Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	GuelphMore information: Ontario [Population centre]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	144,356	...	...
Population, 2016¹	132,705^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	59,899	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	56,666	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,814.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	79.57	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	144,360	70,400	73,960
0 to 14 years	23,575	12,165	11,410
0 to 4 years	7,425	3,780	3,650
5 to 9 years	8,100	4,225	3,875
10 to 14 years	8,050	4,160	3,885
15 to 64 years	97,070	48,015	49,055
15 to 19 years	8,455	4,295	4,160
20 to 24 years	10,570	5,320	5,255
25 to 29 years	11,080	5,600	5,480
30 to 34 years	10,980	5,470	5,510
35 to 39 years	10,345	5,175	5,175
40 to 44 years	9,230	4,485	4,745
45 to 49 years	9,230	4,440	4,795
50 to 54 years	9,135	4,470	4,665
55 to 59 years	9,550	4,700	4,850
60 to 64 years	8,485	4,060	4,425
65 years and over	23,710	10,215	13,495
65 to 69 years	6,985	3,245	3,745
70 to 74 years	5,970	2,680	3,290
75 to 79 years	4,195	1,875	2,315
80 to 84 years	3,025	1,230	1,790
85 years and over	3,545	1,185	2,355
85 to 89 years	1,915	760	1,160
90 to 94 years	1,265	350	910
95 to 99 years	325	65	255
100 years and over	40	10	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.3	15.4
15 to 64 years	67.2	68.2	66.3
65 years and over	16.4	14.5	18.2
85 years and over	2.5	1.7	3.2
Average age of the population	40.2	38.9	41.4
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	40.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	56,665	...	...
Single-detached house	27,710	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,530	...	...
Row house	8,600	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,595	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,685	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,495	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	56,665	...	...
1 person	15,210	...	...
2 persons	18,555	...	...
3 persons	9,030	...	...
4 persons	8,880	...	...
5 or more persons	5,000	...	...
Number of persons in private households	142,445	69,805	72,640
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	120,780	58,230	62,550
Married or living common-law	67,730	33,750	33,980
Married	54,860	27,370	27,490
Living common-law	12,870	6,380	6,495
Living common law - Never married	9,650	4,810	4,840
Living common law - Separated	595	315	275
Living common law - Divorced	2,380	1,150	1,230
Living common law - Widowed	255	100	150
Not married and not living common-law	53,045	24,480	28,570
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,185	19,245	16,940
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,380	1,400	1,980
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,340	2,645	4,695
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,145	1,190	4,955
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	39,385	...	...
2 persons	19,170	...	...
3 persons	8,550	...	...
4 persons	8,445	...	...
5 or more persons	3,215	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	39,385	...	...
Total couple families	32,965	...	...
Married couples	26,535	...	...
With children⁶	15,495	...	...
Without children	11,040	...	...
Common-law couples	6,435	...	...
With children⁶	2,150	...	...
Without children	4,285	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,420	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,055	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,360	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	142,445	69,805	72,640
Total - Persons in census families	114,825	56,800	58,030
Married spouses or common-law partners	65,940	32,830	33,105
Parents in one-parent families	6,415	1,360	5,055
Children⁶	42,475	22,605	19,870
In a two-parent family	32,615	17,300	15,320
In a one-parent family	9,855	5,305	4,550
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,620	13,005	14,615
Living alone	15,210	6,400	8,815
Living with other relatives⁷	3,475	1,470	2,000
Living with non-relatives only	8,930	5,135	3,795
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	56,665	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	34,020	...	...
Couple-family households	28,970	...	...
With children⁶	15,555	...	...
Without children	13,415	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,055	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,695	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	415	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,980	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,340	...	...
One-person households	15,210	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	118,895	57,655	61,240
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,535	55,385	59,150
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,400	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,625	55,425	59,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	104,925	51,610	53,315
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	47,200	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,305	44,465	42,840
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,400	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,480	49,145	54,340
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,200	5,160	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,840	4,820	6,020
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,320	4,920	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,290	16,690	17,600
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	118,885	57,675	61,215
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,560	55,525	59,035
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,150	62,200	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,635	55,555	59,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	51,000	41,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,835	51,725	53,110
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,720	58,850	42,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,260	44,495	42,765
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,760	58,400	42,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,430	49,085	54,345
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,720	8,340	10,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,830	4,695	6,140
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,420	5,645	7,010
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,990	16,365	17,625
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,220	7,820	8,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	118,885	57,675	61,210
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,545	24,350	19,195
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	70,500	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,100	83,700	68,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	33,820	15,260	18,555
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	20,400	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,680	30,760	23,300
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.2	79.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.0	75.2	63.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.9	11.8	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.1	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	118,900	57,650	61,245
Without total income	4,365	2,270	2,090
With total income	114,535	55,385	59,150
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,790	3,750	5,040
$10,000 to $19,999	12,910	5,400	7,515
$20,000 to $29,999	16,240	6,745	9,495
$30,000 to $39,999	13,695	5,875	7,815
$40,000 to $49,999	12,745	5,740	7,010
$50,000 to $59,999	11,730	5,660	6,065
$60,000 to $69,999	9,255	4,725	4,525
$70,000 to $79,999	6,660	3,620	3,040
$80,000 to $89,999	5,175	3,015	2,160
$90,000 to $99,999	4,155	2,375	1,785
$100,000 and over	13,175	8,485	4,690
$100,000 to $149,999	9,085	5,600	3,480
$150,000 and over	4,095	2,880	1,210
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	118,900	57,650	61,245
Without after-tax income	4,275	2,230	2,045
With after-tax income	114,625	55,420	59,200
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,255	3,890	5,360
$10,000 to $19,999	13,435	5,620	7,820
$20,000 to $29,999	18,450	7,780	10,670
$30,000 to $39,999	16,560	7,270	9,290
$40,000 to $49,999	15,915	7,600	8,320
$50,000 to $59,999	12,400	6,315	6,085
$60,000 to $69,999	8,500	4,550	3,945
$70,000 to $79,999	6,030	3,525	2,505
$80,000 to $89,999	4,890	2,740	2,150
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	1,720	1,000
$100,000 and over	6,475	4,420	2,055
$100,000 to $124,999	3,370	2,205	1,170
$125,000 and over	3,105	2,210	890
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	118,900	57,650	61,245
Without employment income	31,590	13,185	18,405
With employment income	87,305	44,465	42,835
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,350	5,120	6,230
$5,000 to $9,999	6,870	2,915	3,955
$10,000 to $19,999	9,720	4,260	5,455
$20,000 to $29,999	7,070	3,175	3,895
$30,000 to $39,999	7,595	3,545	4,050
$40,000 to $49,999	8,140	3,910	4,230
$50,000 to $59,999	7,880	4,020	3,860
$60,000 to $69,999	6,400	3,575	2,830
$70,000 to $79,999	4,650	2,700	1,955
$80,000 to $89,999	3,910	2,370	1,540
$90,000 to $99,999	3,480	1,915	1,565
