Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Prince GeorgeMore information: British Columbia [Census agglomeration]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	89,490	...	...
Population, 2016¹	86,622	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	39,207	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,799	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	17,650.99	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	89,490	44,815	44,675
0 to 14 years	15,105	7,755	7,350
0 to 4 years	4,435	2,235	2,200
5 to 9 years	5,130	2,645	2,485
10 to 14 years	5,535	2,870	2,665
15 to 64 years	59,770	30,075	29,695
15 to 19 years	5,220	2,725	2,495
20 to 24 years	5,835	2,995	2,840
25 to 29 years	6,495	3,315	3,180
30 to 34 years	6,365	3,230	3,135
35 to 39 years	6,280	3,125	3,155
40 to 44 years	5,560	2,760	2,795
45 to 49 years	5,625	2,800	2,825
50 to 54 years	5,835	2,880	2,955
55 to 59 years	6,375	3,150	3,230
60 to 64 years	6,180	3,085	3,095
65 years and over	14,620	6,990	7,630
65 to 69 years	5,070	2,485	2,585
70 to 74 years	4,040	1,980	2,065
75 to 79 years	2,690	1,300	1,385
80 to 84 years	1,585	735	850
85 years and over	1,225	480	745
85 to 89 years	815	335	480
90 to 94 years	320	125	195
95 to 99 years	80	20	60
100 years and over	10	0	5
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.9	17.3	16.5
15 to 64 years	66.8	67.1	66.5
65 years and over	16.3	15.6	17.1
85 years and over	1.4	1.1	1.7
Average age of the population	40.3	39.7	40.9
Median age of the population	39.6	38.8	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,800	...	...
Single-detached house	22,935	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,300	...	...
Row house	1,850	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,505	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,740	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	575	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,855	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,800	...	...
1 person	10,365	...	...
2 persons	13,370	...	...
3 persons	5,560	...	...
4 persons	4,790	...	...
5 or more persons	2,720	...	...
Number of persons in private households	87,910	43,890	44,025
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	74,390	37,065	37,330
Married or living common-law	41,775	20,855	20,920
Married	32,085	16,020	16,065
Living common-law	9,685	4,835	4,855
Living common law - Never married	7,270	3,635	3,635
Living common law - Separated	545	285	260
Living common law - Divorced	1,670	840	830
Living common law - Widowed	200	75	130
Not married and not living common-law	32,615	16,210	16,410
Not married and not living common law - Never married	21,775	12,220	9,550
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,425	1,075	1,345
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,625	2,015	2,610
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,800	895	2,905
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	24,955	...	...
2 persons	13,760	...	...
3 persons	5,015	...	...
4 persons	4,410	...	...
5 or more persons	1,775	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	24,950	...	...
Total couple families	20,495	...	...
Married couples	15,655	...	...
With children⁶	7,560	...	...
Without children	8,095	...	...
Common-law couples	4,840	...	...
With children⁶	1,890	...	...
Without children	2,955	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,455	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,360	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,100	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	87,910	43,890	44,025
Total - Persons in census families	69,675	34,485	35,195
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,990	20,460	20,535
Parents in one-parent families	4,455	1,100	3,355
Children⁶	24,225	12,930	11,300
In a two-parent family	17,365	9,195	8,170
In a one-parent family	6,855	3,730	3,130
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,240	9,405	8,835
Living alone	10,360	5,220	5,145
Living with other relatives⁷	2,420	1,130	1,285
Living with non-relatives only	5,455	3,055	2,405
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,800	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,530	...	...
Couple-family households	18,185	...	...
With children⁶	8,395	...	...
Without children	9,785	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,345	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	845	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	270	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,630	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,160	...	...
