Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	HamiltonMore information: Ontario [Population centre]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	729,560
Population, 2016¹	693,362^r
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.2
Total private dwellings²	300,424
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	288,383
Population density per square kilometre	2,049.2
Land area in square kilometres	356.03
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	729,550
0 to 14 years	115,610
0 to 4 years	36,165
5 to 9 years	39,035
10 to 14 years	40,410
15 to 64 years	474,805
15 to 19 years	41,120
20 to 24 years	44,610
25 to 29 years	48,750
30 to 34 years	50,765
35 to 39 years	49,445
40 to 44 years	45,935
45 to 49 years	45,595
50 to 54 years	48,070
55 to 59 years	52,445
60 to 64 years	48,070
65 years and over	139,135
65 to 69 years	40,220
70 to 74 years	35,130
75 to 79 years	25,085
80 to 84 years	18,155
85 years and over	20,545
85 to 89 years	12,335
90 to 94 years	6,170
95 to 99 years	1,825
100 years and over	215
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8
15 to 64 years	65.1
65 years and over	19.1
85 years and over	2.8
Average age of the population	42.0
Median age of the population	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	288,385
Single-detached house	152,690
Semi-detached house	9,995
Row house	42,245
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,100
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,295
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	49,480
Other single-attached house	525
Movable dwelling⁴	50
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	288,385
1 person	80,350
2 persons	93,570
3 persons	45,925
4 persons	43,470
5 or more persons	25,060
Number of persons in private households	718,540
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	613,940
Married or living common-law	340,685
Married	285,540
Living common-law	55,150
Living common law - Never married	39,470
Living common law - Separated	3,050
Living common law - Divorced	11,285
Living common law - Widowed	1,340
Not married and not living common-law	273,255
Not married and not living common law - Never married	178,925
Not married and not living common law - Separated	18,380
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	38,965
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	36,990
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	203,785
2 persons	98,900
3 persons	45,505
4 persons	42,115
5 or more persons	17,270
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	203,790
Total couple families	166,175
Married couples	138,615
With children⁶	79,700
Without children	58,920
Common-law couples	27,560
With children⁶	10,070
Without children	17,490
Total one-parent families	37,610
in which the parent is a woman+	30,075
in which the parent is a man+	7,535
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	718,540
Total - Persons in census families	595,365
Married spouses or common-law partners	332,355
Parents in one-parent families	37,615
Children⁶	225,400
In a two-parent family	166,835
In a one-parent family	58,565
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	123,175
Living alone	80,350
Living with other relatives⁷	17,620
Living with non-relatives only	25,205
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	288,385
One-census-family households without additional persons	177,365
Couple-family households	148,025
With children⁶	80,140
Without children	67,890
One-parent-family households	29,345
Multigenerational households⁸	9,550
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,815
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	8,215
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	11,085
One-person households	80,350
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	603,065
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	579,500
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	579,830
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	514,745
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	417,345
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	525,655
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	52,650
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	164,750
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	603,335
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	579,735
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	580,065
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	514,765
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	417,515
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	526,080
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	52,850
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,395
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	603,335
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	200,545
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	159,185
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	603,065
Without total income	23,565
With total income	579,500
Under $10,000 (including loss)	46,845
$10,000 to $19,999	68,390
$20,000 to $29,999	87,720
$30,000 to $39,999	72,015
$40,000 to $49,999	62,580
$50,000 to $59,999	51,690
$60,000 to $69,999	41,700
$70,000 to $79,999	32,845
$80,000 to $89,999	25,430
$90,000 to $99,999	20,720
$100,000 and over	69,565
$100,000 to $149,999	46,370
$150,000 and over	23,195
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	603,065
Without after-tax income	23,230
With after-tax income	579,830
Under $10,000 (including loss)	49,135
$10,000 to $19,999	71,435
$20,000 to $29,999	98,730
$30,000 to $39,999	84,985
$40,000 to $49,999	72,795
$50,000 to $59,999	56,850
$60,000 to $69,999	41,855
$70,000 to $79,999	30,315
$80,000 to $89,999	24,620
$90,000 to $99,999	14,130
$100,000 and over	34,980
$100,000 to $124,999	17,475
$125,000 and over	17,505
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	603,065
Without employment income	185,725
With employment income	417,340
Under $5,000 (including loss)	61,520
$5,000 to $9,999	33,740
$10,000 to $19,999	46,355
$20,000 to $29,999	35,210
$30,000 to $39,999	34,085
$40,000 to $49,999	34,165
$50,000 to $59,999	32,100
$60,000 to $69,999	27,530
$70,000 to $79,999	22,255
$80,000 to $89,999	18,905
$90,000 to $99,999	17,265
$100,000 and over	54,195
$100,000 to $124,999	25,750
$125,000 and over	28,440
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	603,065
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	568,840
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	569,010
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	509,980
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	419,405
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	495,960
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	35,890
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	603,335
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	569,145
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	569,305
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	510,070
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,150
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	419,525
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	496,690
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	35,710
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	603,335
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	198,945
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	150,005
