Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,642,825
Population, 2016¹	2,463,431
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.3
Total private dwellings²	1,104,532
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,043,319
Population density per square kilometre	918.0
Land area in square kilometres	2,878.93
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,642,825
0 to 14 years	372,050
0 to 4 years	114,775
5 to 9 years	125,290
10 to 14 years	131,975
15 to 64 years	1,809,985
15 to 19 years	137,415
20 to 24 years	174,255
25 to 29 years	201,270
30 to 34 years	210,035
35 to 39 years	199,405
40 to 44 years	178,110
45 to 49 years	172,885
50 to 54 years	183,290
55 to 59 years	184,880
60 to 64 years	168,455
65 years and over	460,790
65 to 69 years	144,285
70 to 74 years	121,230
75 to 79 years	80,025
80 to 84 years	56,105
85 years and over	59,145
85 to 89 years	35,605
90 to 94 years	17,875
95 to 99 years	4,850
100 years and over	820
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1
15 to 64 years	68.5
65 years and over	17.4
85 years and over	2.2
Average age of the population	41.7
Median age of the population	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,043,315
Single-detached house	288,775
Semi-detached house	22,030
Row house	105,965
Apartment or flat in a duplex	167,855
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	255,555
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	197,280
Other single-attached house	1,340
Movable dwelling⁴	4,525
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,043,320
1 person	303,030
2 persons	332,130
3 persons	164,100
4 persons	146,150
5 or more persons	97,910
Number of persons in private households	2,607,015
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,270,780
Married or living common-law	1,283,005
Married	1,100,315
Living common-law	182,695
Living common law - Never married	142,340
Living common law - Separated	5,995
Living common law - Divorced	31,570
Living common law - Widowed	2,790
Not married and not living common-law	987,775
Not married and not living common law - Never married	694,885
Not married and not living common law - Separated	53,410
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	134,670
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	104,810
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	724,930
2 persons	359,330
3 persons	167,280
4 persons	150,890
5 or more persons	47,440
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	724,930
Total couple families	615,345
Married couples	524,010
With children⁶	303,525
Without children	220,485
Common-law couples	91,335
With children⁶	23,510
Without children	67,825
Total one-parent families	109,590
in which the parent is a woman+	87,695
in which the parent is a man+	21,895
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,607,015
Total - Persons in census families	2,073,700
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,230,685
Parents in one-parent families	109,590
Children⁶	733,425
In a two-parent family	574,915
In a one-parent family	158,505
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	533,310
Living alone	303,030
Living with other relatives⁷	83,900
Living with non-relatives only	146,385
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,043,315
One-census-family households without additional persons	580,980
Couple-family households	499,615
With children⁶	263,600
Without children	236,015
One-parent-family households	81,360
Multigenerational households⁸	49,135
Multiple-census-family households⁹	11,915
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	39,725
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	58,530
One-person households	303,030
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,235,455
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,160,680
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,161,860
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,936,905
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,569,015
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,770,635
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	185,775
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	632,110
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,235,450
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,159,815
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,160,985
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,935,565
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,569,015
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,650
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,768,405
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	185,340
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	630,145
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,235,445
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	728,635
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	636,030
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,235,460
Without total income	74,780
With total income	2,160,675
Under $10,000 (including loss)	229,760
$10,000 to $19,999	248,480
$20,000 to $29,999	325,665
$30,000 to $39,999	260,250
$40,000 to $49,999	222,385
$50,000 to $59,999	184,935
$60,000 to $69,999	146,880
$70,000 to $79,999	115,620
$80,000 to $89,999	91,245
$90,000 to $99,999	72,940
$100,000 and over	262,520
$100,000 to $149,999	164,230
$150,000 and over	98,290
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,235,460
Without after-tax income	73,600
With after-tax income	2,161,860
Under $10,000 (including loss)	238,430
$10,000 to $19,999	256,780
$20,000 to $29,999	365,930
$30,000 to $39,999	299,665
$40,000 to $49,999	255,155
$50,000 to $59,999	200,175
$60,000 to $69,999	147,710
$70,000 to $79,999	109,585
$80,000 to $89,999	80,250
$90,000 to $99,999	54,010
$100,000 and over	154,165
$100,000 to $124,999	72,800
$125,000 and over	81,370
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,235,460
Without employment income	666,445
With employment income	1,569,010
Under $5,000 (including loss)	203,790
$5,000 to $9,999	130,600
$10,000 to $19,999	182,310
$20,000 to $29,999	137,610
$30,000 to $39,999	135,255
$40,000 to $49,999	134,010
$50,000 to $59,999	126,735
$60,000 to $69,999	105,025
$70,000 to $79,999	85,095
$80,000 to $89,999	70,465
$90,000 to $99,999	58,530
$100,000 and over	199,585
$100,000 to $124,999	86,360
$125,000 and over	113,225
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,235,455
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,087,955
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,092,110
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,907,325
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,592,300
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,393,380
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	110,515
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,235,450
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,086,875
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,090,930
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,905,655
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,592,505
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,391,425
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	110,385
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,235,445
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	719,975
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	596,215
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2
Employment income (%)	73.6
Government transfers (%)	8.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,043,320
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	303,030
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	740,285
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,043,320
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	117,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	302,895
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,550
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	740,425
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,043,320
Under $5,000	20,105
$5,000 to $9,999	8,225
$10,000 to $14,999	10,585
$15,000 to $19,999	20,590
