Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	CalgaryMore information: Alberta [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,481,806	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,392,609	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	594,513	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	563,440	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	290.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,098.68	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,481,805	736,270	745,535
0 to 14 years	274,190	140,905	133,295
0 to 4 years	84,655	43,455	41,205
5 to 9 years	94,065	48,125	45,940
10 to 14 years	95,470	49,320	46,150
15 to 64 years	1,007,755	502,405	505,350
15 to 19 years	84,790	43,575	41,215
20 to 24 years	86,665	44,680	41,985
25 to 29 years	96,745	48,085	48,665
30 to 34 years	117,760	57,610	60,150
35 to 39 years	125,330	61,800	63,535
40 to 44 years	114,275	56,480	57,795
45 to 49 years	104,035	51,840	52,195
50 to 54 years	96,040	48,280	47,755
55 to 59 years	93,675	46,415	47,260
60 to 64 years	88,445	43,645	44,800
65 years and over	199,860	92,965	106,895
65 to 69 years	70,735	34,700	36,035
70 to 74 years	52,690	25,325	27,365
75 to 79 years	32,545	15,300	17,245
80 to 84 years	21,365	9,235	12,130
85 years and over	22,520	8,395	14,120
85 to 89 years	13,915	5,585	8,325
90 to 94 years	6,890	2,350	4,540
95 to 99 years	1,500	415	1,085
100 years and over	220	45	175
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.5	19.1	17.9
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.2	67.8
65 years and over	13.5	12.6	14.3
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.9
Average age of the population	38.7	38.1	39.3
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	563,440	...	...
Single-detached house	320,530	...	...
Semi-detached house	36,290	...	...
Row house	55,260	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,405	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	86,640	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,750	...	...
Other single-attached house	315	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,255	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	563,440	...	...
1 person	143,155	...	...
2 persons	180,685	...	...
3 persons	90,285	...	...
4 persons	91,555	...	...
5 or more persons	57,760	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,465,175	728,980	736,200
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,207,615	595,370	612,245
Married or living common-law	715,525	358,035	357,490
Married	606,895	303,510	303,385
Living common-law	108,630	54,525	54,100
Living common law - Never married	82,635	41,610	41,025
Living common law - Separated	3,620	1,930	1,690
Living common law - Divorced	20,765	10,285	10,480
Living common law - Widowed	1,615	705	915
Not married and not living common-law	492,085	237,335	254,750
Not married and not living common law - Never married	344,835	187,360	157,475
Not married and not living common law - Separated	27,390	11,775	15,615
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	74,505	28,690	45,815
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	45,360	9,515	35,845
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	406,830	...	...
2 persons	187,380	...	...
3 persons	89,115	...	...
4 persons	91,650	...	...
5 or more persons	38,685	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	406,830	...	...
Total couple families	348,670	...	...
Married couples	294,360	...	...
With children⁶	178,440	...	...
Without children	115,925	...	...
Common-law couples	54,310	...	...
With children⁶	17,640	...	...
Without children	36,670	...	...
Total one-parent families	58,160	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	44,995	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	13,160	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,465,180	728,975	736,200
Total - Persons in census families	1,215,520	604,810	610,705
Married spouses or common-law partners	697,350	348,725	348,620
Parents in one-parent families	58,155	13,160	45,000
Children⁶	460,015	242,920	217,095
In a two-parent family	369,815	194,310	175,505
In a one-parent family	90,200	48,615	41,590
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	249,655	124,165	125,490
Living alone	143,155	67,700	75,455
Living with other relatives⁷	38,265	16,280	21,980
Living with non-relatives only	68,235	40,180	28,055
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	563,440	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	346,305	...	...
Couple-family households	302,480	...	...
With children⁶	170,370	...	...
Without children	132,115	...	...
One-parent-family households	43,825	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	19,250	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,485	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	21,195	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	29,045	...	...
One-person households	143,155	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,191,350	588,270	603,075
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,132,035	559,380	572,650
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,000	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,132,660	559,720	572,935
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,028,960	517,725	511,235
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	861,540	443,265	418,275
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	990,170	481,315	508,855
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,450	5,480	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	129,820	60,980	68,835
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	363,770	175,345	188,425
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,191,355	588,245	603,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,131,575	559,080	572,495
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,500	78,300	53,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,132,205	559,390	572,815
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,100	61,650	44,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,029,200	517,780	511,420
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,400	76,300	48,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	861,540	443,515	418,025
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,050	73,300	48,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	989,175	480,755	508,420
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,980	8,870	11,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	129,770	61,180	68,590
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,070	6,620	7,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	362,395	175,150	187,245
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,310	9,200	9,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,191,350	588,250	603,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	404,785	228,880	175,905
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	80,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,200	107,100	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	349,485	161,905	187,580
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	23,400	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,960	40,320	28,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.6	90.2	81.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	74.2	66.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.3	9.7	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.0	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.7	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,191,350	588,275	603,080
Without total income	59,315	28,885	30,425
With total income	1,132,035	559,385	572,655
Under $10,000 (including loss)	100,140	41,645	58,495
$10,000 to $19,999	106,820	44,760	62,065
$20,000 to $29,999	166,180	73,885	92,300
$30,000 to $39,999	133,325	57,335	75,990
$40,000 to $49,999	114,630	52,445	62,190
$50,000 to $59,999	94,680	45,050	49,625
$60,000 to $69,999	79,280	39,620	39,660
$70,000 to $79,999	64,120	34,290	29,830
$80,000 to $89,999	50,195	28,215	21,985
$90,000 to $99,999	42,215	23,615	18,600
$100,000 and over	180,445	118,530	61,915
$100,000 to $149,999	105,505	63,960	41,545
$150,000 and over	74,945	54,575	20,370
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,191,350	588,275	603,080
Without after-tax income	58,690	28,555	30,140
With after-tax income	1,132,655	559,725	572,935
Under $10,000 (including loss)	104,345	43,230	61,115
$10,000 to $19,999	111,505	46,935	64,570
$20,000 to $29,999	188,460	84,185	104,280
$30,000 to $39,999	155,540	68,850	86,690
$40,000 to $49,999	133,685	63,040	70,645
$50,000 to $59,999	106,750	53,080	53,665
$60,000 to $69,999	81,465	43,635	37,835
$70,000 to $79,999	60,555	33,945	26,610
$80,000 to $89,999	48,145	26,670	21,470
$90,000 to $99,999	32,800	19,600	13,200
$100,000 and over	109,415	76,560	32,855
$100,000 to $124,999	45,520	29,720	15,805
$125,000 and over	63,895	46,835	17,055
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,191,350	588,275	603,080
Without employment income	329,810	145,010	184,800
With employment income	861,540	443,260	418,280
Under $5,000 (including loss)	106,145	49,485	56,665
$5,000 to $9,999	68,575	29,285	39,290
$10,000 to $19,999	95,025	41,855	53,175
$20,000 to $29,999	73,225	33,505	39,725
$30,000 to $39,999	69,155	32,495	36,665
$40,000 to $49,999	67,095	32,630	34,460
$50,000 to $59,999	63,100	30,920	32,180
$60,000 to $69,999	56,605	29,000	27,600
$70,000 to $79,999	46,480	25,905	20,580
$80,000 to $89,999	38,105	21,835	16,275
$90,000 to $99,999	34,540	19,095	15,440
$100,000 and over	143,480	97,265	46,220
$100,000 to $124,999	57,295	34,270	23,030
$125,000 and over	86,180	62,995	23,190
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,191,350	588,270	603,075
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,105,905	545,440	560,470
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	52,800	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,106,295	545,535	560,765
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,015,155	510,735	504,420
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	52,800	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	862,890	443,735	419,155
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	53,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	935,750	456,095	479,655
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,160	950	2,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	80,405	36,345	44,060
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,720	7,250
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,191,355	588,245	603,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,105,360	545,105	560,255
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,400	79,700	51,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,105,730	545,190	560,540
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,600	62,350	43,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,015,625	510,895	504,735
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,600	80,600	50,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	862,970	443,895	419,065
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,200	77,500	50,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	936,020	456,335	479,680
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,025	4,952	7,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,865	35,960	43,905
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,230	7,140	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	401,025	226,880	174,145
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	78,000	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,100	105,600	74,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	329,735	152,965	176,770
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,000	33,200	25,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,720	52,850	35,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.2	94.8	88.2
Employment income (%)	76.6	79.2	72.8
Government transfers (%)	7.8	5.2	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	563,440	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	143,155	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	420,285	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	563,440	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	131,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	143,215	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	68,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	420,225	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	153,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	563,440	...	...