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8
Employment income (%)	72.4
Government transfers (%)	12.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	288,385
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	80,350
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	208,030
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	288,545
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,600
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	80,445
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,400
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	208,100
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,700
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	288,385
Under $5,000	2,950
$5,000 to $9,999	1,335
$10,000 to $14,999	3,060
$15,000 to $19,999	5,510
$20,000 to $24,999	9,630
$25,000 to $29,999	9,410
$30,000 to $34,999	8,740
$35,000 to $39,999	9,435
$40,000 to $44,999	10,110
$45,000 to $49,999	9,825
$50,000 to $59,999	19,895
$60,000 to $69,999	19,245
$70,000 to $79,999	18,440
$80,000 to $89,999	17,200
$90,000 to $99,999	16,080
$100,000 and over	127,530
$100,000 to $124,999	34,490
$125,000 to $149,999	26,010
$150,000 to $199,999	33,125
$200,000 and over	33,910
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	288,385
Under $5,000	3,275
$5,000 to $9,999	1,395
$10,000 to $14,999	3,155
$15,000 to $19,999	5,755
$20,000 to $24,999	10,250
$25,000 to $29,999	10,670
$30,000 to $34,999	10,250
$35,000 to $39,999	11,025
$40,000 to $44,999	11,790
$45,000 to $49,999	11,690
$50,000 to $59,999	23,365
$60,000 to $69,999	22,855
$70,000 to $79,999	21,135
$80,000 to $89,999	20,145
$90,000 to $99,999	17,690
$100,000 and over	103,950
$100,000 to $124,999	35,915
$125,000 to $149,999	24,845
$150,000 and over	43,190
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	200,495
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	69,355
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	90,325
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	34,520
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	105,560
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	200,380
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,200
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,065
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,100
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	90,505
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,200
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	34,345
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	105,565
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	718,540
0 to 17 years	139,965
0 to 5 years	43,875
18 to 64 years	447,520
65 years and over	131,055
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	69,875
0 to 17 years	16,175
0 to 5 years	5,360
18 to 64 years	39,255
65 years and over	14,445
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.7
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	12.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8
65 years and over (%)	11.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	718,540
0 to 17 years	139,965
0 to 5 years	43,875
18 to 64 years	447,520
65 years and over	131,055
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	40,960
0 to 17 years	7,695
0 to 5 years	2,590
18 to 64 years	29,105
65 years and over	4,160
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	5.5
0 to 5 years (%)	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	718,540
In bottom half of the distribution	323,640
In bottom decile	62,420
In second decile	63,820
In third decile	64,335
In fourth decile	65,815
In fifth decile	67,250
In top half of the distribution	394,900
In sixth decile	70,925
In seventh decile	74,610
In eighth decile	79,595
In ninth decile	84,785
In top decile	84,980
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	718,540
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.452
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.296
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	721,790
English only	662,150
French only	480
English and French	47,180
Neither English nor French	11,985
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	721,790
English	698,510
French	8,675
English and French	2,980
Neither English nor French	11,620
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	721,790
Single responses	694,130
Official languages	529,195
English	520,790
French	8,410
Non-official languages	164,930
Indigenous languages³⁹	55
Algonquian languages	35
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	20
Cayuga	5
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	164,875
Afro-Asiatic languages	20,670
Berber languages	35
Kabyle	25
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	35
Hausa	35
Mina	0
Coptic	25
Cushitic languages	1,310
Bilen	0
Oromo	60
Somali	1,250
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	19,260
Amharic	260
Arabic	15,360
Aramaic languages	3,055
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,565
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	405
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85
Harari	10
Hebrew	200
Maltese	145
Tigrigna	230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,740
Khmer (Cambodian)	815
Vietnamese	3,920
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	7,655
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125
Cebuano	235
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	90
Ilocano	460
Indonesian	145
Kankanaey	15
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	90
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,300
Waray-Waray	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65
Creole languages	360
Haitian Creole	150
Jamaican English Creole	25
Krio	15
Morisyen	25
Sango	10
Creole, n.o.s.	95
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45
Dravidian languages	2,865
Kannada	125
Malayalam	1,300
Tamil	945
Telugu	475
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	106,985
Albanian	1,495
Armenian	380
Balto-Slavic languages	29,025
Baltic languages	730
Latvian	265
Lithuanian	460
Slavic languages	28,300
Belarusian	15
Bulgarian	280
Czech	945
Macedonian	540
Polish	8,680
Russian	2,615
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	12,185
Bosnian	1,100
Croatian	4,870
Serbian	6,070
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	145
Slovak	535
Slovene (Slovenian)	550
Ukrainian	1,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30
Celtic languages	50
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	15
Welsh	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	7,405
Frisian	70
High German languages	3,830
German	3,740
Pennsylvania German	5
Swiss German	70
Yiddish	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,115
Afrikaans	280
Dutch	2,740
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	65
Scandinavian languages	375
Danish	195
Icelandic	10
Norwegian	55
Swedish	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15
Greek	1,740
Indo-Iranian languages	29,275
Indo-Aryan languages	23,390
Assamese	10
Bengali	1,610
Gujarati	3,510
Hindi	2,765
Kacchi	65
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	85
Marathi	255
Nepali	365
Oriya languages	20
Odia	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,835
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	105
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	425
Urdu	6,245
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70
Iranian languages	5,880
