Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,642,825	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,463,431	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.3	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,104,532	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,043,319	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	918.0	...	...	918.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,878.93	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,642,825	1,294,420	1,348,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	372,050	192,225	179,815	14.1	14.9	13.3
0 to 4 years	114,775	58,780	56,000	4.3	4.5	4.2
5 to 9 years	125,290	65,020	60,275	4.7	5.0	4.5
10 to 14 years	131,975	68,430	63,550	5.0	5.3	4.7
15 to 64 years	1,809,985	891,130	918,860	68.5	68.8	68.1
15 to 19 years	137,415	70,955	66,455	5.2	5.5	4.9
20 to 24 years	174,255	89,245	85,010	6.6	6.9	6.3
25 to 29 years	201,270	101,265	100,000	7.6	7.8	7.4
30 to 34 years	210,035	104,750	105,285	7.9	8.1	7.8
35 to 39 years	199,405	98,575	100,830	7.5	7.6	7.5
40 to 44 years	178,110	86,165	91,940	6.7	6.7	6.8
45 to 49 years	172,885	81,615	91,270	6.5	6.3	6.8
50 to 54 years	183,290	87,530	95,760	6.9	6.8	7.1
55 to 59 years	184,880	90,050	94,830	7.0	7.0	7.0
60 to 64 years	168,455	80,970	87,480	6.4	6.3	6.5
65 years and over	460,790	211,070	249,730	17.4	16.3	18.5
65 to 69 years	144,285	68,715	75,570	5.5	5.3	5.6
70 to 74 years	121,230	56,855	64,370	4.6	4.4	4.8
75 to 79 years	80,025	37,020	43,015	3.0	2.9	3.2
80 to 84 years	56,105	24,940	31,165	2.1	1.9	2.3
85 years and over	59,145	23,540	35,605	2.2	1.8	2.6
85 to 89 years	35,605	15,280	20,320	1.3	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	17,875	6,675	11,200	0.7	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	4,850	1,410	3,440	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	820	175	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.9	13.3	14.1	14.9	13.3
15 to 64 years	68.5	68.8	68.1	68.5	68.8	68.1
65 years and over	17.4	16.3	18.5	17.4	16.3	18.5
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.2	1.8	2.6
Average age of the population	41.7	40.8	42.6	41.7	40.8	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	40.8	39.6	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	288,775	...	...	27.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	22,030	...	...	2.1	...	...
Row house	105,965	...	...	10.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	167,855	...	...	16.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	255,555	...	...	24.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	197,280	...	...	18.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,340	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,525	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	303,030	...	...	29.0	...	...
2 persons	332,130	...	...	31.8	...	...
3 persons	164,100	...	...	15.7	...	...
4 persons	146,150	...	...	14.0	...	...
5 or more persons	97,910	...	...	9.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,270,780	1,102,195	1,168,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,283,005	639,625	643,380	56.5	58.0	55.1
Married	1,100,315	547,205	553,105	48.5	49.6	47.3
Living common-law	182,695	92,415	90,275	8.0	8.4	7.7
Living common law - Never married	142,340	72,100	70,240	6.3	6.5	6.0
Living common law - Separated	5,995	3,250	2,740	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	31,570	15,865	15,705	1.4	1.4	1.3
Living common law - Widowed	2,790	1,200	1,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	987,775	462,565	525,205	43.5	42.0	44.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	694,885	371,015	323,865	30.6	33.7	27.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	53,410	21,780	31,630	2.4	2.0	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	134,670	49,055	85,615	5.9	4.5	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	104,810	20,715	84,090	4.6	1.9	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	724,930	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	359,330	...	...	49.6	...	...
3 persons	167,280	...	...	23.1	...	...
4 persons	150,890	...	...	20.8	...	...
5 or more persons	47,440	...	...	6.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	724,930	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	615,345	...	...	84.9	...	...
Married couples	524,010	...	...	72.3	...	...
With children⁶	303,525	...	...	41.9	...	...
Without children	220,485	...	...	30.4	...	...
Common-law couples	91,335	...	...	12.6	...	...
With children⁶	23,510	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	67,825	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	109,590	...	...	15.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	87,695	...	...	12.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	21,895	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,073,700	1,027,500	1,046,200	79.5	80.4	78.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,230,685	616,715	613,975	47.2	48.3	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	109,590	21,890	87,700	4.2	1.7	6.6
Children⁶	733,425	388,895	344,525	28.1	30.4	25.9
In a two-parent family	574,915	303,560	271,355	22.1	23.8	20.4
In a one-parent family	158,505	85,335	73,175	6.1	6.7	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	533,310	249,805	283,510	20.5	19.6	21.3
Living alone	303,030	137,905	165,130	11.6	10.8	12.4
Living with other relatives⁷	83,900	32,035	51,870	3.2	2.5	3.9
Living with non-relatives only	146,385	79,865	66,515	5.6	6.3	5.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	580,980	...	...	55.7	...	...
Couple-family households	499,615	...	...	47.9	...	...
With children⁶	263,600	...	...	25.3	...	...
Without children	236,015	...	...	22.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	81,360	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	49,135	...	...	4.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	11,915	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	39,725	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	58,530	...	...	5.6	...	...
One-person households	303,030	...	...	29.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,160,680	1,049,160	1,111,515	96.7	96.7	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,400	40,800	46,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,161,860	1,049,800	1,112,060	96.7	96.7	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	34,000	37,200	41,600	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,936,905	952,805	984,100	86.6	87.8	85.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,400	30,000	36,400	44,400	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,569,015	796,000	773,010	70.2	73.3	67.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	33,200	39,600	47,200	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,770,635	808,310	962,325	79.2	74.5	83.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,600	7,650	9,300	8,600	7,650	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	185,775	79,335	106,435	8.3	7.3	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,560	5,480	5,440	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	632,110	302,505	329,610	28.3	27.9	28.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,159,815	1,048,320	1,111,495	96.6	96.6	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,650	66,300	47,520	56,650	66,300	47,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,160,985	1,048,945	1,112,040	96.7	96.7	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720	53,200	40,640	46,720	53,200	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,935,565	952,175	983,390	86.6	87.7	85.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,800	64,800	43,120	53,800	64,800	43,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,569,015	796,565	772,445	70.2	73.4	67.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,650	63,500	43,480	53,650	63,500	43,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,768,405	806,320	962,085	79.1	74.3	83.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	9,690	10,830	10,310	9,690	10,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	185,340	78,955	106,380	8.3	7.3	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,720	7,060	6,490	5,720	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	630,145	301,340	328,810	28.2	27.8	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390	9,270	9,500	9,390	9,270	9,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	728,635	412,070	316,570	32.6	38.0	27.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	72,500	60,000	66,500	72,500	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	92,300	69,900	82,600	92,300	69,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	636,030	288,460	347,570	28.5	26.6	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,400	19,000	21,200	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,520	35,080	26,760	30,520	35,080	26,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	88.8	80.2	85.0	88.8	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	72.8	63.6	68.8	72.8	63.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.9	11.2	19.7	14.9	11.2	19.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.8	7.4	5.9	4.8	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.0	5.9	4.8	4.0	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	74,780	36,195	38,585	3.3	3.3	3.4
With total income	2,160,675	1,049,165	1,111,515	96.7	96.7	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	229,760	100,650	129,105	10.6	9.6	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	248,480	108,075	140,405	11.5	10.3	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	325,665	138,935	186,735	15.1	13.2	16.8
$30,000 to $39,999	260,250	112,910	147,345	12.0	10.8	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	222,385	99,405	122,980	10.3	9.5	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	184,935	85,970	98,965	8.6	8.2	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	146,880	74,635	72,245	6.8	7.1	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	115,620	63,075	52,545	5.4	6.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	91,245	51,605	39,635	4.2	4.9	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	72,940	41,530	31,415	3.4	4.0	2.8
$100,000 and over	262,520	172,375	90,140	12.1	16.4	8.1
$100,000 to $149,999	164,230	102,590	61,635	7.6	9.8	5.5
$150,000 and over	98,290	69,785	28,500	4.5	6.7	2.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	73,600	35,560	38,035	3.3	3.3	3.3
With after-tax income	2,161,860	1,049,795	1,112,065	96.7	96.7	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	238,430	104,275	134,155	11.0	9.9	12.1
$10,000 to $19,999	256,780	111,790	144,990	11.9	10.6	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	365,930	157,105	208,820	16.9	15.0	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	299,665	132,205	167,460	13.9	12.6	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	255,155	116,795	138,360	11.8	11.1	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	200,175	99,735	100,445	9.3	9.5	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	147,710	80,535	67,175	6.8	7.7	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	109,585	62,060	47,525	5.1	5.9	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	80,250	46,660	33,590	3.7	4.4	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	54,010	33,095	20,915	2.5	3.2	1.9
$100,000 and over	154,165	105,535	48,625	7.1	10.1	4.4
$100,000 to $124,999	72,800	47,770	25,025	3.4	4.6	2.3
$125,000 and over	81,370	57,765	23,600	3.8	5.5	2.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	666,445	289,355	377,090	29.8	26.7	32.8
With employment income	1,569,010	796,005	773,010	70.2	73.3	67.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	203,790	92,590	111,200	13.0	11.6	14.4
$5,000 to $9,999	130,600	56,325	74,275	8.3	7.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	182,310	80,525	101,785	11.6	10.1	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	137,610	62,335	75,280	8.8	7.8	9.7
$30,000 to $39,999	135,255	61,730	73,530	8.6	7.8	9.5
$40,000 to $49,999	134,010	63,060	70,945	8.5	7.9	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	126,735	61,655	65,080	8.1	7.7	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	105,025	56,610	48,415	6.7	7.1	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	85,095	48,620	36,475	5.4	6.1	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	70,465	41,075	29,395	4.5	5.2	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	58,530	34,060	24,465	3.7	4.3	3.2
$100,000 and over	199,585	137,420	62,160	12.7	17.3	8.0
$100,000 to $124,999	86,360	54,985	31,380	5.5	6.9	4.1
$125,000 and over	113,225	82,440	30,785	7.2	10.4	4.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,087,955	1,010,945	1,077,005	93.4	93.1	93.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,200	33,200	38,400	45,200	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,092,110	1,011,925	1,080,185	93.6	93.2	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	30,400	34,400	40,000	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,907,325	936,490	970,835	85.3	86.3	84.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,600	37,600	45,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,592,300	802,110	790,185	71.2	73.9	68.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,400	32,800	38,800	46,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,393,380	593,275	800,115	62.3	54.7	69.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,620	4,360	3,040	1,620	4,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	110,515	44,125	66,395	4.9	4.1	5.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,120	5,480	4,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,086,875	1,010,335	1,076,540	93.4	93.1	93.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	64,600	44,560	54,250	64,600	44,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,090,930	1,011,220	1,079,710	93.5	93.2	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440	51,650	37,720	44,440	51,650	37,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,905,655	935,925	969,735	85.2	86.2	84.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	65,500	43,320	54,250	65,500	43,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,592,505	802,890	789,625	71.2	74.0	68.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	62,250	42,160	52,300	62,250	42,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,391,425	591,290	800,135	62.2	54.5	69.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,120	6,710	7,420	7,120	6,710	7,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	110,385	44,295	66,090	4.9	4.1	5.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,965	8,220	7,320	5,965	8,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	719,975	406,860	313,125	32.2	37.5	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	68,500	54,800	61,600	68,500	54,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,800	86,700	63,950	76,800	86,700	63,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	596,215	270,110	326,110	26.7	24.9	28.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,400	23,200	25,400	28,400	23,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600	42,480	31,760	36,600	42,480	31,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.6	91.2	94.0	87.6
