Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VictoriaMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	397,237	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	367,770	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	186,674	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	176,676	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	571.3	...	...	571.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	695.29	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	397,240	192,085	205,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	50,495	25,765	24,730	12.7	13.4	12.1
0 to 4 years	15,140	7,715	7,430	3.8	4.0	3.6
5 to 9 years	17,725	8,995	8,735	4.5	4.7	4.3
10 to 14 years	17,625	9,060	8,570	4.4	4.7	4.2
15 to 64 years	253,830	124,565	129,265	63.9	64.8	63.0
15 to 19 years	18,365	9,355	9,010	4.6	4.9	4.4
20 to 24 years	23,805	11,760	12,050	6.0	6.1	5.9
25 to 29 years	26,575	13,420	13,155	6.7	7.0	6.4
30 to 34 years	27,615	13,745	13,870	7.0	7.2	6.8
35 to 39 years	27,585	13,750	13,835	6.9	7.2	6.7
40 to 44 years	25,290	12,540	12,745	6.4	6.5	6.2
45 to 49 years	23,615	11,460	12,155	5.9	6.0	5.9
50 to 54 years	25,090	12,160	12,930	6.3	6.3	6.3
55 to 59 years	27,400	13,110	14,295	6.9	6.8	7.0
60 to 64 years	28,490	13,265	15,230	7.2	6.9	7.4
65 years and over	92,910	41,755	51,155	23.4	21.7	24.9
65 to 69 years	27,680	12,705	14,975	7.0	6.6	7.3
70 to 74 years	25,040	11,630	13,410	6.3	6.1	6.5
75 to 79 years	16,855	7,845	9,010	4.2	4.1	4.4
80 to 84 years	10,875	4,825	6,050	2.7	2.5	2.9
85 years and over	12,465	4,755	7,715	3.1	2.5	3.8
85 to 89 years	7,005	2,925	4,080	1.8	1.5	2.0
90 to 94 years	4,095	1,405	2,695	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	1,220	390	835	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	140	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.7	13.4	12.1	12.7	13.4	12.1
15 to 64 years	63.9	64.8	63.0	63.9	64.8	63.0
65 years and over	23.4	21.7	24.9	23.4	21.7	24.9
85 years and over	3.1	2.5	3.8	3.1	2.5	3.8
Average age of the population	44.8	43.7	45.8	44.8	43.7	45.8
Median age of the population	44.8	43.2	46.4	44.8	43.2	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	176,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	67,260	...	...	38.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,445	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	11,320	...	...	6.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	27,125	...	...	15.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	47,460	...	...	26.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,650	...	...	8.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	305	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,110	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	176,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	59,595	...	...	33.7	...	...
2 persons	65,830	...	...	37.3	...	...
3 persons	22,945	...	...	13.0	...	...
4 persons	18,610	...	...	10.5	...	...
5 or more persons	9,695	...	...	5.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	388,290	188,015	200,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	346,740	166,320	180,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	193,940	96,750	97,185	55.9	58.2	53.9
Married	152,280	75,975	76,310	43.9	45.7	42.3
Living common-law	41,655	20,775	20,880	12.0	12.5	11.6
Living common law - Never married	30,625	15,270	15,355	8.8	9.2	8.5
Living common law - Separated	1,365	745	620	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	8,805	4,400	4,405	2.5	2.6	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	865	360	500	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	152,805	69,570	83,235	44.1	41.8	46.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	97,360	51,820	45,540	28.1	31.2	25.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	8,860	3,780	5,080	2.6	2.3	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	27,835	9,950	17,890	8.0	6.0	9.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	18,745	4,020	14,725	5.4	2.4	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	109,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	66,485	...	...	60.5	...	...
3 persons	20,930	...	...	19.0	...	...
4 persons	17,400	...	...	15.8	...	...
5 or more persons	5,055	...	...	4.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	109,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	94,500	...	...	86.0	...	...
Married couples	73,685	...	...	67.1	...	...
With children⁶	32,935	...	...	30.0	...	...
Without children	40,745	...	...	37.1	...	...
Common-law couples	20,820	...	...	18.9	...	...
With children⁶	5,430	...	...	4.9	...	...
Without children	15,385	...	...	14.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	15,375	...	...	14.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	11,755	...	...	10.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,615	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	388,285	188,015	200,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	292,030	144,155	147,870	75.2	76.7	73.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	189,000	94,335	94,665	48.7	50.2	47.3
Parents in one-parent families	15,370	3,615	11,760	4.0	1.9	5.9
Children⁶	87,655	46,210	41,445	22.6	24.6	20.7
In a two-parent family	65,930	34,485	31,445	17.0	18.3	15.7
In a one-parent family	21,725	11,725	10,000	5.6	6.2	5.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	96,260	43,865	52,400	24.8	23.3	26.2
Living alone	59,595	25,185	34,410	15.3	13.4	17.2
Living with other relatives⁷	8,500	3,530	4,970	2.2	1.9	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	28,165	15,150	13,015	7.3	8.1	6.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	176,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	94,695	...	...	53.6	...	...
Couple-family households	82,575	...	...	46.7	...	...
With children⁶	32,985	...	...	18.7	...	...
Without children	49,595	...	...	28.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	12,115	...	...	6.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,665	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,535	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	6,540	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,650	...	...	6.0	...	...