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,265
Parsi	10
Pashto	420
Persian languages	4,175
Dari	1,570
Iranian Persian	2,180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	425
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	37,610
Catalan	20
Italian	13,800
Portuguese	8,595
Romanian	2,165
Spanish	12,955
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	85
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	395
Korean	2,540
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	2,060
Akan (Twi)	290
Bamanankan	0
Edo	40
Éwé	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25
Ga	15
Ganda	50
Gikuyu	40
Igbo	120
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130
Lingala	45
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	75
Shona	205
Soninke	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	30
Swahili	460
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	255
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195
Nilo-Saharan languages	155
Dinka	10
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	145
American Sign Language	130
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,460
Chinese languages	11,025
Hakka	50
Mandarin	7,255
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	190
Wu (Shanghainese)	60
Yue (Cantonese)	3,290
Chinese, n.o.s.	160
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	435
Burmese	105
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	295
S'gaw Karen	230
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60
Tibetan	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tai-Kadai languages	590
Lao	305
Thai	280
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10
Turkic languages	1,420
Azerbaijani	85
Kazakh	10
Turkish	1,240
Uyghur	30
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	2,780
Estonian	215
Finnish	150
Hungarian	2,420
Other languages, n.i.e.	30
Multiple responses	27,660
English and French	2,875
English and non-official language(s)	21,665
French and non-official language(s)	560
English, French and non-official language(s)	510
Multiple non-official languages	2,055
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	721,790
English	547,450
French	1,810
Non-official language	42,315
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	42,300
English and French	6,560
English and non-official language(s)	116,415
French and non-official language(s)	320
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,725
Multiple non-official languages	3,200
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	721,790
Single responses	694,150
Official languages	608,935
English	606,140
French	2,795
Non-official languages	85,210
Indigenous languages³⁹	25
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	10
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	85,190
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,510
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	20
Hausa	20
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	915
Bilen	0
Oromo	30
Somali	885
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	12,550
Amharic	100
Arabic	9,805
Aramaic languages	2,400
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,055
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	290
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55
Harari	0
Hebrew	85
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	140
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,085
Khmer (Cambodian)	465
Vietnamese	2,615
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	3,970
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55
Cebuano	130
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	35
Ilocano	255
Indonesian	55
Kankanaey	10
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70
Pangasinan	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,310
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	215
Haitian Creole	80
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	10
Morisyen	25
Sango	15
Creole, n.o.s.	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25
Dravidian languages	1,745
Kannada	50
Malayalam	820
Tamil	565
Telugu	300
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	49,815
Albanian	770
Armenian	155
Balto-Slavic languages	12,385
Baltic languages	150
Latvian	50
Lithuanian	100
Slavic languages	12,235
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	120
Czech	415
Macedonian	205
Polish	3,435
Russian	1,540
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,715
Bosnian	590
Croatian	1,810
Serbian	3,260
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	160
Slovene (Slovenian)	120
Ukrainian	505
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	20
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	610
Frisian	0
High German languages	330
German	325
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	5
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	250
Afrikaans	130
Dutch	110
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	25
Danish	10
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	635
Indo-Iranian languages	18,915
Indo-Aryan languages	15,270
Assamese	0
Bengali	975
Gujarati	2,450
Hindi	1,555
Kacchi	35
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	15
Marathi	130
Nepali	255
Oriya languages	10
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,510
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215
Urdu	4,020
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40
Iranian languages	3,640
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	745
Parsi	0
Pashto	280
Persian languages	2,610
Dari	955
Iranian Persian	1,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	295
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,320
Catalan	10
Italian	3,915
Portuguese	3,830
Romanian	1,010
Spanish	7,535
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	155
Korean	1,735
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	725
Akan (Twi)	115
Bamanankan	0
Edo	5
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15
Ga	0
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	10
Igbo	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	30
Shona	75
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	220
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	70
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	75
Dinka	5
Nuer	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	305
American Sign Language	235
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,795
Chinese languages	7,495
Hakka	5
Mandarin	5,300
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	40
Yue (Cantonese)	1,945
Chinese, n.o.s.	95
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	300
Burmese	65
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	210
S'gaw Karen	160
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	365
Lao	175
Thai	185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	845
Azerbaijani	35
Kazakh	0
Turkish	790
Uyghur	15
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	835
Estonian	15
Finnish	25
Hungarian	790
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	27,640
English and French	1,180
English and non-official language(s)	25,485
French and non-official language(s)	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	355
Multiple non-official languages	475
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	721,790
None	614,775
English	35,615
French	5,560
Non-official language	53,500
Indigenous³⁹	80
Non-Indigenous	53,425
English and French	495
English and non-official language(s)	4,785