Employment income (%)	73.6	76.6	69.4	73.6	76.6	69.4
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.1	12.4	8.7	6.1	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,043,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	303,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	740,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,043,320	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	117,300	...	...	117,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	302,895	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,550	...	...	59,550	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160	...	...	49,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	740,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,300	...	...	116,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	20,105	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,225	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,585	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,590	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	39,230	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	30,285	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	30,830	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	35,445	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	33,750	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	33,710	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	68,050	...	...	6.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	66,550	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	64,050	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	60,070	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	55,585	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	466,250	...	...	44.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	118,385	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	92,470	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	120,095	...	...	11.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	135,305	...	...	13.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	22,790	...	...	2.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,405	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,875	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	21,425	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	41,415	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	34,225	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	35,420	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	40,580	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,605	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	40,015	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	80,010	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,200	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,480	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	66,915	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	60,370	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	391,580	...	...	37.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	124,245	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	89,890	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	177,450	...	...	17.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	700,885	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	247,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	326,565	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	97,675	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	449,415	217,770	231,645	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,600	38,800	40,000	41,600	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,600	36,000	36,800	37,600	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	700,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	246,715	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	125,700	...	...	125,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	326,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	169,600	...	...	169,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...	138,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	96,940	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...	88,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300	...	...	76,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	448,025	216,430	231,595	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650	55,400	50,040	52,650	55,400	50,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160	45,800	42,640	44,160	45,800	42,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	451,730	233,415	218,310	17.3	18.3	16.4
0 to 5 years	139,005	71,305	67,700	5.3	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,716,485	841,060	875,425	65.8	65.8	65.8
65 years and over	438,795	202,825	235,970	16.8	15.9	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	289,615	135,575	154,040	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	52,575	27,390	25,185	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	15,240	7,785	7,455	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	174,150	82,185	91,970	...	...	...
65 years and over	62,895	26,005	36,885	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.6	11.6	11.1	10.6	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6	11.7	11.5	11.6	11.7	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.9	11.0	11.0	10.9	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.8	10.5	10.2	9.8	10.5
65 years and over (%)	14.3	12.8	15.6	14.3	12.8	15.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,596,300	1,272,125	1,324,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	449,990	232,490	217,495	17.3	18.3	16.4
0 to 5 years	138,435	71,020	67,415	5.3	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,709,765	837,800	871,965	65.9	65.9	65.8
65 years and over	436,545	201,830	234,720	16.8	15.9	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	200,160	98,875	101,285	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	31,010	16,225	14,785	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	8,255	4,250	4,005	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	143,600	71,515	72,090	...	...	...
65 years and over	25,555	11,140	14,410	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.7	7.8	7.7	7.7	7.8	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8	6.9	7.0	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	6.0	5.9	6.0	6.0	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	8.5	8.3	8.4	8.5	8.3
65 years and over (%)	5.9	5.5	6.1	5.9	5.5	6.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,160,745	554,335	606,410	44.5	43.4	45.6
In bottom decile	286,250	137,510	148,735	11.0	10.8	11.2
In second decile	218,965	101,905	117,060	8.4	8.0	8.8
In third decile	211,650	100,865	110,790	8.1	7.9	8.3
In fourth decile	215,485	103,580	111,905	8.3	8.1	8.4
In fifth decile	228,400	110,475	117,925	8.8	8.6	8.9
In top half of the distribution	1,446,270	722,965	723,300	55.5	56.6	54.4
In sixth decile	240,740	117,895	122,845	9.2	9.2	9.2
In seventh decile	257,800	127,340	130,460	9.9	10.0	9.8
In eighth decile	279,315	139,075	140,240	10.7	10.9	10.5
In ninth decile	309,635	155,670	153,965	11.9	12.2	11.6
In top decile	358,770	182,985	175,785	13.8	14.3	13.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,607,015	...	...	2,607,015	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.366	...	...	0.366	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.459	...	...	0.459	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...	0.321	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,307,135	1,148,625	1,158,505	88.1	89.5	86.7
French only	1,095	505	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	170,965	76,685	94,280	6.5	6.0	7.1
Neither English nor French	140,240	57,675	82,565	5.4	4.5	6.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,441,160	1,207,410	1,233,750	93.2	94.1	92.4
French	25,925	12,960	12,965	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	14,255	6,470	7,785	0.5	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	138,090	56,660	81,425	5.3	4.4	6.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,476,420	1,214,835	1,261,585	94.5	94.7	94.4
Official languages	1,365,700	696,455	669,240	52.1	54.3	50.1
English	1,340,995	683,970	657,020	51.2	53.3	49.2
French	24,710	12,490	12,225	0.9	1.0	0.9
Non-official languages	1,110,720	518,375	592,345	42.4	40.4	44.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	555	260	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,110,165	518,120	592,040	42.4	40.4	44.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,995	14,310	12,685	1.0	1.1	0.9
Berber languages	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,715	870	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	240	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,400	695	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25,150	13,350	11,795	1.0	1.0	0.9
Amharic	1,320	640	675	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	18,130	9,640	8,485	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	1,440	730	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	540	275	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	780	390	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,925	1,085	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,240	1,205	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,110	12,505	15,600	1.1	1.0	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,210	535	675	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	26,850	11,945	14,900	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	85,375	35,505	49,870	3.3	2.8	3.7
Bikol	345	140	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,025	420	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	2,615	1,070	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,595	645	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	5,425	2,275	3,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	3,665	1,610	2,050	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	105	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	280	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	725	325	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	345	145	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	67,790	28,045	39,745	2.6	2.2	3.0
Waray-Waray	260	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	730	335	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	640	310	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	315	140	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,510	5,645	4,870	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	480	245	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,115	1,630	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	4,500	2,345	2,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	2,335	1,385	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	474,005	232,735	241,270	18.1	18.1	18.1
Albanian	1,150	590	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,185	570	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	56,960	26,435	30,525	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	625	265	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	295	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	330	135	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	56,340	26,170	30,165	2.2	2.0	2.3
Belarusian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,680	790	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,365	1,580	1,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	245	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,645	4,900	5,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	20,685	9,380	11,310	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	13,295	6,560	6,735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	1,345	655	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	4,990	2,385	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	6,715	3,390	3,325	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	245	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,215	965	1,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	475	220	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,650	1,610	2,045	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	200	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30,225	14,375	15,850	1.2	1.1	1.2
Frisian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	18,910	8,910	10,000	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	18,090	8,520	9,565	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	665	310	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,840	3,825	4,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	1,500	745	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	6,005	2,915	3,085	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	3,380	1,600	1,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	1,525	745	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	635	290	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,110	510	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,295	2,210	2,085	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	294,870	146,860	148,010	11.3	11.4	11.1