$100,000 and over	10,230	6,965	3,260
$100,000 to $124,999	5,020	3,220	1,800
$125,000 and over	5,210	3,745	1,465
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	118,895	57,655	61,240
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,415	54,270	58,145
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,440	54,280	58,160
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	103,800	50,935	52,865
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,000	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,665	44,480	43,180
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,800	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,985	45,690	51,295
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,530	830	3,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,685	3,060	4,625
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	4,560	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	118,885	57,675	61,215
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,340	54,245	58,095
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,700	60,650	45,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,365	54,245	58,125
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,880	49,400	38,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	103,575	50,905	52,670
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,000	59,850	42,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,610	44,460	43,155
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,440	58,550	42,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,910	45,670	51,245
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,330	7,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,915	3,145	4,770
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,960	5,980	7,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	118,885	57,675	61,210
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,175	24,080	19,100
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,500	79,800	63,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,070	14,410	17,660
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	27,600	19,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,960	37,520	27,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.6	85.0
Employment income (%)	74.6	79.0	69.0
Government transfers (%)	10.8	7.4	15.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	56,665	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,210	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	41,455	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	56,650	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	111,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,190	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	41,460	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	56,665	...	...
Under $5,000	435	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	290	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	620	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	930	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,565	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,610	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,505	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,790	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,845	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,885	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,965	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,550	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,475	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,465	...	...
$100,000 and over	26,095	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,315	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,665	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,875	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,250	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	56,665	...	...
Under $5,000	500	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	660	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	975	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,675	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,845	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,805	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,005	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,125	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,275	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,705	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,425	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,220	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,285	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,035	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,660	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,170	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,210	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	38,900	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,980	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,690	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,970	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,140	11,530	12,610
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	40,400	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,400	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	38,835	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,920	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,740	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,875	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	23,995	11,385	12,615
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,240	49,600	47,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,160	41,920	40,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	142,445	69,800	72,640
0 to 17 years	28,320	14,665	13,660
0 to 5 years	9,025	4,655	4,375
18 to 64 years	91,980	45,320	46,660
65 years and over	22,140	9,820	12,320
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,560	5,175	6,380
0 to 17 years	2,470	1,275	1,195
0 to 5 years	850	455	395
18 to 64 years	6,960	3,175	3,785
65 years and over	2,125	725	1,400
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.1	7.4	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	8.7	8.8
0 to 5 years (%)	9.4	9.8	9.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.6	7.0	8.1
65 years and over (%)	9.6	7.4	11.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	142,445	69,805	72,640
0 to 17 years	28,325	14,660	13,660
0 to 5 years	9,030	4,650	4,375
18 to 64 years	91,975	45,320	46,655
65 years and over	22,140	9,820	12,320
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,170	3,045	3,120
0 to 17 years	740	405	335
0 to 5 years	220	135	90
18 to 64 years	5,070	2,510	2,560
65 years and over	360	130	225
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.3	4.4	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	2.6	2.8	2.5
0 to 5 years (%)	2.4	2.8	2.0
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.6	5.5
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.3	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	142,445	69,800	72,640
In bottom half of the distribution	63,380	30,245	33,135
In bottom decile	12,145	5,780	6,370
In second decile	11,675	5,325	6,350
In third decile	12,450	5,860	6,595
In fourth decile	13,160	6,410	6,745
In fifth decile	13,950	6,870	7,075
In top half of the distribution	79,065	39,560	39,505
In sixth decile	15,310	7,575	7,730
In seventh decile	15,370	7,625	7,745
In eighth decile	16,500	8,265	8,240
In ninth decile	16,925	8,545	8,385
In top decile	14,960	7,550	7,410
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	142,445	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.312	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.407	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.273	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	143,235	70,080	73,150
English only	128,350	63,985	64,370
French only	65	30	35
English and French	12,740	5,275	7,460
Neither English nor French	2,080	790	1,285
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	143,235	70,080	73,150
English	139,110	68,360	70,750
French	1,570	715	855
English and French	540	245	290
Neither English nor French	2,020	760	1,260
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	143,235	70,080	73,150
Single responses	138,125	67,560	70,570
Official languages	108,515	53,215	55,300
English	106,935	52,495	54,445
French	1,580	725	860
Non-official languages	29,605	14,345	15,265
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	5
Algonquian languages	15	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,595	14,335	15,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,090	1,620	1,475
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	195	105	90
Bilen	100	55	45
Oromo	20	10	5
Somali	75	35	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,895	1,515	1,380
Amharic	250	120	130
Arabic	1,285	675	610
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	25	25
Maltese	30	10	20
Tigrigna	1,260	670	590
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,840	825	1,015
Khmer (Cambodian)	135	55	80
Vietnamese	1,695	765	935
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	2,155	980	1,170
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	75	30	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	20	30