French and non-official language(s)	1,805
English, French and non-official language(s)	95
Multiple non-official languages	5,160
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	718,840
Official languages	707,000
English	706,530
French	47,480
Non-official languages	220,965
Indigenous languages³⁹	260
Algonquian languages	85
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	70
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	130
Cayuga	45
Mohawk	95
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20
Non-Indigenous languages	220,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	29,065
Berber languages	90
Kabyle	70
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	145
Hausa	145
Mina	0
Coptic	50
Cushitic languages	1,995
Bilen	0
Oromo	165
Somali	1,880
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	27,065
Amharic	430
Arabic	23,500
Aramaic languages	4,060
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,320
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	590
Aramaic, n.o.s.	205
Harari	20
Hebrew	760
Maltese	210
Tigrigna	275
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,035
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,025
Vietnamese	5,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	10,925
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125
Cebuano	500
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	160
Ilocano	865
Indonesian	165
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	130
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	190
Pangasinan	95
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,290
Waray-Waray	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	365
Creole languages	1,325
Haitian Creole	365
Jamaican English Creole	205
Krio	30
Morisyen	75
Sango	75
Creole, n.o.s.	400
Creole languages, n.i.e.	240
Dravidian languages	4,335
Kannada	385
Malayalam	1,610
Tamil	1,915
Telugu	890
Tulu	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	145,385
Albanian	1,990
Armenian	510
Balto-Slavic languages	36,770
Baltic languages	845
Latvian	310
Lithuanian	535
Slavic languages	36,020
Belarusian	70
Bulgarian	390
Czech	1,310
Macedonian	885
Polish	11,180
Russian	4,430
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	15,770
Bosnian	1,925
Croatian	7,670
Serbian	8,205
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	180
Slovak	760
Slovene (Slovenian)	770
Ukrainian	3,025
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	50
Celtic languages	235
Irish	135
Scottish Gaelic	25
Welsh	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35
Germanic languages	12,085
Frisian	170
High German languages	7,600
German	7,515
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	100
Yiddish	40
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,060
Afrikaans	715
Dutch	3,220
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	115
Scandinavian languages	695
Danish	300
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	140
Swedish	310
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	2,925
Indo-Iranian languages	40,590
Indo-Aryan languages	33,965
Assamese	45
Bengali	2,335
Gujarati	4,725
Hindi	13,350
Kacchi	195
Kashmiri	35
Konkani	130
Marathi	650
Nepali	480
Oriya languages	50
Odia	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,795
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	245
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	705
Urdu	10,760
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	195
Iranian languages	7,265
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,840
Parsi	0
Pashto	650
Persian languages	5,085
Dari	2,200
Iranian Persian	2,570
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	420
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	85
Italic (Romance) languages	54,180
Catalan	35
Italian	20,925
Portuguese	11,480
Romanian	2,815
Spanish	21,060
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	170
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	50
Japanese	1,205
Korean	3,180
Mongolian	25
Niger-Congo languages	5,525
Akan (Twi)	640
Bamanankan	0
Edo	105
Éwé	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55
Ga	100
Ganda	175
Gikuyu	115
Igbo	500
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200
Lingala	395
Luba-Kasai	40
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	85
Rundi (Kirundi)	220
Shona	380
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45
Swahili	1,375
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	25
Yoruba	1,275
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685
Nilo-Saharan languages	270
Dinka	0
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	250
African, n.o.s.	45
Sign languages	1,065
American Sign Language	925
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	170
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,735
Chinese languages	13,190
Hakka	105
Mandarin	9,455
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	310
Wu (Shanghainese)	80
Yue (Cantonese)	4,825
Chinese, n.o.s.	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	550
Burmese	130
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	350
S'gaw Karen	305
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	845
Lao	530
Thai	385
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	2,465
Azerbaijani	185
Kazakh	30
Turkish	2,245
Uyghur	75
Uzbek	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	60
Uralic languages	3,445
Estonian	190
Finnish	185
Hungarian	3,075
Other languages, n.i.e.	90
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	718,840
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,875
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,795
Métis	3,945
Inuk (Inuit)	130
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	210
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	525
Non-Indigenous identity	704,235
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	718,840
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,175
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	713,665
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	288,545
Owner	193,695
Renter	94,855
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	288,545
Condominium	43,560
Not condominium	244,985
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	288,545
No bedrooms	1,840
1 bedroom	40,885
2 bedrooms	62,170
3 bedrooms	112,205
4 or more bedrooms	71,450
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	288,545
1 to 4 rooms	76,955
5 rooms	41,525
6 rooms	43,275
7 rooms	38,550
8 or more rooms	88,250
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	288,545
One person or fewer per room	282,440
More than one person per room	6,105
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	288,545
Suitable	272,440
Not suitable	16,105
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	288,545
1960 or before	80,870
1961 to 1980	84,420
1981 to 1990	34,460
1991 to 2000	31,805
2001 to 2005	16,670
2006 to 2010	13,685
2011 to 2015	12,780
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	13,850
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	288,545
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	271,415
Major repairs needed	17,130
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	288,545
One-maintainer household	143,640
Two-maintainer household	131,760
Three-or-more-maintainer household	13,140
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	288,545
15 to 24 years	5,535
25 to 34 years	37,930
35 to 44 years	49,060
45 to 54 years	52,795
55 to 64 years	59,110