Indo-Aryan languages	236,465	117,710	118,750	9.0	9.2	8.9
Assamese	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,870	2,125	1,750	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	7,075	3,515	3,555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	27,990	13,815	14,175	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kacchi	1,125	480	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,370	700	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,270	645	625	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180,355	89,660	90,695	6.9	7.0	6.8
Rohingya	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,605	790	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	10,495	5,310	5,185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	555	275	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	58,375	29,130	29,240	2.2	2.3	2.2
Baluchi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,550	1,385	1,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,225	680	545	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	54,350	26,935	27,415	2.1	2.1	2.1
Dari	5,705	2,815	2,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	43,720	21,655	22,070	1.7	1.7	1.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,925	2,470	2,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	85,100	41,570	43,530	3.2	3.2	3.3
Catalan	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	13,285	6,705	6,580	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	18,185	8,650	9,530	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	6,780	3,270	3,515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	46,645	22,835	23,810	1.8	1.8	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	17,340	5,735	11,605	0.7	0.4	0.9
Korean	52,525	23,415	29,110	2.0	1.8	2.2
Mongolian	410	175	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,435	1,735	1,705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	420	235	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	205	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	210	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	810	390	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	335	185	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	315	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	580	325	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	515	295	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	395,250	178,750	216,505	15.1	13.9	16.2
Chinese languages	393,030	177,675	215,360	15.0	13.8	16.1
Hakka	1,945	845	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	191,475	85,475	106,005	7.3	6.7	7.9
Min Dong	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,195	5,005	6,185	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,085	1,355	1,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	182,910	83,885	99,025	7.0	6.5	7.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,125	965	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,150	1,045	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	930	445	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	580	280	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	525	250	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	320	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,960	1,015	1,940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	810	390	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	2,045	580	1,465	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,260	2,860	2,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	565	305	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	4,095	2,280	1,815	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	6,145	2,770	3,375	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	340	145	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,395	540	855	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	4,410	2,085	2,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	143,005	68,660	74,350	5.5	5.3	5.6
English and French	8,240	4,030	4,210	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	117,335	56,800	60,535	4.5	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,775	835	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,190	985	1,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	13,465	6,000	7,460	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,433,630	724,330	709,305	54.7	56.4	53.1
French	5,350	2,635	2,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	396,810	183,310	213,500	15.1	14.3	16.0
Indigenous³⁹	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	396,730	183,270	213,455	15.1	14.3	16.0
English and French	20,960	10,040	10,920	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	710,270	339,560	370,715	27.1	26.5	27.7
French and non-official language(s)	800	360	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,000	7,270	8,730	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	35,600	15,995	19,610	1.4	1.2	1.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,457,520	1,206,005	1,251,520	93.8	94.0	93.7
Official languages	1,734,900	866,510	868,385	66.2	67.5	65.0
English	1,726,210	862,290	863,925	65.9	67.2	64.7
French	8,690	4,225	4,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	722,625	339,490	383,130	27.6	26.5	28.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	722,515	339,440	383,075	27.6	26.4	28.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,370	8,255	8,115	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,015	495	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	855	405	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15,325	7,745	7,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	625	290	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10,980	5,520	5,465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	1,075	520	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	380	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	915	485	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,685	915	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,825	8,050	9,775	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	630	290	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	17,160	7,740	9,420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45,860	20,520	25,345	1.8	1.6	1.9
Bikol	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	445	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,345	600	745	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	750	330	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,865	1,295	1,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,300	640	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,890	16,855	21,035	1.4	1.3	1.6
Waray-Waray	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	330	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,395	3,295	3,100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	200	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,840	945	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,915	1,455	1,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,405	770	630	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	283,360	139,345	144,015	10.8	10.9	10.8
Albanian	430	215	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	605	290	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	26,885	12,850	14,030	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	26,735	12,775	13,955	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	760	360	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,105	550	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,935	1,860	2,070	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	12,840	6,105	6,740	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,975	2,900	3,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	630	290	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,595	735	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	3,685	1,840	1,850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	780	370	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,185	545	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,695	1,755	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,215	1,030	1,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	2,130	995	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	80	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,100	545	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	590	295	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	495	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	365	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,550	720	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	208,160	103,040	105,125	7.9	8.0	7.9
Indo-Aryan languages	167,845	83,465	84,380	6.4	6.5	6.3
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,260	1,155	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	3,555	1,735	1,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	15,285	7,520	7,765	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	450	185	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	690	350	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	845	425	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	136,300	67,930	68,370	5.2	5.3	5.1
Rohingya	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	795	370	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	7,165	3,550	3,615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	40,315	19,570	20,745	1.5	1.5	1.6
Baluchi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,630	835	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	810	430	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	37,760	18,245	19,515	1.4	1.4	1.5
Dari	3,555	1,730	1,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	30,985	14,965	16,020	1.2	1.2	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,220	1,550	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	42,000	20,450	21,550	1.6	1.6	1.6
Catalan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,330	1,450	1,880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	10,615	5,120	5,490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,935	1,395	1,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	25,050	12,445	12,605	1.0	1.0	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	8,485	3,475	5,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	40,050	18,290	21,750	1.5	1.4	1.6
Mongolian	210	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,150	550	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	310	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	950	540	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	805	460	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	295,940	134,200	161,745	11.3	10.5	12.1
Chinese languages	294,455	133,455	161,000	11.2	10.4	12.1
Hakka	580	260	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	152,805	69,445	83,360	5.8	5.4	6.2
Min Dong	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,040	2,740	3,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,950	900	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	131,660	59,480	72,180	5.0	4.6	5.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,275	560	715	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,455	730	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	615	300	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	415	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	385	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,135	475	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	370	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	715	275	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,695	1,355	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,195	1,130	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,495	695	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	270	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,180	560	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	161,905	77,490	84,415	6.2	6.0	6.3
English and French	3,935	1,915	2,025	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	151,220	72,500	78,720	5.8	5.6	5.9
French and non-official language(s)	425	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,145	560	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	5,180	2,320	2,855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,619,425	1,283,490	1,335,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,968,775	974,115	994,655	75.2	75.9	74.5
English	255,090	123,090	132,005	9.7	9.6	9.9
French	17,840	8,410	9,430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	293,690	137,890	155,800	11.2	10.7	11.7
Indigenous³⁹	560	230	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	293,125	137,665	155,465	11.2	10.7	11.6
English and French	2,230	1,015	1,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	40,505	19,595	20,910	1.5	1.5	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	8,320	3,745	4,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	240	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	32,445	15,390	17,055	1.2	1.2	1.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	2,466,835	1,219,760	1,247,075	94.6	95.5	93.8
English	2,465,850	1,219,360	1,246,490	94.6	95.5	93.7
French	171,635	76,755	94,880	6.6	6.0	7.1
Non-official languages	1,398,170	659,050	739,130	53.6	51.6	55.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,800	790	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	505	175	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	335	120	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	335	120	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	165	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	150	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	655	345	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	245	145	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,396,545	658,350	738,195	53.6	51.5	55.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	41,165	21,885	19,280	1.6	1.7	1.4