One-person households	59,590	...	...	33.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	337,875	162,295	175,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	329,880	158,210	171,660	97.6	97.5	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	50,800	41,200	45,600	50,800	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	330,095	158,320	171,775	97.7	97.6	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,200	37,600	40,800	45,200	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	305,610	147,345	158,260	90.5	90.8	90.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,800	33,200	39,600	46,800	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	234,380	116,945	117,440	69.4	72.1	66.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,800	35,200	40,800	46,800	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	270,985	122,505	148,480	80.2	75.5	84.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	9,100	10,400	9,900	9,100	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,925	10,765	13,160	7.1	6.6	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,280	5,480	5,480	5,280	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,525	37,220	42,300	23.5	22.9	24.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	338,040	162,400	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	330,055	158,475	171,580	97.6	97.6	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,350	64,500	50,680	57,350	64,500	50,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	330,240	158,570	171,670	97.7	97.6	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,960	53,000	43,320	47,960	53,000	43,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	305,655	147,325	158,335	90.4	90.7	90.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,400	60,950	44,480	52,400	60,950	44,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	234,465	117,135	117,330	69.4	72.1	66.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	57,300	43,040	50,200	57,300	43,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	270,670	122,495	148,180	80.1	75.4	84.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,720	10,190	11,160	10,720	10,190	11,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,345	10,415	12,930	6.9	6.4	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	5,845	7,070	6,530	5,845	7,070
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,065	36,970	42,100	23.4	22.8	24.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,790	8,650	8,920	8,790	8,650	8,920
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	338,040	162,395	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	110,900	60,845	50,060	32.8	37.5	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,000	60,400	66,000	71,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,300	81,600	67,800	75,300	81,600	67,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	95,200	42,760	52,435	28.2	26.3	29.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	21,800	18,200	19,800	21,800	18,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,800	33,640	26,680	29,800	33,640	26,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	87.8	81.0	84.6	87.8	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.2	65.6	58.1	62.2	65.6	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.3	12.2	19.0	15.3	12.2	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.1	0.8	0.6	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.8	5.5	4.6	3.8	5.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.1	4.3	3.7	3.1	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	337,880	162,295	175,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,000	4,080	3,920	2.4	2.5	2.2
With total income	329,875	158,215	171,665	97.6	97.5	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,290	10,945	13,345	7.4	6.9	7.8
$10,000 to $19,999	32,470	13,485	18,985	9.8	8.5	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	46,350	19,055	27,295	14.1	12.0	15.9
$30,000 to $39,999	40,875	17,390	23,485	12.4	11.0	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	37,875	16,840	21,040	11.5	10.6	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	32,780	14,860	17,920	9.9	9.4	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	26,745	13,425	13,320	8.1	8.5	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	21,285	11,465	9,815	6.5	7.2	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	16,590	9,295	7,290	5.0	5.9	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	12,720	7,245	5,475	3.9	4.6	3.2
$100,000 and over	37,880	24,205	13,680	11.5	15.3	8.0
$100,000 to $149,999	25,460	15,625	9,835	7.7	9.9	5.7
$150,000 and over	12,420	8,575	3,845	3.8	5.4	2.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	337,880	162,295	175,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,785	3,970	3,810	2.3	2.4	2.2
With after-tax income	330,100	158,320	171,775	97.7	97.6	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,875	11,440	14,435	7.8	7.2	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	33,940	14,075	19,870	10.3	8.9	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	52,520	21,875	30,640	15.9	13.8	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	48,225	20,915	27,315	14.6	13.2	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	44,215	19,875	24,340	13.4	12.6	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	35,755	17,600	18,160	10.8	11.1	10.6
$60,000 to $69,999	26,840	14,415	12,425	8.1	9.1	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	19,840	11,210	8,635	6.0	7.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	13,575	7,900	5,675	4.1	5.0	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	8,610	5,100	3,510	2.6	3.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	20,695	13,915	6,780	6.3	8.8	3.9
$100,000 to $124,999	10,295	6,705	3,585	3.1	4.2	2.1
$125,000 and over	10,400	7,210	3,190	3.2	4.6	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	337,880	162,295	175,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	103,495	45,355	58,140	30.6	27.9	33.1
With employment income	234,380	116,940	117,440	69.4	72.1	66.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	30,870	14,200	16,670	13.2	12.1	14.2
$5,000 to $9,999	17,470	7,550	9,920	7.5	6.5	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	26,055	11,370	14,680	11.1	9.7	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	20,915	9,460	11,450	8.9	8.1	9.7
$30,000 to $39,999	20,240	9,425	10,815	8.6	8.1	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	20,870	9,635	11,235	8.9	8.2	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	20,490	9,505	10,990	8.7	8.1	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	17,165	8,875	8,295	7.3	7.6	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	14,215	7,945	6,265	6.1	6.8	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	11,975	6,980	4,995	5.1	6.0	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	9,400	5,485	3,915	4.0	4.7	3.3
$100,000 and over	24,715	16,510	8,210	10.5	14.1	7.0
$100,000 to $124,999	12,310	7,625	4,680	5.3	6.5	4.0
$125,000 and over	12,405	8,880	3,530	5.3	7.6	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	337,875	162,295	175,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	322,420	154,255	168,165	95.4	95.0	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,600	38,400	43,200	49,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	322,990	154,395	168,600	95.6	95.1	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,600	34,400	38,400	43,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	302,580	145,645	156,940	89.6	89.7	89.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	33,600	39,600	47,200	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	245,125	121,530	123,595	72.5	74.9	70.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,200	38,400	44,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	218,875	93,010	125,870	64.8	57.3	71.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,850	6,240	7,100	6,850	6,240	7,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	17,005	7,435	9,570	5.0	4.6	5.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,680	6,000	5,280	4,680	6,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	338,040	162,400	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	322,885	154,555	168,325	95.5	95.2	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,700	62,800	47,240	54,700	62,800	47,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,450	154,715	168,740	95.7	95.3	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	51,450	40,160	45,560	51,450	40,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	302,780	145,880	156,900	89.6	89.8	89.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,100	61,150	43,720	52,100	61,150	43,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	245,275	121,835	123,440	72.6	75.0	70.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,800	55,300	40,440	47,800	55,300	40,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	218,860	92,345	126,505	64.7	56.9	72.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600	8,530	8,650	8,600	8,530	8,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	16,920	7,210	9,710	5.0	4.4	5.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,240	6,040	8,140	7,240	6,040	8,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	338,040	162,395	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	109,915	60,225	49,690	32.5	37.1	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	56,000	61,600	67,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,600	77,700	62,000	70,600	77,700	62,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	90,880	40,755	50,125	26.9	25.1	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	27,400	22,600	24,600	27,400	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,920	40,240	30,600	34,920	40,240	30,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	91.8	86.2	89.4	91.8	86.2
Employment income (%)	66.4	69.4	62.7	66.4	69.4	62.7
Government transfers (%)	10.7	8.1	13.8	10.7	8.1	13.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.5	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	176,675	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	59,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	117,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	176,775	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,600	...	...	89,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	59,610	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,520	...	...	47,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	117,160	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...	132,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	176,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,960	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	935	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,455	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,440	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,610	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,395	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,540	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,280	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,530	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,685	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,060	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	12,715	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,125	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,010	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,115	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	72,815	...	...	41.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,765	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,425	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,040	...	...	10.