$20,000 to $24,999	39,230
$25,000 to $29,999	30,285
$30,000 to $34,999	30,830
$35,000 to $39,999	35,445
$40,000 to $44,999	33,750
$45,000 to $49,999	33,710
$50,000 to $59,999	68,050
$60,000 to $69,999	66,550
$70,000 to $79,999	64,050
$80,000 to $89,999	60,070
$90,000 to $99,999	55,585
$100,000 and over	466,250
$100,000 to $124,999	118,385
$125,000 to $149,999	92,470
$150,000 to $199,999	120,095
$200,000 and over	135,305
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,043,320
Under $5,000	22,790
$5,000 to $9,999	8,405
$10,000 to $14,999	10,875
$15,000 to $19,999	21,425
$20,000 to $24,999	41,415
$25,000 to $29,999	34,225
$30,000 to $34,999	35,420
$35,000 to $39,999	40,580
$40,000 to $44,999	39,605
$45,000 to $49,999	40,015
$50,000 to $59,999	80,010
$60,000 to $69,999	77,200
$70,000 to $79,999	72,480
$80,000 to $89,999	66,915
$90,000 to $99,999	60,370
$100,000 and over	391,580
$100,000 to $124,999	124,245
$125,000 to $149,999	89,890
$150,000 and over	177,450
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	700,885
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	247,460
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	326,565
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	97,675
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	449,415
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	700,360
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	246,715
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	125,700
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	326,830
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	169,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	96,940
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	448,025
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,607,010
0 to 17 years	451,730
0 to 5 years	139,005
18 to 64 years	1,716,485
65 years and over	438,795
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	289,615
0 to 17 years	52,575
0 to 5 years	15,240
18 to 64 years	174,150
65 years and over	62,895
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2
65 years and over (%)	14.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,596,300
0 to 17 years	449,990
0 to 5 years	138,435
18 to 64 years	1,709,765
65 years and over	436,545
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	200,160
0 to 17 years	31,010
0 to 5 years	8,255
18 to 64 years	143,600
65 years and over	25,555
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4
65 years and over (%)	5.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,607,010
In bottom half of the distribution	1,160,745
In bottom decile	286,250
In second decile	218,965
In third decile	211,650
In fourth decile	215,485
In fifth decile	228,400
In top half of the distribution	1,446,270
In sixth decile	240,740
In seventh decile	257,800
In eighth decile	279,315
In ninth decile	309,635
In top decile	358,770
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,607,015
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.366
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.459
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.3
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,619,420
English only	2,307,135
French only	1,095
English and French	170,965
Neither English nor French	140,240
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,619,420
English	2,441,160
French	25,925
English and French	14,255
Neither English nor French	138,090
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,619,420
Single responses	2,476,420
Official languages	1,365,700
English	1,340,995
French	24,710
Non-official languages	1,110,720
Indigenous languages³⁹	555
Algonquian languages	260
Blackfoot	15
Cree-Innu languages	175
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	175
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15
Cree, n.o.s.	100
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	55
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	70
Northern Athabaskan languages	70
Dakelh (Carrier)	35
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	5
Kaska (Nahani)	5
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5
Michif	10
Salish languages	55
Halkomelem	15
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10
Squamish	25
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5
Siouan languages	5
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	60
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30
Nisga'a	20
Tsimshian	10
Wakashan languages	45
Haisla	5
Heiltsuk	15
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10
Non-Indigenous languages	1,110,165
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,995
Berber languages	90
Kabyle	65
Tamazight	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10
Chadic languages	40
Hausa	25
Mina	10
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	1,715
Bilen	25
Oromo	240
Somali	1,400
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55
Semitic languages	25,150
Amharic	1,320
Arabic	18,130
Aramaic languages	1,440
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	540
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	780
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120
Harari	15
Hebrew	1,925
Maltese	60
Tigrigna	2,240
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,110
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,210
Vietnamese	26,850
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45
Austronesian languages	85,375
Bikol	345
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,025
Cebuano	2,615
Fijian	265
Hiligaynon	1,595
Ilocano	5,425
Indonesian	3,665
Kankanaey	170
Kinaray-a	105
Malagasy languages	20
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20
Malay	280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	725
Pangasinan	345
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	67,790
Waray-Waray	260
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	730
Creole languages	640
Haitian Creole	60
Jamaican English Creole	20
Krio	20
Morisyen	315
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	105
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115
Dravidian languages	10,510
Kannada	480
Malayalam	3,115
Tamil	4,500
Telugu	2,335
Tulu	65
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	140
Hmong-Mien languages	70
Indo-European languages	474,005
Albanian	1,150
Armenian	1,185
Balto-Slavic languages	56,960
Baltic languages	625
Latvian	295
Lithuanian	330
Slavic languages	56,340
Belarusian	45
Bulgarian	1,680
Czech	3,365
Macedonian	245
Polish	10,645
Russian	20,685
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	13,295
Bosnian	1,345
Croatian	4,990
Serbian	6,715
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	245
Slovak	2,215
Slovene (Slovenian)	475
Ukrainian	3,650
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20
Celtic languages	200
Irish	80
Scottish Gaelic	40
Welsh	70
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10
Germanic languages	30,225
Frisian	55
High German languages	18,910
German	18,090
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	665
Yiddish	155
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,840
Afrikaans	1,500
Dutch	6,005
Low German, n.o.s.	25
Low Saxon	20
Plautdietsch	165
Vlaams (Flemish)	120
Scandinavian languages	3,380
Danish	1,525
Icelandic	115
Norwegian	635
Swedish	1,110
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30
Greek	4,295
Indo-Iranian languages	294,870
Indo-Aryan languages	236,465
Assamese	70
Bengali	3,870
Gujarati	7,075
Hindi	27,990
Kacchi	1,125
Kashmiri	60
Konkani	245
Marathi	1,370
Nepali	1,270
Oriya languages	95
Odia	60
Oriya, n.o.s.	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180,355
Rohingya	65
Sindhi	210
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,605
Urdu	10,495
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	555
Iranian languages	58,375
Baluchi	45
Kurdish	2,550
Parsi	135
Pashto	1,225
Persian languages	54,350
Dari	5,705
Iranian Persian	43,720
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,925
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Italic (Romance) languages	85,100
Catalan	140
Italian	13,285
Portuguese	18,185
Romanian	6,780
Spanish	46,645
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20