Berber languages	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,340	1,225	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	360	200	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,970	1,030	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	39,075	20,835	18,245	1.5	1.6	1.4
Amharic	2,590	1,350	1,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	28,450	15,355	13,095	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	2,130	1,100	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	820	455	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,015	500	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	340	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5,650	2,865	2,785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,090	1,710	1,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,210	16,325	19,880	1.4	1.3	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690	795	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	34,650	15,605	19,045	1.3	1.2	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	122,120	51,035	71,090	4.7	4.0	5.3
Bikol	620	295	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,145	480	665	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	4,315	1,860	2,455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	835	385	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,655	1,055	1,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	9,645	3,925	5,725	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	5,895	2,780	3,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	280	100	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,960	1,405	1,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,310	560	745	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	840	345	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	109,930	45,405	64,535	4.2	3.6	4.9
Waray-Waray	645	255	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,595	1,180	1,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,090	1,065	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	240	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	130	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	860	430	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	465	255	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	355	190	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	16,585	8,800	7,785	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	1,425	765	660	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	4,615	2,470	2,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	8,440	4,400	4,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	3,940	2,235	1,705	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	195	120	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	643,875	317,270	326,605	24.7	24.8	24.6
Albanian	1,585	755	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,390	660	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	70,160	33,320	36,845	2.7	2.6	2.8
Baltic languages	805	350	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	365	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	440	180	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	69,615	33,095	36,520	2.7	2.6	2.7
Belarusian	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,965	940	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	4,785	2,350	2,435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	13,165	6,195	6,970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	29,885	13,995	15,885	1.1	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	17,080	8,555	8,530	0.7	0.7	0.6
Bosnian	2,605	1,285	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	8,235	3,995	4,240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	9,430	4,810	4,625	0.4	0.4	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	385	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,835	1,300	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	675	310	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	7,515	3,310	4,205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,855	1,030	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	1,365	765	600	0.1	0.1	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	95	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	330	175	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	53,220	25,535	27,685	2.0	2.0	2.1
Frisian	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	35,890	17,430	18,455	1.4	1.4	1.4
German	35,110	17,065	18,045	1.3	1.3	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	915	440	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	355	160	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	13,230	6,435	6,795	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	4,765	2,465	2,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	8,290	3,905	4,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	255	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	6,065	2,755	3,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	2,250	1,065	1,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	1,440	635	805	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	2,540	1,180	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	7,005	3,600	3,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	384,455	192,610	191,845	14.7	15.1	14.4
Indo-Aryan languages	317,790	159,415	158,380	12.2	12.5	11.9
Assamese	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,325	2,830	2,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	12,615	6,155	6,465	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	110,485	54,890	55,600	4.2	4.3	4.2
Kacchi	2,745	1,210	1,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	655	335	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	2,930	1,545	1,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,645	830	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	239,205	120,220	118,990	9.2	9.4	8.9
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	505	260	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,045	1,420	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	21,965	11,575	10,390	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,395	690	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	69,060	34,510	34,550	2.6	2.7	2.6
Baluchi	105	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,720	2,025	1,690	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	255	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,440	1,410	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	64,655	32,215	32,440	2.5	2.5	2.4
Dari	7,840	3,780	4,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	52,285	26,110	26,175	2.0	2.0	2.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,290	2,730	2,555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	142,265	68,760	73,500	5.5	5.4	5.5
Catalan	460	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	24,325	11,660	12,665	0.9	0.9	1.0
Portuguese	23,835	11,590	12,245	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	8,735	4,285	4,450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	94,560	45,905	48,655	3.6	3.6	3.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	330	175	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	31,770	13,490	18,275	1.2	1.1	1.4
Korean	61,165	27,260	33,905	2.3	2.1	2.5
Mongolian	525	240	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	9,095	4,625	4,475	0.3	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	1,010	520	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	240	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	150	95	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	485	265	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	430	190	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	285	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	435	190	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,925	2,060	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,130	570	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,495	745	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	480	230	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	3,615	1,595	2,020	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	3,315	1,440	1,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	380	180	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	461,875	211,710	250,165	17.7	16.6	18.8
Chinese languages	459,215	210,380	248,830	17.6	16.5	18.7
Hakka	3,385	1,565	1,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	292,720	131,975	160,745	11.2	10.3	12.1
Min Dong	215	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	22,615	10,030	12,585	0.9	0.8	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,555	1,930	2,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	233,750	106,925	126,820	9.0	8.4	9.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,820	835	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	235	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,850	1,430	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	1,560	780	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	290	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	650	315	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	600	280	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	415	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,550	1,905	2,645	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	1,180	550	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,500	1,390	2,110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	9,305	4,745	4,560	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	1,480	755	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	190	55	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,840	4,050	3,790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	7,285	3,325	3,955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,695	735	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	5,250	2,440	2,805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	355	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	63,345	30,695	32,650	2.4	2.4	2.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	60,565	29,410	31,155	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	35,950	17,325	18,630	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis	24,105	11,875	12,230	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuk (Inuit)	510	210	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,700	770	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,075	520	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	2,543,670	1,246,545	1,297,120	97.6	97.6	97.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	24,605	11,745	12,860	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,582,410	1,265,500	1,316,910	99.1	99.1	99.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	647,870	...	...	62.1	...	...
Renter	394,710	...	...	37.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	735	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	339,250	...	...	32.5	...	...
Not condominium	704,070	...	...	67.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	21,815	...	...	2.1	...	...
1 bedroom	231,855	...	...	22.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	291,055	...	...	27.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	226,590	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	272,005	...	...	26.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	486,500	...	...	46.6	...	...
5 rooms	141,345	...	...	13.5	...	...
6 rooms	104,495	...	...	10.0	...	...
7 rooms	85,645	...	...	8.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	225,340	...	...	21.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,000,375	...	...	95.9	...	...
More than one person per room	42,945	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	958,590	...	...	91.9	...	...
Not suitable	84,735	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	120,385	...	...	11.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	243,195	...	...	23.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	151,115	...	...	14.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	173,545	...	...	16.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	69,100	...	...	6.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	91,675	...	...	8.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	84,850	...	...	8.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	109,460	...	...	10.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	988,135	...	...	94.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	55,185	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	513,180	...	...	49.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	450,060	...	...	43.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	80,080	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	30,925	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	161,980	...	...	15.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	189,720	...	...	18.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	196,810	...	...	18.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	202,020	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	152,290	...	...	14.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	78,330	...	...	7.5	...	...
85 years and over	31,235	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,033,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	725,970	...	...	70.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	307,440	...	...	29.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	254,850	...	...	24.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,043,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	406,540	...	...	39.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	272,030	...	...	26.1	...	...
Not suitable only	60,880	...	...	5.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	34,030	...	...	3.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	18,445	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	15,750	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,190	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,210	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	636,780	...	...	61.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	980,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	166,100	...	...	16.9	...	...