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	17,585	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	176,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,280	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	965	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,525	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,585	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,970	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,320	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,610	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,475	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,785	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,855	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,360	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,305	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,460	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,035	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,640	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	59,515	...	...	33.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,090	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,380	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	24,045	...	...	13.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	108,825	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,150	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	38,580	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...	147,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	14,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	87,760	40,335	47,430	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	42,000	40,400	41,200	42,000	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	38,000	37,200	37,600	38,000	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	108,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	52,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	38,655	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,200	...	...	166,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...	137,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,300	...	...	84,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,800	...	...	73,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	87,805	40,230	47,570	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,450	51,950	51,080	51,450	51,950	51,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,240	42,560	43,800	43,240	42,560	43,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	388,290	188,020	200,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	61,255	31,290	29,965	15.8	16.6	15.0
0 to 5 years	18,595	9,475	9,120	4.8	5.0	4.6
18 to 64 years	240,080	116,970	123,110	61.8	62.2	61.5
65 years and over	86,955	39,760	47,195	22.4	21.1	23.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	34,380	15,765	18,610	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,570	2,895	2,680	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,710	880	830	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,785	9,400	10,390	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,020	3,475	5,545	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.4	9.3	8.9	8.4	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	9.1	9.3	8.9	9.1	9.3	8.9
0 to 5 years (%)	9.2	9.3	9.1	9.2	9.3	9.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	8.0	8.4	8.2	8.0	8.4
65 years and over (%)	10.4	8.7	11.8	10.4	8.7	11.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	383,005	185,505	197,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	60,415	30,885	29,530	15.8	16.6	15.0
0 to 5 years	18,370	9,355	9,010	4.8	5.0	4.6
18 to 64 years	237,210	115,555	121,650	61.9	62.3	61.6
65 years and over	85,380	39,060	46,320	22.3	21.1	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,155	8,575	8,575	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,460	1,200	1,255	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	600	310	290	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,115	6,655	6,460	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,575	720	855	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.1	3.9	4.3	4.1	3.9	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.3	5.5	5.8	5.3
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	388,290	188,015	200,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	169,215	79,485	89,735	43.6	42.3	44.8
In bottom decile	36,085	17,180	18,905	9.3	9.1	9.4
In second decile	31,240	14,030	17,205	8.0	7.5	8.6
In third decile	31,725	14,845	16,875	8.2	7.9	8.4
In fourth decile	33,800	16,055	17,745	8.7	8.5	8.9
In fifth decile	36,365	17,370	19,000	9.4	9.2	9.5
In top half of the distribution	219,075	108,535	110,540	56.4	57.7	55.2
In sixth decile	38,810	18,885	19,930	10.0	10.0	10.0
In seventh decile	40,930	20,145	20,780	10.5	10.7	10.4
In eighth decile	44,135	21,945	22,190	11.4	11.7	11.1
In ninth decile	47,975	23,905	24,070	12.4	12.7	12.0
In top decile	47,225	23,655	23,565	12.2	12.6	11.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	388,285	...	...	388,285	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329	...	...	0.329	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.418	...	...	0.418	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	348,695	170,545	178,150	89.0	90.0	88.1
French only	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	39,565	17,480	22,085	10.1	9.2	10.9
Neither English nor French	3,380	1,415	1,960	0.9	0.7	1.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	381,360	184,710	196,655	97.3	97.5	97.2
French	6,100	2,980	3,120	1.6	1.6	1.5
English and French	1,080	475	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,250	1,340	1,910	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	382,170	185,070	197,100	97.5	97.7	97.4
Official languages	328,045	160,620	167,430	83.7	84.8	82.8
English	321,890	157,625	164,265	82.2	83.2	81.2
French	6,160	2,995	3,165	1.6	1.6	1.6
Non-official languages	54,125	24,450	29,670	13.8	12.9	14.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	53,930	24,365	29,565	13.8	12.9	14.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,255	1,185	1,070	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,065	1,095	970	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,630	885	745	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,335	570	765	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,215	515	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,120	2,030	3,090	1.3	1.1	1.5
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	235	90	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	250	100	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,125	1,635	2,485	1.1	0.9	1.2
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	675	380	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	185	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,010	12,660	14,355	6.9	6.7	7.1
Albanian	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,580	2,005	2,570	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,485	1,960	2,525	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	375	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,110	495	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,325	550	780	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	760	350	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	445	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	550	220	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,525	2,860	3,665	1.7	1.5	1.8
Frisian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,865	1,625	2,235	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	3,715	1,570	2,150	0.9	0.8	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,935	895	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	275	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,595	730	865	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	700	315	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	320	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	185	95	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swedish	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	350	195	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,265	4,190	4,080	2.1	2.2	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,850	3,465	3,385	1.7	1.8	1.7
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	275	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,100	615	490	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,340	2,115	2,225	1.1	1.1	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,415	725	685	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,280	645	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,095	550	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,045	3,280	3,765	1.8	1.7	1.9
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,065	515	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,740	795	950	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	335	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,885	1,805	2,085	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,545	415	1,130	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korean	1,895	820	1,075	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	380	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,960	5,325	6,635	3.1	2.8	3.3
Chinese languages	11,860	5,265	6,590	3.0	2.8	3.3
Hakka	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,505	2,825	3,675	1.7	1.5	1.8
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	240	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,805	2,215	2,590	1.2	1.2	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	350	90	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	325	75	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	195	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	305	180	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	865	400	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	250	95	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	565	290	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,625	4,440	5,185	2.5	2.3	2.6
English and French	1,990	960	1,035	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,575	3,025	3,550	1.7	1.6	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	90	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	690	290	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	333,670	162,810	170,865	85.2	85.9	84.5
French	1,220	590	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	12,035	5,590	6,440	3.1	2.9	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,005	5,570	6,430	3.1	2.9	3.2
English and French	5,010	2,245	2,765	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	37,200	17,110	20,090	9.5	9.0	9.9
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,595	680	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	995	450	545	0.3	0.2	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	383,665	185,750	197,920	97.9	98.0	97.8
Official languages	359,010	174,140	184,870	91.6	91.9	91.4
English	357,100	173,210	183,890	91.1	91.4	90.9
French	1,905	925	980	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	24,655	11,610	13,045	6.3	6.1	6.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,610	11,580	13,030	6.3	6.1	6.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,270	635	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,180	590	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	975	510	470	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	350	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	680	320	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,645	1,190	1,450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,245	1,005	1,235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	335	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	85	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,630	4,670	4,960	2.5	2.5	2.5