Under $5,000	6,380	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,105	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,200	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,855	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,005	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,560	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,405	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	15,270	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	16,435	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	16,500	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,805	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	35,160	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	34,800	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	33,310	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,990	...	...
$100,000 and over	282,655	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	69,850	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	54,250	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	71,100	...	...
$200,000 and over	87,455	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	563,440	...	...
Under $5,000	7,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,210	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,330	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,330	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,200	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,605	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	15,660	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,985	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	19,785	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	19,710	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	41,550	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	42,525	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	41,055	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	39,640	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	36,025	...	...
$100,000 and over	234,645	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	73,565	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	52,740	...	...
$150,000 and over	108,345	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	399,475	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	137,045	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	196,185	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	53,275	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	211,390	107,880	103,510
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,800	46,000	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	40,800	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	399,355	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	137,245	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	196,140	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,025	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	211,415	107,865	103,545
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,250	62,000	58,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,800	50,720	48,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,465,175	728,975	736,200
0 to 17 years	325,425	167,195	158,230
0 to 5 years	103,425	52,935	50,490
18 to 64 years	951,270	472,495	478,775
65 years and over	188,480	89,285	99,195
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	125,685	60,550	65,135
0 to 17 years	33,170	17,075	16,105
0 to 5 years	10,900	5,555	5,345
18 to 64 years	73,660	35,805	37,855
65 years and over	18,855	7,680	11,175
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.6	8.3	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.5	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.9
65 years and over (%)	10.0	8.6	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,465,180	728,975	736,200
0 to 17 years	325,430	167,195	158,230
0 to 5 years	103,425	52,930	50,495
18 to 64 years	951,265	472,495	478,770
65 years and over	188,480	89,285	99,195
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	78,820	40,845	37,970
0 to 17 years	17,395	8,940	8,455
0 to 5 years	5,475	2,805	2,675
18 to 64 years	55,265	29,025	26,240
65 years and over	6,160	2,885	3,275
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.4	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.5
65 years and over (%)	3.3	3.2	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,465,175	728,975	736,200
In bottom half of the distribution	628,965	307,335	321,630
In bottom decile	116,775	58,830	57,945
In second decile	123,920	58,295	65,620
In third decile	124,885	60,595	64,285
In fourth decile	129,375	63,460	65,920
In fifth decile	134,015	66,155	67,855
In top half of the distribution	836,210	421,640	414,570
In sixth decile	139,985	69,690	70,295
In seventh decile	144,745	72,400	72,350
In eighth decile	153,305	77,005	76,300
In ninth decile	168,900	85,130	83,770
In top decile	229,270	117,415	111,855
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,465,180	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.468	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,470,355	731,110	739,240
English only	1,337,960	672,340	665,620
French only	935	400	530
English and French	97,525	44,695	52,830
Neither English nor French	33,940	13,680	20,265
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,470,355	731,110	739,240
English	1,410,685	704,710	705,975
French	19,500	9,655	9,840
English and French	7,100	3,520	3,585
Neither English nor French	33,075	13,235	19,840
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,470,355	731,110	739,240
Single responses	1,398,860	696,360	702,505
Official languages	992,280	501,675	490,600
English	973,460	492,345	481,120
French	18,810	9,335	9,480
Non-official languages	406,585	194,680	211,905
Indigenous languages³⁹	620	255	370
Algonquian languages	430	170	255
Blackfoot	175	85	90
Cree-Innu languages	195	75	125
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	195	75	125
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	15	35
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	125	50	80
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	50	15	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	5	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	55	30	25
Northern Athabaskan languages	50	30	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	5	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	5	5
Salish languages	5	0	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	90	30	60
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	20	5	10
Stoney	65	25	40
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	405,960	194,425	211,535
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,325	18,165	17,155
Berber languages	130	75	60
Kabyle	95	50	50
Tamazight	30	20	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Chadic languages	45	20	20
Hausa	40	20	20
Mina	5	0	5
Coptic	30	10	15
Cushitic languages	3,195	1,600	1,600
Bilen	170	85	85
Oromo	1,395	695	695
Somali	1,610	800	815
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5
Semitic languages	31,920	16,460	15,455
Amharic	4,515	2,170	2,345
Arabic	21,215	11,140	10,075
Aramaic languages	660	320	340
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	350	175	170
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	215	105	115
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55
Harari	45	20	20
Hebrew	475	235	240
Maltese	20	10	10
Tigrigna	4,955	2,540	2,410
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	14,715	6,620	8,100
Khmer (Cambodian)	860	395	460
Vietnamese	13,745	6,165	7,585
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50
Austronesian languages	53,665	23,660	30,005
Bikol	210	90	115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	910	385	520
Cebuano	1,905	845	1,065
Fijian	50	25	25
Hiligaynon	1,015	430	585
Ilocano	3,535	1,585	1,945
Indonesian	695	280	415
Kankanaey	190	80	110
Kinaray-a	85	40	40
Malagasy languages	30	15	10
Merina	5	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Malay	145	70	80
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	490	235	255
Pangasinan	205	100	105
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	43,620	19,210	24,410
Waray-Waray	160	80	80
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	430	185	245
Creole languages	595	295	305
Haitian Creole	180	85	95
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	5
Krio	60	30	30
Morisyen	105	50	55
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40
Dravidian languages	6,665	3,425	3,240
Kannada	355	180	180
Malayalam	2,740	1,380	1,360
Tamil	2,200	1,150	1,050
Telugu	1,290	680	610
Tulu	50	25	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Georgian	120	70	55
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	198,420	97,410	101,000
Albanian	1,370	720	650
Armenian	270	135	130
Balto-Slavic languages	29,405	13,570	15,830
Baltic languages	475	225	250
Latvian	175	80	95
Lithuanian	295	145	155
Slavic languages	28,930	13,345	15,585
Belarusian	20	5	15
Bulgarian	810	410	405
Czech	1,330	610	720
Macedonian	155	80	75
Polish	7,380	3,435	3,945
Russian	9,970	4,420	5,545
Rusyn	0	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,815	2,335	2,475
Bosnian	880	425	455
Croatian	1,970	935	1,030
Serbian	1,885	930	955
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Slovak	1,040	515	520
Slovene (Slovenian)	210	90	120
Ukrainian	3,185	1,435	1,750
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	120	70	55
Irish	30	15	15
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	15
Welsh	55	30	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Germanic languages	14,825	7,135	7,690
Frisian	35	20	15
High German languages	8,900	4,185	4,715
German	8,555	4,010	4,550
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	285	150	135
Yiddish	60	25	30
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,725	2,345	2,380
Afrikaans	1,085	530	560
Dutch	3,295	1,650	1,640
Low German, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Low Saxon	15	10	5
Plautdietsch	220	95	125
Vlaams (Flemish)	80	40	35
Scandinavian languages	1,140	565	570
Danish	660	345	320
Icelandic	40	20	20
Norwegian	185	85	100
Swedish	255	120	130
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Greek	1,485	695	790
Indo-Iranian languages	106,015	53,340	52,680
Indo-Aryan languages	92,675	46,630	46,045
Assamese	50	25	25
Bengali	4,440	2,220	2,220
Gujarati	6,500	3,350	3,150
Hindi	8,440	4,255	4,185
Kacchi	1,080	475	600
Kashmiri	80	40	40
Konkani	165	75	90
Marathi	995	505	495
Nepali	2,235	1,155	1,080
Oriya languages	95	50	40
Odia	55	30	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	48,850	24,560	24,285