Not in core need	814,720	...	...	83.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	644,275	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2	...	...	59.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...	24.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...	1,980	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,050,000	...	...	1,050,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,304,000	...	...	1,304,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	393,260	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5	...	...	38.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...	27.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,624	...	...	1,624	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	735	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...	200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	326	...	...	326	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,607,015	1,277,240	1,329,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	19,765	9,420	10,350	0.8	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	19,180	9,175	10,005	0.7	0.7	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,265	7,295	7,975	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis single ancestry	3,795	1,845	1,945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	590	240	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	530	215	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	51,145	25,105	26,045	2.0	2.0	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	49,255	24,240	25,015	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	33,045	16,320	16,730	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,860	7,750	8,110	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,890	860	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,810	830	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,536,095	1,242,720	1,293,375	97.3	97.3	97.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,180,525	1,072,430	1,108,100	83.6	84.0	83.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	409,560	211,730	197,825	15.7	16.6	14.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,770,975	860,695	910,275	67.9	67.4	68.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	426,480	204,820	221,665	16.4	16.0	16.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,384,550	702,470	682,080	53.1	55.0	51.3
Immigrants⁸¹	1,089,185	507,280	581,900	41.8	39.7	43.8
Before 1980	158,270	75,060	83,210	6.1	5.9	6.3
1980 to 1990	126,870	59,335	67,530	4.9	4.6	5.1
1991 to 2000	255,475	117,730	137,750	9.8	9.2	10.4
2001 to 2010	259,830	119,250	140,585	10.0	9.3	10.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	288,735	135,905	152,830	11.1	10.6	11.5
2011 to 2015	133,920	62,150	71,765	5.1	4.9	5.4
2016 to 2021	154,820	73,755	81,065	5.9	5.8	6.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	133,275	67,495	65,785	5.1	5.3	4.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,089,180	507,280	581,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	81,230	41,410	39,820	7.5	8.2	6.8
5 to 14 years	168,170	86,775	81,390	15.4	17.1	14.0
15 to 24 years	203,110	92,205	110,905	18.6	18.2	19.1
25 to 44 years	501,615	225,450	276,170	46.1	44.4	47.5
45 years and over	135,060	61,440	73,625	12.4	12.1	12.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,089,180	507,280	581,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	76,000	36,560	39,440	7.0	7.2	6.8
Brazil	7,100	3,335	3,760	0.7	0.7	0.6
Colombia	4,145	1,915	2,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	4,485	2,295	2,185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyana	995	415	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	2,455	1,270	1,180	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mexico	10,060	4,625	5,440	0.9	0.9	0.9
Peru	2,875	1,310	1,565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,980	935	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	27,615	13,505	14,110	2.5	2.7	2.4
Other places of birth in Americas	14,045	6,840	7,210	1.3	1.3	1.2
Europe	162,415	79,875	82,545	14.9	15.7	14.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,870	1,915	0.3	0.4	0.3
Croatia	3,690	1,815	1,875	0.3	0.4	0.3
France	4,360	2,395	1,970	0.4	0.5	0.3
Germany	11,545	5,430	6,115	1.1	1.1	1.1
Greece	2,550	1,415	1,130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	2,750	1,225	1,520	0.3	0.2	0.3
Italy	9,090	4,640	4,455	0.8	0.9	0.8
Netherlands	5,145	2,605	2,545	0.5	0.5	0.4
Poland	9,210	4,265	4,950	0.8	0.8	0.9
Portugal	4,400	2,130	2,275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	7,235	3,420	3,815	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	9,350	4,025	5,320	0.9	0.8	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	3,745	1,865	1,875	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	7,090	3,300	3,790	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	51,440	26,085	25,355	4.7	5.1	4.4
Other places of birth in Europe	27,030	13,390	13,635	2.5	2.6	2.3
Africa	38,530	19,615	18,915	3.5	3.9	3.3
Algeria	445	280	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	740	370	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	2,705	1,510	1,195	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	2,255	1,305	950	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	2,075	1,055	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	930	445	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	2,210	1,165	1,050	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	1,085	515	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	9,000	4,545	4,455	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	17,085	8,420	8,665	1.6	1.7	1.5
Asia	788,120	359,655	428,460	72.4	70.9	73.6
Afghanistan	5,935	2,900	3,030	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	43,245	21,685	21,560	4.0	4.3	3.7
Iraq	6,550	3,510	3,040	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanon	1,960	1,095	865	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	4,690	2,460	2,230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkey	2,540	1,360	1,180	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	204,825	89,180	115,645	18.8	17.6	19.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	76,115	35,535	40,580	7.0	7.0	7.0
Korea, South⁹²	42,090	18,825	23,270	3.9	3.7	4.0
Taiwan	38,670	17,420	21,250	3.6	3.4	3.7
Philippines	109,405	45,955	63,455	10.0	9.1	10.9
Viet Nam	27,175	12,150	15,020	2.5	2.4	2.6
Bangladesh	2,580	1,300	1,280	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	151,400	74,355	77,050	13.9	14.7	13.2
Pakistan	11,125	5,735	5,390	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	4,875	2,340	2,535	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	54,930	23,860	31,075	5.0	4.7	5.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	24,120	11,575	12,545	2.2	2.3	2.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	154,815	73,755	81,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	16,725	8,200	8,530	10.8	11.1	10.5
Brazil	4,625	2,210	2,415	3.0	3.0	3.0
Colombia	825	405	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	390	190	195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	2,460	1,210	1,250	1.6	1.6	1.5
United States of America	5,465	2,780	2,680	3.5	3.8	3.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	420	170	250	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,525	1,220	1,310	1.6	1.7	1.6
Europe	18,070	9,675	8,395	11.7	13.1	10.4
France	1,325	740	590	0.9	1.0	0.7
Germany	800	395	400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	2,105	1,295	815	1.4	1.8	1.0
Italy	805	445	355	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	1,740	725	1,020	1.1	1.0	1.3
Ukraine	1,585	730	855	1.0	1.0	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,555	2,690	1,870	2.9	3.6	2.3
Other places of birth in Europe	5,150	2,650	2,495	3.3	3.6	3.1
Africa	7,395	4,010	3,385	4.8	5.4	4.2
Algeria	65	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burundi	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230	130	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	500	290	215	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	1,415	870	545	0.9	1.2	0.7
Ethiopia	470	270	200	0.3	0.4	0.2
Morocco	230	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	1,085	575	510	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	220	125	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,215	610	610	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,495	760	735	1.0	1.0	0.9
Asia	110,065	50,385	59,680	71.1	68.3	73.6
Afghanistan	1,245	660	590	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bangladesh	530	285	250	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	28,970	12,030	16,940	18.7	16.3	20.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,385	1,070	1,315	1.5	1.5	1.6
India	30,545	15,645	14,900	19.7	21.2	18.4
Iran⁸⁸	5,615	2,765	2,855	3.6	3.7	3.5
Iraq	1,435	785	645	0.9	1.1	0.8
Israel	520	315	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	1,615	405	1,210	1.0	0.5	1.5
Jordan	325	180	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	6,125	2,450	3,670	4.0	3.3	4.5
Lebanon	290	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepal	235	110	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistan	1,850	1,020	830	1.2	1.4	1.0
Philippines	15,095	6,520	8,570	9.8	8.8	10.6
Saudi Arabia	480	300	185	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	600	270	330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	3,380	1,815	1,565	2.2	2.5	1.9
Turkey	795	485	310	0.5	0.7	0.4
United Arab Emirates	515	235	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	2,270	785	1,485	1.5	1.1	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245	2,130	3,120	3.4	2.9	3.8
Oceania and other⁹³	2,570	1,495	1,080	1.7	2.0	1.3
Australia	1,810	1,090	720	1.2	1.5	0.9
Other places of birth⁹⁸	755	405	355	0.5	0.5	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,256,395	591,725	664,670	48.2	46.3	50.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	632,460	321,815	310,645	24.3	25.2	23.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	718,160	363,705	354,455	27.5	28.5	26.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	930,915	432,220	498,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	554,240	267,350	286,895	59.5	61.9	57.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	225,255	128,600	96,660	24.2	29.8	19.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	328,990	138,750	190,240	35.3	32.1	38.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	282,705	115,675	167,030	30.4	26.8	33.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	81,155	43,525	37,635	8.7	10.1	7.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,805	5,670	7,135	1.4	1.3	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	930,915	432,220	498,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,820	13,615	10,210	2.6	3.2	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	98,885	40,630	58,255	10.6	9.4	11.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	33,385	16,610	16,775	3.6	3.8	3.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	58,500	27,225	31,280	6.3	6.3	6.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,390	1,445	1,935	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	712,935	332,695	380,240	76.6	77.0	76.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,420,270	680,720	739,550	54.5	53.3	55.6
South Asian	369,290	186,890	182,400	14.2	14.6	13.7
Chinese	512,260	239,705	272,560	19.6	18.8	20.5
Black	41,180	21,580	19,605	1.6	1.7	1.5
Filipino	142,125	62,920	79,210	5.5	4.9	6.0
Arab	22,440	11,975	10,465	0.9	0.9	0.8
Latin American	51,500	25,375	26,125	2.0	2.0	2.0
Southeast Asian	56,815	26,415	30,400	2.2	2.1	2.3
West Asian	64,640	32,345	32,295	2.5	2.5	2.4
Korean	63,465	28,855	34,610	2.4	2.3	2.6
Japanese	31,195	12,835	18,360	1.2	1.0	1.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,750	7,330	7,420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	50,600	24,485	26,120	1.9	1.9	2.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,186,740	596,525	590,215	45.5	46.7	44.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	174,095	90,190	83,905	6.7	7.1	6.3
English	365,150	182,385	182,765	14.0	14.3	13.7
Irish	235,970	114,465	121,505	9.1	9.0	9.1
Scottish	281,420	138,535	142,885	10.8	10.8	10.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,315	53,375	54,940	4.2	4.2	4.1
German	184,145	90,845	93,295	7.1	7.1	7.0
Chinese	475,160	222,200	252,960	18.2	17.4	19.0
Italian	83,200	41,925	41,280	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indian (India)	213,795	107,310	106,490	8.2	8.4	8.0
Ukrainian	81,155	39,615	41,540	3.1	3.1	3.1
Dutch	64,120	32,355	31,770	2.5	2.5	2.4
Polish	58,505	27,900	30,605	2.2	2.2	2.3
Québécois	2,475	1,275	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	79,115	39,490	39,620	3.0	3.1	3.0
Filipino	141,230	62,935	78,290	5.4	4.9	5.9
French Canadian	15,575	7,690	7,880	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	34,895	18,220	16,675	1.3	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	23,740	11,745	11,995	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	22,050	10,665	11,385	0.8	0.8	0.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	41,860	21,300	20,565	1.6	1.7	1.5
Russian	51,690	24,585	27,110	2.0	1.9	2.0
Norwegian	45,595	22,015	23,580	1.7	1.7	1.8
Welsh	37,335	17,865	19,470	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portuguese	22,980	11,230	11,750	0.9	0.9	0.9
American	26,805	13,320	13,480	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	36,270	16,955	19,310	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	34,990	16,370	18,620	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hungarian	21,815	10,455	11,365	0.8	0.8	0.9
Acadian	2,365	1,240	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	15,765	8,110	7,660	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,685	5,965	5,725	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jewish	22,280	11,210	11,070	0.9	0.9	0.8
Punjabi	71,020	36,210	34,810	2.7	2.8	2.6
Vietnamese	42,690	19,980	22,715	1.6	1.6	1.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,915	5,300	4,620	0.4	0.4	0.3
Greek	14,570	7,575	6,990	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	5,735	3,020	2,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	41,130	19,235	21,895	1.6	1.5	1.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,230	2,915	3,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	62,885	28,640	34,240	2.4	2.2	2.6
Romanian	15,490	7,600	7,885	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	5,355	2,715	2,635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	45,815	22,805	23,010	1.8	1.8	1.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	8,600	4,295	4,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	19,430	9,680	9,755	0.7	0.8	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,225	2,960	3,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	51,935	26,520	25,415	2.0	2.1	1.9