One-person households	10,365	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	72,900	36,200	36,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,600	35,090	35,510
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	55,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,635	35,110	35,525
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	48,800	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,905	32,045	30,860
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	52,800	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	52,595	27,295	25,305
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	58,000	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,550	26,640	30,905
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,940	3,950	3,990
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	17,520	8,480	9,040
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	72,855	36,185	36,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,520	35,095	35,430
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,900	66,600	45,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,550	35,105	35,445
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,440	55,200	39,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,910	32,290	30,620
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,400	63,600	40,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	52,595	27,620	24,980
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,150	63,550	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	57,640	26,815	30,825
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,220	10,630	11,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,995	4,025	3,970
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,430	7,350
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	17,625	8,600	9,020
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,180	7,780	8,550
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	72,855	36,185	36,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,355	14,620	10,730
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	79,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,700	84,800	63,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,290	9,465	10,825
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	29,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,920	44,240	26,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.6	87.8	77.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.8	75.0	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.4	12.2	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.5	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	2.9	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	72,895	36,195	36,700
Without total income	2,300	1,105	1,195
With total income	70,600	35,090	35,505
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,595	2,235	3,360
$10,000 to $19,999	7,255	2,825	4,430
$20,000 to $29,999	9,515	3,860	5,650
$30,000 to $39,999	8,630	3,600	5,025
$40,000 to $49,999	7,785	3,300	4,485
$50,000 to $59,999	6,715	3,035	3,680
$60,000 to $69,999	5,350	2,745	2,605
$70,000 to $79,999	4,470	2,595	1,875
$80,000 to $89,999	3,535	2,295	1,245
$90,000 to $99,999	2,985	2,035	950
$100,000 and over	8,765	6,560	2,210
$100,000 to $149,999	6,525	4,790	1,740
$150,000 and over	2,240	1,770	470
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	72,895	36,195	36,700
Without after-tax income	2,265	1,090	1,175
With after-tax income	70,635	35,105	35,530
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,770	2,300	3,470
$10,000 to $19,999	7,510	2,910	4,595
$20,000 to $29,999	10,915	4,465	6,450
$30,000 to $39,999	10,160	4,310	5,845
$40,000 to $49,999	8,980	3,970	5,015
$50,000 to $59,999	7,340	3,695	3,645
$60,000 to $69,999	5,825	3,380	2,450
$70,000 to $79,999	4,460	3,020	1,445
$80,000 to $89,999	3,330	2,275	1,055
$90,000 to $99,999	2,230	1,615	615
$100,000 and over	4,115	3,170	950
$100,000 to $124,999	2,495	1,915	580
$125,000 and over	1,620	1,250	370
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	72,895	36,195	36,700
Without employment income	20,300	8,905	11,395
With employment income	52,600	27,290	25,305
Under $5,000 (including loss)	5,750	2,575	3,175
$5,000 to $9,999	3,515	1,395	2,125
$10,000 to $19,999	5,505	2,255	3,250
$20,000 to $29,999	4,725	2,035	2,695
$30,000 to $39,999	4,580	1,915	2,665
$40,000 to $49,999	4,500	1,895	2,605
$50,000 to $59,999	4,330	1,980	2,350
$60,000 to $69,999	3,875	2,065	1,810
$70,000 to $79,999	3,370	2,055	1,315
$80,000 to $89,999	2,925	1,980	945
$90,000 to $99,999	2,485	1,695	785
$100,000 and over	7,030	5,445	1,590
$100,000 to $124,999	3,745	2,760	990
$125,000 and over	3,285	2,685	600
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	72,900	36,200	36,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,890	34,215	34,675
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	55,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,060	34,240	34,820
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	48,000	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,455	31,785	30,675
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	54,000	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,580	28,350	26,230
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	56,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	46,115	19,875	26,240
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,350	7,450	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,700	3,425	3,275
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	5,120	5,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	72,855	36,185	36,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,865	34,235	34,625
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,850	66,000	41,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,060	34,280	34,780
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,880	53,800	36,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,610	32,100	30,510
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,400	64,700	39,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,585	28,605	25,980
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	62,300	39,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	46,085	19,605	26,480
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,240	9,440	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,890	3,485	3,405
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	7,000	7,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	72,855	36,185	36,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,230	14,545	10,675
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	76,500	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,100	82,300	58,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,350	9,035	10,320
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,200	35,600	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,240	50,160	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.6	91.8	83.4
Employment income (%)	75.6	78.8	70.8
Government transfers (%)	11.5	8.2	16.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,795	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,365	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	26,435	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,795	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,320	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	26,480	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,795	...	...
Under $5,000	275	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	150	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	290	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	760	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,210	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,100	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,045	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,210	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,255	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,270	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,530	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,535	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,395	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,245	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,155	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,390	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,590	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,625	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,630	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,550	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,795	...	...