Albanian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,450	670	780	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,445	665	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	670	295	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	200	90	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	730	345	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	425	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	415	190	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	125	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,565	2,320	2,240	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,760	1,915	1,845	1.0	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	540	310	230	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,545	1,260	1,285	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	285	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	805	405	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	725	365	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	635	320	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,670	1,225	1,445	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	170	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	690	305	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,710	800	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	540	195	350	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,275	590	685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,505	3,435	4,065	1.9	1.8	2.0
Chinese languages	7,440	3,400	4,040	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hakka	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,580	2,105	2,475	1.2	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,655	1,200	1,450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,130	3,760	4,370	2.1	2.0	2.2
English and French	740	320	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,055	3,285	3,770	1.8	1.7	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	391,795	189,505	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	353,575	172,075	181,505	90.2	90.8	89.7
English	10,745	5,145	5,600	2.7	2.7	2.8
French	3,930	1,740	2,185	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	18,905	8,405	10,495	4.8	4.4	5.2
Indigenous³⁹	245	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	18,660	8,295	10,365	4.8	4.4	5.1
English and French	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,540	755	780	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	995	425	570	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,930	875	1,055	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	388,475	188,145	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	385,105	186,640	198,465	99.1	99.2	99.1
English	384,990	186,600	198,395	99.1	99.2	99.0
French	39,445	17,350	22,095	10.2	9.2	11.0
Non-official languages	79,715	36,530	43,190	20.5	19.4	21.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	795	345	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	250	95	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	255	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	79,005	36,235	42,770	20.3	19.3	21.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,735	1,900	1,825	1.0	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,545	1,815	1,730	0.9	1.0	0.9
Amharic	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,540	1,355	1,190	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	535	255	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,965	835	1,135	0.5	0.4	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,775	735	1,045	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,180	2,850	4,335	1.8	1.5	2.2
Bikol	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	165	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	350	125	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	430	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	270	110	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,465	2,525	3,940	1.7	1.3	2.0
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,240	680	555	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	470	275	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	475	250	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	410	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	44,310	20,900	23,410	11.4	11.1	11.7
Albanian	220	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,885	2,755	3,130	1.5	1.5	1.6
Baltic languages	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,770	2,690	3,080	1.5	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	90	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	430	205	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,395	640	750	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	2,205	1,010	1,200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,045	510	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	635	300	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	400	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	225	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	800	385	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	75	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	65	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	11,175	5,090	6,080	2.9	2.7	3.0
Frisian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,415	3,400	4,015	1.9	1.8	2.0
German	7,280	3,360	3,920	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	195	60	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,910	1,330	1,580	0.7	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	800	435	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	2,080	890	1,190	0.5	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,290	600	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	510	220	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	400	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	605	310	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,895	5,640	5,250	2.8	3.0	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages	9,525	4,965	4,555	2.5	2.6	2.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	410	215	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	425	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,105	2,270	1,835	1.1	1.2	0.9
Kacchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,980	3,035	2,950	1.5	1.6	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	895	480	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,450	730	720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,325	660	665	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	65	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,205	585	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,290	7,810	9,480	4.5	4.2	4.7
Catalan	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,555	1,140	1,420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	2,590	1,225	1,365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	405	175	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	12,815	5,780	7,025	3.3	3.1	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,465	1,320	2,145	0.9	0.7	1.1
Korean	2,165	1,000	1,170	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	970	490	480	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	335	180	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	105	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	885	335	550	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	780	265	515	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	90	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,145	6,475	7,670	3.6	3.4	3.8
Chinese languages	13,900	6,335	7,565	3.6	3.4	3.8
Hakka	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,310	4,190	5,120	2.4	2.2	2.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	535	205	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,085	2,730	3,355	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	255	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	540	205	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	525	195	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	710	355	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	635	325	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,075	525	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	85	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	325	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	655	340	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	388,475	188,150	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	19,460	9,220	10,240	5.0	4.9	5.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	18,600	8,855	9,745	4.8	4.7	4.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,795	5,210	5,580	2.8	2.8	2.8
Métis	7,665	3,575	4,095	2.0	1.9	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	450	175	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	410	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	369,015	178,925	190,085	95.0	95.1	94.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	388,475	188,150	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,580	3,655	3,925	2.0	1.9	2.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	380,895	184,495	196,405	98.0	98.1	98.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	109,550	...	...	62.0	...	...
Renter	66,985	...	...	37.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	240	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	35,850	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not condominium	140,920	...	...	79.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,265	...	...	1.8	...	...
1 bedroom	36,400	...	...	20.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	51,740	...	...	29.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	46,015	...	...	26.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	39,355	...	...	22.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	68,510	...	...	38.8	...	...
5 rooms	25,930	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	21,075	...	...	11.9	...	...
7 rooms	18,010	...	...	10.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	43,240	...	...	24.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	174,340	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,425	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	169,460	...	...	95.9	...	...
Not suitable	7,310	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	38,285	...	...	21.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	53,280	...	...	30.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	23,490	...	...	13.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	19,430	...	...	11.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,930	...	...	4.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	10,755	...	...	6.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,520	...	...	4.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	15,080	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	167,595	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,175	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	87,600	...	...	49.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	79,225	...	...	44.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	9,950	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	6,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,530	...	...	13.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	28,310	...	...	16.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	27,880	...	...	15.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	33,020	...	...	18.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	32,405	...	...	18.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	17,395	...	...	9.8	...	...
85 years and over	6,740	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	173,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	128,295	...	...	74.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	45,115	...	...	26.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	40,305	...	...	23.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	176,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,830	...	...	32.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	40,850	...	...	23.1	...	...
Not suitable only	5,225	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,090	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,580	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,575	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	405	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	119,940	...	...	67.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	168,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	21,740	...	...	12.9	...	...