Japanese	17,340
Korean	52,525
Mongolian	410
Niger-Congo languages	3,435
Akan (Twi)	420
Bamanankan	5
Edo	55
Éwé	85
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15
Ga	35
Ganda	125
Gikuyu	40
Igbo	205
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	215
Lingala	55
Luba-Kasai	10
Mòoré	0
Mwani	20
Ndebele	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	190
Shona	210
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40
Swahili	810
Wojenaka	10
Wolof	30
Yoruba	335
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495
Nilo-Saharan languages	315
Dinka	75
Nuer	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	175
African, n.o.s.	30
Sign languages	580
American Sign Language	515
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	395,250
Chinese languages	393,030
Hakka	1,945
Mandarin	191,475
Min Dong	180
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,195
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,085
Yue (Cantonese)	182,910
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,125
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,150
Burmese	930
Kuki-Chin languages	205
Karenic languages	580
S'gaw Karen	525
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55
Tibetan	320
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70
Tai-Kadai languages	2,960
Lao	810
Thai	2,045
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100
Turkic languages	5,260
Azerbaijani	565
Kazakh	100
Turkish	4,095
Uyghur	225
Uzbek	130
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145
Uralic languages	6,145
Estonian	340
Finnish	1,395
Hungarian	4,410
Other languages, n.i.e.	100
Multiple responses	143,005
English and French	8,240
English and non-official language(s)	117,335
French and non-official language(s)	1,775
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,190
Multiple non-official languages	13,465
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,619,420
English	1,433,630
French	5,350
Non-official language	396,810
Indigenous³⁹	75
Non-Indigenous	396,730
English and French	20,960
English and non-official language(s)	710,270
French and non-official language(s)	800
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,000
Multiple non-official languages	35,600
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,619,420
Single responses	2,457,520
Official languages	1,734,900
English	1,726,210
French	8,690
Non-official languages	722,625
Indigenous languages³⁹	110
Algonquian languages	40
Blackfoot	5
Cree-Innu languages	30
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5
Tlingit	5
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	15
Halkomelem	5
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	5
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5
Nisga'a	10
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	5
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	722,515
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,370
Berber languages	25
Kabyle	15
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	0
Mina	5
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	1,015
Bilen	20
Oromo	120
Somali	855
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25
Semitic languages	15,325
Amharic	625
Arabic	10,980
Aramaic languages	1,075
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	380
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110
Harari	20
Hebrew	915
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	1,685
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,825
Khmer (Cambodian)	630
Vietnamese	17,160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35
Austronesian languages	45,860
Bikol	100
Bisaya, n.o.s.	445
Cebuano	1,345
Fijian	80
Hiligaynon	750
Ilocano	2,865
Indonesian	1,300
Kankanaey	95
Kinaray-a	50
Malagasy languages	10
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10
Malay	45
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365
Pangasinan	115
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,890
Waray-Waray	110
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	300
Creole languages	330
Haitian Creole	20
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	15
Morisyen	205
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45
Dravidian languages	6,395
Kannada	200
Malayalam	1,840
Tamil	2,915
Telugu	1,405
Tulu	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	90
Hmong-Mien languages	35
Indo-European languages	283,360
Albanian	430
Armenian	605
Balto-Slavic languages	26,885
Baltic languages	155
Latvian	65
Lithuanian	90
Slavic languages	26,735
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	760
Czech	1,105
Macedonian	100
Polish	3,935
Russian	12,840
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	5,975
Bosnian	630
Croatian	1,595
Serbian	3,685
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65
Slovak	780
Slovene (Slovenian)	45
Ukrainian	1,185
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	25
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	3,695
Frisian	10
High German languages	2,215
German	2,130
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	80
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,100
Afrikaans	590
Dutch	495
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	5
Scandinavian languages	365
Danish	130
Icelandic	25
Norwegian	40
Swedish	175
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	1,550
Indo-Iranian languages	208,160
Indo-Aryan languages	167,845
Assamese	20
Bengali	2,260
Gujarati	3,555
Hindi	15,285
Kacchi	450
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	45
Marathi	690
Nepali	845
Oriya languages	35
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	136,300
Rohingya	55
Sindhi	100
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	795
Urdu	7,165
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230
Iranian languages	40,315
Baluchi	25
Kurdish	1,630
Parsi	65
Pashto	810
Persian languages	37,760
Dari	3,555
Iranian Persian	30,985
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,220
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	42,000
Catalan	50
Italian	3,330
Portuguese	10,615
Romanian	2,935
Spanish	25,050
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	8,485
Korean	40,050
Mongolian	210
Niger-Congo languages	1,150
Akan (Twi)	135
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	10
Ganda	25
Gikuyu	10
Igbo	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75
Lingala	15
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	120
Shona	40
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	310
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	10
Yoruba	115
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165
Nilo-Saharan languages	120
Dinka	25
Nuer	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75
African, n.o.s.	15
Sign languages	950
American Sign Language	805
Quebec Sign Language	5
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140
Sino-Tibetan languages	295,940
Chinese languages	294,455
Hakka	580
Mandarin	152,805
Min Dong	90
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,040
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,950
Yue (Cantonese)	131,660
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,275
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,455
Burmese	615
Kuki-Chin languages	170
Karenic languages	415
S'gaw Karen	385
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35
Tibetan	205
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35
Tai-Kadai languages	1,135
Lao	370
Thai	715
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55
Turkic languages	2,695
Azerbaijani	275
Kazakh	15
Turkish	2,195
Uyghur	115
Uzbek	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	1,495
Estonian	50
Finnish	270
Hungarian	1,180
Other languages, n.i.e.	15
Multiple responses	161,905
English and French	3,935
English and non-official language(s)	151,220
French and non-official language(s)	425
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,145
Multiple non-official languages	5,180
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,619,425
None	1,968,775
English	255,090
French	17,840
Non-official language	293,690
Indigenous³⁹	560
Non-Indigenous	293,125
English and French	2,230
English and non-official language(s)	40,505