Rohingya	25	10	10
Sindhi	305	160	145
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,000	485	510
Urdu	17,785	8,925	8,860
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	640	340	305
Iranian languages	13,305	6,695	6,610
Baluchi	50	30	15
Kurdish	1,095	530	565
Parsi	20	10	15
Pashto	2,015	1,030	985
Persian languages	10,075	5,060	5,010
Dari	3,045	1,520	1,525
Iranian Persian	5,685	2,860	2,825
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,340	680	655
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	44,870	21,720	23,150
Catalan	45	20	25
Italian	4,500	2,265	2,235
Portuguese	4,465	2,135	2,330
Romanian	4,495	2,220	2,275
Spanish	31,355	15,075	16,280
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
Japanese	2,360	790	1,565
Korean	10,605	4,875	5,725
Mongolian	465	210	255
Niger-Congo languages	6,375	3,215	3,160
Akan (Twi)	705	365	345
Bamanankan	20	10	5
Edo	100	55	45
Éwé	50	30	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45
Ga	40	20	20
Ganda	60	25	30
Gikuyu	65	30	35
Igbo	775	400	375
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	95	100
Lingala	60	30	30
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	120	60	60
Ndebele	100	50	55
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	65	80
Shona	335	155	180
Soninke	10	5	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	25
Swahili	790	380	405
Wojenaka	5	0	0
Wolof	90	40	45
Yoruba	1,825	960	865
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	365	385
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,310	660	650
Dinka	555	305	250
Nuer	380	170	215
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	315	160	160
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25
Sign languages	260	130	130
American Sign Language	215	110	100
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	68,485	31,810	36,670
Chinese languages	67,195	31,195	36,005
Hakka	290	135	150
Mandarin	31,825	14,705	17,125
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,235	520	710
Wu (Shanghainese)	255	125	130
Yue (Cantonese)	32,660	15,265	17,390
Chinese, n.o.s.	860	390	470
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,240	605	645
Burmese	260	125	135
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45
Karenic languages	220	110	115
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30
Tibetan	635	320	325
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25
Tai-Kadai languages	1,195	425	770
Lao	445	210	235
Thai	710	200	510
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Turkic languages	1,940	1,040	900
Azerbaijani	240	135	110
Kazakh	55	20	35
Turkish	1,390	760	630
Uyghur	65	30	35
Uzbek	105	60	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40
Uralic languages	3,400	1,575	1,820
Estonian	85	40	45
Finnish	290	105	185
Hungarian	3,025	1,430	1,595
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35
Multiple responses	71,490	34,755	36,740
English and French	6,005	2,890	3,120
English and non-official language(s)	57,605	28,215	29,390
French and non-official language(s)	1,205	590	615
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,100	510	595
Multiple non-official languages	5,570	2,550	3,020
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,470,355	731,110	739,240
English	1,004,815	506,600	498,210
French	4,540	2,270	2,270
Non-official language	125,805	59,955	65,845
Indigenous³⁹	50	20	30
Non-Indigenous	125,750	59,935	65,820
English and French	13,975	6,565	7,410
English and non-official language(s)	300,855	146,180	154,680
French and non-official language(s)	565	250	315
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,535	3,535	4,000
Multiple non-official languages	12,270	5,760	6,505
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,470,355	731,110	739,240
Single responses	1,396,010	694,825	701,185
Official languages	1,140,755	571,200	569,555
English	1,133,875	567,815	566,060
French	6,880	3,385	3,490
Non-official languages	255,255	123,620	131,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	50	60
Algonquian languages	65	30	35
Blackfoot	35	15	20
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	25	5	15
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	5	5	0
Stoney	20	5	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	255,145	123,570	131,575
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,415	11,210	11,210
Berber languages	50	30	20
Kabyle	35	20	15
Tamazight	5	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Chadic languages	25	10	10
Hausa	25	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	5	5
Cushitic languages	2,145	1,040	1,105
Bilen	130	65	70
Oromo	1,005	500	500
Somali	1,010	470	535
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	20,190	10,115	10,070
Amharic	2,840	1,335	1,500
Arabic	12,740	6,445	6,295
Aramaic languages	510	250	265
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	265	130	135
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	160	75	80
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	45	45
Harari	25	10	15
Hebrew	240	125	120
Maltese	5	5	0
Tigrigna	3,795	1,935	1,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,890	4,510	5,375
Khmer (Cambodian)	455	205	250
Vietnamese	9,350	4,265	5,085
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35
Austronesian languages	33,935	15,920	18,015
Bikol	75	35	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	490	230	260
Cebuano	1,130	550	585
Fijian	10	5	0
Hiligaynon	550	265	285
Ilocano	2,175	1,005	1,170
Indonesian	220	115	110
Kankanaey	110	50	60
Kinaray-a	50	30	20
Malagasy languages	15	5	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Malay	45	20	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	245	125	125
Pangasinan	55	30	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	28,505	13,320	15,180
Waray-Waray	70	40	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95
Creole languages	335	160	175
Haitian Creole	115	60	60
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	20	15	10
Morisyen	70	35	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Dravidian languages	4,335	2,170	2,165
Kannada	190	95	95
Malayalam	1,840	910	930
Tamil	1,485	755	730
Telugu	780	390	390
Tulu	30	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	75	40	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	120,700	59,625	61,085
Albanian	625	330	295
Armenian	140	65	75
Balto-Slavic languages	13,750	6,590	7,160
Baltic languages	215	110	105
Latvian	80	40	40
Lithuanian	135	70	70
Slavic languages	13,535	6,480	7,055
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	380	180	195
Czech	380	175	205
Macedonian	80	40	40
Polish	2,950	1,420	1,535
Russian	6,345	3,020	3,330
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,995	970	1,025
Bosnian	365	175	190
Croatian	705	330	375
Serbian	915	455	460
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	380	185	205
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20
Ukrainian	970	465	505
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	15
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Germanic languages	2,015	970	1,045
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	960	470	495
German	920	445	470
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	20
Yiddish	10	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	900	425	475
Afrikaans	530	260	270
Dutch	355	160	190
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	140	65	75
Danish	45	25	25
Icelandic	10	5	5
Norwegian	15	5	10
Swedish	70	30	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	470	205	260
Indo-Iranian languages	78,800	39,390	39,405
Indo-Aryan languages	69,970	35,035	34,935
Assamese	20	10	15
Bengali	2,960	1,450	1,515
Gujarati	4,170	2,145	2,030
Hindi	5,480	2,760	2,725
Kacchi	580	245	340
Kashmiri	50	25	30
Konkani	70	35	35
Marathi	570	285	285
Nepali	1,570	810	765
Oriya languages	40	20	20
Odia	25	15	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,495	20,340	20,150
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	170	90	85
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	535	260	275
Urdu	12,885	6,395	6,490
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	355	175	185
Iranian languages	8,810	4,345	4,465
Baluchi	30	15	15
Kurdish	745	360	390
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	1,245	635	610
Persian languages	6,750	3,325	3,430
Dari	1,880	905	970
Iranian Persian	3,960	1,955	2,005
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	910	455	455
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Italic (Romance) languages	24,845	12,040	12,805
Catalan	25	10	15
Italian	990	450	545
Portuguese	2,380	1,175	1,210
Romanian	2,130	1,065	1,065
Spanish	19,310	9,345	9,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Japanese	1,150	490	660
Korean	8,030	3,785	4,240
Mongolian	305	135	170
Niger-Congo languages	2,165	1,025	1,140
Akan (Twi)	335	160	170
Bamanankan	5	5	0
Edo	15	10	5
Éwé	15	10	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25
Ga	15	5	5
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	15	5	5
Igbo	200	100	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45
Lingala	35	10	20
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	25	10	10
Ndebele	45	20	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30
Shona	105	45	55
Soninke	10	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5
Swahili	295	140	155
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	50	25	20
Yoruba	655	310	345
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	70	85
Nilo-Saharan languages	720	360	360
Dinka	335	190	150
Nuer	260	115	145
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	425	240	180
American Sign Language	335	190	145
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	85	55	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,805	22,495	25,305
Chinese languages	46,875	22,035	24,845
Hakka	85	35	55
Mandarin	23,875	11,390	12,490
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465	185	280
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	75	80
Yue (Cantonese)	21,770	10,105	11,665
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	230	275
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	915	455	455
Burmese	160	75	85
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45
Karenic languages	165	80	85
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Tibetan	485	250	235
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	480	225	255
Lao	190	90	100
Thai	265	125	145
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Turkic languages	1,180	600	575
Azerbaijani	120	55	65
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	935	480	455
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	50	25	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Uralic languages	1,175	560	615