Under $5,000	295	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	155	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	300	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	780	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,285	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,255	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,415	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,465	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,430	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,090	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,940	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,755	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,635	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,445	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,325	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,905	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,455	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,960	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	24,845	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,210	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,520	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,190	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,815	8,275	7,550
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	45,200	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	40,400	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	24,820	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,175	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,560	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,115	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,815	8,135	7,675
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,120	55,400	44,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,280	47,080	39,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	87,915	43,890	44,025
0 to 17 years	18,015	9,245	8,770
0 to 5 years	5,460	2,770	2,690
18 to 64 years	55,800	27,870	27,930
65 years and over	14,100	6,780	7,320
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,585	3,435	4,145
0 to 17 years	1,855	925	930
0 to 5 years	625	305	315
18 to 64 years	4,010	1,845	2,160
65 years and over	1,725	670	1,060
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.6	7.8	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.0	10.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	11.0	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	6.6	7.7
65 years and over (%)	12.2	9.8	14.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	87,830	43,840	43,985
0 to 17 years	18,000	9,235	8,765
0 to 5 years	5,450	2,765	2,685
18 to 64 years	55,745	27,835	27,905
65 years and over	14,085	6,770	7,310
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,890	1,415	1,475
0 to 17 years	575	275	295
0 to 5 years	180	80	100
18 to 64 years	2,120	1,055	1,065
65 years and over	200	85	110
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.3	3.2	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.2	3.0	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.0	3.7
18 to 64 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.3	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	87,915	43,890	44,020
In bottom half of the distribution	38,930	18,640	20,290
In bottom decile	7,760	3,595	4,165
In second decile	7,505	3,460	4,050
In third decile	7,760	3,700	4,055
In fourth decile	7,900	3,895	4,005
In fifth decile	8,015	3,995	4,020
In top half of the distribution	48,980	25,250	23,735
In sixth decile	9,175	4,615	4,560
In seventh decile	9,620	4,900	4,730
In eighth decile	10,265	5,295	4,970
In ninth decile	10,635	5,565	5,070
In top decile	9,280	4,875	4,405
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	87,910	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.298	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.399	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.266	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	88,320	44,115	44,210
English only	83,590	41,985	41,610
French only	20	5	15
English and French	4,320	1,970	2,350
Neither English nor French	390	155	230
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	88,320	44,115	44,210
English	87,030	43,490	43,540
French	835	435	405
English and French	80	40	35
Neither English nor French	370	145	230
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	88,320	44,115	44,210
Single responses	86,640	43,335	43,310
Official languages	78,585	39,490	39,100
English	77,595	38,980	38,615
French	995	510	485
Non-official languages	8,055	3,845	4,215
Indigenous languages³⁹	185	70	110
Algonquian languages	55	15	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	45	10	35
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	45	10	35
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	100	40	55
Northern Athabaskan languages	95	40	55
Dakelh (Carrier)	75	30	45
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	5	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	5	5	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	0	5
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	5	5	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	15	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	15	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,875	3,775	4,100
Afro-Asiatic languages	120	65	60
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	120	65	60
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	110	60	45
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	50	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0
Vietnamese	110	55	60
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	765	295	470
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	75	20	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10
Ilocano	30	10	20
Indonesian	5	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	585	230	360
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	95	60	35
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	60	40	20
Tamil	20	10	10
Telugu	15	10	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,580	2,735	2,850
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	5	0	5
Balto-Slavic languages	735	340	395
Baltic languages	10	5	5
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	725	340	385
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	40	25	20
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	120	55	65
Russian	180	85	95
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	175	85	95
Bosnian	5	5	0
Croatian	145	70	80
Serbian	25	10	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	35	20	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	125	50	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,320	615	705
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	850	395	455
German	805	365	435
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	25	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	335	160	180
Afrikaans	65	35	35
Dutch	210	100	110
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	45	20	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	125	55	75
Danish	75	35	45
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	10	20
Swedish	15	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	55	35	25
Indo-Iranian languages	2,660	1,355	1,310
Indo-Aryan languages	2,575	1,305	1,265
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	55	25	30
Gujarati	55	30	25
Hindi	145	85	60
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	0
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,170	1,085	1,080
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	5
Urdu	110	60	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Iranian languages	85	45	40
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	85	45	40
Dari	5	5	0
Iranian Persian	70	30	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	790	385	405
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	230	120	115
Portuguese	225	110	110
Romanian	45	15	25
Spanish	295	135	160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	20	30
Korean	225	105	120
Mongolian	0	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	150	80	70
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	15	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	5
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	560	255	305
Chinese languages	560	255	300
Hakka	10	0	10
Mandarin	265	120	145
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	120	130
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	5	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	5	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	145	80	65
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	80	40	40
Hungarian	65	40	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,680	780	900
English and French	240	115	120
English and non-official language(s)	1,250	575	680
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	145	65	75
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	88,320	44,115	44,210
English	79,805	40,095	39,710
French	140	65	75
Non-official language	1,770	860	910
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5
Non-Indigenous	1,760	855	905
English and French	635	280	355
English and non-official language(s)	5,665	2,660	3,005
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	80	75
Multiple non-official languages	145	70	75
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	88,320	44,115	44,210
Single responses	87,025	43,510	43,515
Official languages	83,350	41,705	41,645
English	83,165	41,615	41,545
French	190	90	95
Non-official languages	3,675	1,805	1,870
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	5	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,655	1,795	1,860
Afro-Asiatic languages	70	35	35
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	70	35	35
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	70	35	30
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	65	35	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0
Vietnamese	60	35	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	350	155	195
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	15
Cebuano	35	15	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5
Ilocano	15	10	10
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	250	115	135
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	75	45	35
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	55	30	25
Tamil	10	5	0
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	2,525	1,250	1,280
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	220	100	120
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	220	100	120
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	0
Czech	15	10	5
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	25	10	15
Russian	85	40	45
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	35	20	20
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	25	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	195	90	105
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	135	65	75
German	130	55	70
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	25
Afrikaans	30	15	15