65 to 74 years	45,430
75 to 84 years	27,425
85 years and over	11,255
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	287,190
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	219,885
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	67,305
30% to less than 100%	61,070
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	288,545
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	91,285
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	59,605
Not suitable only	11,720
Major repairs needed only	10,985
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,830
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,590
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,280
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	275
Acceptable housing	197,260
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	280,955
In core need	33,610
Not in core need	247,345
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	193,665
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.3
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8
% in core housing need⁶³	5.2
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,676
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	806,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	94,850
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1
% in core housing need⁶³	26.3
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,326
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	718,840
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,750
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,675
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,040
Métis single ancestry	615
Inuit single ancestry	25
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	15,240
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	14,855
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,780
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,000
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	390
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	335
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	698,845
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	718,845
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	662,225
Canadian citizens aged under 18	131,845
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	530,380
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	56,615
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	718,845
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	515,615
Immigrants⁸¹	189,010
Before 1980	52,610
1980 to 1990	21,785
1991 to 2000	32,510
2001 to 2010	36,860
2011 to 2021⁸²	45,245
2011 to 2015	19,200
2016 to 2021	26,050
Non-permanent residents⁸³	14,215
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	189,010
Under 5 years	20,300
5 to 14 years	37,500
15 to 24 years	39,885
25 to 44 years	76,705
45 years and over	14,620
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	189,010
Americas	26,075
Brazil	835
Colombia	2,730
El Salvador	1,835
Guyana	1,740
Haiti	290
Jamaica	4,035
Mexico	1,215
Peru	535
Trinidad and Tobago	1,830
United States of America	5,500
Other places of birth in Americas	5,535
Europe	74,290
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,000
Croatia	4,655
France	595
Germany	3,515
Greece	1,360
Hungary	1,435
Italy	9,595
Netherlands	2,620
Poland	7,060
Portugal	5,970
Romania	2,400
Russian Federation	1,180
Serbia⁸⁶	2,350
Ukraine	1,210
United Kingdom⁸⁷	19,855
Other places of birth in Europe	7,490
Africa	14,220
Algeria	190
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	740
Egypt	2,215
Eritrea	200
Ethiopia	535
Morocco	270
Nigeria	1,990
Somalia	990
South Africa, Republic of	1,475
Other places of birth in Africa	5,610
Asia	73,720
Afghanistan	1,615
Iran⁸⁸	2,045
Iraq	6,515
Lebanon	1,550
Syria⁸⁹	3,875
Turkey	1,000
China⁹⁰	6,145
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,070
Korea, South⁹²	2,130
Taiwan	440
Philippines	10,400
Viet Nam	3,760
Bangladesh	1,345
India	15,200
Pakistan	6,480
Sri Lanka	1,150
Other places of birth in Asia	8,995
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	705
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	26,050
Americas	3,340
Brazil	330
Colombia	390
Haiti	35
Jamaica	545
Mexico	205
United States of America	805
Venezuela⁹⁵	195
Other places of birth in Americas	835
Europe	2,615
France	130
Germany	75
Ireland⁹⁶	90
Italy	50
Russian Federation	160
Ukraine	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	560
Other places of birth in Europe	1,385
Africa	3,845
Algeria	70
Burundi	120
Cameroon	65
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	260
Côte d'Ivoire	40
Egypt	570
Eritrea	75
Ethiopia	110
Morocco	55
Nigeria	1,040
Somalia	230
South Africa, Republic of	210
Sudan⁹⁷	290
Tunisia	35
Other places of birth in Africa	680
Asia	16,165
Afghanistan	310
Bangladesh	195
China⁹⁰	915
Hong Kong⁹¹	30
India	4,670
Iran⁸⁸	210
Iraq	1,025
Israel	35
Japan	15
Jordan	250
Korea, South⁹²	295
Lebanon	230
Nepal	70
Pakistan	830
Philippines	2,215
Saudi Arabia	280
Sri Lanka	95
Syria⁸⁹	2,830
Turkey	290
United Arab Emirates	310
Viet Nam	280
Other places of birth in Asia	770
Oceania and other⁹³	90
Australia	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	718,840
First generation¹⁰⁰	209,400
Second generation¹⁰¹	180,160
Third generation or more¹⁰²	329,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	136,405
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	60,520
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	23,830
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	36,695
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	38,355
Refugees¹⁰⁸	35,585
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,935
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	136,405
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,435
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	11,680
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,385
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,360
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	905
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	102,640
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	718,840
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	176,665
South Asian	45,650
Chinese	15,285
Black	32,505
Filipino	14,630
Arab	19,260
Latin American	14,080
Southeast Asian	9,485
West Asian	8,665
Korean	3,750
Japanese	1,635
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,145
Multiple visible minorities	7,570
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	542,175
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	718,840
Canadian	88,635
English	149,115
Irish	113,055
Scottish	120,570
French, n.o.s.¹²²	41,440
German	58,080
Chinese	17,245
Italian	74,655
Indian (India)	25,745
Ukrainian	24,150
Dutch	29,160
Polish	36,145
Québécois	865
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	32,000
Filipino	14,490
French Canadian	9,485
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,650
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,080
Métis	4,035
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	9,165
Russian	7,755
Norwegian	3,425
Welsh	12,415
Portuguese	19,030
American	7,625
Spanish	8,140
Swedish	3,850
Hungarian	12,710
Acadian	1,810
Pakistani	8,465
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	6,450
Jewish	4,220
Punjabi	3,895
Vietnamese	6,395
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,375
Greek	6,690
Jamaican	9,080
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,205
