350	3.4	3.1	3.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440	96.6	96.9	96.3
Employee	672,670	343,220	329,445	81.5	79.3	83.9
Permanent position	564,700	292,910	271,790	68.4	67.7	69.2
Temporary position	107,970	50,310	57,660	13.1	11.6	14.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	35,960	16,100	19,855	4.4	3.7	5.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	72,005	34,210	37,800	8.7	7.9	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	125,285	76,295	48,985	15.2	17.6	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	825,630	432,850	392,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350	3.4	3.1	3.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440	96.6	96.9	96.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	10,485	7,875	2,610	1.3	1.8	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	152,280	51,145	101,135	18.4	11.8	25.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	91,040	69,590	21,450	11.0	16.1	5.5
3 Health occupations	65,480	13,195	52,285	7.9	3.0	13.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	87,420	29,005	58,415	10.6	6.7	14.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	22,550	9,895	12,655	2.7	2.3	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	196,440	89,565	106,875	23.8	20.7	27.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	135,590	121,360	14,230	16.4	28.0	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	13,655	10,855	2,800	1.7	2.5	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	23,005	17,025	5,980	2.8	3.9	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	825,630	432,850	392,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350	3.4	3.1	3.7
All industries¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440	96.6	96.9	96.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,565	2,785	1,780	0.6	0.6	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	36,980	24,255	12,725	4.5	5.6	3.2
22 Utilities	9,710	6,345	3,365	1.2	1.5	0.9
23 Construction	69,125	58,325	10,795	8.4	13.5	2.7
31-33 Manufacturing	37,970	27,685	10,280	4.6	6.4	2.6
41 Wholesale trade	25,380	17,500	7,880	3.1	4.0	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	90,710	43,585	47,120	11.0	10.1	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	53,540	38,875	14,665	6.5	9.0	3.7
51 Information and cultural industries	14,150	8,355	5,800	1.7	1.9	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	29,425	13,515	15,910	3.6	3.1	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	15,985	8,940	7,045	1.9	2.1	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	91,915	52,955	38,960	11.1	12.2	9.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,530	1,150	1,385	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	35,575	20,070	15,510	4.3	4.6	3.9
61 Educational services	52,095	15,985	36,110	6.3	3.7	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	101,125	19,690	81,435	12.2	4.5	20.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	16,460	8,310	8,145	2.0	1.9	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	47,325	21,480	25,850	5.7	5.0	6.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	34,325	14,640	19,680	4.2	3.4	5.0
91 Public administration	29,070	15,060	14,010	3.5	3.5	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	865,260	451,350	413,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	818,715	428,705	390,010	94.6	95.0	94.2
French	1,225	330	895	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	6,895	3,480	3,410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,885	3,480	3,400	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	7,350	2,960	4,390	0.8	0.7	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	29,760	15,205	14,555	3.4	3.4	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	720	335	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	575	325	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	865,260	451,350	413,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	858,395	447,800	410,595	99.2	99.2	99.2
Official languages	845,425	441,085	404,335	97.7	97.7	97.7
English	843,020	440,450	402,575	97.4	97.6	97.3
French	2,400	635	1,765	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	12,970	6,715	6,260	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,960	6,715	6,250	1.5	1.5	1.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	250	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	450	235	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	335	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	825	320	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	810	310	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	540	275	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	485	245	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,320	2,885	2,435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	445	180	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	445	180	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,340	2,005	1,335	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	3,205	1,955	1,255	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	130	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,735	1,735	995	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	225	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,400	630	770	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	60	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,235	520	710	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	795	440	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,655	2,405	2,250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	4,630	2,385	2,245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,950	985	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,650	1,375	1,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,865	3,555	3,315	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	965	435	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,665	3,005	2,660	0.7	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	865,260	451,350	413,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	832,825	435,630	397,195	96.3	96.5	96.0
English	6,135	2,955	3,180	0.7	0.7	0.8
French	5,350	2,270	3,075	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	17,135	8,600	8,540	2.0	1.9	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	105	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,030	8,555	8,470	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	660	330	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	480	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,655	1,330	1,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	724,205	381,150	343,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	203,550	99,735	103,810	28.1	26.2	30.3
Worked outside Canada	2,705	2,005	695	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	104,220	77,095	27,125	14.4	20.2	7.9
Usual place of work	413,735	202,315	211,425	57.1	53.1	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	413,735	202,310	211,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	349,130	165,050	184,085	84.4	81.6	87.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	52,665	29,050	23,620	12.7	14.4	11.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,230	5,840	2,395	2.0	2.9	1.1
Commute to a different province or territory	3,705	2,375	1,330	0.9	1.2	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	517,950	279,410	238,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	436,970	240,905	196,065	84.4	86.2	82.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	406,920	230,535	176,380	78.6	82.5	73.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	30,050	10,370	19,680	5.8	3.7	8.3
Public transit	40,670	17,630	23,035	7.9	6.3	9.7
Walked	20,955	9,555	11,400	4.0	3.4	4.8
Bicycle	4,210	3,160	1,050	0.8	1.1	0.4
Other method	15,155	8,160	6,990	2.9	2.9	2.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	517,950	279,410	238,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	114,125	51,920	62,205	22.0	18.6	26.1
15 to 29 minutes	232,700	125,990	106,705	44.9	45.1	44.7
30 to 44 minutes	117,765	69,850	47,905	22.7	25.0	20.1
45 to 59 minutes	26,915	15,655	11,260	5.2	5.6	4.7
60 minutes and over	26,455	15,990	10,465	5.1	5.7	4.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	517,950	279,410	238,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	34,255	24,640	9,610	6.6	8.8	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	92,760	57,760	35,000	17.9	20.7	14.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	133,530	70,435	63,100	25.8	25.2	26.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	97,285	47,390	49,890	18.8	17.0	20.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	74,860	33,565	41,295	14.5	12.0	17.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	85,270	45,610	39,655	16.5	16.3	16.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	331,400	170,255	161,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,980	12,180	11,800	7.2	7.2	7.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	307,420	158,075	149,340	92.8	92.8	92.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	240,210	123,500	116,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,835	9,070	8,770	7.4	7.3	7.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,210	4,490	4,720	3.8	3.6	4.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,630	4,575	4,055	3.6	3.7	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	222,370	114,430	107,945	92.6	92.7	92.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 27, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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