Not in core need	146,860	...	...	87.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	107,365	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.8	...	...	56.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,670	...	...	1,670	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	945,000	...	...	945,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	66,530	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.3	...	...	24.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,452	...	...	1,452	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	240	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	552	...	...	552	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	516	...	...	516	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	388,470	188,145	200,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,340	3,090	3,250	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,225	3,050	3,175	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,150	2,500	2,650	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,035	540	490	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	16,335	7,560	8,775	4.2	4.0	4.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,705	7,310	8,395	4.0	3.9	4.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10,560	5,010	5,545	2.7	2.7	2.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,990	2,210	2,780	1.3	1.2	1.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	630	250	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	595	240	350	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	365,795	177,495	188,300	94.2	94.3	94.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	388,470	188,145	200,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	360,585	175,030	185,555	92.8	93.0	92.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	58,235	29,860	28,375	15.0	15.9	14.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	302,355	145,170	157,180	77.8	77.2	78.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	27,885	13,115	14,770	7.2	7.0	7.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	388,470	188,145	200,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	306,395	149,770	156,625	78.9	79.6	78.2
Immigrants⁸¹	73,345	33,955	39,385	18.9	18.0	19.7
Before 1980	25,145	11,620	13,525	6.5	6.2	6.8
1980 to 1990	8,235	3,975	4,260	2.1	2.1	2.1
1991 to 2000	9,595	4,290	5,305	2.5	2.3	2.6
2001 to 2010	12,675	5,755	6,925	3.3	3.1	3.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,700	8,320	9,380	4.6	4.4	4.7
2011 to 2015	7,620	3,575	4,040	2.0	1.9	2.0
2016 to 2021	10,080	4,740	5,335	2.6	2.5	2.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,730	4,420	4,310	2.2	2.3	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	73,345	33,960	39,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	7,675	3,740	3,930	10.5	11.0	10.0
5 to 14 years	12,615	6,425	6,190	17.2	18.9	15.7
15 to 24 years	14,040	6,270	7,775	19.1	18.5	19.7
25 to 44 years	32,125	14,420	17,700	43.8	42.5	44.9
45 years and over	6,885	3,100	3,785	9.4	9.1	9.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	73,345	33,960	39,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,960	4,910	6,045	14.9	14.5	15.3
Brazil	420	210	205	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	535	230	300	0.7	0.7	0.8
El Salvador	230	120	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Guyana	150	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	335	170	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexico	870	410	465	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	155	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	250	90	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	6,505	2,830	3,670	8.9	8.3	9.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,440	680	760	2.0	2.0	1.9
Europe	28,830	13,830	14,995	39.3	40.7	38.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatia	330	145	190	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	575	230	350	0.8	0.7	0.9
Germany	2,615	1,200	1,420	3.6	3.5	3.6
Greece	275	150	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	400	200	200	0.5	0.6	0.5
Italy	650	350	300	0.9	1.0	0.8
Netherlands	1,500	680	825	2.0	2.0	2.1
Poland	945	470	470	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	875	380	495	1.2	1.1	1.3
Romania	440	205	235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	735	300	430	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	210	110	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	535	265	270	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15,185	7,410	7,775	20.7	21.8	19.7
Other places of birth in Europe	3,440	1,695	1,750	4.7	5.0	4.4
Africa	3,825	1,940	1,880	5.2	5.7	4.8
Algeria	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	180	125	60	0.2	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	155	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	300	140	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	155	90	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	290	145	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,245	610	635	1.7	1.8	1.6
Other places of birth in Africa	1,340	675	660	1.8	2.0	1.7
Asia	28,355	12,455	15,900	38.7	36.7	40.4
Afghanistan	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	900	455	445	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iraq	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	540	280	260	0.7	0.8	0.7
Turkey	290	160	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	6,480	2,825	3,655	8.8	8.3	9.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,195	620	575	1.6	1.8	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	1,345	630	710	1.8	1.9	1.8
Taiwan	655	250	400	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	6,140	2,405	3,735	8.4	7.1	9.5
Viet Nam	1,145	465	675	1.6	1.4	1.7
Bangladesh	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	4,875	2,450	2,430	6.6	7.2	6.2
Pakistan	480	245	235	0.7	0.7	0.6
Sri Lanka	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,640	1,335	2,305	5.0	3.9	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,380	820	560	1.9	2.4	1.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,080	4,740	5,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,430	640	790	14.2	13.5	14.8
Brazil	130	50	75	1.3	1.1	1.4
Colombia	115	35	75	1.1	0.7	1.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	130	70	65	1.3	1.5	1.2
United States of America	825	385	440	8.2	8.1	8.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15	0.2	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	175	75	100	1.7	1.6	1.9
Europe	1,350	720	635	13.4	15.2	11.9
France	75	45	35	0.7	0.9	0.7
Germany	125	55	65	1.2	1.2	1.2
Ireland⁹⁶	80	50	25	0.8	1.1	0.5
Italy	45	35	10	0.4	0.7	0.2
Russian Federation	60	15	45	0.6	0.3	0.8
Ukraine	75	35	45	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	545	340	205	5.4	7.2	3.8
Other places of birth in Europe	345	145	205	3.4	3.1	3.8
Africa	815	410	410	8.1	8.6	7.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	20	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	80	35	40	0.8	0.7	0.7
Morocco	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Nigeria	185	95	90	1.8	2.0	1.7
Somalia	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	30	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	80	35	45	0.8	0.7	0.8
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	235	120	115	2.3	2.5	2.2
Asia	6,290	2,820	3,465	62.4	59.5	64.9
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.5	0.4	0.6
China⁹⁰	1,195	475	720	11.9	10.0	13.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
India	1,205	640	560	12.0	13.5	10.5
Iran⁸⁸	85	40	45	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraq	65	35	35	0.6	0.7	0.7
Israel	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	215	55	155	2.1	1.2	2.9
Jordan	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	280	120	160	2.8	2.5	3.0
Lebanon	55	20	40	0.5	0.4	0.7
Nepal	75	50	30	0.7	1.1	0.6
Pakistan	105	55	45	1.0	1.2	0.8
Philippines	1,740	750	990	17.3	15.8	18.5
Saudi Arabia	35	10	30	0.3	0.2	0.6
Sri Lanka	20	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	465	245	225	4.6	5.2	4.2
Turkey	140	80	60	1.4	1.7	1.1
United Arab Emirates	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	165	40	125	1.6	0.8	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	270	110	155	2.7	2.3	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	190	150	40	1.9	3.2	0.7
Australia	135	100	35	1.3	2.1	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	55	50	10	0.5	1.1	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	388,475	188,145	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	88,845	41,675	47,170	22.9	22.2	23.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	83,375	40,130	43,250	21.5	21.3	21.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	216,250	106,345	109,910	55.7	56.5	54.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	48,205	22,340	25,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	26,330	12,975	13,350	54.6	58.1	51.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,075	6,720	5,350	25.0	30.1	20.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,255	6,255	8,000	29.6	28.0	30.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	17,465	6,995	10,470	36.2	31.3	40.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,980	2,180	1,805	8.3	9.8	7.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	190	235	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	48,205	22,340	25,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	985	545	435	2.0	2.4	1.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,570	3,740	4,830	17.8	16.7	18.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,250	1,060	1,195	4.7	4.7	4.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,855	1,740	2,115	8.0	7.8	8.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	315	110	205	0.7	0.5	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,230	15,150	17,080	66.9	67.8	66.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	388,475	188,150	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	64,775	30,700	34,075	16.7	16.3	17.0
South Asian	13,720	6,995	6,725	3.5	3.7	3.4
Chinese	17,385	8,160	9,225	4.5	4.3	4.6
Black	5,085	2,640	2,445	1.3	1.4	1.2
Filipino	8,530	3,550	4,975	2.2	1.9	2.5
Arab	1,980	1,070	910	0.5	0.6	0.5
Latin American	3,940	1,800	2,135	1.0	1.0	1.1
Southeast Asian	3,805	1,740	2,065	1.0	0.9	1.0
West Asian	1,525	760	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	2,330	1,125	1,205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	3,310	1,305	2,015	0.9	0.7	1.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	825	405	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,345	1,150	1,195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	323,695	157,440	166,255	83.3	83.7	83.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	388,470	188,145	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	42,705	21,680	21,025	11.0	11.5	10.5
English	121,950	58,785	63,165	31.4	31.2	31.5
Irish	71,385	32,655	38,730	18.4	17.4	19.3
Scottish	91,870	43,630	48,240	23.6	23.2	24.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,275	14,530	16,745	8.1	7.7	8.4
German	47,875	22,800	25,075	12.3	12.1	12.5
Chinese	18,125	8,535	9,595	4.7	4.5	4.8
Italian	12,750	5,960	6,790	3.3	3.2	3.4
Indian (India)	9,195	4,630	4,565	2.4	2.5	2.3
Ukrainian	18,825	8,925	9,900	4.8	4.7	4.9
Dutch	17,205	8,215	8,995	4.4	4.4	4.5
Polish	12,750	6,130	6,620	3.3	3.3	3.3
Québécois	915	450	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	25,080	11,875	13,205	6.5	6.3	6.6
Filipino	8,525	3,555	4,980	2.2	1.9	2.5