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	525
Korean	3,675
Romanian	5,730
Lebanese	3,125
Iranian	2,425
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,575
Danish	3,015
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,080
Sikh	2,210
Austrian	4,345
Belgian	2,360
Haitian	450
Hindu	3,040
Mexican	2,385
Mennonite	775
Swiss	2,350
Finnish	2,600
Sri Lankan	1,255
Croatian	11,940
Japanese	2,200
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,075
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,070
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,835
Muslim	2,920
Egyptian	3,220
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,770
Tamil	755
Icelandic	840
Colombian	3,040
Moroccan	395
Czech	3,020
Syrian	3,290
Guyanese	2,795
Afghan	2,720
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,025
Serbian	9,210
Ojibway	1,145
Newfoundlander	1,200
Hong Konger	425
Ontarian	2,720
Persian	1,275
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,540
Turkish	2,190
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	160
Bangladeshi	1,390
Algerian	210
Brazilian	1,370
Nigerian	1,820
Armenian	1,385
Slovak	2,620
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,810
Somali	1,895
Taiwanese	435
Iraqi	3,685
Salvadorean	2,270
African Caribbean	1,275
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	745
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,295
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,325
Algonquin	345
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,120
Lithuanian	2,560
South African	1,390
Australian	1,030
Palestinian	2,230
Chilean	610
Congolese	750
Nova Scotian	670
Ethiopian	725
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,250
Peruvian	655
Yoruba	1,085
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,480
Berber	155
Albanian	1,705
Maltese	1,805
Macedonian	1,630
Slovenian	2,665
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	690
New Brunswicker	365
Gujarati	830
Eritrean	90
African Canadian	865
Israeli	415
Mohawk	1,470
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	905
Bulgarian	685
Albertan	55
Ghanaian	1,005
Barbadian	1,000
African American	975
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,395
Tunisian	130
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	830
Cuban	1,015
Bosnian	2,400
Venezuelan	700
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10
Latvian	1,040
Bengali	555
Cameroonian	200
Guatemalan	660
Indonesian	395
Laotian	745
Ilocano	335
Northern Irish	975
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	575
British Columbian	35
Ecuadorian	425
Franco Ontarian	295
Argentinian	745
Estonian	1,085
Kurdish	1,770
Fijian	105
Jatt	200
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	335
Coptic	665
Thai	595
Dominican	565
Nepali	355
Kabyle	80
Assyrian	2,905
Igbo	625
Byelorussian	420
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	130
Abenaki	25
Moldovan	85
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	450
New Zealander	310
Sudanese	850
Breton	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	730
Malaysian	250
Plains Cree	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	225
Huron (Wendat)	55
Saskatchewanian	65
Buddhist	180
Gaspesian	45
Norman	95
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	400
Ivorian	65
Saulteaux	35
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135
Burundian	150
Tigrinya	55
Nicaraguan	300
Mauritian	90
Kenyan	400
Oji-Cree	20
Vincentian	215
Jordanian	805
Manitoban	30
Cape Bretoner	160
Rwandan	95
Grenadian	345
Malayali	250
Chaldean	655
Sinhalese	390
Mayan	285
Honduran	345
Cherokee	245
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	45
Indo-Caribbean	235
Flemish	175
United Empire Loyalist	600
Senegalese	25
Azerbaijani	235
Sicilian	790
Pashtun	220
Malay	115
Goan	205
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140
Tibetan	85
Zimbabwean	460
Burmese	390
Mongolian	125
Azorean	435
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	35
Indo-Guyanese	160
Ugandan	250
Oromo	100
Tanzanian	195
Yemeni	315
Central African	230
Libyan	190
Basque	60
Uruguayan	150
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	200
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	130
Igorot	185
Fulani	35
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	65
St. Lucian	180
Prince Edward Islander	150
Maliseet	75
Beninese	25
Telugu	90
Roma	400
Costa Rican	115
African Nova Scotian	50
Malagasy	20
Kashmiri	225
Singaporean	75
Karen	330
Edo	75
Tajik	150
Amhara	25
Paraguayan	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	718,840
Buddhist	5,815
Christian	401,000
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	51,495
Anabaptist	1,195
Anglican	31,200
Baptist	8,450
Catholic	210,370
Christian Orthodox	20,400
Jehovah's Witness	2,645
Latter Day Saints	845
Lutheran	4,460
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,270
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	7,830
Presbyterian	13,005
Reformed	4,255
United Church	27,395
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	16,175
Hindu	14,370
Jewish	3,600
Muslim	45,185
Sikh	8,965
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	385
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,305
No religion and secular perspectives	235,225
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	712,120
Non-movers	634,855
Movers	77,265
Non-migrants	41,995
Migrants	35,275
Internal migrants	31,300
Intraprovincial migrants	29,165
Interprovincial migrants	2,130
External migrants	3,970
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	682,855
Non-movers	437,805
Movers	245,050
Non-migrants	113,480
Migrants	131,570
Internal migrants	101,450
Intraprovincial migrants	92,410
Interprovincial migrants	9,045
External migrants	30,120
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,335
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	103,355
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	499,980
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	386,775
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	39,320
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	347,455
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,340
No certificate, diploma or degree	94,250
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	163,545
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	345,540
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	176,440
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	31,110
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	15,255
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,850
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	132,455
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,875
Bachelor's degree or higher	169,100
Bachelor's degree	112,500
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,240
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,975
Master's degree	35,010
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,375
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	386,780
No certificate, diploma or degree	34,505
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	89,900
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	262,375
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	127,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,595
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,840
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	99,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,795