Ilocano	90	40	50
Indonesian	60	30	30
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	5	15
Pangasinan	0	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,765	815	945
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Creole languages	30	15	10
Haitian Creole	5	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	915	500	415
Kannada	45	20	20
Malayalam	355	225	135
Tamil	405	195	210
Telugu	105	60	45
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	16,240	7,900	8,335
Albanian	80	40	45
Armenian	40	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,845	1,280	1,560
Baltic languages	60	25	35
Latvian	30	15	15
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	2,785	1,255	1,525
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	20	20
Czech	95	35	60
Macedonian	35	15	20
Polish	1,270	565	700
Russian	340	160	185
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	695	335	365
Bosnian	85	35	45
Croatian	160	70	85
Serbian	440	215	220
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Slovak	60	30	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	35
Ukrainian	185	80	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	10	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	10	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	1,530	685	845
Frisian	15	5	10
High German languages	740	320	420
German	715	305	410
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	685	315	370
Afrikaans	45	25	15
Dutch	620	280	340
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	90	45	45
Danish	55	25	35
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	20	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Greek	195	100	90
Indo-Iranian languages	7,050	3,700	3,355
Indo-Aryan languages	5,560	2,970	2,590
Assamese	15	0	10
Bengali	360	205	160
Gujarati	910	525	385
Hindi	665	345	315
Kacchi	20	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	70	35	35
Nepali	430	225	200
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	10	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,055	1,085	965
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	150	75	70
Urdu	830	425	405
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Iranian languages	1,495	735	765
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	250	125	125
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	200	95	105
Persian languages	1,035	510	530
Dari	510	245	265
Iranian Persian	455	220	230
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	45	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,475	2,065	2,405
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	1,930	880	1,050
Portuguese	505	230	275
Romanian	280	135	145
Spanish	1,750	815	930
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Japanese	75	30	45
Korean	300	140	160
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	205	100	105
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	15	10	5
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	50	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	25	30
Dinka	15	5	5
Nuer	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	25	25
American Sign Language	40	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,230	1,510	1,715
Chinese languages	3,230	1,510	1,715
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	1,980	925	1,060
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	45	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,085	500	575
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	85	125
Lao	160	75	85
Thai	50	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	435	210	220
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	125	60	60
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	285	140	145
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Uralic languages	745	350	400
Estonian	20	5	10
Finnish	40	15	20
Hungarian	695	325	365
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	5,110	2,520	2,585
English and French	710	320	390
English and non-official language(s)	3,860	1,945	1,915
French and non-official language(s)	60	25	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	55	60
Multiple non-official languages	370	175	195
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	143,235	70,080	73,150
English	110,800	54,370	56,425
French	305	130	180
Non-official language	7,965	3,850	4,115
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	7,960	3,855	4,110
English and French	1,795	780	1,015
English and non-official language(s)	20,810	10,275	10,535
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	705	285	420
Multiple non-official languages	825	370	450
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	143,235	70,080	73,150
Single responses	138,245	67,695	70,550
Official languages	121,735	59,525	62,215
English	121,260	59,325	61,940
French	475	200	275
Non-official languages	16,510	8,170	8,335
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,505	8,170	8,335
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,195	1,130	1,070
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	155	85	75
Bilen	105	55	45
Oromo	15	10	5
Somali	40	15	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,040	1,040	995
Amharic	145	75	70
Arabic	695	345	355
Aramaic languages	15	10	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	15
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	1,150	605	545
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,365	625	740
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	40	60
Vietnamese	1,260	580	685
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,090	535	550
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Cebuano	45	20	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10
Ilocano	40	20	25
Indonesian	20	10	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	920	460	455
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	5	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	560	305	255
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	235	145	90
Tamil	260	125	135
Telugu	40	20	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,990	3,990	4,000
Albanian	40	20	20
Armenian	20	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,195	575	615
Baltic languages	10	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	1,185	570	610
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	5	5
Czech	15	10	15
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	525	255	265
Russian	175	85	85
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	390	190	205
Bosnian	55	25	30
Croatian	50	25	25
Serbian	280	130	145
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	40	20	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	120	60	55
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	75	35	35
German	65	35	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	20
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	25	15	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	45	25	25
Indo-Iranian languages	4,855	2,510	2,340
Indo-Aryan languages	3,885	2,045	1,845
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	250	130	120
Gujarati	620	350	275
Hindi	390	200	190
Kacchi	10	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	30	10	15
Nepali	355	190	165
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,560	830	730
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	45	40
Urdu	555	270	290
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	970	465	500
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	185	95	90
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	120	65	60
Persian languages	655	315	345
Dari	315	140	175
Iranian Persian	290	145	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,720	785	935
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	530	215	320
Portuguese	190	85	100
Romanian	105	60	50
Spanish	890	430	465
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	20	15
Korean	190	85	105
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	35	20	20
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	5	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	30	30
American Sign Language	50	25	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,230	1,075	1,160
Chinese languages	2,230	1,075	1,160
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	1,410	685	730
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5
Yue (Cantonese)	730	350	380
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	55	75
Lao	105	50	55
Thai	20	5	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	250	120	130
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	75	35	40
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	170	80	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	335	165	165
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	330	165	165
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Multiple responses	4,985	2,385	2,600
English and French	240	110	130
English and non-official language(s)	4,550	2,185	2,360
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	125	65	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	143,235	70,080	73,150
None	123,115	60,285	62,830
English	6,710	3,430	3,280
French	1,555	660	900
Non-official language	9,135	4,390	4,740
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	9,115	4,390	4,730
English and French	90	40	50
English and non-official language(s)	1,180	595	590