Austrian	17,850	8,590	9,265	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belgian	7,410	3,675	3,735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	620	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	15,640	8,105	7,535	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexican	19,655	9,810	9,845	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mennonite	6,320	3,260	3,055	0.2	0.3	0.2
Swiss	9,570	4,715	4,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	12,650	6,150	6,505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	5,475	2,710	2,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	14,670	7,195	7,475	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	38,945	16,620	22,325	1.5	1.3	1.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	16,030	7,905	8,125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,315	640	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	11,035	5,450	5,585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	7,175	3,625	3,555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	4,430	2,365	2,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,930	4,465	4,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	3,065	1,665	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10,265	4,980	5,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	5,525	2,760	2,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	1,305	630	680	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	10,055	4,970	5,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	4,355	2,255	2,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	1,615	835	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	9,060	4,475	4,585	0.3	0.4	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,940	1,495	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	9,755	5,105	4,650	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ojibway	1,545	825	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,225	665	565	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	29,025	14,030	14,990	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ontarian	1,075	540	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	17,315	8,840	8,475	0.7	0.7	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,650	1,415	1,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	6,305	3,300	3,005	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	575	240	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,105	1,610	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	690	405	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	9,720	4,735	4,985	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	2,440	1,265	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	3,055	1,535	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	6,010	2,840	3,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,295	2,805	3,490	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	2,315	1,255	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	35,425	16,455	18,970	1.4	1.3	1.4
Iraqi	4,035	2,070	1,965	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	5,045	2,495	2,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,175	620	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	9,040	4,270	4,770	0.3	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,260	2,190	2,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,740	800	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	530	285	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,300	600	695	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	3,380	1,520	1,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	7,430	3,720	3,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	8,695	4,510	4,190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	2,245	1,165	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	4,055	2,045	2,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,020	500	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	760	325	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,130	1,050	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,755	1,720	2,045	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	3,185	1,515	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	835	460	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,545	1,200	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	455	285	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,740	850	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,185	570	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	795	390	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	2,725	1,330	1,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,555	1,730	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	2,190	1,065	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	1,955	1,065	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	980	520	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	2,655	1,340	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	830	430	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,220	1,065	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	2,540	1,210	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	1,155	640	525	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	1,215	690	525	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	1,205	615	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	2,485	1,350	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,460	1,150	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	365	200	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,260	1,635	1,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,095	565	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	2,915	1,470	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,350	635	715	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	2,355	1,200	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,110	610	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	220	140	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	1,900	1,075	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	6,100	2,875	3,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	1,785	840	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	4,000	1,775	2,225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	2,135	1,045	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,360	1,170	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	7,415	3,800	3,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	705	360	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,640	805	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	2,360	1,115	1,245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,170	1,700	1,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	14,415	6,845	7,575	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jatt	6,075	3,185	2,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	980	545	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	680	390	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,650	1,385	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	565	285	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,520	725	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	560	330	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	475	260	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	1,695	830	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	655	345	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	955	445	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	3,555	1,825	1,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	680	335	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	170	110	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	465	230	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	4,615	2,170	2,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	235	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	530	320	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	975	430	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	2,720	1,275	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	290	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,495	700	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	290	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	335	140	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	350	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,020	605	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,485	700	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	845	425	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,670	795	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	250	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	740	365	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	730	375	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	450	225	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	685	335	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	805	400	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	1,115	530	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,430	795	635	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	1,125	570	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	770	365	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	310	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	730	335	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	360	205	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	1,100	550	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	410	240	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	820	390	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,165	1,045	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	610	290	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	485	255	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	675	325	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	1,825	940	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	1,415	635	785	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	940	425	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	400	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	770	390	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	305	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	530	310	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	630	350	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	285	165	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	455	195	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,060	505	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	550	305	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	510	270	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	710	360	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	460	220	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	2,285	1,025	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	815	435	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	625	315	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	280	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	350	195	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	70,670	29,515	41,150	2.7	2.3	3.1
Christian	863,055	394,875	468,180	33.1	30.9	35.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	226,120	104,755	121,365	8.7	8.2	9.1
Anabaptist	6,960	3,310	3,640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	51,030	22,310	28,720	2.0	1.7	2.2
Baptist	26,680	12,025	14,650	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	355,990	165,345	190,645	13.7	12.9	14.3
Christian Orthodox	35,340	17,210	18,130	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	9,740	4,245	5,495	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	3,565	1,595	1,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	17,695	7,575	10,120	0.7	0.6	0.8
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,165	1,475	1,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	18,555	8,325	10,230	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	14,190	6,290	7,900	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	4,135	2,060	2,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	46,145	18,220	27,930	1.8	1.4	2.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	43,745	20,125	23,620	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hindu	66,530	34,220	32,315	2.6	2.7	2.4
Jewish	20,125	9,720	10,400	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	110,645	55,325	55,320	4.2	4.3	4.2
Sikh	222,160	111,055	111,110	8.5	8.7	8.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,865	850	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	24,205	10,245	13,960	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	1,227,760	631,445	596,315	47.1	49.4	44.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,585,295	1,266,080	1,319,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,201,935	1,077,700	1,124,235	85.2	85.1	85.2
Movers	383,360	188,375	194,990	14.8	14.9	14.8
Non-migrants	219,965	107,580	112,390	8.5	8.5	8.5
Migrants	163,390	80,795	82,595	6.3	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	117,275	58,035	59,245	4.5	4.6	4.5
Intraprovincial migrants	91,590	45,065	46,530	3.5	3.6	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	25,685	12,965	12,715	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	46,115	22,765	23,350	1.8	1.8	1.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,492,425	1,218,460	1,273,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,416,225	688,190	728,035	56.8	56.5	57.1
Movers	1,076,205	530,275	545,925	43.2	43.5	42.9
Non-migrants	422,485	207,970	214,510	17.0	17.1	16.8
Migrants	653,725	322,305	331,415	26.2	26.5	26.0
Internal migrants	433,225	213,740	219,480	17.4	17.5	17.2
Intraprovincial migrants	352,105	173,190	178,920	14.1	14.2	14.0
Interprovincial migrants	81,115	40,555	40,565	3.3	3.3	3.2
External migrants	220,500	108,565	111,935	8.8	8.9	8.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	295,740	148,690	147,050	13.2	13.7	12.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,939,710	936,560	1,003,150	86.8	86.3	87.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	113,680	62,460	51,220	7.6	8.6	6.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,373,460	661,085	712,375	92.4	91.4	93.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	270,240	133,165	137,080	12.1	12.3	11.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	618,710	309,440	309,270	27.7	28.5	26.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,346,495	642,645	703,850	60.2	59.2	61.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	558,985	276,030	282,950	25.0	25.4	24.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	125,770	90,605	35,165	5.6	8.3	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	57,895	33,635	24,260	2.6	3.1	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	67,870	56,970	10,895	3.0	5.2	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	340,715	145,610	195,105	15.2	13.4	17.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	92,495	39,815	52,680	4.1	3.7	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	787,510	366,615	420,900	35.2	33.8	36.6