French and non-official language(s)	8,320
English, French and non-official language(s)	530
Multiple non-official languages	32,445
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,607,010
Official languages	2,466,835
English	2,465,850
French	171,635
Non-official languages	1,398,170
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,800
Algonquian languages	505
Blackfoot	20
Cree-Innu languages	335
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	335
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	45
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	140
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30
Cree, n.o.s.	145
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20
Mi'kmaq	20
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	125
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	165
Northern Athabaskan languages	150
Dakelh (Carrier)	45
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	35
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	10
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30
Tlingit	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20
Inuinnaqtun	20
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	55
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	55
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	50
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	50
Salish languages	655
Halkomelem	245
Lillooet	20
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35
Squamish	285
Straits	25
Syilx (Okanagan)	40
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10
Siouan languages	25
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	10
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tsimshian languages	125
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30
Nisga'a	65
Tsimshian	35
Wakashan languages	95
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	25
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	45
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40
Non-Indigenous languages	1,396,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	41,165
Berber languages	130
Kabyle	90
Tamazight	30
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15
Chadic languages	195
Hausa	175
Mina	25
Coptic	55
Cushitic languages	2,340
Bilen	0
Oromo	360
Somali	1,970
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35
Semitic languages	39,075
Amharic	2,590
Arabic	28,450
Aramaic languages	2,130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	820
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,015
Aramaic, n.o.s.	340
Harari	20
Hebrew	5,650
Maltese	115
Tigrigna	3,090
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,210
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690
Vietnamese	34,650
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55
Austronesian languages	122,120
Bikol	620
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,145
Cebuano	4,315
Fijian	835
Hiligaynon	2,655
Ilocano	9,645
Indonesian	5,895
Kankanaey	280
Kinaray-a	180
Malagasy languages	40
Merina	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25
Malay	2,960
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,310
Pangasinan	840
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	109,930
Waray-Waray	645
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,595
Creole languages	2,090
Haitian Creole	240
Jamaican English Creole	130
Krio	105
Morisyen	860
Sango	15
Creole, n.o.s.	465
Creole languages, n.i.e.	355
Dravidian languages	16,585
Kannada	1,425
Malayalam	4,615
Tamil	8,440
Telugu	3,940
Tulu	180
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35
Georgian	195
Hmong-Mien languages	125
Indo-European languages	643,875
Albanian	1,585
Armenian	1,390
Balto-Slavic languages	70,160
Baltic languages	805
Latvian	365
Lithuanian	440
Slavic languages	69,615
Belarusian	235
Bulgarian	1,965
Czech	4,785
Macedonian	380
Polish	13,165
Russian	29,885
Rusyn	15
Serbo-Croatian	17,080
Bosnian	2,605
Croatian	8,235
Serbian	9,430
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	385
Slovak	2,835
Slovene (Slovenian)	675
Ukrainian	7,515
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35
Celtic languages	1,855
Irish	1,365
Scottish Gaelic	95
Welsh	330
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70
Germanic languages	53,220
Frisian	90
High German languages	35,890
German	35,110
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	915
Yiddish	355
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	13,230
Afrikaans	4,765
Dutch	8,290
Low German, n.o.s.	35
Low Saxon	10
Plautdietsch	255
Vlaams (Flemish)	190
Scandinavian languages	6,065
Danish	2,250
Icelandic	145
Norwegian	1,440
Swedish	2,540
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75
Greek	7,005
Indo-Iranian languages	384,455
Indo-Aryan languages	317,790
Assamese	95
Bengali	5,325
Gujarati	12,615
Hindi	110,485
Kacchi	2,745
Kashmiri	140
Konkani	655
Marathi	2,930
Nepali	1,645
Oriya languages	140
Odia	60
Oriya, n.o.s.	80
Punjabi (Panjabi)	239,205
Rohingya	55
Sindhi	505
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,045
Urdu	21,965
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,395
Iranian languages	69,060
Baluchi	105
Kurdish	3,720
Parsi	255
Pashto	2,440
Persian languages	64,655
Dari	7,840
Iranian Persian	52,285
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,290
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150
Italic (Romance) languages	142,265
Catalan	460
Italian	24,325
Portuguese	23,835
Romanian	8,735
Spanish	94,560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	330
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230
Japanese	31,770
Korean	61,165
Mongolian	525
Niger-Congo languages	9,095
Akan (Twi)	1,010
Bamanankan	40
Edo	155
Éwé	240
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35
Ga	150
Ganda	310
Gikuyu	80
Igbo	485
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	430
Lingala	270
Luba-Kasai	55
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	285
Shona	435
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55
Swahili	3,925
Wojenaka	10
Wolof	105
Yoruba	1,130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,495
Nilo-Saharan languages	480
Dinka	95
Nuer	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	355
African, n.o.s.	90
Sign languages	3,615
American Sign Language	3,315
Quebec Sign Language	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	380
Sino-Tibetan languages	461,875
Chinese languages	459,215
Hakka	3,385
Mandarin	292,720
Min Dong	215
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	22,615
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,555
Yue (Cantonese)	233,750
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,820
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	235
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,850
Burmese	1,560
Kuki-Chin languages	290
Karenic languages	650
S'gaw Karen	600
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75
Tibetan	415
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190
Tai-Kadai languages	4,550
Lao	1,180
Thai	3,500
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	155
Turkic languages	9,305
Azerbaijani	1,480
Kazakh	190
Turkish	7,840
Uyghur	220
Uzbek	245
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250
Uralic languages	7,285
Estonian	360
Finnish	1,695
Hungarian	5,250
Other languages, n.i.e.	355
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	63,345
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	60,565
First Nations (North American Indian)	35,950
Métis	24,105
Inuk (Inuit)	510
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,700
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,075
Non-Indigenous identity	2,543,670
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	24,605
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,582,410
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,043,320
Owner	647,870
Renter	394,710
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	735
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,043,320
Condominium	339,250
Not condominium	704,070
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,043,320
No bedrooms	21,815
1 bedroom	231,855
2 bedrooms	291,055
3 bedrooms	226,590