French and non-official language(s)	375	155	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,040	510	535
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	142,415	69,815	72,605
Official languages	140,320	69,055	71,265
English	140,265	69,025	71,240
French	12,755	5,290	7,465
Non-official languages	39,895	19,355	20,540
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	35
Algonquian languages	35	20	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,855	19,340	20,515
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,365	2,265	2,105
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Chadic languages	10	10	0
Hausa	10	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	265	145	120
Bilen	155	90	65
Oromo	35	20	15
Somali	75	35	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,200	2,180	2,020
Amharic	490	260	230
Arabic	2,145	1,115	1,025
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	230	140	85
Maltese	25	10	15
Tigrigna	1,795	930	865
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,560	1,140	1,420
Khmer (Cambodian)	215	85	130
Vietnamese	2,415	1,080	1,335
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,910	1,295	1,605
Bikol	30	15	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	15	35
Cebuano	105	35	70
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	30	25
Ilocano	165	80	80
Indonesian	50	30	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	20	45
Pangasinan	35	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,740	1,235	1,510
Waray-Waray	15	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	40	60
Creole languages	110	70	40
Haitian Creole	20	20	0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Dravidian languages	1,415	815	600
Kannada	60	20	40
Malayalam	585	415	170
Tamil	735	405	330
Telugu	205	110	95
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	23,355	11,325	12,035
Albanian	125	65	60
Armenian	30	10	25
Balto-Slavic languages	3,705	1,710	1,995
Baltic languages	100	40	65
Latvian	60	25	35
Lithuanian	40	15	20
Slavic languages	3,625	1,680	1,945
Belarusian	15	10	10
Bulgarian	70	40	35
Czech	110	40	70
Macedonian	20	10	15
Polish	1,570	695	865
Russian	610	295	310
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,130	555	575
Bosnian	145	65	75
Croatian	365	180	190
Serbian	890	435	455
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Slovak	100	50	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25
Ukrainian	240	100	135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	60	30	30
Irish	25	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10
Welsh	15	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,635	1,215	1,420
Frisian	30	0	25
High German languages	1,565	770	800
German	1,540	750	795
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	30	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	970	415	550
Afrikaans	150	75	80
Dutch	800	340	465
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	155	60	90
Danish	70	35	35
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	30	10	20
Swedish	50	30	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	305	145	160
Indo-Iranian languages	9,655	5,135	4,525
Indo-Aryan languages	8,010	4,275	3,735
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	500	280	220
Gujarati	1,430	820	610
Hindi	3,280	1,805	1,475
Kacchi	40	20	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	40	25	15
Marathi	175	80	95
Nepali	560	315	245
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,770	1,415	1,355
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	70	85
Urdu	1,905	985	920
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Iranian languages	1,850	955	895
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	280	150	135
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	295	135	155
Persian languages	1,385	720	665
Dari	810	410	400
Iranian Persian	500	280	215
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	45	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Italic (Romance) languages	7,475	3,325	4,150
Catalan	20	10	10
Italian	3,000	1,300	1,700
Portuguese	790	375	420
Romanian	325	140	185
Spanish	3,640	1,620	2,015
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	255	145	115
Korean	325	165	160
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	665	340	325
Akan (Twi)	75	35	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	10
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	35	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10
Lingala	30	10	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	205	105	105
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	265	135	135
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	220	75	145
American Sign Language	210	70	140
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,035	1,920	2,115
Chinese languages	4,035	1,920	2,115
Hakka	20	0	15
Mandarin	2,700	1,290	1,410
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	90	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,620	745	875
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	320	160	160
Lao	260	130	130
Thai	80	30	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	360	390
Azerbaijani	10	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	250	130	125
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	535	260	275
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,040	500	535
Estonian	35	0	30
Finnish	35	20	15
Hungarian	965	475	490
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	142,415	69,815	72,600
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,225	1,055	1,175
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,060	960	1,100
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,210	570	640
Métis	835	375	460
Inuk (Inuit)	20	10	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	70	40	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	90	50	40
Non-Indigenous identity	140,190	68,765	71,430
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	142,415	69,815	72,600
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	595	275	315
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	141,825	69,540	72,285
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	56,650	...	...
Owner	37,320	...	...
Renter	19,335	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	56,650	...	...
Condominium	10,290	...	...
Not condominium	46,365	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	56,650	...	...
No bedrooms	260	...	...
1 bedroom	6,960	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,930	...	...
3 bedrooms	23,275	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,225	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	56,650	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,360	...	...
5 rooms	8,965	...	...
6 rooms	9,195	...	...
7 rooms	7,435	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,700	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	56,650	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,215	...	...
More than one person per room	1,435	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	56,650	...	...
Suitable	53,515	...	...
Not suitable	3,135	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	56,650	...	...
1960 or before	11,165	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,675	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,200	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,730	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,995	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,235	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,670	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,985	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	56,650	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	53,965	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,685	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	56,650	...	...
One-maintainer household	26,465	...	...
Two-maintainer household	26,890	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,300	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	56,650	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,225	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,005	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,445	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,255	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,865	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,605	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,405	...	...
85 years and over	1,845	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	56,485	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,610	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,870	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,720	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	56,650	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,110	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,495	...	...
Not suitable only	2,405	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,685	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	525	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	795	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	145	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...
Acceptable housing	39,540	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	55,330	...	...
In core need	5,950	...	...