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	50	25	20
Hungarian	1,110	530	580
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Multiple responses	74,345	36,290	38,055
English and French	2,835	1,385	1,455
English and non-official language(s)	68,945	33,730	35,220
French and non-official language(s)	260	115	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	690	310	375
Multiple non-official languages	1,620	750	865
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,470,355	731,110	739,245
None	1,196,175	598,625	597,545
English	102,670	50,630	52,040
French	10,865	5,015	5,850
Non-official language	125,050	59,460	65,590
Indigenous³⁹	615	270	340
Non-Indigenous	124,440	59,185	65,250
English and French	1,315	625	685
English and non-official language(s)	16,635	8,265	8,365
French and non-official language(s)	3,555	1,655	1,900
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	115	90
Multiple non-official languages	13,870	6,710	7,160
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,465,175	729,035	736,140
Official languages	1,431,280	715,240	716,040
English	1,430,260	714,785	715,475
French	98,315	44,600	53,720
Non-official languages	551,670	265,465	286,205
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,660	650	1,010
Algonquian languages	1,085	405	680
Blackfoot	465	185	275
Cree-Innu languages	545	215	330
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	545	215	330
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	235	70	170
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	40	25	10
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	125	40	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	125	40	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	15	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	235	95	135
Northern Athabaskan languages	225	90	135
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35	10	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	35	10	20
Salish languages	20	20	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	230	115	115
Assiniboine	15	0	15
Dakota	30	20	15
Stoney	175	90	90
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous languages	550,165	264,875	285,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	54,250	28,065	26,185
Berber languages	280	185	100
Kabyle	170	90	75
Tamazight	80	60	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	30	10
Chadic languages	365	225	135
Hausa	355	220	135
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	85	35	45
Cushitic languages	4,715	2,470	2,245
Bilen	235	130	105
Oromo	2,115	1,125	990
Somali	2,425	1,260	1,170
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Semitic languages	50,295	25,960	24,335
Amharic	8,450	4,165	4,285
Arabic	34,975	18,360	16,615
Aramaic languages	845	490	360
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	365	215	145
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	370	210	165
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	55
Harari	80	45	35
Hebrew	2,070	1,060	1,010
Maltese	35	20	15
Tigrigna	7,650	3,910	3,740
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40
Austro-Asiatic languages	20,750	9,565	11,180
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,255	605	650
Vietnamese	19,285	8,845	10,445
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	270	150	120
Austronesian languages	74,055	32,630	41,430
Bikol	550	285	265
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,115	495	620
Cebuano	3,530	1,610	1,915
Fijian	90	50	40
Hiligaynon	1,360	575	785
Ilocano	6,565	2,840	3,720
Indonesian	1,255	575	675
Kankanaey	250	105	145
Kinaray-a	85	50	35
Malagasy languages	45	20	25
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	15
Malay	810	370	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,150	500	650
Pangasinan	530	275	255
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70,230	30,875	39,355
Waray-Waray	460	225	235
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,835	820	1,020
Creole languages	2,080	1,055	1,025
Haitian Creole	625	325	300
Jamaican English Creole	160	70	90
Krio	125	60	65
Morisyen	360	175	185
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	480	275	205
Creole languages, n.i.e.	515	250	265
Dravidian languages	10,465	5,380	5,085
Kannada	1,085	550	535
Malayalam	3,855	1,980	1,875
Tamil	4,425	2,265	2,160
Telugu	2,430	1,285	1,145
Tulu	70	35	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Georgian	220	120	100
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	279,635	137,470	142,170
Albanian	1,865	1,015	855
Armenian	465	265	195
Balto-Slavic languages	36,860	17,245	19,625
Baltic languages	530	235	290
Latvian	160	70	90
Lithuanian	370	170	200
Slavic languages	36,570	17,115	19,450
Belarusian	90	35	55
Bulgarian	1,020	460	560
Czech	2,135	1,070	1,065
Macedonian	335	160	175
Polish	9,110	4,300	4,815
Russian	15,025	7,060	7,965
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	6,595	3,105	3,495
Bosnian	1,775	845	935
Croatian	3,355	1,570	1,785
Serbian	3,015	1,435	1,580
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65
Slovak	1,440	660	780
Slovene (Slovenian)	320	120	200
Ukrainian	4,615	2,050	2,570
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	475	260	210
Irish	235	130	100
Scottish Gaelic	95	45	50
Welsh	145	80	65
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Germanic languages	24,855	12,050	12,805
Frisian	75	20	50
High German languages	16,660	8,080	8,585
German	16,305	7,895	8,415
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0
Swiss German	480	225	255
Yiddish	120	75	45
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,010	3,550	3,460
Afrikaans	2,075	1,100	975
Dutch	4,545	2,265	2,275
Low German, n.o.s.	80	45	30
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	295	130	165
Vlaams (Flemish)	140	70	70
Scandinavian languages	2,150	995	1,155
Danish	1,080	550	525
Icelandic	55	15	35
Norwegian	445	175	265
Swedish	675	300	375
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0
Greek	2,335	1,170	1,165
Indo-Iranian languages	142,780	72,255	70,525
Indo-Aryan languages	127,915	64,825	63,090
Assamese	80	45	35
Bengali	6,135	3,085	3,050
Gujarati	11,115	5,660	5,450
Hindi	44,960	22,760	22,205
Kacchi	2,315	1,020	1,295
Kashmiri	210	100	110
Konkani	445	205	235
Marathi	2,290	1,180	1,110
Nepali	2,925	1,515	1,410
Oriya languages	105	45	55
Odia	15	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50
Punjabi (Panjabi)	68,235	34,755	33,485
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	685	385	300
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,380	655	720
Urdu	31,625	16,150	15,475
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,400	750	650
Iranian languages	17,200	8,650	8,550
Baluchi	70	40	30
Kurdish	1,420	720	700
Parsi	10	10	0
Pashto	2,985	1,510	1,475
Persian languages	13,230	6,675	6,555
Dari	4,765	2,320	2,440
Iranian Persian	6,955	3,585	3,375
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,705	885	820
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75
Italic (Romance) languages	77,865	37,110	40,755
Catalan	110	45	65
Italian	9,510	4,630	4,880
Portuguese	6,780	3,340	3,435
Romanian	5,880	2,985	2,890
Spanish	58,975	27,815	31,160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	140	85	50
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	170	80	90
Japanese	5,150	2,255	2,900
Korean	12,220	5,715	6,510
Mongolian	645	300	345
Niger-Congo languages	18,250	9,275	8,975
Akan (Twi)	1,395	715	680
Bamanankan	35	20	15
Edo	360	190	170
Éwé	115	55	60
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	185	115	70
Ga	300	150	155
Ganda	115	65	50
Gikuyu	180	85	95
Igbo	3,035	1,585	1,450
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	300	140	155
Lingala	405	190	215
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50
Mòoré	15	10	0
Mwani	270	150	120
Ndebele	150	75	80
Rundi (Kirundi)	165	90	75
Shona	660	315	345
Soninke	25	10	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55
Swahili	3,405	1,790	1,620
Wojenaka	35	25	10
Wolof	245	140	105
Yoruba	6,340	3,125	3,215
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,510	1,255	1,255
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,895	965	930
Dinka	855	455	405
Nuer	440	200	240
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	610	315	295
African, n.o.s.	185	85	95
Sign languages	2,025	715	1,310
American Sign Language	1,715	585	1,130
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	170	200
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,575	39,060	43,515
Chinese languages	80,780	38,175	42,605
Hakka	405	170	235
Mandarin	46,240	21,525	24,720
Min Dong	35	25	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,385	1,040	1,340
Wu (Shanghainese)	340	140	195
Yue (Cantonese)	42,805	20,060	22,745
Chinese, n.o.s.	870	415	455
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,820	895	925
Burmese	520	255	265
Kuki-Chin languages	125	60	70
Karenic languages	365	180	190
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50
Tibetan	765	395	370
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	70	90
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65
Tai-Kadai languages	1,815	740	1,075
Lao	650	330	320
Thai	1,300	480	815
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40
Turkic languages	3,520	1,840	1,675
Azerbaijani	550	285	270
Kazakh	170	75	95
Turkish	2,595	1,465	1,135
Uyghur	110	30	80
Uzbek	185	80	105
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65
Uralic languages	4,230	1,990	2,240
Estonian	165	70	95
Finnish	410	200	215
Hungarian	3,665	1,730	1,935
Other languages, n.i.e.	525	290	235
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,465,175	729,030	736,140
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	48,625	22,775	25,850
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	46,645	21,840	24,805
First Nations (North American Indian)	20,890	9,500	11,400
Métis	25,245	12,080	13,165
Inuk (Inuit)	505	260	245
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,010	460	550
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	965	480	490
Non-Indigenous identity	1,416,555	706,260	710,295
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,465,175	729,030	736,140
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	16,045	7,365	8,680
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,449,135	721,665	727,470
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	563,440	...	...
Owner	397,375	...	...
Renter	166,065	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	563,440	...	...
Condominium	134,250	...	...
Not condominium	429,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	563,440	...	...
No bedrooms	3,075	...	...
1 bedroom	61,505	...	...