4 or more bedrooms	272,005
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,043,320
1 to 4 rooms	486,500
5 rooms	141,345
6 rooms	104,495
7 rooms	85,645
8 or more rooms	225,340
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,043,320
One person or fewer per room	1,000,375
More than one person per room	42,945
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,043,320
Suitable	958,590
Not suitable	84,735
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,043,320
1960 or before	120,385
1961 to 1980	243,195
1981 to 1990	151,115
1991 to 2000	173,545
2001 to 2005	69,100
2006 to 2010	91,675
2011 to 2015	84,850
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	109,460
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,043,320
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	988,135
Major repairs needed	55,185
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,043,320
One-maintainer household	513,180
Two-maintainer household	450,060
Three-or-more-maintainer household	80,080
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,043,320
15 to 24 years	30,925
25 to 34 years	161,980
35 to 44 years	189,720
45 to 54 years	196,810
55 to 64 years	202,020
65 to 74 years	152,290
75 to 84 years	78,330
85 years and over	31,235
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,033,410
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	725,970
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	307,440
30% to less than 100%	254,850
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,043,320
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	406,540
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	272,030
Not suitable only	60,880
Major repairs needed only	34,030
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	18,445
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	15,750
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,190
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,210
Acceptable housing	636,780
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	980,820
In core need	166,100
Not in core need	814,720
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	644,275
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4
% in core housing need⁶³	10.9
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,050,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,304,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	393,260
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,624
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	735
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	6.2
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	326
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,607,015
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	19,765
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	19,180
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,265
Métis single ancestry	3,795
Inuit single ancestry	125
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	590
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	530
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	51,145
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	49,255
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	33,045
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,860
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,890
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,810
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,536,095
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,607,015
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,180,525
Canadian citizens aged under 18	409,560
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,770,975
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	426,480
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,607,015
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,384,550
Immigrants⁸¹	1,089,185
Before 1980	158,270
1980 to 1990	126,870
1991 to 2000	255,475
2001 to 2010	259,830
2011 to 2021⁸²	288,735
2011 to 2015	133,920
2016 to 2021	154,820
Non-permanent residents⁸³	133,275
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,089,180
Under 5 years	81,230
5 to 14 years	168,170
15 to 24 years	203,110
25 to 44 years	501,615
45 years and over	135,060
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,089,180
Americas	76,000
Brazil	7,100
Colombia	4,145
El Salvador	4,485
Guyana	995
Haiti	250
Jamaica	2,455
Mexico	10,060
Peru	2,875
Trinidad and Tobago	1,980
United States of America	27,615
Other places of birth in Americas	14,045
Europe	162,415
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785
Croatia	3,690
France	4,360
Germany	11,545
Greece	2,550
Hungary	2,750
Italy	9,090
Netherlands	5,145
Poland	9,210
Portugal	4,400
Romania	7,235
Russian Federation	9,350
Serbia⁸⁶	3,745
Ukraine	7,090
United Kingdom⁸⁷	51,440
Other places of birth in Europe	27,030
Africa	38,530
Algeria	445
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	740
Egypt	2,705
Eritrea	2,255
Ethiopia	2,075
Morocco	930
Nigeria	2,210
Somalia	1,085
South Africa, Republic of	9,000
Other places of birth in Africa	17,085
Asia	788,120
Afghanistan	5,935
Iran⁸⁸	43,245
Iraq	6,550
Lebanon	1,960
Syria⁸⁹	4,690
Turkey	2,540
China⁹⁰	204,825
Hong Kong⁹¹	76,115
Korea, South⁹²	42,090
Taiwan	38,670
Philippines	109,405
Viet Nam	27,175
Bangladesh	2,580
India	151,400
Pakistan	11,125
Sri Lanka	4,875
Other places of birth in Asia	54,930
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	24,120
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	154,815
Americas	16,725
Brazil	4,625
Colombia	825
Haiti	20
Jamaica	390
Mexico	2,460
United States of America	5,465
Venezuela⁹⁵	420
Other places of birth in Americas	2,525
Europe	18,070
France	1,325
Germany	800
Ireland⁹⁶	2,105
Italy	805
Russian Federation	1,740
Ukraine	1,585
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,555
Other places of birth in Europe	5,150
Africa	7,395
Algeria	65
Burundi	70
Cameroon	100
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230
Côte d'Ivoire	35
Egypt	500
Eritrea	1,415
Ethiopia	470
Morocco	230
Nigeria	1,085
Somalia	220
South Africa, Republic of	1,215
Sudan⁹⁷	160
Tunisia	100
Other places of birth in Africa	1,495
Asia	110,065
Afghanistan	1,245
Bangladesh	530
China⁹⁰	28,970
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,385
India	30,545
Iran⁸⁸	5,615
Iraq	1,435
Israel	520
Japan	1,615
Jordan	325
Korea, South⁹²	6,125
Lebanon	290
Nepal	235
Pakistan	1,850
Philippines	15,095
Saudi Arabia	480
Sri Lanka	600
Syria⁸⁹	3,380
Turkey	795
United Arab Emirates	515
Viet Nam	2,270
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245
Oceania and other⁹³	2,570
Australia	1,810
Other places of birth⁹⁸	755
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,607,010
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,256,395
Second generation¹⁰¹	632,460
Third generation or more¹⁰²	718,160
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	930,915
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	554,240
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	225,255
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	328,990
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	282,705
Refugees¹⁰⁸	81,155
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,805
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	930,915
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,820
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	98,885
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	33,385
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	58,500
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,390
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	712,935
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,607,010
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,420,270
South Asian	369,290
Chinese	512,260
Black	41,180
Filipino	142,125
Arab	22,440
Latin American	51,500
Southeast Asian	56,815
West Asian	64,640
Korean	63,465
Japanese	31,195
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,750
Multiple visible minorities	50,600
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,186,740
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,607,015
Canadian	174,095