Not in core need	49,380	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,315	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,674	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	733,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,335	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	142,415	69,810	72,605
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	550	295	255
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	550	295	255
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	440	235	205
Métis single ancestry	105	55	50
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,755	1,245	1,510
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,705	1,235	1,470
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,955	910	1,040
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	715	295	415
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	25	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	10	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	0	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	139,115	68,275	70,835
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	142,420	69,810	72,605
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	130,615	63,745	66,875
Canadian citizens aged under 18	26,770	13,830	12,935
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	103,845	49,910	53,935
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,805	6,075	5,735
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	142,420	69,810	72,605
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	105,980	51,900	54,085
Immigrants⁸¹	33,785	16,255	17,530
Before 1980	7,110	3,265	3,850
1980 to 1990	3,870	2,010	1,865
1991 to 2000	5,515	2,630	2,885
2001 to 2010	7,180	3,430	3,745
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,110	4,930	5,185
2011 to 2015	4,280	2,085	2,195
2016 to 2021	5,830	2,840	2,990
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,655	1,660	990
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	33,785	16,255	17,535
Under 5 years	3,410	1,725	1,685
5 to 14 years	5,875	3,085	2,795
15 to 24 years	6,955	3,110	3,850
25 to 44 years	15,050	7,205	7,845
45 years and over	2,495	1,140	1,355
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	33,785	16,255	17,535
Americas	3,750	1,725	2,025
Brazil	170	55	115
Colombia	320	120	200
El Salvador	195	85	115
Guyana	210	105	100
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	320	125	190
Mexico	290	130	165
Peru	85	45	40
Trinidad and Tobago	265	110	155
United States of America	1,085	515	570
Other places of birth in Americas	800	425	375
Europe	10,215	4,845	5,370
Bosnia and Herzegovina	215	85	130
Croatia	195	90	105
France	95	65	30
Germany	555	245	305
Greece	105	45	55
Hungary	275	135	140
Italy	1,410	680	730
Netherlands	590	275	310
Poland	985	430	550
Portugal	245	120	125
Romania	310	155	155
Russian Federation	245	115	130
Serbia⁸⁶	555	275	285
Ukraine	135	60	70
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,320	1,570	1,745
Other places of birth in Europe	980	485	495
Africa	3,350	1,815	1,540
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	30	20
Egypt	245	120	125
Eritrea	1,350	745	605
Ethiopia	385	200	185
Morocco	35	25	15
Nigeria	265	145	125
Somalia	55	30	20
South Africa, Republic of	230	140	95
Other places of birth in Africa	730	385	345
Asia	16,305	7,765	8,535
Afghanistan	775	370	405
Iran⁸⁸	365	190	180
Iraq	280	155	130
Lebanon	155	85	70
Syria⁸⁹	505	235	275
Turkey	130	70	55
China⁹⁰	1,695	730	965
Hong Kong⁹¹	160	90	70
Korea, South⁹²	210	105	110
Taiwan	155	70	85
Philippines	2,700	1,140	1,555
Viet Nam	1,810	825	990
Bangladesh	325	170	155
India	3,685	1,895	1,785
Pakistan	1,080	545	535
Sri Lanka	410	215	200
Other places of birth in Asia	1,850	880	975
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	165	105	65
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,835	2,840	2,990
Americas	490	220	275
Brazil	75	30	45
Colombia	10	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	35	10	20
Mexico	55	15	40
United States of America	125	65	55
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	10	40
Other places of birth in Americas	135	80	55
Europe	405	220	180
France	15	0	10
Germany	15	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	45	30	15
Russian Federation	40	15	25
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	120	75	40
Other places of birth in Europe	145	70	80
Africa	1,500	795	700
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	10	15
Eritrea	1,025	550	480
Ethiopia	115	60	60
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	140	85	50
Somalia	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	10
Sudan⁹⁷	65	25	40
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	70	25	40
Asia	3,410	1,580	1,830
Afghanistan	60	15	40
Bangladesh	20	10	10
China⁹⁰	185	60	125
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	1,130	595	540
Iran⁸⁸	40	15	20
Iraq	130	70	60
Israel	110	50	65
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	15
Lebanon	30	0	25
Nepal	30	20	10
Pakistan	175	65	110
Philippines	545	235	305
Saudi Arabia	45	20	20
Sri Lanka	40	20	20
Syria⁸⁹	410	185	225
Turkey	100	50	45
United Arab Emirates	25	0	25
Viet Nam	190	70	125
Other places of birth in Asia	80	55	30
Oceania and other⁹³	30	25	0
Australia	30	25	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	142,415	69,815	72,605
First generation¹⁰⁰	37,815	18,550	19,265
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,030	15,285	15,745
Third generation or more¹⁰²	73,570	35,980	37,590
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	26,675	12,995	13,680
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,060	6,130	5,935
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,880	3,105	1,780
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,180	3,025	4,155
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,880	3,220	4,665
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,575	3,565	3,010
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	155	80	75
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	26,675	12,995	13,680
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,290	695	590
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,330	1,070	1,265
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	620	290	325
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,330	675	660
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	35	50
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,015	10,220	10,795
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	142,415	69,815	72,600
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	35,750	17,920	17,830
South Asian	10,405	5,470	4,935
Chinese	4,225	2,035	2,195
Black	5,935	3,095	2,840
Filipino	3,825	1,710	2,115
Arab	1,645	825	810
Latin American	2,005	990	1,015
Southeast Asian	3,185	1,565	1,620
West Asian	1,920	965	960
Korean	380	195	185
Japanese	205	95	110
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	680	340	335
Multiple visible minorities	1,355	645	710
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	106,665	51,890	54,775
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	142,415	69,815	72,605
Canadian	18,980	9,355	9,625
English	33,460	16,030	17,425
Irish	27,755	13,140	14,610
Scottish	29,365	14,075	15,295
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,480	4,550	4,930
German	15,900	7,595	8,305
Chinese	4,805	2,300	2,505
Italian	12,345	5,935	6,410
Indian (India)	5,430	2,910	2,515
Ukrainian	3,400	1,550	1,855
Dutch	7,310	3,680	3,630
Polish	5,855	2,770	3,080
Québécois	215	110	110
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,760	3,150	3,610
Filipino	3,720	1,605	2,115
French Canadian	1,545	665	885
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,115	1,050	1,060
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,035	475	555
Métis	870	360	510
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,965	1,050	915
Russian	1,340	630	710
Norwegian	715	320	395
Welsh	2,910	1,385	1,525
Portuguese	1,675	815	860
American	1,830	855	975
Spanish	1,180	570	610
Swedish	745	325	420
Hungarian	2,395	1,115	1,275
Acadian	420	170	245
Pakistani	1,525	770	755
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,055	535	525
Jewish	1,015	510	505
Punjabi	625	355	270
Vietnamese	2,605	1,200	1,400
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	560	270	285
Greek	985	475	505
Jamaican	1,115	555	560
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	825	430	390
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	80	40	40
Korean	455	235	215
Romanian	645	305	345
Lebanese	510	270	240