French Canadian	4,420	2,165	2,255	1.1	1.2	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,280	4,285	3,995	2.1	2.3	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,595	3,670	3,925	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis	6,760	3,040	3,720	1.7	1.6	1.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	10,900	5,485	5,415	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	8,435	3,905	4,530	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	13,100	6,090	7,005	3.4	3.2	3.5
Welsh	13,395	6,165	7,230	3.4	3.3	3.6
Portuguese	3,955	1,975	1,975	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	7,810	3,615	4,190	2.0	1.9	2.1
Spanish	4,150	1,845	2,310	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	9,650	4,375	5,280	2.5	2.3	2.6
Hungarian	4,640	2,220	2,420	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	1,035	480	560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistani	695	350	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,460	775	680	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jewish	3,595	1,850	1,740	0.9	1.0	0.9
Punjabi	1,490	745	745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,295	1,060	1,235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	955	515	450	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	2,225	1,065	1,160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	870	425	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,710	745	970	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,060	890	1,175	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	2,370	1,190	1,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,405	1,105	1,300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	855	440	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,280	630	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	740	410	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	6,390	3,085	3,310	1.6	1.6	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,525	765	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,335	660	675	0.3	0.4	0.3
Austrian	4,485	2,050	2,430	1.2	1.1	1.2
Belgian	2,220	1,080	1,140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	765	400	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	2,020	975	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	1,190	620	570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,670	1,190	1,485	0.7	0.6	0.7
Finnish	3,295	1,645	1,655	0.8	0.9	0.8
Sri Lankan	265	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,840	900	935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	3,800	1,505	2,300	1.0	0.8	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	540	300	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	575	255	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,435	1,680	1,750	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	340	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	390	215	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	695	310	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	2,740	1,325	1,410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombian	715	325	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	250	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,860	900	965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	535	275	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	390	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	695	345	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	605	280	320	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	545	320	230	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	405	175	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	475	215	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	570	285	285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	405	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	725	360	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	205	90	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	185	95	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algerian	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	765	405	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	350	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	245	150	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	850	420	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,205	525	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	705	295	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	265	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	170	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	490	245	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,055	580	475	0.3	0.3	0.2
South African	1,320	605	715	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australian	1,620	820	795	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	170	110	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	445	195	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	280	145	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	295	120	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	335	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	340	135	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	285	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	315	150	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	415	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,220	600	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	180	100	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	315	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	225	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	495	195	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	335	145	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	405	170	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	330	185	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	435	205	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	440	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	140	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	590	300	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	465	205	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	225	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	590	280	305	0.2	0.1	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	820	360	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	2,065	1,010	1,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	150	35	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	70	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	255	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	535	190	345	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	190	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jatt	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	365	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	565	245	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	935	415	520	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sudanese	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	275	120	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	295	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	120	90	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	95	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	140	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	125	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	95	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	100	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	200	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	388,475	188,145	200,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,090	1,720	2,365	1.1	0.9	1.2
Christian	126,855	56,135	70,725	32.7	29.8	35.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	25,065	11,515	13,555	6.5	6.1	6.8
Anabaptist	420	195	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	19,770	8,415	11,355	5.1	4.5	5.7
Baptist	4,600	2,060	2,535	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	40,290	18,240	22,055	10.4	9.7	11.0
Christian Orthodox	2,265	1,070	1,195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,565	620	940	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	1,305	580	725	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	3,380	1,460	1,920	0.9	0.8	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	770	345	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,905	1,305	1,600	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	2,985	1,330	1,655	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	520	250	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	13,340	5,200	8,140	3.4	2.8	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,680	3,535	4,145	2.0	1.9	2.1
Hindu	3,105	1,675	1,430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Jewish	2,745	1,300	1,440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Muslim	4,975	2,625	2,350	1.3	1.4	1.2
Sikh	5,160	2,540	2,620	1.3	1.4	1.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	755	325	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	5,940	2,335	3,605	1.5	1.2	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	234,855	119,490	115,360	60.5	63.5	57.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	385,795	186,655	199,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	325,705	157,675	168,025	84.4	84.5	84.4
Movers	60,085	28,975	31,110	15.6	15.5	15.6
Non-migrants	36,620	17,855	18,765	9.5	9.6	9.4
Migrants	23,465	11,120	12,345	6.1	6.0	6.2
Internal migrants	19,820	9,480	10,335	5.1	5.1	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	12,625	5,945	6,680	3.3	3.2	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	7,190	3,535	3,655	1.9	1.9	1.8
External migrants	3,650	1,640	2,010	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	373,350	180,430	192,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	204,830	98,640	106,190	54.9	54.7	55.0
Movers	168,520	81,790	86,725	45.1	45.3	45.0
Non-migrants	45,325	22,490	22,835	12.1	12.5	11.8
Migrants	123,195	59,300	63,900	33.0	32.9	33.1
Internal migrants	107,070	51,465	55,605	28.7	28.5	28.8
Intraprovincial migrants	80,645	38,530	42,120	21.6	21.4	21.8
Interprovincial migrants	26,425	12,940	13,490	7.1	7.2	7.0
External migrants	16,120	7,830	8,290	4.3	4.3	4.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	338,040	162,400	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	40,770	22,070	18,695	12.1	13.6	10.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	297,275	140,325	156,950	87.9	86.4	89.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,000	101,560	107,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,180	9,680	6,500	7.7	9.5	6.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	192,820	91,875	100,940	92.3	90.5	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	338,040	162,400	175,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	35,000	18,495	16,500	10.4	11.4	9.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	94,050	46,095	47,955	27.8	28.4	27.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	208,990	97,810	111,185	61.8	60.2	63.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	95,345	46,520	48,830	28.2	28.6	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,920	17,855	6,070	7.1	11.0	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,470	5,320	4,150	2.8	3.3	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,455	12,535	1,920	4.3	7.7	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	60,645	24,535	36,110	17.9	15.1	20.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,780	4,130	6,650	3.2	2.5	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	113,645	51,290	62,355	33.6	31.6	35.5
Bachelor's degree	69,475	30,615	38,865	20.6	18.9	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,115	2,995	4,120	2.1	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,115	1,805	1,310	0.9	1.1	0.7