2 bedrooms	125,260	...	...
3 bedrooms	193,305	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	180,290	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	563,440	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	162,510	...	...
5 rooms	86,905	...	...
6 rooms	78,860	...	...
7 rooms	68,455	...	...
8 or more rooms	166,710	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	563,440	...	...
One person or fewer per room	546,535	...	...
More than one person per room	16,900	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	563,440	...	...
Suitable	536,095	...	...
Not suitable	27,345	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	563,440	...	...
1960 or before	45,395	...	...
1961 to 1980	139,365	...	...
1981 to 1990	63,780	...	...
1991 to 2000	85,925	...	...
2001 to 2005	57,960	...	...
2006 to 2010	57,925	...	...
2011 to 2015	57,850	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	55,245	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	563,440	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	538,785	...	...
Major repairs needed	24,655	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	563,440	...	...
One-maintainer household	268,055	...	...
Two-maintainer household	261,770	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	33,610	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	563,440	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,635	...	...
25 to 34 years	91,415	...	...
35 to 44 years	125,620	...	...
45 to 54 years	113,425	...	...
55 to 64 years	105,330	...	...
65 to 74 years	70,930	...	...
75 to 84 years	30,990	...	...
85 years and over	11,095	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	560,185	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	434,075	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	126,110	...	...
30% to less than 100%	113,165	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	563,440	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	165,050	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	114,540	...	...
Not suitable only	21,350	...	...
Major repairs needed only	16,355	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,505	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,805	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,235	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	260	...	...
Acceptable housing	398,390	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	547,240	...	...
In core need	53,635	...	...
Not in core need	493,605	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	396,760	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,802	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	460,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	528,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	166,020	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,416	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,465,180	729,035	736,145
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	16,685	7,730	8,950
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	16,245	7,530	8,715
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	11,055	5,070	5,985
Métis single ancestry	5,055	2,370	2,680
Inuit single ancestry	135	85	45
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	440	200	235
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	425	190	230
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	41,890	19,780	22,115
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	40,705	19,255	21,450
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	22,525	10,670	11,850
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,800	8,400	9,400
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380	185	200
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,190	520	665
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,080	475	600
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,406,600	701,525	705,080
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,465,175	729,035	736,145
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,295,520	647,505	648,020
Canadian citizens aged under 18	302,185	155,670	146,510
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	993,340	491,835	501,505
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	169,655	81,530	88,125
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,465,175	729,035	736,145
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	976,430	492,820	483,615
Immigrants⁸¹	460,875	221,635	239,240
Before 1980	53,400	25,920	27,480
1980 to 1990	43,715	21,400	22,310
1991 to 2000	65,945	31,675	34,280
2001 to 2010	124,645	59,840	64,800
2011 to 2021⁸²	173,170	82,800	90,365
2011 to 2015	87,550	41,955	45,595
2016 to 2021	85,620	40,845	44,770
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,865	14,575	13,285
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	460,875	221,635	239,240
Under 5 years	39,895	20,380	19,510
5 to 14 years	77,125	40,030	37,090
15 to 24 years	80,745	36,935	43,810
25 to 44 years	217,430	103,250	114,185
45 years and over	45,685	21,035	24,650
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	460,875	221,635	239,240
Americas	48,475	22,590	25,890
Brazil	2,175	950	1,225
Colombia	6,195	2,845	3,355
El Salvador	2,725	1,280	1,440
Guyana	785	365	420
Haiti	550	310	245
Jamaica	3,535	1,700	1,840
Mexico	5,405	2,645	2,760
Peru	1,125	510	620
Trinidad and Tobago	1,435	690	745
United States of America	12,405	5,590	6,815
Other places of birth in Americas	12,135	5,700	6,430
Europe	77,745	38,800	38,940
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,190	1,045	1,140
Croatia	1,475	690	785
France	1,385	690	695
Germany	5,545	2,565	2,985
Greece	930	500	435
Hungary	1,710	825	885
Italy	3,345	1,745	1,600
Netherlands	3,145	1,635	1,505
Poland	6,325	2,950	3,380
Portugal	1,150	585	560
Romania	4,325	2,185	2,140
Russian Federation	4,455	1,885	2,570
Serbia⁸⁶	1,025	485	540
Ukraine	3,260	1,470	1,795
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,450	12,940	11,515
Other places of birth in Europe	13,020	6,600	6,415
Africa	54,590	27,605	26,990
Algeria	640	315	320
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	900	445	455
Egypt	3,475	1,825	1,650
Eritrea	4,775	2,500	2,275
Ethiopia	7,160	3,470	3,685
Morocco	950	485	460
Nigeria	13,340	6,825	6,510
Somalia	1,580	775	810
South Africa, Republic of	3,585	1,870	1,720
Other places of birth in Africa	18,185	9,090	9,100
Asia	276,150	130,770	145,380
Afghanistan	4,275	2,115	2,160
Iran⁸⁸	5,690	2,965	2,720
Iraq	4,050	2,060	1,985
Lebanon	4,415	2,390	2,030
Syria⁸⁹	4,415	2,310	2,110
Turkey	1,100	545	560
China⁹⁰	36,785	16,860	19,930
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,940	5,230	5,710
Korea, South⁹²	8,600	4,005	4,590
Taiwan	2,195	930	1,270
Philippines	68,820	30,435	38,390
Viet Nam	16,265	7,285	8,980
Bangladesh	3,615	1,835	1,780
India	61,230	30,560	30,665
Pakistan	19,375	9,785	9,590
Sri Lanka	1,965	960	1,005
Other places of birth in Asia	22,400	10,495	11,905
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,920	1,875	2,040
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	85,615	40,845	44,775
Americas	8,310	3,825	4,485
Brazil	900	385	515
Colombia	670	265	410
Haiti	105	60	45
Jamaica	555	260	295
Mexico	1,410	720	690
United States of America	2,365	1,115	1,255
Venezuela⁹⁵	900	390	505
Other places of birth in Americas	1,400	640	765
Europe	7,250	3,685	3,565
France	235	110	120
Germany	255	125	130
Ireland⁹⁶	485	315	170
Italy	290	170	115
Russian Federation	685	240	445
Ukraine	750	335	410
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,675	925	745
Other places of birth in Europe	2,880	1,460	1,425
Africa	15,695	7,785	7,905
Algeria	60	15	50
Burundi	40	15	25
Cameroon	430	190	235
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	80
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20
Egypt	610	300	305
Eritrea	2,545	1,340	1,205
Ethiopia	1,855	885	965
Morocco	230	105	125
Nigeria	6,170	3,040	3,130
Somalia	310	140	170
South Africa, Republic of	755	410	350
Sudan⁹⁷	445	215	225
Tunisia	95	65	30
Other places of birth in Africa	1,940	955	985
Asia	53,690	25,180	28,515
Afghanistan	865	415	455
Bangladesh	640	315	325
China⁹⁰	5,605	2,435	3,175
Hong Kong⁹¹	315	120	195
India	14,755	7,400	7,350
Iran⁸⁸	870	415	450
Iraq	945	440	505
Israel	345	195	155
Japan	170	25	150
Jordan	165	90	70
Korea, South⁹²	1,805	770	1,030
Lebanon	455	220	235
Nepal	475	240	235
Pakistan	2,390	1,145	1,240
Philippines	16,430	7,435	8,995
Saudi Arabia	265	160	105
Sri Lanka	155	85	75
Syria⁸⁹	3,100	1,630	1,465
Turkey	405	175	225
United Arab Emirates	370	205	170
Viet Nam	960	315	645
Other places of birth in Asia	2,200	935	1,265
Oceania and other⁹³	670	370	300
Australia	460	240	220
Other places of birth⁹⁸	205	125	85
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,465,175	729,035	736,140
First generation¹⁰⁰	504,270	244,220	260,055
Second generation¹⁰¹	313,300	158,195	155,105
Third generation or more¹⁰²	647,610	326,625	320,985
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	407,480	195,715	211,760
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	229,205	114,805	114,400
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	93,380	56,270	37,110
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	135,830	58,535	77,295
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	115,615	47,540	68,075
Refugees¹⁰⁸	58,475	31,315	27,155
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,180	2,050	2,130
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	407,480	195,715	211,760
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	14,615	8,530	6,080
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	50,780	22,115	28,660
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	10,340	5,315	5,025
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	23,265	12,100	11,165
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,510	655	860
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	306,965	147,000	159,960
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,465,175	729,030	736,140
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	567,960	278,905	289,050
South Asian	153,205	77,770	75,435
Chinese	93,510	45,360	48,145
Black	75,650	38,250	37,400
Filipino	89,055	40,795	48,260
Arab	32,450	17,120	15,330
Latin American	34,395	16,520	17,870
Southeast Asian	28,395	13,265	15,130
West Asian	15,725	8,020	7,705
Korean	12,985	6,210	6,775
Japanese	6,330	2,725	3,605
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,785	2,845	2,940
Multiple visible minorities	20,485	10,035	10,450
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	897,215	450,125	447,095
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,465,175	729,035	736,145
Canadian	151,745	79,080	72,670
English	245,280	121,760	123,520