Iranian	490	255	240
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	670	340	335
Danish	760	420	340
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	445	250	190
Sikh	540	285	250
Austrian	815	430	385
Belgian	700	355	350
Haitian	30	15	10
Hindu	670	375	295
Mexican	495	265	235
Mennonite	430	230	200
Swiss	725	380	345
Finnish	685	345	340
Sri Lankan	355	170	185
Croatian	595	295	300
Japanese	280	130	150
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	500	235	265
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	160	65	95
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	410	210	195
Muslim	535	265	275
Egyptian	415	180	235
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	255	145	105
Tamil	255	125	130
Icelandic	200	75	125
Colombian	425	185	240
Moroccan	25	20	10
Czech	520	250	265
Syrian	425	200	230
Guyanese	450	240	205
Afghan	1,130	575	555
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	380	200	180
Serbian	755	390	360
Ojibway	250	105	140
Newfoundlander	570	275	295
Hong Konger	80	35	45
Ontarian	695	345	350
Persian	190	105	90
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	325	185	145
Turkish	305	165	140
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	35	15
Bangladeshi	350	200	145
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	210	85	130
Nigerian	285	135	155
Armenian	195	70	130
Slovak	395	180	210
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	265	120	145
Somali	90	45	45
Taiwanese	105	35	75
Iraqi	190	95	90
Salvadorean	190	85	100
African Caribbean	145	60	85
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	285	140	145
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	290	125	165
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	170	90	80
Algonquin	50	15	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	280	145	135
Lithuanian	290	135	150
South African	340	210	130
Australian	215	115	100
Palestinian	185	90	100
Chilean	160	85	80
Congolese	45	15	30
Nova Scotian	135	60	80
Ethiopian	365	195	170
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	215	110	115
Peruvian	150	90	65
Yoruba	85	40	45
Cambodian (Khmer)	285	130	160
Berber	15	15	0
Albanian	160	95	70
Maltese	390	215	175
Macedonian	175	85	90
Slovenian	360	130	235
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	250	135	115
New Brunswicker	85	35	55
Gujarati	245	135	110
Eritrean	1,045	510	535
African Canadian	105	50	60
Israeli	105	70	35
Mohawk	120	65	50
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	85	35	50
Bulgarian	130	65	65
Albertan	25	10	15
Ghanaian	90	30	60
Barbadian	155	110	50
African American	140	80	60
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	80	85
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	195	90	105
Cuban	195	120	80
Bosnian	135	50	85
Venezuelan	180	70	120
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	230	100	130
Bengali	100	40	55
Cameroonian	25	15	15
Guatemalan	125	65	55
Indonesian	60	30	30
Laotian	325	170	150
Ilocano	55	15	35
Northern Irish	300	130	170
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	205	110	95
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	100	55	50
Franco Ontarian	80	50	35
Argentinian	140	70	70
Estonian	150	65	85
Kurdish	220	120	100
Fijian	40	15	30
Jatt	30	15	10
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	40	60
Coptic	65	15	55
Thai	70	25	45
Dominican	40	15	15
Nepali	410	230	180
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	25	15	0
Igbo	20	15	0
Byelorussian	75	30	50
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	20	15
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	10	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	30	20
New Zealander	120	80	40
Sudanese	85	55	30
Breton	15	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	180	90	90
Malaysian	50	25	25
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	20	20
Huron (Wendat)	25	10	20
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10
Buddhist	140	80	60
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	60	40
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	75	30	40
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	785	450	335
Nicaraguan	60	45	15
Mauritian	45	20	30
Kenyan	35	10	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	55	40	15
Jordanian	50	10	35
Manitoban	20	0	20
Cape Bretoner	85	50	30
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	40	15	25
Malayali	135	105	35
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	75	30	40
Mayan	55	20	35
Honduran	10	0	10
Cherokee	65	35	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Indo-Caribbean	40	15	25
Flemish	50	20	30
United Empire Loyalist	75	35	40
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	25	10
Sicilian	50	25	30
Pashtun	85	45	40
Malay	65	40	25
Goan	50	25	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	20	10
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	15	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	30	10	25
Ugandan	40	20	20
Oromo	50	25	25
Tanzanian	30	15	20
Yemeni	30	10	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	25	15	10
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	30	10	20
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	15	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10
Igorot	35	15	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	15	0	15
Prince Edward Islander	30	10	20
Maliseet	25	10	15
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	40	20	15
Roma	20	10	10
Costa Rican	75	40	35
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	25	20	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	30	10	25
Amhara	35	25	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	142,415	69,815	72,600
Buddhist	2,075	925	1,150
Christian	71,070	32,850	38,220
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,390	5,120	5,270
Anabaptist	165	70	90
Anglican	5,500	2,445	3,055
Baptist	1,525	690	835
Catholic	34,110	15,805	18,305
Christian Orthodox	2,910	1,420	1,485
Jehovah's Witness	430	180	245
Latter Day Saints	245	110	140
Lutheran	1,045	455	585
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	460	225	235
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,035	485	555
Presbyterian	3,150	1,395	1,755
Reformed	825	410	415
United Church	5,905	2,510	3,400
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,375	1,530	1,845
Hindu	3,795	2,030	1,765
Jewish	685	355	330
Muslim	6,385	3,320	3,075
Sikh	2,105	1,065	1,035
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	65	25	45
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,240	495	745
No religion and secular perspectives	54,990	28,745	26,250
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	140,960	69,110	71,850
Non-movers	122,285	59,945	62,345
Movers	18,675	9,165	9,510
Non-migrants	10,220	5,040	5,180
Migrants	8,455	4,125	4,330
Internal migrants	7,425	3,600	3,825
Intraprovincial migrants	6,915	3,355	3,565
Interprovincial migrants	510	250	260
External migrants	1,030	525	505
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	134,990	66,080	68,910
Non-movers	79,120	38,590	40,530
Movers	55,875	27,495	28,380
Non-migrants	22,905	11,105	11,795
Migrants	32,970	16,385	16,585
Internal migrants	25,885	12,605	13,280
Intraprovincial migrants	23,760	11,485	12,280
Interprovincial migrants	2,120	1,115	1,000
External migrants	7,085	3,785	3,305
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,885	57,675	61,210
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,330	9,315	9,020
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	100,555	48,360	52,195
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	77,750	38,235	39,510
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,075	3,920	3,150
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	70,675	34,315	36,360
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,885	57,675	61,215
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,865	8,470	8,400
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	32,275	16,375	15,900
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,750	32,835	36,915
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,710	14,780	14,930
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,900	3,390	1,510
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,385	1,350	1,030
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,515	2,040	485
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,700	10,400	12,300
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,110	990	1,120
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,040	18,055	21,985
Bachelor's degree	25,295	11,085	14,210