English	365,150
Irish	235,970
Scottish	281,420
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,315
German	184,145
Chinese	475,160
Italian	83,200
Indian (India)	213,795
Ukrainian	81,155
Dutch	64,120
Polish	58,505
Québécois	2,475
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	79,115
Filipino	141,230
French Canadian	15,575
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	34,895
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	23,740
Métis	22,050
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	41,860
Russian	51,690
Norwegian	45,595
Welsh	37,335
Portuguese	22,980
American	26,805
Spanish	36,270
Swedish	34,990
Hungarian	21,815
Acadian	2,365
Pakistani	15,765
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,685
Jewish	22,280
Punjabi	71,020
Vietnamese	42,690
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,915
Greek	14,570
Jamaican	5,735
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	41,130
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,230
Korean	62,885
Romanian	15,490
Lebanese	5,355
Iranian	45,815
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	8,600
Danish	19,430
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,225
Sikh	51,935
Austrian	17,850
Belgian	7,410
Haitian	620
Hindu	15,640
Mexican	19,655
Mennonite	6,320
Swiss	9,570
Finnish	12,650
Sri Lankan	5,475
Croatian	14,670
Japanese	38,945
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	16,030
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,315
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	11,035
Muslim	7,175
Egyptian	4,430
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,930
Tamil	3,065
Icelandic	10,265
Colombian	5,525
Moroccan	1,305
Czech	10,055
Syrian	4,355
Guyanese	1,615
Afghan	9,060
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,940
Serbian	9,755
Ojibway	1,545
Newfoundlander	1,225
Hong Konger	29,025
Ontarian	1,075
Persian	17,315
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,650
Turkish	6,305
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	575
Bangladeshi	3,105
Algerian	690
Brazilian	9,720
Nigerian	2,440
Armenian	3,055
Slovak	6,010
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,295
Somali	2,315
Taiwanese	35,425
Iraqi	4,035
Salvadorean	5,045
African Caribbean	1,175
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	9,040
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,260
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,740
Algonquin	530
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,300
Lithuanian	3,380
South African	7,430
Australian	8,695
Palestinian	2,245
Chilean	4,055
Congolese	1,020
Nova Scotian	760
Ethiopian	2,130
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,755
Peruvian	3,185
Yoruba	835
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,545
Berber	455
Albanian	1,740
Maltese	1,185
Macedonian	795
Slovenian	2,725
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,555
New Brunswicker	320
Gujarati	2,190
Eritrean	1,955
African Canadian	980
Israeli	2,655
Mohawk	830
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,220
Bulgarian	2,540
Albertan	1,155
Ghanaian	1,215
Barbadian	1,205
African American	2,485
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,460
Tunisian	365
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,260
Cuban	1,095
Bosnian	2,915
Venezuelan	1,350
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75
Latvian	2,355
Bengali	1,110
Cameroonian	220
Guatemalan	1,900
Indonesian	6,100
Laotian	1,785
Ilocano	4,000
Northern Irish	2,135
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,360
British Columbian	7,415
Ecuadorian	705
Franco Ontarian	140
Argentinian	1,640
Estonian	2,360
Kurdish	3,170
Fijian	14,415
Jatt	6,075
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	980
Coptic	680
Thai	3,650
Dominican	565
Nepali	1,520
Kabyle	55
Assyrian	560
Igbo	475
Byelorussian	1,695
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	165
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	655
Abenaki	95
Moldovan	955
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305
New Zealander	3,555
Sudanese	680
Breton	170
Pennsylvania Dutch	465
Malaysian	4,615
Plains Cree	235
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	530
Huron (Wendat)	130
Saskatchewanian	975
Buddhist	2,720
Gaspesian	15
Norman	290
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,495
Ivorian	70
Saulteaux	290
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	335
Burundian	350
Tigrinya	1,020
Nicaraguan	1,485
Mauritian	845
Kenyan	1,670
Oji-Cree	85
Vincentian	250
Jordanian	740
Manitoban	730
Cape Bretoner	160
Rwandan	450
Grenadian	230
Malayali	685
Chaldean	805
Sinhalese	1,115
Mayan	1,430
Honduran	1,125
Cherokee	770
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55
Indo-Caribbean	310
Flemish	730
United Empire Loyalist	360
Senegalese	55
Azerbaijani	1,100
Sicilian	410
Pashtun	820
Malay	2,165
Goan	610
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	205
Tibetan	485
Zimbabwean	675
Burmese	1,825
Mongolian	1,415
Azorean	200
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	55
Indo-Guyanese	55
Ugandan	940
Oromo	400
Tanzanian	770
Yemeni	305
Central African	10
Libyan	530
Basque	630
Uruguayan	285
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	275
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	455
Igorot	1,060
Fulani	40
Woodland Cree	30
Guinean	105
St. Lucian	130
Prince Edward Islander	120
Maliseet	30
Beninese	90
Telugu	550
Roma	510
Costa Rican	710
African Nova Scotian	45
Malagasy	65
Kashmiri	460
Singaporean	2,285
Karen	815
Edo	170
Tajik	625
Amhara	280
Paraguayan	350
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,607,010
Buddhist	70,670
Christian	863,055
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	226,120
Anabaptist	6,960
Anglican	51,030
Baptist	26,680
Catholic	355,990
Christian Orthodox	35,340
Jehovah's Witness	9,740
Latter Day Saints	3,565
Lutheran	17,695
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,165
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	18,555
Presbyterian	14,190
Reformed	4,135
United Church	46,145
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	43,745
Hindu	66,530
Jewish	20,125
Muslim	110,645
Sikh	222,160
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,865
Other religions and spiritual traditions	24,205
No religion and secular perspectives	1,227,760
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,585,295
Non-movers	2,201,935
Movers	383,360
Non-migrants	219,965
Migrants	163,390
Internal migrants	117,275
Intraprovincial migrants	91,590
Interprovincial migrants	25,685
External migrants	46,115
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,492,425
Non-movers	1,416,225
Movers	1,076,205
Non-migrants	422,485
Migrants	653,725
Internal migrants	433,225
Intraprovincial migrants	352,105
Interprovincial migrants	81,115
External migrants	220,500
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	295,740
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,939,710
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	113,680
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,373,460
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450
No certificate, diploma or degree	270,240
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	618,710
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,346,495
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	558,985
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	125,770
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	57,895
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	67,870
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	340,715
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	92,495
Bachelor's degree or higher	787,510
Bachelor's degree	511,110
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	54,185
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,895
Master's degree	173,475
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,850
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140
No certificate, diploma or degree	98,700
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	339,580
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,048,860
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	406,400