Bachelor's degree or higher	134,400
Bachelor's degree	88,340
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,085
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,890
Master's degree	29,150
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,935
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	603,340
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	257,800
Education	19,840
13. Education	19,840
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,410
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,415
50. Visual and performing arts	11,995
Humanities	20,905
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,735
23. English language and literature/letters	5,455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,470
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	710
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,575
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,665
54. History	3,320
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	975
Social and behavioural sciences and law	47,545
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	530
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	6,055
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,775
22. Legal professions and studies	5,825
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,395
42. Psychology	7,095
45. Social sciences	18,870
Business, management and public administration	71,610
30.16 Accounting and computer science	125
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,375
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,115
Physical and life sciences and technologies	15,600
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,920
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,380
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	300
40. Physical sciences	4,260
41. Science technologies/technicians	740
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,455
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,890
25. Library science	905
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,315
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	345
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	64,420
04. Architecture and related services	3,235
14. Engineering	17,835
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	16,370
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	10,230
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,955
48. Precision production	6,790
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,940
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,140
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,805
Health and related fields	54,755
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,260
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	47,750
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	135
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,615
Personal, protective and transportation services	17,900
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,355
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75
43. Security and protective services	5,790
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,630
Other¹⁷⁹	170
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	386,775
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	124,405
Education	14,035
13. Education	14,035
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,505
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,045
50. Visual and performing arts	9,455
Humanities	15,525
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,310
23. English language and literature/letters	4,040
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,150
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	510
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,190
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,155
54. History	2,470
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	695
Social and behavioural sciences and law	37,365
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	415
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,260
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,940
22. Legal professions and studies	4,660
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,020
42. Psychology	5,485
45. Social sciences	14,595
Business, management and public administration	56,200
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,250
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	50,850
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,600
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,340
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,555
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	260
40. Physical sciences	3,000
41. Science technologies/technicians	440
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	11,680
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	9,215
25. Library science	555
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,645
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	265
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	46,135
04. Architecture and related services	2,620
14. Engineering	13,980
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	11,820
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10
46. Construction trades	6,575
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,880
48. Precision production	4,255
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,755
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,300
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,450
Health and related fields	41,515
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,235
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	35,970
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	120
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,185
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,960
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,090
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40
43. Security and protective services	4,755
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,045
Other¹⁷⁹	110
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	386,775
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	124,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	262,370
Location of study inside Canada	212,345
Same as province or territory of residence	201,335
Different than province or territory of residence	11,010
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	50,025
Americas	11,965
United States of America	7,485
Mexico	650
Cuba	290
Haiti	40
Jamaica	335
Brazil	595
Colombia	1,035
Peru	160
Venezuela⁹⁵	355
Other locations of study in Americas	1,025
Europe	11,280
Belgium	85
France	315
Germany	335
Netherlands	220
Switzerland	80
Hungary	150
Moldova¹⁸³	50
Poland	1,170
Romania	810
Russian Federation	490
Ukraine	560
Ireland⁹⁶	315
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,980
Bosnia and Herzegovina	370
Italy	165
Serbia⁸⁶	505
Other locations of study in Europe	1,685
Africa	3,580
Nigeria	845
Algeria	85
Morocco	65
Tunisia	30
Egypt	1,080
South Africa, Republic of	465
Other locations of study in Africa	1,005
Asia	22,125
Iran⁸⁸	700
Iraq	1,195
Israel	135
Lebanon	350
Syria⁸⁹	530
Turkey	350
China⁹⁰	2,130
Taiwan	125
Hong Kong⁹¹	55
Japan	175
Korea, South⁹²	790
Philippines	4,155
Viet Nam	215
Bangladesh	340
Sri Lanka	165
India	6,980
Pakistan	2,040
Other locations of study in Asia	1,695
Oceania	1,075