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	1,890	955	930
Indo-Aryan languages	1,860	945	915
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	20	10	15
Gujarati	30	15	10
Hindi	100	55	40
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	5	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,615	810	805
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	75	40	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	30	15	20
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	30	15	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	30	15	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	205	90	115
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	45	20	20
Portuguese	65	25	35
Romanian	5	5	5
Spanish	95	40	55
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	10	5
Korean	145	70	80
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	315	150	165
Chinese languages	315	150	165
Hakka	0	0	5
Mandarin	175	85	90
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	120	55	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	10	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	5
Hungarian	5	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,295	600	695
English and French	85	40	45
English and non-official language(s)	1,165	545	625
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	20
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	88,325	44,115	44,210
None	82,795	41,520	41,275
English	1,505	765	740
French	525	230	300
Non-official language	2,785	1,280	1,505
Indigenous³⁹	140	50	90
Non-Indigenous	2,640	1,230	1,410
English and French	15	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	300	130	170
French and non-official language(s)	100	50	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
Multiple non-official languages	285	130	155
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	87,910	43,905	44,010
Official languages	87,535	43,760	43,770
English	87,520	43,760	43,760
French	4,315	1,895	2,415
Non-official languages	11,495	5,345	6,145
Indigenous languages³⁹	480	195	285
Algonquian languages	135	55	80
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	105	45	60
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	105	45	60
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	10	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	0	20
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	50	30	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	35	15	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	285	105	180
Northern Athabaskan languages	285	105	180
Dakelh (Carrier)	230	75	150
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	10	10	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	15	10	10
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	20	10
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	20	10	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	15	10	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,030	5,155	5,875
Afro-Asiatic languages	170	75	95
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	15	15
Hausa	30	15	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	140	60	80
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	100	55	45
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	0	15
Maltese	10	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	85	75
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	10	0
Vietnamese	160	85	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,105	385	720
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35
Cebuano	120	30	90
Fijian	15	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	0	30
Ilocano	75	30	50
Indonesian	10	10	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,045	350	700
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	15	45
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	165	115	55
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	105	70	35
Tamil	40	25	15
Telugu	40	25	0
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,790	3,750	4,040
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,060	520	540
Baltic languages	20	15	0
Latvian	15	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,050	510	540
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	10
Czech	65	30	30
Macedonian	15	0	10
Polish	205	110	95
Russian	360	180	180
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	280	130	150
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	225	100	125
Serbian	60	30	35
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	15	30
Ukrainian	155	60	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	15	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,875	815	1,060
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,320	585	730
German	1,290	565	725
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	25	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	410	170	240
Afrikaans	90	40	55
Dutch	230	95	140
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	25	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	15
Scandinavian languages	180	80	100
Danish	90	45	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	15	20
Swedish	50	15	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	105	45	65
Indo-Iranian languages	3,345	1,700	1,640
Indo-Aryan languages	3,215	1,635	1,580
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	45	10	30
Gujarati	110	70	40
Hindi	1,295	645	645
Kacchi	10	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	40	25	15
Nepali	10	10	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,670	1,355	1,315
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	200	100	100
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Iranian languages	125	70	60
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	125	70	60
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	100	55	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,570	745	825
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	320	160	165
Portuguese	370	180	185
Romanian	30	20	10
Spanish	900	410	485
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	120	65	55
Korean	210	90	125
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	360	180	185
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	80	30	50
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	15	10
Lingala	15	15	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	105	60	55
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	60	25	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	10	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	200	80	115
American Sign Language	180	65	115
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	30	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	730	355	380
Chinese languages	730	355	380
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	470	220	250
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	35	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	280	140	140
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	25	0	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	20	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	20	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	190	85	105
Estonian	15	15	0
Finnish	95	40	55
Hungarian	80	30	50
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	87,910	43,905	44,010
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,095	6,295	6,805
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	12,665	6,070	6,595
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,335	3,410	3,920
Métis	5,265	2,625	2,645
Inuk (Inuit)	70	35	35
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	250	145	110
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	180	80	95
Non-Indigenous identity	74,815	37,610	37,205
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	87,910	43,905	44,010
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,445	2,550	2,900
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	82,465	41,355	41,110
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,800	...	...
Owner	26,190	...	...
Renter	10,575	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	35	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,800	...	...
Condominium	2,410	...	...
Not condominium	34,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,800	...	...
No bedrooms	235	...	...
1 bedroom	2,965	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,000	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,450	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,150	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,800	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,150	...	...
5 rooms	5,295	...	...
6 rooms	5,040	...	...
7 rooms	4,445	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,875	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,800	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,425	...	...
More than one person per room	375	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,800	...	...
Suitable	35,525	...	...
Not suitable	1,270	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,800	...	...
1960 or before	3,670	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,080	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,250	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,585	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,090	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,425	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,030	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,665	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,800	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	34,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,465	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,800	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,385	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,510	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,905	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,800	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,485	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,970	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,360	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,590	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,330	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,590	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,715	...	...
85 years and over	755	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	36,500	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,065	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	5,435	...	...
30% to less than 100%	4,940	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,800	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	8,425	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,835	...	...
Not suitable only	1,030	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,845	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	100	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	480	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	125	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,370	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	36,000	...	...
In core need	2,350	...	...