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	87,160
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	39,895
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	47,265
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	251,750
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,495
Bachelor's degree or higher	642,460
Bachelor's degree	414,745
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,780
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,140
Master's degree	147,665
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,130
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,235,450
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	888,950
Education	75,935
13. Education	75,935
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	73,865
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,590
50. Visual and performing arts	64,275
Humanities	90,800
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,250
23. English language and literature/letters	22,355
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	33,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,400
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,235
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,615
54. History	9,235
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,275
Social and behavioural sciences and law	181,015
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,060
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,785
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	19,615
22. Legal professions and studies	28,505
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,955
42. Psychology	31,715
45. Social sciences	72,385
Business, management and public administration	302,700
30.16 Accounting and computer science	380
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,335
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	290,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	66,830
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	27,200
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	17,195
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,175
40. Physical sciences	19,630
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,635
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	76,280
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,500
25. Library science	3,480
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,330
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,970
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	229,970
04. Architecture and related services	13,705
14. Engineering	90,240
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	39,830
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40
46. Construction trades	39,615
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	30,675
48. Precision production	15,870
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,905
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	13,770
03. Natural resources and conservation	8,135
Health and related fields	174,055
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	14,125
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	153,200
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	390
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,335
Personal, protective and transportation services	52,785
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	35,450
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	120
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	245
43. Security and protective services	6,585
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,385
Other¹⁷⁹	370
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,487,140
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,280
Education	51,580
13. Education	51,580
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	59,805
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,535
50. Visual and performing arts	52,270
Humanities	68,095
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	9,520
23. English language and literature/letters	17,085
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,685
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	985
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,245
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,030
54. History	6,970
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,580
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,480
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,525
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,875
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	15,045
22. Legal professions and studies	23,285
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,125
42. Psychology	25,160
45. Social sciences	58,470
Business, management and public administration	243,445
30.16 Accounting and computer science	280
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,465
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	234,700
Physical and life sciences and technologies	50,200
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	21,250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,625
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,005
40. Physical sciences	14,320
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,000
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	64,750
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	54,150
25. Library science	2,225
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,765
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,605
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,935
04. Architecture and related services	10,930
14. Engineering	72,485
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,765
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35
46. Construction trades	29,260
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,730
48. Precision production	10,730
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,030
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,565
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,455
Health and related fields	133,890
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	11,170
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	117,795
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	325
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,600
Personal, protective and transportation services	39,360
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,475
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110
43. Security and protective services	5,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,505
Other¹⁷⁹	290
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,487,140
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,280
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,048,860
Location of study inside Canada	686,455
Same as province or territory of residence	560,960
Different than province or territory of residence	125,495
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	362,405
Americas	59,040
United States of America	37,205
Mexico	7,220
Cuba	235
Haiti	0
Jamaica	275
Brazil	7,345
Colombia	1,870
Peru	730
Venezuela⁹⁵	680
Other locations of study in Americas	3,465
Europe	63,555
Belgium	510
France	3,900
Germany	2,705
Netherlands	1,140
Switzerland	995
Hungary	620
Moldova¹⁸³	400
Poland	2,260
Romania	2,925
Russian Federation	4,870
Ukraine	3,460
Ireland⁹⁶	4,855
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	720
Italy	1,190
Serbia⁸⁶	1,395
Other locations of study in Europe	7,140
Africa	7,865
Nigeria	800
Algeria	115
Morocco	255
Tunisia	110
Egypt	1,240
South Africa, Republic of	3,345
Other locations of study in Africa	2,000
Asia	221,415
Iran⁸⁸	15,505
Iraq	1,335
Israel	1,150
Lebanon	420
Syria⁸⁹	615
Turkey	1,435
China⁹⁰	55,615
Taiwan	8,345
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,780
Japan	6,510
Korea, South⁹²	17,035
Philippines	44,305
Viet Nam	1,695
Bangladesh	945
Sri Lanka	890
India	47,280
Pakistan	3,380
Other locations of study in Asia	8,165
Oceania	10,530
Australia	7,745
New Zealand	2,045
Other locations of study in Oceania	735
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,235,450