Irish	181,950	88,430	93,520
Scottish	211,090	104,080	107,010
French, n.o.s.¹²²	94,415	46,300	48,115
German	176,270	87,235	89,035
Chinese	99,055	47,770	51,285
Italian	41,620	20,680	20,945
Indian (India)	77,205	39,150	38,050
Ukrainian	81,955	39,910	42,045
Dutch	47,175	23,355	23,820
Polish	49,535	23,875	25,665
Québécois	1,880	940	940
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	49,005	24,705	24,295
Filipino	83,815	38,640	45,170
French Canadian	10,670	5,280	5,390
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	24,505	12,650	11,860
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	14,520	6,875	7,645
Métis	24,430	11,475	12,950
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	26,690	13,475	13,210
Russian	33,050	15,395	17,655
Norwegian	39,060	18,580	20,485
Welsh	24,880	11,815	13,065
Portuguese	7,785	3,885	3,900
American	21,165	10,270	10,900
Spanish	18,915	8,710	10,200
Swedish	24,835	12,005	12,830
Hungarian	18,980	9,230	9,755
Acadian	3,520	1,775	1,745
Pakistani	24,050	12,200	11,850
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	14,755	7,280	7,475
Jewish	7,085	3,560	3,525
Punjabi	19,980	10,100	9,880
Vietnamese	22,595	10,615	11,980
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	11,090	5,935	5,155
Greek	6,310	3,255	3,055
Jamaican	6,710	3,355	3,355
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,400	7,350	8,050
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,755	2,985	3,770
Korean	13,060	6,190	6,870
Romanian	12,080	5,735	6,340
Lebanese	12,650	6,605	6,040
Iranian	6,385	3,275	3,110
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,470	2,665	2,805
Danish	17,340	8,670	8,665
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,735	2,245	2,490
Sikh	16,060	8,280	7,785
Austrian	12,055	5,905	6,145
Belgian	6,515	3,155	3,360
Haitian	1,100	560	540
Hindu	8,895	4,465	4,430
Mexican	8,625	4,195	4,425
Mennonite	4,520	2,270	2,245
Swiss	7,025	3,435	3,590
Finnish	6,075	2,960	3,115
Sri Lankan	2,045	1,010	1,035
Croatian	5,845	2,885	2,955
Japanese	8,540	3,760	4,780
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,990	2,490	2,500
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,665	790	875
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	7,760	3,750	4,010
Muslim	6,465	3,345	3,120
Egyptian	4,880	2,605	2,275
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	6,395	3,155	3,245
Tamil	1,445	755	690
Icelandic	7,165	3,755	3,415
Colombian	6,740	3,225	3,515
Moroccan	960	470	495
Czech	7,295	3,605	3,695
Syrian	4,385	2,230	2,155
Guyanese	1,320	650	670
Afghan	6,870	3,375	3,485
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,655	1,385	1,265
Serbian	3,230	1,530	1,695
Ojibway	1,340	685	650
Newfoundlander	1,835	985	845
Hong Konger	4,020	1,950	2,070
Ontarian	1,270	570	700
Persian	2,800	1,505	1,295
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,730	870	860
Turkish	2,695	1,490	1,205
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	615	320	300
Bangladeshi	3,630	1,835	1,790
Algerian	655	325	330
Brazilian	2,745	1,350	1,400
Nigerian	8,700	4,445	4,255
Armenian	1,000	525	475
Slovak	4,025	1,955	2,070
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,945	1,375	1,570
Somali	2,845	1,485	1,360
Taiwanese	2,240	955	1,285
Iraqi	3,120	1,505	1,615
Salvadorean	2,620	1,295	1,325
African Caribbean	1,085	585	500
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,900	1,845	2,055
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,805	1,475	1,330
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,385	690	700
Algonquin	460	205	250
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	955	425	535
Lithuanian	2,230	985	1,240
South African	3,455	1,740	1,715
Australian	3,510	1,805	1,710
Palestinian	1,845	1,010	830
Chilean	3,280	1,740	1,540
Congolese	1,085	515	570
Nova Scotian	945	425	520
Ethiopian	6,775	3,255	3,520
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,160	1,495	1,660
Peruvian	1,560	760	805
Yoruba	5,550	2,810	2,740
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,120	1,050	1,065
Berber	410	225	185
Albanian	1,920	1,065	855
Maltese	680	340	345
Macedonian	480	225	255
Slovenian	1,710	830	880
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,230	1,060	1,165
New Brunswicker	480	190	285
Gujarati	1,745	910	835
Eritrean	5,395	2,740	2,655
African Canadian	1,065	560	505
Israeli	1,130	585	540
Mohawk	570	330	235
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,145	1,080	1,065
Bulgarian	1,375	660	715
Albertan	6,650	3,360	3,290
Ghanaian	1,530	785	745
Barbadian	700	340	355
African American	1,115	540	575
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,255	660	595
Tunisian	300	150	155
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,360	705	655
Cuban	880	425	455
Bosnian	2,150	1,015	1,140
Venezuelan	3,120	1,485	1,640
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	20	15
Latvian	1,120	545	580
Bengali	1,245	615	630
Cameroonian	1,045	535	510
Guatemalan	1,320	605	705
Indonesian	1,730	830	910
Laotian	1,125	550	575
Ilocano	2,610	1,205	1,405
Northern Irish	1,110	540	570
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	965	480	480
British Columbian	575	325	255
Ecuadorian	420	220	200
Franco Ontarian	135	95	40
Argentinian	1,230	620	610
Estonian	1,120	535	585
Kurdish	1,120	555	565
Fijian	1,245	585	655
Jatt	1,575	785	780
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	805	405	395
Coptic	455	230	225
Thai	1,360	420	935
Dominican	410	250	160
Nepali	2,300	1,185	1,115
Kabyle	95	50	45
Assyrian	435	225	205
Igbo	3,460	1,810	1,650
Byelorussian	810	400	415
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	225	100	125
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,705	725	980
Abenaki	50	20	25
Moldovan	1,075	580	490
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	275	135	145
New Zealander	1,255	665	590
Sudanese	2,565	1,230	1,335
Breton	40	30	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	400	140	260
Malaysian	1,255	610	645
Plains Cree	225	110	115
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	495	250	245
Huron (Wendat)	105	55	55
Saskatchewanian	1,385	690	695
Buddhist	1,065	510	555
Gaspesian	15	0	0
Norman	170	110	65
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,280	650	630
Ivorian	225	115	110
Saulteaux	295	130	165
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175	70	110
Burundian	170	75	100
Tigrinya	2,270	1,235	1,035
Nicaraguan	950	440	510
Mauritian	460	195	265
Kenyan	1,140	565	570
Oji-Cree	35	15	15
Vincentian	235	105	125
Jordanian	475	240	240
Manitoban	620	335	295
Cape Bretoner	215	105	110
Rwandan	280	150	130
Grenadian	245	100	150
Malayali	680	380	295
Chaldean	165	80	85
Sinhalese	555	255	305
Mayan	665	360	305
Honduran	355	150	200
Cherokee	605	290	320
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	135	60	75
Indo-Caribbean	160	85	80
Flemish	475	200	280
United Empire Loyalist	205	80	125
Senegalese	140	100	35
Azerbaijani	670	350	320
Sicilian	120	45	75
Pashtun	865	440	420
Malay	815	350	465
Goan	375	195	180
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	400	210	195
Tibetan	795	415	385
Zimbabwean	745	335	415
Burmese	590	285	305
Mongolian	990	455	540
Azorean	125	50	70
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	165	100	65
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35
Ugandan	355	175	180
Oromo	1,570	875	695
Tanzanian	845	440	400
Yemeni	595	295	300
Central African	70	35	40
Libyan	450	265	190
Basque	190	90	100
Uruguayan	100	45	55
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	355	155	200
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	345	210	130
Igorot	1,195	560	635
Fulani	75	35	50
Woodland Cree	70	35	30
Guinean	155	85	70
St. Lucian	275	105	175
Prince Edward Islander	275	130	140
Maliseet	25	15	10
Beninese	160	80	80
Telugu	260	145	120
Roma	230	110	120
Costa Rican	200	110	90
African Nova Scotian	105	50	55
Malagasy	50	25	25
Kashmiri	820	405	415
Singaporean	345	135	210
Karen	390	195	195
Edo	665	370	295
Tajik	280	130	145
Amhara	820	440	385
Paraguayan	110	30	85
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,465,175	729,030	736,140
Buddhist	22,125	9,825	12,295
Christian	656,315	309,310	347,005
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	141,095	67,490	73,605
Anabaptist	2,315	1,110	1,210
Anglican	31,685	14,555	17,130
Baptist	13,135	6,070	7,070
Catholic	293,615	139,980	153,635
Christian Orthodox	25,360	12,315	13,050
Jehovah's Witness	5,945	2,655	3,295
Latter Day Saints	11,715	5,500	6,215
Lutheran	17,150	7,805	9,345
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,045	1,350	1,695
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,610	7,815	8,790
Presbyterian	9,390	4,215	5,175
Reformed	1,690	860	830
United Church	44,355	19,075	25,280
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	39,220	18,520	20,700
Hindu	34,920	17,950	16,970
Jewish	6,705	3,260	3,445
Muslim	100,825	51,425	49,405
Sikh	56,055	28,230	27,825
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,480	535	940
Other religions and spiritual traditions	10,730	4,565	6,160
No religion and secular perspectives	576,025	303,930	272,095
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,449,435	720,885	728,550
Non-movers	1,251,575	622,440	629,135
Movers	197,860	98,450	99,410
Non-migrants	142,720	71,195	71,520
Migrants	55,145	27,245	27,895
Internal migrants	40,680	20,100	20,575
Intraprovincial migrants	22,685	11,145	11,545
Interprovincial migrants	17,990	8,960	9,030
External migrants	14,460	7,150	7,315
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,380,650	685,855	694,795
Non-movers	799,585	397,450	402,125
Movers	581,065	288,400	292,665
Non-migrants	353,200	176,485	176,715
Migrants	227,865	111,915	115,955
Internal migrants	150,970	74,420	76,550
Intraprovincial migrants	90,755	45,060	45,695
Interprovincial migrants	60,215	29,365	30,850
External migrants	76,895	37,490	39,410
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,100
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	168,565	88,065	80,500
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,022,785	500,185	522,600
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	832,230	411,140	421,095
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	73,740	40,465	33,275
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	758,495	370,670	387,820
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,191,350	588,245	603,100
No certificate, diploma or degree	151,525	77,850	73,675
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	312,050	156,370	155,680
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	727,775	354,030	373,745
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	317,535	158,430	159,110
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	75,245	56,245	18,995
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	26,515	15,000	11,515