Not in core need	33,650	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,010	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,322	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	416,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,570	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,010	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,082	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	35	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	460	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	440	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	87,915	43,905	44,010
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,540	2,695	2,840
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,460	2,665	2,795
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,325	2,045	2,280
Métis single ancestry	1,125	610	510
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75	35	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	35	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,035	3,750	4,285
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,635	3,540	4,090
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,865	2,205	2,655
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,720	1,310	1,415
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	395	210	190
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	390	210	180
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	74,350	37,460	36,885
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	87,915	43,905	44,005
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	83,620	41,800	41,820
Canadian citizens aged under 18	17,715	9,075	8,645
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,910	32,730	33,180
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	4,295	2,105	2,185
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	87,915	43,905	44,005
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	77,685	39,035	38,645
Immigrants⁸¹	8,495	3,970	4,530
Before 1980	3,025	1,480	1,545
1980 to 1990	910	395	510
1991 to 2000	1,025	445	580
2001 to 2010	1,155	510	645
2011 to 2021⁸²	2,385	1,140	1,245
2011 to 2015	920	390	530
2016 to 2021	1,465	750	715
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,730	895	835
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	8,495	3,970	4,530
Under 5 years	1,005	505	500
5 to 14 years	1,530	750	780
15 to 24 years	1,960	905	1,055
25 to 44 years	3,395	1,545	1,850
45 years and over	605	260	345
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,495	3,970	4,530
Americas	1,180	570	605
Brazil	40	25	15
Colombia	20	10	10
El Salvador	30	15	10
Guyana	25	15	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	90	55	40
Mexico	50	20	25
Peru	20	0	10
Trinidad and Tobago	30	20	10
United States of America	750	350	400
Other places of birth in Americas	125	45	75
Europe	3,270	1,595	1,670
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	15	15
Croatia	145	80	65
France	35	15	20
Germany	505	220	285
Greece	20	15	10
Hungary	40	15	25
Italy	95	55	35
Netherlands	235	110	125
Poland	210	115	95
Portugal	170	80	85
Romania	40	25	20
Russian Federation	50	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	15
Ukraine	85	20	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	970	505	465
Other places of birth in Europe	620	295	320
Africa	560	265	290
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	15	10
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	160	80	80
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	125	55	70
Other places of birth in Africa	235	115	120
Asia	3,310	1,435	1,880
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	80	40	40
Iraq	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	15
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	275	120	150
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	35	35
Korea, South⁹²	115	50	65
Taiwan	60	20	35
Philippines	970	310	660
Viet Nam	90	30	60
Bangladesh	35	0	25
India	1,305	660	650
Pakistan	100	60	40
Sri Lanka	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Asia	180	80	95
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	180	100	85
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,460	750	710
Americas	185	105	80
Brazil	15	10	0
Colombia	20	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	25	20
Mexico	20	15	10
United States of America	70	35	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	20	10	10
Europe	150	75	75
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	10	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	25	20
Other places of birth in Europe	60	20	45
Africa	195	85	110
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	10	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	105	45	55
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	45	25	25
Asia	920	475	445
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	35	10	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	505	280	225
Iran⁸⁸	30	15	15
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	15
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	50	25	25
Philippines	195	80	110
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	10
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	15	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	15	0	10
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	0
Australia	15	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	87,910	43,905	44,010
First generation¹⁰⁰	10,815	5,155	5,655
Second generation¹⁰¹	13,850	6,825	7,025
Third generation or more¹⁰²	63,250	31,925	31,325
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	5,475	2,490	2,985
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	3,205	1,545	1,660
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,435	805	630
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,770	745	1,030
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,940	765	1,175
Refugees¹⁰⁸	315	170	145
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	10	0	10
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	5,475	2,490	2,985
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	90	45	45
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	955	415	545
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	245	110	135
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	640	345	290
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	50	15	35
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,490	1,555	1,940
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	87,910	43,905	44,010
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	9,105	4,360	4,745
South Asian	3,900	2,010	1,895
Chinese	980	455	530
Black	1,155	575	580
Filipino	1,495	575	920
Arab	120	65	55
Latin American	260	105	155
Southeast Asian	250	135	120
West Asian	130	65	65
Korean	220	100	125
Japanese	255	145	115
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	90	40	45
Multiple visible minorities	245	95	150
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	78,805	39,545	39,260
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	87,915	43,905	44,005
Canadian	12,615	6,575	6,040
English	21,975	10,620	11,365
Irish	14,435	6,835	7,600
Scottish	17,045	8,290	8,760
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,740	4,755	4,985
German	15,465	7,495	7,965
Chinese	1,110	470	645
Italian	2,775	1,420	1,355
Indian (India)	2,270	1,155	1,120
Ukrainian	5,325	2,630	2,700
Dutch	3,725	1,780	1,945
Polish	2,960	1,360	1,605
Québécois	70	40	30
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,995	1,465	1,530
Filipino	1,585	605	980
French Canadian	1,085	570	510
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,240	1,165	1,080
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,925	1,855	2,070
Métis	4,315	2,165	2,145
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,185	1,105	1,080
Russian	2,465	1,110	1,360
Norwegian	4,480	2,240	2,235
Welsh	2,235	980	1,255
Portuguese	910	430	485
American	1,800	885	920
Spanish	590	225	365
Swedish	3,290	1,500	1,795
Hungarian	1,090	530	560
Acadian	150	75	70