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,120	845	1,270
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	870	445	425
Master's degree	9,090	4,170	4,920
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,665	1,515	1,145
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	77,745	38,235	39,510
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,375	3,555	2,815
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,880	9,770	8,110
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,490	24,915	28,580
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,950	11,075	10,875
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,335	2,295	1,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,615	905	705
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,725	1,390	335
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,210	8,120	9,085
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,405	660	745
Bachelor's degree or higher	31,545	13,835	17,705
Bachelor's degree	19,720	8,590	11,135
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,670	670	1,000
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	680	290	390
Master's degree	7,430	3,240	4,190
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,040	1,050	990
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	118,885	57,675	61,210
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,140	24,840	24,295
Education	3,935	905	3,030
13. Education	3,935	905	3,030
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,735	1,015	1,720
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	135	35
50. Visual and performing arts	2,565	880	1,685
Humanities	4,555	1,760	2,795
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	65	245
23. English language and literature/letters	1,260	410	850
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,115	350	760
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	140	50	95
38. Philosophy and religious studies	425	255	175
39. Theology and religious vocations	325	215	110
54. History	740	375	370
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	235	45	190
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,680	3,045	6,635
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	190	40	150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	955	375	575
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,830	165	1,670
22. Legal professions and studies	860	245	615
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	310	100	205
42. Psychology	1,730	415	1,315
45. Social sciences	3,805	1,705	2,105
Business, management and public administration	12,450	5,415	7,030
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,170	250	920
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,255	5,165	6,095
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,645	2,455	3,190
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,500	1,300	2,195
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	845	355	485
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	140	30	105
40. Physical sciences	1,080	725	360
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	45	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,970	1,975	1,000
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,070	1,500	570
25. Library science	255	60	200
27. Mathematics and statistics	560	355	205
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	65	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,635	11,045	1,590
04. Architecture and related services	700	455	245
14. Engineering	4,285	3,415	870
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,575	2,315	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,730	1,670	65
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,860	1,805	60
48. Precision production	1,480	1,390	90
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,155	1,560	1,590
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,295	1,090	1,200
03. Natural resources and conservation	865	470	395
Health and related fields	8,380	1,885	6,495
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,145	570	575
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,000	1,195	5,805
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	200	115	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,545	1,770	1,780
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,740	470	1,270
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	1,310	835	475
49. Transportation and materials moving	485	450	40
Other¹⁷⁹	55	0	50
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	77,750	38,235	39,515
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,255	13,325	10,930
Education	2,740	560	2,180
13. Education	2,740	560	2,180
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,155	775	1,375
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	110	85	25
50. Visual and performing arts	2,040	690	1,355
Humanities	3,340	1,285	2,065
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	210	40	170
23. English language and literature/letters	945	330	620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	845	265	585
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	35	55
38. Philosophy and religious studies	325	195	130
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	110	75
54. History	560	285	275
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	30	155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,580	2,310	5,270
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	35	125
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	850	330	520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,405	110	1,295
22. Legal professions and studies	660	165	495
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	250	85	170
42. Psychology	1,280	295	985
45. Social sciences	2,970	1,285	1,680
Business, management and public administration	9,895	4,285	5,610
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	960	195	760
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,930	4,085	4,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,190	1,705	2,490
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,615	945	1,670
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	655	255	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	25	90
40. Physical sciences	745	460	285
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	25	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,415	1,650	765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,795	1,315	480
25. Library science	160	45	115
27. Mathematics and statistics	395	240	150
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	40	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,595	8,230	1,370
04. Architecture and related services	580	375	210
14. Engineering	3,425	2,635	790
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,960	1,740	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,200	1,145	60
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,345	1,315	30
48. Precision production	1,080	1,020	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,505	1,200	1,305
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,790	810	985
03. Natural resources and conservation	715	395	320
Health and related fields	6,175	1,450	4,730
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	905	450	450
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,100	930	4,170
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	140	65	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,865	1,465	1,400
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,340	375	970
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,120	720	400
49. Transportation and materials moving	395	370	25
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	77,750	38,235	39,515
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,255	13,325	10,930
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	53,495	24,910	28,585
Location of study inside Canada	43,660	20,155	23,505
Same as province or territory of residence	40,885	18,855	22,030
Different than province or territory of residence	2,775	1,300	1,480
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,830	4,755	5,075
Americas	1,985	960	1,025
United States of America	1,340	705	640
Mexico	155	65	90
Cuba	45	20	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	35	15	20
Brazil	90	30	60
Colombia	120	45	80
Peru	10	10	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	140	55	80
Europe	1,960	1,050	910
Belgium	25	20	10
France	60	25	30
Germany	110	60	45
Netherlands	30	10	20