Master's degree	27,665	11,985	15,680	8.2	7.4	8.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,270	3,900	2,380	1.9	2.4	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,000	101,555	107,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,940	7,690	5,245	6.2	7.6	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	49,920	26,665	23,255	23.9	26.3	21.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	146,140	67,200	78,945	69.9	66.2	73.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	64,595	32,240	32,355	30.9	31.7	30.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	15,985	12,085	3,900	7.6	11.9	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,140	3,535	2,610	2.9	3.5	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,840	8,555	1,290	4.7	8.4	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	41,595	17,285	24,305	19.9	17.0	22.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,010	2,860	4,145	3.4	2.8	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	81,550	34,960	46,590	39.0	34.4	43.4
Bachelor's degree	51,030	21,990	29,040	24.4	21.7	27.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,825	1,895	2,925	2.3	1.9	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,080	1,025	1,050	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	20,090	8,110	11,985	9.6	8.0	11.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,525	1,935	1,590	1.7	1.9	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	338,035	162,400	175,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	129,045	64,590	64,455	38.2	39.8	36.7
Education	14,905	4,025	10,880	4.4	2.5	6.2
13. Education	14,905	4,025	10,880	4.4	2.5	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,970	3,660	5,310	2.7	2.3	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	665	475	195	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	8,300	3,185	5,115	2.5	2.0	2.9
Humanities	13,890	5,460	8,430	4.1	3.4	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,670	300	1,375	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	4,065	1,265	2,800	1.2	0.8	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,995	1,195	1,805	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	560	185	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	935	615	320	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	875	555	325	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,305	1,275	1,030	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	80	395	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	31,710	11,720	19,990	9.4	7.2	11.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	755	255	500	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,045	1,080	1,965	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,715	285	3,430	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	4,395	1,675	2,725	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	955	345	605	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	6,085	1,750	4,340	1.8	1.1	2.5
45. Social sciences	12,760	6,340	6,420	3.8	3.9	3.7
Business, management and public administration	38,140	15,260	22,880	11.3	9.4	13.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,245	1,135	3,110	1.3	0.7	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	33,845	14,110	19,735	10.0	8.7	11.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,740	5,730	5,010	3.2	3.5	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,970	2,235	2,740	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,855	835	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	290	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,365	2,455	905	1.0	1.5	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	260	80	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,950	6,140	2,810	2.6	3.8	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,665	4,960	1,710	2.0	3.1	1.0
25. Library science	765	145	620	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,275	850	420	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	250	195	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,405	30,105	3,295	9.9	18.5	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,580	975	605	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	7,680	6,460	1,225	2.3	4.0	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,395	6,600	800	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,675	8,405	270	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,810	4,590	220	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	3,235	3,080	160	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,075	2,720	2,355	1.5	1.7	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,715	1,275	1,440	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,360	1,445	915	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	32,715	7,295	25,425	9.7	4.5	14.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,430	1,165	1,260	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,210	5,520	23,690	8.6	3.4	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,035	600	440	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,380	5,645	4,740	3.1	3.5	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,120	2,210	3,910	1.8	1.4	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	235	205	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	280	250	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,905	1,285	620	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,845	1,690	150	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	208,995	101,555	107,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	62,860	34,360	28,500	30.1	33.8	26.5
Education	8,170	2,080	6,085	3.9	2.0	5.7
13. Education	8,170	2,080	6,085	3.9	2.0	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,430	2,570	3,855	3.1	2.5	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	415	280	140	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,010	2,295	3,720	2.9	2.3	3.5
Humanities	9,140	3,470	5,665	4.4	3.4	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,085	165	925	0.5	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	2,655	770	1,885	1.3	0.8	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,150	840	1,315	1.0	0.8	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	345	135	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	675	460	210	0.3	0.5	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	435	265	170	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,515	790	725	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	275	50	225	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,420	8,025	15,400	11.2	7.9	14.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	625	210	425	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,535	840	1,695	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,775	230	2,545	1.3	0.2	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	3,240	1,020	2,225	1.6	1.0	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	720	245	470	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	4,085	1,045	3,040	2.0	1.0	2.8
45. Social sciences	9,440	4,445	4,995	4.5	4.4	4.6
Business, management and public administration	27,525	10,775	16,750	13.2	10.6	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,915	740	2,175	1.4	0.7	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	24,585	10,020	14,565	11.8	9.9	13.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,240	3,510	3,730	3.5	3.5	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,500	1,445	2,055	1.7	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,265	530	735	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,120	1,415	705	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	40	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,900	4,980	1,920	3.3	4.9	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,665	4,285	1,380	2.7	4.2	1.3
25. Library science	340	75	265	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	745	500	250	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	120	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,120	20,495	2,625	11.1	20.2	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,105	600	510	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,660	4,625	1,035	2.7	4.6	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,800	4,240	565	2.3	4.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,225	6,000	230	3.0	5.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,235	3,080	155	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	2,070	1,950	120	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,790	1,825	1,965	1.8	1.8	1.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,060	900	1,160	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,730	925	805	0.8	0.9	0.7
Health and related fields	22,650	5,265	17,385	10.8	5.2	16.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,845	880	970	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	20,145	4,060	16,080	9.6	4.0	15.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	635	320	315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,685	4,175	3,515	3.7	4.1	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,535	1,700	2,840	2.2	1.7	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	160	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	160	145	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,540	1,030	510	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,290	1,165	125	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	208,995	101,555	107,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,860	34,360	28,500	30.1	33.8	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	146,145	67,195	78,945	69.9	66.2	73.5
Location of study inside Canada	121,695	56,300	65,395	58.2	55.4	60.9
Same as province or territory of residence	89,465	40,630	48,830	42.8	40.0	45.4
Different than province or territory of residence	32,230	15,665	16,565	15.4	15.4	15.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	24,450	10,895	13,550	11.7	10.7	12.6
Americas	6,365	2,945	3,425	3.0	2.9	3.2
United States of America	4,680	2,185	2,495	2.2	2.2	2.3
Mexico	465	205	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	410	190	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	215	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	120	50	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	365	155	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	6,390	3,110	3,275	3.1	3.1	3.0
Belgium	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	345	145	195	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	460	195	270	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	125	45	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	265	90	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	265	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,250	1,650	1,600	1.6	1.6	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	670	365	305	0.3	0.4	0.3
Africa	930	465	470	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	95	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	415	200	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	9,645	3,755	5,890	4.6	3.7	5.5
Iran⁸⁸	340	140	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,630	650	985	0.8	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	185	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	600	115	485	0.3	0.1	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	690	265	425	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,960	1,025	1,935	1.4	1.0	1.8
Viet Nam	155	45	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,905	965	930	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pakistan	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	500	175	325	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oceania	1,120	625	490	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	875	480	400	0.4	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	235	150	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	338,040	162,400	175,640	...	...	...