Pakistani	180	95	80
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	400	210	190
Jewish	210	105	100
Punjabi	885	485	400
Vietnamese	215	115	95
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	65	45	25
Greek	330	150	175
Jamaican	100	60	40
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	205	95	115
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,675	750	920
Korean	225	100	125
Romanian	535	215	320
Lebanese	65	30	30
Iranian	115	65	55
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	160	95	60
Danish	1,600	740	855
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,190	575	615
Sikh	585	340	245
Austrian	985	480	505
Belgian	350	185	160
Haitian	0	0	0
Hindu	140	65	75
Mexican	205	90	115
Mennonite	465	230	235
Swiss	830	465	365
Finnish	835	425	410
Sri Lankan	25	10	15
Croatian	590	275	320
Japanese	350	170	175
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120	55	70
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	60	80
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	945	495	450
Muslim	0	0	0
Egyptian	10	10	0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	50	20	30
Tamil	0	0	0
Icelandic	485	260	225
Colombian	30	20	15
Moroccan	25	10	20
Czech	450	220	230
Syrian	35	20	20
Guyanese	50	25	20
Afghan	10	10	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	70	55	15
Serbian	95	50	45
Ojibway	140	65	75
Newfoundlander	195	120	75
Hong Konger	30	20	15
Ontarian	45	10	40
Persian	30	10	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	35	20	20
Turkish	45	30	15
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	35	35
Bangladeshi	0	0	0
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	35	25	10
Nigerian	160	80	80
Armenian	0	0	0
Slovak	190	95	95
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	170	85	80
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	80	45	30
Iraqi	0	0	0
Salvadorean	45	20	30
African Caribbean	40	20	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	0	0	0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	15	10	0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	25	30
Algonquin	70	25	45
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	15	10
Lithuanian	190	95	90
South African	140	50	85
Australian	240	130	115
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	45	15	25
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	50	25	25
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	30	0	25
Peruvian	40	15	20
Yoruba	55	20	35
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	0	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	10	10	0
Maltese	115	60	50
Macedonian	15	0	10
Slovenian	190	90	100
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	140	65	70
New Brunswicker	20	10	15
Gujarati	25	20	15
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	40	10	25
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	55	35	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	175	110	65
Bulgarian	65	45	20
Albertan	65	30	40
Ghanaian	0	0	0
Barbadian	25	10	15
African American	110	35	80
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	175	70	105
Tunisian	15	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	35	0
Cuban	0	0	0
Bosnian	25	15	10
Venezuelan	0	0	0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	135	45	95
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	0	0	0
Indonesian	40	20	15
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	10
Northern Irish	55	20	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150	60	85
British Columbian	560	300	260
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	10	0	0
Estonian	40	15	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	70	25	45
Jatt	100	45	50
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	70	25
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	30	10	20
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	25	15	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	55	15	40
Byelorussian	25	0	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	10	10
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	90	35	55
Abenaki	20	10	10
Moldovan	15	0	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55	30	25
New Zealander	65	35	30
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	10	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	15	15	0
Malaysian	40	25	25
Plains Cree	45	20	25
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	55	35	25
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	0	25
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	60	20	40
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	10	10
Burundian	10	10	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	10	0	0
Kenyan	25	10	15
Oji-Cree	25	15	10
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	40	20	20
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	10	10	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	10	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	85	40	45
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	10	0	10
United Empire Loyalist	30	15	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	10	0	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	10	10	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	15	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	10	0	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	10	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	10	10	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	45	20	25
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	20	15	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	87,910	43,905	44,010
Buddhist	195	75	125
Christian	29,955	13,665	16,290
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,220	3,860	4,355
Anabaptist	330	160	170
Anglican	2,030	875	1,160
Baptist	1,510	630	875
Catholic	10,120	4,735	5,385
Christian Orthodox	345	155	195
Jehovah's Witness	705	270	440
Latter Day Saints	425	215	215
Lutheran	1,055	455	590
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	90	25	60
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,050	465	585
Presbyterian	410	190	220
Reformed	85	40	45
United Church	2,120	915	1,205
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,450	665	785
Hindu	585	330	260
Jewish	90	55	35
Muslim	540	265	275
Sikh	2,415	1,250	1,165
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	185	95	90
Other religions and spiritual traditions	720	265	455
No religion and secular perspectives	53,230	27,915	25,315
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	87,085	43,540	43,545
Non-movers	75,025	37,515	37,505
Movers	12,060	6,025	6,040
Non-migrants	9,140	4,590	4,545
Migrants	2,930	1,435	1,490
Internal migrants	2,640	1,305	1,335
Intraprovincial migrants	1,905	945	965
Interprovincial migrants	730	365	365
External migrants	285	130	155
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	83,465	41,640	41,825
Non-movers	47,660	23,990	23,675
Movers	35,805	17,650	18,155
Non-migrants	19,390	9,620	9,770
Migrants	16,410	8,030	8,385
Internal migrants	14,075	6,805	7,265
Intraprovincial migrants	10,910	5,230	5,680
Interprovincial migrants	3,165	1,575	1,585
External migrants	2,340	1,220	1,120
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,855	36,185	36,665
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,720	8,280	6,435
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	58,140	27,905	30,235
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,090	23,865	24,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,685	4,005	2,675
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	41,405	19,855	21,550
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,855	36,190	36,665
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,575	6,715	5,855
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,495	11,750	12,740
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,790	17,725	18,070
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,070	12,530	10,540
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,130	6,760	1,370
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,680	1,760	915