Switzerland	35	10	25
Hungary	45	20	30
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	195	95	100
Romania	110	45	65
Russian Federation	85	45	40
Ukraine	30	15	15
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	705	400	305
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	25
Italy	55	35	20
Serbia⁸⁶	140	80	60
Other locations of study in Europe	230	130	100
Africa	575	295	280
Nigeria	115	50	65
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	115	55	60
South Africa, Republic of	45	25	20
Other locations of study in Africa	290	155	140
Asia	5,110	2,335	2,780
Iran⁸⁸	80	30	55
Iraq	75	40	35
Israel	20	0	20
Lebanon	40	20	25
Syria⁸⁹	110	60	50
Turkey	40	25	20
China⁹⁰	660	285	370
Taiwan	40	15	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	40	20	25
Korea, South⁹²	75	30	45
Philippines	1,190	495	690
Viet Nam	70	15	50
Bangladesh	125	55	70
Sri Lanka	80	30	50
India	1,895	960	940
Pakistan	335	150	185
Other locations of study in Asia	220	110	110
Oceania	205	120	75
Australia	175	105	70
New Zealand	25	20	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	118,885	57,675	61,215
In the labour force	80,200	41,425	38,775
Employed	71,540	37,445	34,100
Unemployed	8,660	3,980	4,670
Not in the labour force	38,690	16,250	22,440
Participation rate	67.5	71.8	63.3
Employment rate	60.2	64.9	55.7
Unemployment rate	10.8	9.6	12.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	118,885	57,675	61,210
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,810	16,675	22,130
Worked	80,075	40,995	39,080
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,290	24,790	19,500
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	35,785	16,210	19,575
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.7	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	80,195	41,425	38,775
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,770	855	915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	78,430	40,570	37,860
Employee	69,540	35,510	34,030
Permanent position	59,045	30,645	28,400
Temporary position	10,495	4,865	5,630
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,540	1,490	2,045
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,950	3,370	3,585
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,890	5,060	3,830
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	80,195	41,425	38,775
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,770	855	915
All occupations¹⁹¹	78,430	40,570	37,860
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	895	625	270
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,635	4,370	8,265
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,370	5,580	1,790
3 Health occupations	5,490	945	4,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,015	3,670	7,340
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,440	1,015	1,425
6 Sales and service occupations	17,260	7,620	9,640
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,615	10,340	1,270
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,330	890	440
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,385	5,515	2,865
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	80,195	41,425	38,775
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,770	855	915
All industries¹⁹¹	78,430	40,570	37,860
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	765	355	410
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	110	25
22 Utilities	380	290	95
23 Construction	4,580	3,815	765
31-33 Manufacturing	14,405	10,095	4,310
41 Wholesale trade	3,055	1,950	1,100
44-45 Retail trade	8,225	3,935	4,285
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,310	2,510	805
51 Information and cultural industries	1,150	655	500
52 Finance and insurance	3,160	1,415	1,745
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,315	605	715
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,765	3,665	3,100
55 Management of companies and enterprises	200	85	110
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,540	1,535	1,005
61 Educational services	8,580	2,850	5,725
62 Health care and social assistance	8,680	1,440	7,245
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,360	700	660
72 Accommodation and food services	3,745	1,640	2,110
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,665	1,135	1,530
91 Public administration	3,405	1,775	1,630
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	85,610	43,750	41,865
English	82,515	42,510	40,005
French	190	30	165
Non-official language	210	120	95
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	210	120	95
English and French	1,290	470	815
English and non-official language(s)	1,325	590	735
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	40
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	85,610	43,750	41,865
Single responses	85,205	43,595	41,610
Official languages	84,800	43,365	41,440
English	84,370	43,280	41,090
French	430	85	345
Non-official languages	405	235	170
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	405	235	170
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	0	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	55	20	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	150	105	50
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	20	10	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	65	20
Indo-Aryan languages	80	65	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75	55	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	35	20	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	35	20	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	75	70
Chinese languages	145	75	70
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	95	50	40
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	30	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	405	150	255
English and French	145	50	95
English and non-official language(s)	240	100	145
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	85,610	43,750	41,865
None	83,275	42,790	40,485
English	410	160	245
French	915	370	550
Non-official language	805	325	475
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	805	325	475
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	155	75	80
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	71,540	37,445	34,100
Worked at home	18,850	8,595	10,260
Worked outside Canada	205	130	70
No fixed workplace address	6,180	4,525	1,655
Usual place of work	46,300	24,190	22,110
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	46,300	24,190	22,110
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	32,110	15,545	16,565
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,435	2,035	1,390
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,615	6,530	4,085
Commute to a different province or territory	150	75	70
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	52,480	28,720	23,765
Car, truck or van	45,875	25,405	20,470
Car, truck or van - as a driver	41,700	23,690	18,010
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,175	1,710	2,460
Public transit	2,325	1,170	1,160
Walked	2,705	1,270	1,435
Bicycle	585	465	120
Other method	990	410	580
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	52,480	28,720	23,765
Less than 15 minutes	21,310	10,300	11,010
15 to 29 minutes	16,610	9,300	7,315
30 to 44 minutes	7,345	4,340	3,005
45 to 59 minutes	3,475	2,215	1,265
60 minutes and over	3,730	2,565	1,165
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	52,480	28,720	23,765
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,265	2,950	1,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,855	6,300	3,555
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,885	6,365	5,520
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,710	4,550	6,160
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,950	2,745	3,205
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,820	5,810	4,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	28,885	14,945	13,935
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,630	1,320	1,310
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,250	13,625	12,625
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,895	10,845	10,050
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,020	1,000	1,025
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,225	580	650
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	795	420	375
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,870	9,845	9,025

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 26, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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