In the labour force	1,468,220
Employed	1,341,570
Unemployed	126,650
Not in the labour force	767,230
Participation rate	65.7
Employment rate	60.0
Unemployment rate	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,235,450
Did not work¹⁸⁶	793,200
Worked	1,442,245
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	756,970
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	685,280
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,468,220
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,435,305
Employee	1,189,685
Permanent position	991,085
Temporary position	198,600
Fixed term (1 year or more)	74,240
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	124,360
Self-employed¹⁹²	245,620
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,468,220
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,435,305
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	20,140
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	274,800
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	137,100
3 Health occupations	103,155
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	167,840
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	74,525
6 Sales and service occupations	366,180
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	227,715
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,980
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	44,875
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,468,220
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920
All industries¹⁹¹	1,435,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	12,760
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,030
22 Utilities	8,120
23 Construction	114,600
31-33 Manufacturing	83,255
41 Wholesale trade	54,360
44-45 Retail trade	159,825
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	86,180
51 Information and cultural industries	55,000
52 Finance and insurance	66,980
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	38,130
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	160,590
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,050
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	59,880
61 Educational services	110,765
62 Health care and social assistance	163,115
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	32,895
72 Accommodation and food services	96,660
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,285
91 Public administration	62,815
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,564,385
English	1,367,865
French	1,520
Non-official language	45,845
Indigenous³⁹	20
Non-Indigenous	45,830
English and French	11,770
English and non-official language(s)	131,765
French and non-official language(s)	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,825
Multiple non-official languages	3,715
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,564,385
Single responses	1,533,680
Official languages	1,451,660
English	1,448,340
French	3,320
Non-official languages	82,020
Indigenous languages³⁹	30
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	10
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	10
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	10
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,990
Afro-Asiatic languages	435
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	10
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	420
Amharic	20
Arabic	310
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	50
Tigrigna	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,065
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	2,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	780
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	15
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	40
Indonesian	85
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	615
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	60
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	55
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	23,100
Albanian	20
Armenian	20
Balto-Slavic languages	810
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	805
Bulgarian	10
Czech	20
Macedonian	0
Polish	75
Russian	575
Serbo-Croatian	80
Bosnian	0
Croatian	10
Serbian	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	175
Frisian	0
High German languages	135
German	130
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	25
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	15
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	45
Indo-Iranian languages	19,215
Indo-Aryan languages	17,275
Bengali	10
Gujarati	10
Hindi	490
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,665
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	85
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	1,945
Kurdish	25
Pashto	0
Persian languages	1,915
Dari	100
Iranian Persian	1,650
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,810
Catalan	0
Italian	110
Portuguese	480
Romanian	40
Spanish	2,185
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	1,750
Korean	6,260
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	210
American Sign Language	205
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,075
Chinese languages	47,020
Hakka	0
Mandarin	27,485
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220
Wu (Shanghainese)	10
Yue (Cantonese)	19,220
Chinese, n.o.s.	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60
Burmese	30
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	140
Lao	0
Thai	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	60
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	55
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	30
Estonian	0
Finnish	10
Hungarian	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	30,705
English and French	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	28,315
French and non-official language(s)	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	85
Multiple non-official languages	785
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,564,385
None	1,440,905
English	30,370
French	8,795
Non-official language	65,900
Indigenous³⁹	125
Non-Indigenous	65,775
English and French	40
English and non-official language(s)	4,595
French and non-official language(s)	1,420
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	12,350
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,341,570
Worked at home	355,075
Worked outside Canada	7,935
No fixed workplace address	189,970
Usual place of work	788,585
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	788,585
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	365,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	407,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,135
Commute to a different province or territory	2,335
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	978,560
Car, truck or van	731,155
Car, truck or van - as a driver	666,495
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	64,660
Public transit	146,055
Walked	62,435
Bicycle	18,225
Other method	20,695
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	978,560
Less than 15 minutes	202,980
15 to 29 minutes	341,035
30 to 44 minutes	258,225
45 to 59 minutes	96,495
60 minutes and over	79,825
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	978,560
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	62,540
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	148,575
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	219,885
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	212,645
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	185,195
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	149,725
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	461,375
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,520
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	433,850
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	338,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,560
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,055
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,510
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	316,660

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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