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,450	4,995	455
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,355	5,160	8,195
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,590	615	975
Bachelor's degree or higher	12,715	5,190	7,530
Bachelor's degree	8,505	3,390	5,110
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	820	335	490
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	390	175	210
Master's degree	2,540	1,050	1,495
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	460	240	225
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,090	23,865	24,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,445	3,105	2,335
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,265	7,530	7,730
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,385	13,230	14,160
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,870	9,065	7,800
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,790	4,840	950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,860	1,205	660
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,930	3,640	295
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,990	3,760	6,235
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,085	465	620
Bachelor's degree or higher	10,520	4,160	6,355
Bachelor's degree	7,005	2,725	4,280
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	625	245	375
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	335	135	200
Master's degree	2,190	870	1,320
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	365	180	185
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	72,855	36,190	36,670
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,065	18,465	18,600
Education	2,320	490	1,830
13. Education	2,320	490	1,830
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	560	205	355
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	50	40	10
50. Visual and performing arts	505	160	345
Humanities	1,485	540	945
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	65	20	45
23. English language and literature/letters	375	100	275
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	390	75	315
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	35	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	225	130	100
54. History	250	150	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	10	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,840	930	1,905
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	0	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	165	95	70
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	580	30	545
22. Legal professions and studies	385	120	265
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	30	50
42. Psychology	550	135	415
45. Social sciences	1,020	520	505
Business, management and public administration	6,975	2,180	4,795
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	855	165	690
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,115	2,020	4,100
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,310	645	670
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	690	310	375
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	275	125	150
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	10	0
40. Physical sciences	280	185	95
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	15	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	845	515	325
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	705	440	265
25. Library science	55	25	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	65	45	15
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,605	9,075	530
04. Architecture and related services	65	20	45
14. Engineering	790	680	105
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,795	1,630	170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,680	2,590	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,925	2,865	60
48. Precision production	1,345	1,290	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,580	970	610
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	265	120	145
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,315	845	470
Health and related fields	6,190	1,090	5,095
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	295	145	150
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,750	895	4,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	135	60	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,070	1,065	1,005
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,235	325	920
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	240	180	60
49. Transportation and materials moving	590	560	30
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	48,090	23,865	24,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,705	10,635	10,065
Education	1,570	290	1,280
13. Education	1,570	290	1,280
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	425	145	275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	30	20	10
50. Visual and performing arts	390	130	265
Humanities	1,105	395	710
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	50	15	35
23. English language and literature/letters	290	75	215
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	295	70	225
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	75	30	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	75	65
54. History	190	115	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	0	30
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,330	745	1,590
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	0	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	130	70	65
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	480	35	450
22. Legal professions and studies	305	80	230
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	20	40
42. Psychology	450	110	340
45. Social sciences	845	425	415
Business, management and public administration	5,325	1,590	3,735
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	735	140	595
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,585	1,450	3,135
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,075	490	585
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	595	250	335
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	205	70	135
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	10	0
40. Physical sciences	235	150	85
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	720	460	260
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	605	390	215
25. Library science	40	15	20
27. Mathematics and statistics	60	40	20
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,060	6,615	445
04. Architecture and related services	65	20	40
14. Engineering	645	550	95
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,390	1,245	145
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,935	1,860	75
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,075	2,025	55
48. Precision production	950	915	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,265	760	505
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	200	80	120
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,065	680	390
Health and related fields	4,885	880	4,005
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	225	115	110
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,545	730	3,815
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	45	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,610	845	770
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	930	245	685
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	225	165	65
49. Transportation and materials moving	455	430	20
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	48,090	23,865	24,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,705	10,635	10,065
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	27,390	13,230	14,155
Location of study inside Canada	24,590	11,980	12,610
Same as province or territory of residence	20,635	9,980	10,655
Different than province or territory of residence	3,955	1,995	1,960
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,795	1,250	1,545
Americas	475	220	255