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	48,725	41,245	7,480
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	201,940	85,135	116,800
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	40,360	17,045	23,315
Bachelor's degree or higher	410,235	195,600	214,640
Bachelor's degree	282,585	132,000	150,585
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	21,500	9,695	11,805
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,270	4,780	5,490
Master's degree	83,425	41,555	41,880
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	12,450	7,570	4,875
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	832,230	411,135	421,090
No certificate, diploma or degree	62,470	33,955	28,520
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	182,170	95,205	86,965
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	587,590	281,980	305,610
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	244,320	122,250	122,065
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	56,550	42,665	13,885
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,035	10,990	8,040
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	37,510	31,670	5,845
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	156,340	66,270	90,065
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,430	13,320	18,110
Bachelor's degree or higher	343,265	159,725	183,545
Bachelor's degree	235,090	107,735	127,360
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	17,290	7,555	9,735
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,790	3,845	4,945
Master's degree	72,450	35,075	37,380
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,655	5,525	4,130
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,191,350	588,250	603,105
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	463,580	234,225	229,355
Education	43,065	9,335	33,730
13. Education	43,065	9,335	33,730
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	22,215	8,925	13,285
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,375	1,775	600
50. Visual and performing arts	19,835	7,150	12,685
Humanities	32,320	11,635	20,690
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,600	715	2,880
23. English language and literature/letters	7,150	1,850	5,300
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,175	3,960	7,215
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	490	165	325
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,195	1,185	1,010
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,315	1,895	1,420
54. History	3,595	1,710	1,885
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	800	150	655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	80,120	27,765	52,355
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,100	210	885
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	10,820	3,805	7,015
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,005	695	8,310
22. Legal professions and studies	14,905	5,165	9,735
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,565	550	1,015
42. Psychology	13,090	2,965	10,120
45. Social sciences	29,640	14,370	15,275
Business, management and public administration	168,620	72,655	95,960
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170	60	105
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,090	1,540	6,550
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	160,360	71,060	89,305
Physical and life sciences and technologies	38,420	19,860	18,565
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	12,940	4,980	7,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,840	3,630	4,210
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	655	255	400
40. Physical sciences	15,515	10,430	5,085
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,470	570	905
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	35,385	23,305	12,080
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	29,200	20,430	8,775
25. Library science	1,545	190	1,355
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,935	2,215	1,715
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	705	470	235
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	161,025	137,635	23,385
04. Architecture and related services	6,180	3,860	2,320
14. Engineering	64,845	51,520	13,325
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	35,240	29,170	6,065
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10
46. Construction trades	24,945	24,195	750
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	19,430	18,855	570
48. Precision production	10,365	10,030	330
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,320	6,505	6,810
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	8,205	3,945	4,265
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,110	2,560	2,550
Health and related fields	103,430	21,635	81,795
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	8,490	4,040	4,450
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	91,815	16,015	75,805
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	170	70	100
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,955	1,515	1,445
Personal, protective and transportation services	29,655	14,660	14,995
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	18,460	5,900	12,555
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	135	120	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	150	130	20
43. Security and protective services	5,645	3,690	1,950
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,275	4,825	450
Other¹⁷⁹	205	115	100
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	832,230	411,140	421,095
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	244,640	129,160	115,485
Education	31,180	6,515	24,665
13. Education	31,180	6,515	24,665
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,075	7,220	10,860
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,810	1,290	520
50. Visual and performing arts	16,270	5,930	10,340
Humanities	25,755	8,985	16,770
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,945	565	2,380
23. English language and literature/letters	5,860	1,510	4,350
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	9,130	3,115	6,010
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	360	115	245
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,765	930	835
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,320	1,335	985
54. History	2,805	1,310	1,495
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	570	95	470
Social and behavioural sciences and law	66,820	22,460	44,355
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	925	190	735
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,545	3,250	6,295
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,195	515	6,680
22. Legal professions and studies	12,420	4,010	8,405
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,295	445	855
42. Psychology	10,625	2,275	8,355
45. Social sciences	24,815	11,780	13,035
Business, management and public administration	139,190	59,125	80,065
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	45	75
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,580	1,180	5,400
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	132,495	57,900	74,590
Physical and life sciences and technologies	29,600	14,445	15,160
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,375	3,890	6,485
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,135	2,740	3,395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	545	210	330
40. Physical sciences	11,550	7,210	4,340
41. Science technologies/technicians	990	385	605
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	30,550	20,210	10,340
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,015	18,105	7,910
25. Library science	1,005	130	880
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,955	1,610	1,345
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	570	365	210
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	129,080	108,310	20,775
04. Architecture and related services	4,975	2,920	2,055
14. Engineering	54,045	41,995	12,060
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,120	22,880	5,240
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10
46. Construction trades	19,475	18,825	650
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,795	14,300	495
48. Precision production	7,650	7,390	260
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,780	5,035	5,740
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,335	2,880	3,460
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,440	2,160	2,280
Health and related fields	83,115	17,805	65,305
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,865	3,270	3,590
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	73,710	13,325	60,390
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	60	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,395	1,150	1,245
Personal, protective and transportation services	23,285	11,795	11,490
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	14,160	4,630	9,530
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	100	90	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	65	0
43. Security and protective services	4,710	3,105	1,605
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,245	3,900	340
Other¹⁷⁹	160	75	85
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	832,230	411,140	421,095
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	244,640	129,160	115,485
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	587,585	281,980	305,610
Location of study inside Canada	425,605	206,400	219,205
Same as province or territory of residence	305,485	146,785	158,705
Different than province or territory of residence	120,120	59,615	60,500
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	161,985	75,580	86,405
Americas	27,290	13,585	13,710
United States of America	16,285	8,795	7,495
Mexico	2,295	1,010	1,280
Cuba	250	145	110
Haiti	80	45	30
Jamaica	455	210	245
Brazil	1,645	690	960
Colombia	2,120	915	1,210
Peru	395	150	245
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,830	770	1,070
Other locations of study in Americas	1,925	855	1,065
Europe	28,075	14,670	13,400
Belgium	205	120	85
France	1,210	620	590
Germany	1,125	615	515
Netherlands	695	375	330
Switzerland	360	190	175
Hungary	370	180	190
Moldova¹⁸³	605	290	320
Poland	1,435	555	880
Romania	1,820	990	830
Russian Federation	2,180	925	1,260
Ukraine	1,575	730	850
Ireland⁹⁶	900	545	355
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,875	6,080	4,795
Bosnia and Herzegovina	320	175	150
Italy	345	210	140
Serbia⁸⁶	375	180	190
Other locations of study in Europe	3,665	1,895	1,765
Africa	13,005	6,585	6,415
Nigeria	4,955	2,370	2,585
Algeria	335	170	165
Morocco	420	220	200
Tunisia	185	115	75
Egypt	1,660	855	810
South Africa, Republic of	1,495	770	720