In the labour force	214,820	108,910	105,910	...	...	...
Employed	200,055	101,350	98,705	...	...	...
Unemployed	14,770	7,560	7,205	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	123,220	53,490	69,725	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.5	67.1	60.3	63.5	67.1	60.3
Employment rate	59.2	62.4	56.2	59.2	62.4	56.2
Unemployment rate	6.9	6.9	6.8	6.9	6.9	6.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	338,035	162,400	175,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	121,545	52,970	68,575	36.0	32.6	39.0
Worked	216,495	109,430	107,065	64.0	67.4	61.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	114,255	62,980	51,265	33.8	38.8	29.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	102,245	46,445	55,800	30.2	28.6	31.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.5	40.9	41.7	42.5	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	214,825	108,915	105,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,240	1,630	1,610	1.5	1.5	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	211,580	107,285	104,300	98.5	98.5	98.5
Employee	175,615	86,590	89,025	81.7	79.5	84.1
Permanent position	148,160	74,025	74,135	69.0	68.0	70.0
Temporary position	27,455	12,565	14,885	12.8	11.5	14.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,935	4,215	4,715	4.2	3.9	4.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	18,520	8,350	10,170	8.6	7.7	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	35,965	20,690	15,275	16.7	19.0	14.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	214,825	108,915	105,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,240	1,630	1,610	1.5	1.5	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	211,580	107,285	104,300	98.5	98.5	98.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,075	1,850	1,225	1.4	1.7	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	37,295	11,405	25,880	17.4	10.5	24.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	19,080	14,425	4,655	8.9	13.2	4.4
3 Health occupations	19,290	4,490	14,800	9.0	4.1	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	32,580	12,760	19,815	15.2	11.7	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,760	3,765	4,995	4.1	3.5	4.7
6 Sales and service occupations	53,215	25,035	28,180	24.8	23.0	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	30,605	27,680	2,925	14.2	25.4	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,230	3,105	1,125	2.0	2.9	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,465	2,765	700	1.6	2.5	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	214,825	108,915	105,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,240	1,630	1,610	1.5	1.5	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	211,580	107,285	104,300	98.5	98.5	98.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,275	1,375	905	1.1	1.3	0.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	425	330	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	665	550	115	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	16,650	14,625	2,020	7.8	13.4	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	7,405	5,470	1,935	3.4	5.0	1.8
41 Wholesale trade	3,310	2,310	995	1.5	2.1	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	23,955	11,850	12,110	11.2	10.9	11.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,375	5,580	1,795	3.4	5.1	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	3,710	2,185	1,530	1.7	2.0	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	5,875	2,500	3,375	2.7	2.3	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,295	2,250	2,045	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,415	11,645	8,770	9.5	10.7	8.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	165	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	9,565	5,800	3,760	4.5	5.3	3.6
61 Educational services	17,220	6,115	11,105	8.0	5.6	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	30,570	6,995	23,570	14.2	6.4	22.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,440	2,670	2,770	2.5	2.5	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	15,325	7,200	8,120	7.1	6.6	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,560	3,505	5,055	4.0	3.2	4.8
91 Public administration	28,270	14,165	14,105	13.2	13.0	13.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	231,730	116,885	114,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	223,855	113,265	110,595	96.6	96.9	96.3
French	340	80	260	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	815	460	355	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	805	460	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	2,645	1,270	1,375	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,805	1,675	2,130	1.6	1.4	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	231,730	116,885	114,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	230,910	116,515	114,395	99.6	99.7	99.6
Official languages	229,470	115,790	113,680	99.0	99.1	99.0
English	228,780	115,620	113,160	98.7	98.9	98.5
French	690	170	525	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	1,450	735	720	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,430	730	705	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	315	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	105	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	380	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	670	380	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	420	220	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	245	145	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	815	365	450	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and French	280	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	510	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	231,730	116,885	114,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	225,750	114,125	111,620	97.4	97.6	97.2
English	895	325	570	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	2,045	1,085	960	0.9	0.9	0.8
Non-official language	2,455	1,070	1,385	1.1	0.9	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,395	1,045	1,350	1.0	0.9	1.2
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	175	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	345	160	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	200,050	101,350	98,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	53,135	24,650	28,485	26.6	24.3	28.9
Worked outside Canada	455	310	145	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	25,985	19,020	6,960	13.0	18.8	7.1
Usual place of work	120,485	57,365	63,120	60.2	56.6	63.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	120,485	57,365	63,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	47,905	21,395	26,510	39.8	37.3	42.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	69,845	34,255	35,585	58.0	59.7	56.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,255	1,410	845	1.9	2.5	1.3
Commute to a different province or territory	480	305	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	146,465	76,385	70,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	108,240	57,415	50,820	73.9	75.2	72.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	100,310	54,345	45,965	68.5	71.1	65.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,925	3,070	4,855	5.4	4.0	6.9
Public transit	11,275	4,785	6,490	7.7	6.3	9.3
Walked	14,650	6,710	7,940	10.0	8.8	11.3
Bicycle	7,825	4,880	2,950	5.3	6.4	4.2
Other method	4,480	2,595	1,880	3.1	3.4	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	146,465	76,385	70,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	49,520	23,610	25,910	33.8	30.9	37.0
15 to 29 minutes	61,770	32,600	29,170	42.2	42.7	41.6
30 to 44 minutes	24,530	13,950	10,575	16.7	18.3	15.1
45 to 59 minutes	6,110	3,465	2,650	4.2	4.5	3.8
60 minutes and over	4,525	2,755	1,770	3.1	3.6	2.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	146,465	76,385	70,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,630	4,565	2,065	4.5	6.0	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	22,920	14,375	8,540	15.6	18.8	12.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	39,245	21,000	18,245	26.8	27.5	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	35,075	15,875	19,200	23.9	20.8	27.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	22,400	9,945	12,460	15.3	13.0	17.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	20,195	10,625	9,570	13.8	13.9	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	62,535	31,955	30,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,895	2,420	2,470	7.8	7.6	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	57,640	29,535	28,110	92.2	92.4	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	46,180	23,650	22,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,740	1,870	1,870	8.1	7.9	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,950	935	1,015	4.2	4.0	4.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,790	940	855	3.9	4.0	3.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	42,440	21,775	20,660	91.9	92.1	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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