United States of America	400	185	210
Mexico	20	15	10
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	10	15
Brazil	20	10	10
Colombia	0	0	0
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	15	0	15
Europe	645	290	350
Belgium	0	0	0
France	0	0	0
Germany	80	50	35
Netherlands	30	20	10
Switzerland	10	0	10
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	20	10	15
Romania	15	0	10
Russian Federation	15	10	0
Ukraine	40	10	30
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	270	125	145
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	120	50	70
Africa	195	95	100
Nigeria	45	20	25
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	90	45	45
Other locations of study in Africa	55	25	30
Asia	1,400	600	805
Iran⁸⁸	45	25	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	55	25	25
Taiwan	15	10	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	60	15	40
Philippines	490	155	335
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	660	325	330
Pakistan	30	20	10
Other locations of study in Asia	35	10	25
Oceania	80	45	35
Australia	55	30	25
New Zealand	25	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	72,855	36,190	36,665
In the labour force	48,145	25,405	22,740
Employed	43,810	23,000	20,810
Unemployed	4,335	2,400	1,935
Not in the labour force	24,710	10,785	13,925
Participation rate	66.1	70.2	62.0
Employment rate	60.1	63.6	56.8
Unemployment rate	9.0	9.4	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	72,855	36,190	36,670
Did not work¹⁸⁶	25,300	11,140	14,160
Worked	47,555	25,050	22,505
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,935	14,955	10,980
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	21,620	10,100	11,525
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	48,145	25,400	22,745
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	535	550
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	47,055	24,865	22,195
Employee	41,700	21,765	19,935
Permanent position	35,485	18,990	16,500
Temporary position	6,210	2,780	3,435
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,580	620	960
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,635	2,155	2,475
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,355	3,095	2,255
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	48,145	25,400	22,745
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	535	550
All occupations¹⁹¹	47,055	24,865	22,195
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	360	255	105
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	6,940	1,610	5,325
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,900	2,200	700
3 Health occupations	3,835	725	3,105
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,065	1,825	4,235
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	830	285	540
6 Sales and service occupations	11,580	4,805	6,775
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,020	10,185	835
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,395	1,050	340
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,140	1,915	225
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	48,145	25,400	22,745
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	535	550
All industries¹⁹¹	47,055	24,865	22,195
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,865	1,405	460
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	585	490	100
22 Utilities	430	280	150
23 Construction	4,370	3,670	695
31-33 Manufacturing	3,655	3,080	570
41 Wholesale trade	1,790	1,430	365
44-45 Retail trade	5,435	2,560	2,870
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,095	2,525	575
51 Information and cultural industries	595	255	340
52 Finance and insurance	1,060	325	735
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	635	290	345
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,240	1,165	1,080
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45	20	30
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,445	850	590
61 Educational services	3,610	995	2,615
62 Health care and social assistance	6,890	1,275	5,615
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	725	300	420
72 Accommodation and food services	3,185	1,335	1,850
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,335	1,205	1,135
91 Public administration	3,070	1,425	1,645
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	51,330	27,045	24,280
English	50,605	26,755	23,850
French	35	0	30
Non-official language	75	45	25
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	70	40	25
English and French	235	85	150
English and non-official language(s)	370	150	215
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	15
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	51,330	27,045	24,280
Single responses	51,275	27,030	24,240
Official languages	51,145	26,960	24,190
English	51,080	26,955	24,120
French	65	0	65
Non-official languages	125	70	55
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	115	65	50
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	45	30	15
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	30	10
Indo-Aryan languages	25	25	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	25	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	40	20	15
Chinese languages	40	20	15
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	20	10	10
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	10	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	55	15	40
English and French	10	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	40	10	35
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	51,330	27,045	24,280
None	50,765	26,825	23,935
English	85	25	65
French	190	75	110
Non-official language	245	115	130
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous	225	100	125
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	35	10	20
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	43,810	23,000	20,810
Worked at home	5,515	2,165	3,345
Worked outside Canada	45	25	10
No fixed workplace address	6,700	5,160	1,540
Usual place of work	31,555	15,645	15,905
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,550	15,645	15,905
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,435	12,740	13,695
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,190	2,190	1,995
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	800	610	185
Commute to a different province or territory	130	105	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,250	20,800	17,445
Car, truck or van	34,785	19,100	15,690
Car, truck or van - as a driver	32,445	18,140	14,300
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,345	960	1,385
Public transit	1,100	460	640
Walked	1,350	600	750
Bicycle	270	195	75
Other method	740	450	290
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,250	20,800	17,445
Less than 15 minutes	17,000	8,325	8,675
15 to 29 minutes	15,910	8,855	7,055
30 to 44 minutes	3,015	1,855	1,165
45 to 59 minutes	745	490	260
60 minutes and over	1,580	1,280	295
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,250	20,800	17,445
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,430	1,935	495
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,395	4,175	2,225
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,640	5,735	4,905
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,845	3,670	5,175
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,900	1,605	2,300
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,030	3,675	2,355
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,375	9,435	8,940
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,000	505	495
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,375	8,930	8,445
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,610	7,025	6,580
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	775	385	390
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	435	210	235
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	340	180	160
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,830	6,640	6,190

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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