Other locations of study in Africa	3,955	2,090	1,870
Asia	90,530	39,040	51,490
Iran⁸⁸	2,155	1,010	1,145
Iraq	910	445	460
Israel	410	225	185
Lebanon	635	300	335
Syria⁸⁹	730	380	355
Turkey	390	235	160
China⁹⁰	11,200	4,985	6,215
Taiwan	585	145	440
Hong Kong⁹¹	790	310	485
Japan	1,040	275	765
Korea, South⁹²	3,880	1,600	2,280
Philippines	29,565	11,665	17,905
Viet Nam	850	335	520
Bangladesh	1,395	535	860
Sri Lanka	465	235	230
India	24,825	11,685	13,135
Pakistan	6,300	2,805	3,495
Other locations of study in Asia	4,400	1,885	2,515
Oceania	3,090	1,700	1,385
Australia	2,435	1,335	1,095
New Zealand	535	295	240
Other locations of study in Oceania	125	70	55
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,191,350	588,245	603,100
In the labour force	825,630	432,845	392,785
Employed	724,205	381,155	343,050
Unemployed	101,425	51,695	49,730
Not in the labour force	365,725	155,400	210,320
Participation rate	69.3	73.6	65.1
Employment rate	60.8	64.8	56.9
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.9	12.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,191,350	588,250	603,105
Did not work¹⁸⁶	391,945	170,665	221,285
Worked	799,410	417,585	381,820
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	421,185	240,110	181,075
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	378,220	177,480	200,745
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.5	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	825,630	432,850	392,780
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440
Employee	672,670	343,220	329,445
Permanent position	564,700	292,910	271,790
Temporary position	107,970	50,310	57,660
Fixed term (1 year or more)	35,960	16,100	19,855
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	72,005	34,210	37,800
Self-employed¹⁹²	125,285	76,295	48,985
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	825,630	432,850	392,780
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350
All occupations¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	10,485	7,875	2,610
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	152,280	51,145	101,135
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	91,040	69,590	21,450
3 Health occupations	65,480	13,195	52,285
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	87,420	29,005	58,415
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	22,550	9,895	12,655
6 Sales and service occupations	196,440	89,565	106,875
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	135,590	121,360	14,230
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	13,655	10,855	2,800
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	23,005	17,025	5,980
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	825,630	432,850	392,780
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	27,675	13,330	14,350
All industries¹⁹¹	797,955	419,520	378,440
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,565	2,785	1,780
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	36,980	24,255	12,725
22 Utilities	9,710	6,345	3,365
23 Construction	69,125	58,325	10,795
31-33 Manufacturing	37,970	27,685	10,280
41 Wholesale trade	25,380	17,500	7,880
44-45 Retail trade	90,710	43,585	47,120
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	53,540	38,875	14,665
51 Information and cultural industries	14,150	8,355	5,800
52 Finance and insurance	29,425	13,515	15,910
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	15,985	8,940	7,045
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	91,915	52,955	38,960
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,530	1,150	1,385
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	35,575	20,070	15,510
61 Educational services	52,095	15,985	36,110
62 Health care and social assistance	101,125	19,690	81,435
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	16,460	8,310	8,145
72 Accommodation and food services	47,325	21,480	25,850
81 Other services (except public administration)	34,325	14,640	19,680
91 Public administration	29,070	15,060	14,010
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	865,260	451,350	413,910
English	818,715	428,705	390,010
French	1,225	330	895
Non-official language	6,895	3,480	3,410
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	6,885	3,480	3,400
English and French	7,350	2,960	4,390
English and non-official language(s)	29,760	15,205	14,555
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	720	335	390
Multiple non-official languages	575	325	250
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	865,260	451,350	413,910
Single responses	858,395	447,800	410,595
Official languages	845,425	441,085	404,335
English	843,020	440,450	402,575
French	2,400	635	1,765
Non-official languages	12,970	6,715	6,260
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	10	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,960	6,715	6,250
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	250	215
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	450	235	215
Amharic	35	25	10
Arabic	335	170	165
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	70	35	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	825	320	505
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	810	310	495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	540	275	265
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	55	30	25
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	485	245	235
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	0
Tamil	15	0	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,320	2,885	2,435
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	445	180	265
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	445	180	265
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	10	10	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	140	55	85
Russian	180	75	105
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35
Bosnian	25	10	20
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	25	20	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	40	15	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	110	60	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	85	50	35
German	85	50	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	3,340	2,005	1,335
Indo-Aryan languages	3,205	1,955	1,255
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	70	35	30
Hindi	130	80	50
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	30	10	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,735	1,735	995
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	225	95	135
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	135	50	80
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	10
Persian languages	125	50	70
Dari	30	10	20
Iranian Persian	90	35	50
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,400	630	770
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	0
Portuguese	85	55	30
Romanian	60	40	30
Spanish	1,235	520	710
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	105	25	75
Korean	795	440	355
Mongolian	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	30	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,655	2,405	2,250
Chinese languages	4,630	2,385	2,245
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,950	985	960
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,650	1,375	1,270
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10
Burmese	10	10	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35
Lao	15	10	0
Thai	35	0	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	55	30	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	20	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	20	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,865	3,555	3,315
English and French	965	435	535
English and non-official language(s)	5,665	3,005	2,660
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	865,260	451,350	413,910
None	832,825	435,630	397,195
English	6,135	2,955	3,180
French	5,350	2,270	3,075
Non-official language	17,135	8,600	8,540
Indigenous³⁹	105	40	70
Non-Indigenous	17,030	8,555	8,470
English and French	15	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	660	330	335
French and non-official language(s)	480	235	245
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,655	1,330	1,330
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	724,205	381,150	343,050
Worked at home	203,550	99,735	103,810
Worked outside Canada	2,705	2,005	695
No fixed workplace address	104,220	77,095	27,125
Usual place of work	413,735	202,315	211,425
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	413,735	202,310	211,425
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	349,130	165,050	184,085
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	52,665	29,050	23,620
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,230	5,840	2,395
Commute to a different province or territory	3,705	2,375	1,330
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	517,950	279,410	238,545
Car, truck or van	436,970	240,905	196,065
Car, truck or van - as a driver	406,920	230,535	176,380
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	30,050	10,370	19,680
Public transit	40,670	17,630	23,035
Walked	20,955	9,555	11,400
Bicycle	4,210	3,160	1,050
Other method	15,155	8,160	6,990
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	517,950	279,410	238,545
Less than 15 minutes	114,125	51,920	62,205
15 to 29 minutes	232,700	125,990	106,705
30 to 44 minutes	117,765	69,850	47,905
45 to 59 minutes	26,915	15,655	11,260
60 minutes and over	26,455	15,990	10,465
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	517,950	279,410	238,545
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	34,255	24,640	9,610
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	92,760	57,760	35,000
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	133,530	70,435	63,100
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	97,285	47,390	49,890
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	74,860	33,565	41,295
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	85,270	45,610	39,655
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	331,400	170,255	161,145
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,980	12,180	11,800
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	307,420	158,075	149,340
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	240,210	123,500	116,715
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,835	9,070	8,770
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,210	4,490	4,720
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,630	4,575	4,055
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	222,370	114,430	107,945

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 11, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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