Bachelor's degree	511,110	234,090	277,025	22.9	21.6	24.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	54,185	23,010	31,175	2.4	2.1	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,895	10,875	10,020	0.9	1.0	0.9
Master's degree	173,475	82,085	91,395	7.8	7.6	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,850	16,560	11,290	1.2	1.5	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	98,700	53,545	45,155	6.6	7.4	5.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	339,580	177,700	161,885	22.8	24.6	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,048,860	492,300	556,560	70.5	68.0	72.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	406,400	200,350	206,050	27.3	27.7	27.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	87,160	63,525	23,635	5.9	8.8	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	39,895	23,460	16,430	2.7	3.2	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	47,265	40,060	7,200	3.2	5.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	251,750	107,915	143,830	16.9	14.9	18.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,495	28,910	38,585	4.5	4.0	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	642,460	291,950	350,505	43.2	40.3	45.9
Bachelor's degree	414,745	186,995	227,750	27.9	25.8	29.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,780	17,630	25,155	2.9	2.4	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,140	7,610	8,530	1.1	1.1	1.1
Master's degree	147,665	67,915	79,745	9.9	9.4	10.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,130	11,800	9,325	1.4	1.6	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	888,950	442,605	446,350	39.8	40.8	38.8
Education	75,935	16,505	59,430	3.4	1.5	5.2
13. Education	75,935	16,505	59,430	3.4	1.5	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	73,865	32,310	41,560	3.3	3.0	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,590	6,745	2,845	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	64,275	25,560	38,715	2.9	2.4	3.4
Humanities	90,800	34,155	56,640	4.1	3.1	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,250	2,740	9,505	0.5	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	22,355	6,365	15,990	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	33,430	13,310	20,120	1.5	1.2	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,400	580	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,235	2,455	1,775	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,615	3,425	2,185	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	9,235	4,855	4,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,275	420	1,860	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	181,015	66,150	114,860	8.1	6.1	10.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,060	780	2,275	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,785	8,020	13,765	1.0	0.7	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	19,615	2,070	17,540	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	28,505	10,580	17,925	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,955	1,540	2,415	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	31,715	8,225	23,490	1.4	0.8	2.0
45. Social sciences	72,385	34,935	37,445	3.2	3.2	3.3
Business, management and public administration	302,700	133,510	169,185	13.5	12.3	14.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	380	140	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,335	2,820	8,510	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	290,990	130,550	160,435	13.0	12.0	13.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	66,830	33,750	33,075	3.0	3.1	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	27,200	11,580	15,615	1.2	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	17,195	8,105	9,090	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,175	380	790	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	19,630	13,110	6,520	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,635	575	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	76,280	50,520	25,750	3.4	4.7	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,500	43,510	17,990	2.8	4.0	1.6
25. Library science	3,480	480	2,995	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,330	5,295	4,030	0.4	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,970	1,235	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	229,970	197,375	32,600	10.3	18.2	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	13,705	8,150	5,550	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	90,240	71,455	18,785	4.0	6.6	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	39,830	34,540	5,285	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	39,615	38,335	1,285	1.8	3.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	30,675	29,845	830	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	15,870	15,040	830	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,905	10,985	10,920	1.0	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	13,770	6,365	7,405	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	8,135	4,620	3,515	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	174,055	41,275	132,775	7.8	3.8	11.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	14,125	7,280	6,845	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	153,200	30,315	122,885	6.9	2.8	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	390	105	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,335	3,570	2,760	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	52,785	25,945	26,845	2.4	2.4	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	35,450	11,910	23,540	1.6	1.1	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	120	90	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	245	235	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,585	4,795	1,795	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,385	8,915	1,475	0.5	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	370	160	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,487,140	723,545	763,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,280	231,245	207,040	29.5	32.0	27.1
Education	51,580	10,640	40,940	3.5	1.5	5.4
13. Education	51,580	10,640	40,940	3.5	1.5	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	59,805	26,225	33,580	4.0	3.6	4.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,535	5,330	2,205	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	52,270	20,890	31,375	3.5	2.9	4.1
Humanities	68,095	24,705	43,390	4.6	3.4	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	9,520	1,915	7,600	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	17,085	4,665	12,420	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,685	9,465	15,220	1.7	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	985	415	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,245	1,815	1,430	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,030	2,475	1,550	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	6,970	3,665	3,305	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,580	290	1,290	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,480	52,030	94,445	9.8	7.2	12.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,525	630	1,895	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,875	6,840	12,040	1.3	0.9	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	15,045	1,535	13,510	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	23,285	7,795	15,490	1.6	1.1	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,125	1,235	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	25,160	6,220	18,935	1.7	0.9	2.5
45. Social sciences	58,470	27,780	30,690	3.9	3.8	4.0
Business, management and public administration	243,445	105,175	138,270	16.4	14.5	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	280	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,465	2,065	6,400	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	234,700	103,005	131,695	15.8	14.2	17.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	50,200	24,465	25,730	3.4	3.4	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	21,250	8,820	12,430	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,625	5,805	6,820	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,005	320	685	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	14,320	9,165	5,155	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,000	355	645	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	64,750	43,335	21,415	4.4	6.0	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	54,150	38,435	15,715	3.6	5.3	2.1
25. Library science	2,225	330	1,890	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,765	3,585	3,180	0.5	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,605	985	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,935	146,010	27,925	11.7	20.2	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	10,930	6,135	4,795	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	72,485	55,885	16,595	4.9	7.7	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,765	24,475	4,285	1.9	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	29,260	28,285	980	2.0	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,730	21,150	580	1.5	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	10,730	10,065	660	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,030	8,095	8,935	1.1	1.1	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,565	4,630	5,940	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,455	3,460	2,995	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	133,890	32,145	101,745	9.0	4.4	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	11,170	5,860	5,310	0.8	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	117,795	23,885	93,910	7.9	3.3	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	325	55	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,600	2,345	2,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	39,360	19,360	20,000	2.6	2.7	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,475	9,075	17,405	1.8	1.3	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110	105	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,205	3,725	1,480	0.4	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,505	6,405	1,095	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,487,140	723,545	763,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,280	231,245	207,040	29.5	32.0	27.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,048,860	492,300	556,560	70.5	68.0	72.9
Location of study inside Canada	686,455	329,045	357,410	46.2	45.5	46.8
Same as province or territory of residence	560,960	265,580	295,380	37.7	36.7	38.7
Different than province or territory of residence	125,495	63,465	62,030	8.4	8.8	8.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	362,405	163,250	199,150	24.4	22.6	26.1
Americas	59,040	29,375	29,660	4.0	4.1	3.9
United States of America	37,205	19,280	17,930	2.5	2.7	2.3
Mexico	7,220	3,305	3,910	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	7,345	3,445	3,905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	1,870	825	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	730	275	460	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	680	305	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	3,465	1,705	1,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	63,555	32,760	30,800	4.3	4.5	4.0
Belgium	510	290	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	3,900	2,075	1,825	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	2,705	1,435	1,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	1,140	645	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	995	470	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	620	295	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	400	180	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	2,260	1,050	1,210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	2,925	1,420	1,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	4,870	2,220	2,650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	3,460	1,580	1,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	4,855	2,800	2,050	0.3	0.4	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,465	13,025	11,445	1.6	1.8	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	720	345	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,190	655	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,395	760	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	7,140	3,515	3,625	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	7,865	4,185	3,680	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	800	450	360	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	255	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,240	650	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	3,345	1,760	1,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	2,000	1,085	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	221,415	91,510	129,910	14.9	12.6	17.0
Iran⁸⁸	15,505	6,785	8,720	1.0	0.9	1.1
Iraq	1,335	770	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	1,150	600	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	420	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	615	310	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	1,435	855	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	55,615	23,085	32,530	3.7	3.2	4.3
Taiwan	8,345	2,800	5,550	0.6	0.4	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,780	2,720	4,060	0.5	0.4	0.5
Japan	6,510	1,640	4,870	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	17,035	6,170	10,860	1.1	0.9	1.4
Philippines	44,305	16,490	27,815	3.0	2.3	3.6
Viet Nam	1,695	480	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	945	415	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	890	450	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	47,280	22,510	24,775	3.2	3.1	3.2
Pakistan	3,380	1,585	1,795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	8,165	3,655	4,510	0.5	0.5	0.6
Oceania	10,530	5,420	5,105	0.7	0.7	0.7
Australia	7,745	3,915	3,830	0.5	0.5	0.5
New Zealand	2,045	1,110	935	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	735	395	345	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,468,220	760,055	708,170	...	...	...