Australia	925
New Zealand	130
Other locations of study in Oceania	15
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	603,340
In the labour force	377,230
Employed	331,560
Unemployed	45,670
Not in the labour force	226,110
Participation rate	62.5
Employment rate	55.0
Unemployment rate	12.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	603,340
Did not work¹⁸⁶	227,985
Worked	375,350
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	205,920
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	169,430
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	377,230
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,890
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	367,335
Employee	319,395
Permanent position	273,080
Temporary position	46,315
Fixed term (1 year or more)	15,885
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	30,430
Self-employed¹⁹²	47,940
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	377,230
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,890
All occupations¹⁹¹	367,335
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,015
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	64,030
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	30,635
3 Health occupations	33,050
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	45,630
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	11,765
6 Sales and service occupations	94,505
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	57,960
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,765
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,980
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	377,230
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,890
All industries¹⁹¹	367,335
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,365
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	600
22 Utilities	2,240
23 Construction	25,745
31-33 Manufacturing	38,935
41 Wholesale trade	14,860
44-45 Retail trade	43,225
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	17,595
51 Information and cultural industries	7,905
52 Finance and insurance	17,620
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,180
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	30,360
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,245
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	16,740
61 Educational services	32,270
62 Health care and social assistance	51,015
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,300
72 Accommodation and food services	20,255
81 Other services (except public administration)	14,775
91 Public administration	16,095
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	402,025
English	385,240
French	820
Non-official language	1,490
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,490
English and French	5,270
English and non-official language(s)	8,780
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	335
Multiple non-official languages	90
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	402,025
Single responses	399,715
Official languages	396,845
English	395,235
French	1,615
Non-official languages	2,870
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	285
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	285
Amharic	0
Arabic	215
Aramaic languages	55
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	15
Vietnamese	165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	85
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	25
Kannada	0
Malayalam	15
Tamil	15
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	1,455
Albanian	35
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	290
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	290
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	70
Russian	55
Serbo-Croatian	135
Bosnian	25
Croatian	30
Serbian	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	35
Frisian	0
High German languages	20
German	20
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	415
Indo-Aryan languages	320
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	20
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	220
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	60
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	95
Kurdish	20
Pashto	0
Persian languages	75
Dari	25
Iranian Persian	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	680
Catalan	0
Italian	25
Portuguese	175
Romanian	25
Spanish	460
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	30
Korean	120
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	10
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	10
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	60
American Sign Language	60
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	535
Chinese languages	525
Hakka	0
Mandarin	360
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	170
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	15
S'gaw Karen	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40
Lao	0
Thai	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	40
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	25
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	2,305
English and French	690
English and non-official language(s)	1,575
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	402,025
None	389,660
English	1,970
French	3,835
Non-official language	5,355
Indigenous³⁹	25
Non-Indigenous	5,330
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	120
French and non-official language(s)	250
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	815
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	331,560
Worked at home	93,295
Worked outside Canada	885
No fixed workplace address	36,235
Usual place of work	201,140
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	201,145
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	128,895
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,315
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	62,620
Commute to a different province or territory	310
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	237,375
Car, truck or van	203,970
Car, truck or van - as a driver	184,860
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	19,110
Public transit	16,395
Walked	10,385
Bicycle	1,645
Other method	4,975
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	237,375
Less than 15 minutes	64,945
15 to 29 minutes	91,735
30 to 44 minutes	42,250
45 to 59 minutes	18,645
60 minutes and over	19,805
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	237,375
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	20,505
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	42,195
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	55,500
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	48,270
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	31,165
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	39,735
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	142,825
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,715
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	132,110
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	104,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,065
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,455
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,615
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	95,940

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 29, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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