Employed	1,341,570	698,335	643,240	...	...	...
Unemployed	126,650	61,720	64,930	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	767,230	325,195	442,035	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.7	70.0	61.6	65.7	70.0	61.6
Employment rate	60.0	64.3	55.9	60.0	64.3	55.9
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.1	9.2	8.6	8.1	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	793,200	341,135	452,065	35.5	31.4	39.3
Worked	1,442,245	744,110	698,140	64.5	68.6	60.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	756,970	430,080	326,890	33.9	39.6	28.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	685,280	314,040	371,250	30.7	28.9	32.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	42.0	39.8	40.9	42.0	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	2.2	2.0	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	97.8	98.0	97.5
Employee	1,189,685	593,935	595,750	81.0	78.1	84.1
Permanent position	991,085	503,685	487,400	67.5	66.3	68.8
Temporary position	198,600	90,255	108,345	13.5	11.9	15.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	74,240	34,305	39,935	5.1	4.5	5.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	124,360	55,945	68,415	8.5	7.4	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	245,620	150,630	94,990	16.7	19.8	13.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	2.2	2.0	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	97.8	98.0	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	20,140	14,590	5,550	1.4	1.9	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	274,800	93,785	181,015	18.7	12.3	25.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	137,100	103,835	33,260	9.3	13.7	4.7
3 Health occupations	103,155	24,855	78,300	7.0	3.3	11.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	167,840	56,580	111,255	11.4	7.4	15.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	74,525	37,355	37,170	5.1	4.9	5.2
6 Sales and service occupations	366,180	166,370	199,805	24.9	21.9	28.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	227,715	205,305	22,410	15.5	27.0	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,980	13,130	5,845	1.3	1.7	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	44,875	28,745	16,125	3.1	3.8	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	2.2	2.0	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	97.8	98.0	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	12,760	6,875	5,890	0.9	0.9	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,030	2,870	1,160	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	8,120	5,355	2,760	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	114,600	97,775	16,815	7.8	12.9	2.4
31-33 Manufacturing	83,255	55,325	27,935	5.7	7.3	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	54,360	34,870	19,495	3.7	4.6	2.8
44-45 Retail trade	159,825	76,145	83,680	10.9	10.0	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	86,180	65,075	21,105	5.9	8.6	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	55,000	34,460	20,545	3.7	4.5	2.9
52 Finance and insurance	66,980	31,000	35,975	4.6	4.1	5.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	38,130	20,925	17,210	2.6	2.8	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	160,590	90,735	69,855	10.9	11.9	9.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,050	1,860	2,190	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	59,880	34,035	25,845	4.1	4.5	3.6
61 Educational services	110,765	37,465	73,300	7.5	4.9	10.4
62 Health care and social assistance	163,115	34,830	128,290	11.1	4.6	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	32,895	16,700	16,195	2.2	2.2	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	96,660	41,970	54,690	6.6	5.5	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,285	25,500	35,790	4.2	3.4	5.1
91 Public administration	62,815	30,790	32,025	4.3	4.1	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,367,865	707,475	660,390	87.4	87.9	86.9
French	1,520	445	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	45,845	23,865	21,985	2.9	3.0	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	45,830	23,855	21,975	2.9	3.0	2.9
English and French	11,770	4,625	7,145	0.8	0.6	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	131,765	65,565	66,200	8.4	8.1	8.7
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,825	825	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,715	1,920	1,795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,533,680	789,170	744,505	98.0	98.1	98.0
Official languages	1,451,660	747,050	704,615	92.8	92.8	92.8
English	1,448,340	746,125	702,215	92.6	92.7	92.4
French	3,320	925	2,395	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	82,020	42,120	39,900	5.2	5.2	5.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,990	42,105	39,885	5.2	5.2	5.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	435	275	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	420	275	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	310	220	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,065	720	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,055	715	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	780	405	380	0.0	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	615	315	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,100	13,745	9,355	1.5	1.7	1.2
Albanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	810	315	500	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	805	310	490	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	575	210	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	135	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	130	35	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	19,215	11,920	7,300	1.2	1.5	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	17,275	10,815	6,465	1.1	1.3	0.9
Bengali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	490	260	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,665	10,500	6,165	1.1	1.3	0.8
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,945	1,105	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,915	1,090	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	100	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,650	905	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,810	1,395	1,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	480	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,185	1,130	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,750	605	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	6,260	3,140	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	210	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,075	23,010	24,070	3.0	2.9	3.2
Chinese languages	47,020	22,970	24,050	3.0	2.9	3.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	27,485	13,185	14,305	1.8	1.6	1.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	19,220	9,640	9,585	1.2	1.2	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	30,705	15,575	15,130	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	1,495	560	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	28,315	14,535	13,780	1.8	1.8	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	785	430	355	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,440,905	744,935	695,970	92.1	92.6	91.6
English	30,370	15,125	15,250	1.9	1.9	2.0
French	8,795	3,760	5,040	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	65,900	32,495	33,405	4.2	4.0	4.4
Indigenous³⁹	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	65,775	32,425	33,350	4.2	4.0	4.4
English and French	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,595	2,090	2,505	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,420	615	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	12,350	5,705	6,645	0.8	0.7	0.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,341,570	698,335	643,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	355,075	174,605	180,475	26.5	25.0	28.1
Worked outside Canada	7,935	5,225	2,710	0.6	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	189,970	140,125	49,845	14.2	20.1	7.7
Usual place of work	788,585	378,385	410,205	58.8	54.2	63.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	788,585	378,385	410,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	365,810	159,510	206,300	46.4	42.2	50.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	407,305	210,030	197,275	51.7	55.5	48.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,135	7,465	5,665	1.7	2.0	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	2,335	1,375	960	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	978,560	518,510	460,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	731,155	411,440	319,715	74.7	79.4	69.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	666,495	387,870	278,625	68.1	74.8	60.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	64,660	23,570	41,090	6.6	4.5	8.9
Public transit	146,055	59,870	86,190	14.9	11.5	18.7
Walked	62,435	25,530	36,900	6.4	4.9	8.0
Bicycle	18,225	11,450	6,775	1.9	2.2	1.5
Other method	20,695	10,220	10,475	2.1	2.0	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	978,560	518,510	460,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	202,980	91,705	111,275	20.7	17.7	24.2
15 to 29 minutes	341,035	176,960	164,070	34.9	34.1	35.7
30 to 44 minutes	258,225	149,700	108,525	26.4	28.9	23.6
45 to 59 minutes	96,495	55,305	41,190	9.9	10.7	9.0
60 minutes and over	79,825	44,830	34,990	8.2	8.6	7.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	978,560	518,510	460,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	62,540	44,280	18,260	6.4	8.5	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	148,575	93,965	54,610	15.2	18.1	11.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	219,885	113,670	106,220	22.5	21.9	23.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	212,645	99,920	112,730	21.7	19.3	24.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	185,195	85,925	99,265	18.9	16.6	21.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	149,725	80,750	68,970	15.3	15.6	15.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	461,375	238,355	223,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,520	13,930	13,595	6.0	5.8	6.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	433,850	224,430	209,425	94.0	94.2	93.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	338,220	175,290	162,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,560	10,955	10,610	6.4	6.2	6.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,055	6,450	6,605	3.9	3.7	4.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,510	4,505	4,000	2.5	2.6	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	316,660	164,335	152,325	93.6	93.8	93.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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