Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Population centre]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,426,160	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,268,864^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,015,170	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	958,604	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,661.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	911.64	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,426,165	1,189,925	1,236,240
0 to 14 years	339,565	175,430	164,130
0 to 4 years	105,460	53,990	51,470
5 to 9 years	114,225	59,225	55,005
10 to 14 years	119,880	62,215	57,665
15 to 64 years	1,679,030	827,605	851,430
15 to 19 years	125,485	64,805	60,675
20 to 24 years	163,895	83,790	80,110
25 to 29 years	191,725	96,460	95,265
30 to 34 years	198,935	99,445	99,490
35 to 39 years	186,865	92,645	94,220
40 to 44 years	165,370	80,235	85,135
45 to 49 years	158,830	74,980	83,850
50 to 54 years	167,650	80,125	87,525
55 to 59 years	168,220	82,030	86,190
60 to 64 years	152,055	73,095	78,965
65 years and over	407,570	186,890	220,685
65 to 69 years	129,155	61,590	67,565
70 to 74 years	107,345	50,550	56,790
75 to 79 years	69,750	32,105	37,650
80 to 84 years	49,350	21,865	27,485
85 years and over	51,965	20,775	31,190
85 to 89 years	31,395	13,550	17,845
90 to 94 years	15,690	5,855	9,835
95 to 99 years	4,175	1,215	2,960
100 years and over	710	150	560
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.0	14.7	13.3
15 to 64 years	69.2	69.6	68.9
65 years and over	16.8	15.7	17.9
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.5
Average age of the population	41.4	40.5	42.3
Median age of the population	40.0	39.2	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	958,605	...	...
Single-detached house	244,480	...	...
Semi-detached house	19,155	...	...
Row house	96,200	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	159,205	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	240,360	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	194,855	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,220	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,120	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	958,605	...	...
1 person	281,100	...	...
2 persons	301,950	...	...
3 persons	151,355	...	...
4 persons	133,625	...	...
5 or more persons	90,570	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,394,755	1,174,500	1,220,255
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,086,605	1,014,495	1,072,105
Married or living common-law	1,169,240	582,985	586,255
Married	1,000,635	497,615	503,020
Living common-law	168,605	85,365	83,240
Living common law - Never married	133,505	67,670	65,835
Living common law - Separated	5,370	2,890	2,480
Living common law - Divorced	27,430	13,820	13,605
Living common law - Widowed	2,295	985	1,315
Not married and not living common-law	917,360	431,510	485,855
Not married and not living common law - Never married	652,945	348,645	304,300
Not married and not living common law - Separated	49,070	20,005	29,065
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	121,970	44,590	77,385
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	93,375	18,275	75,105
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	661,550	...	...
2 persons	325,880	...	...
3 persons	154,160	...	...
4 persons	138,345	...	...
5 or more persons	43,170	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	661,550	...	...
Total couple families	560,515	...	...
Married couples	476,220	...	...
With children⁶	279,040	...	...
Without children	197,185	...	...
Common-law couples	84,295	...	...
With children⁶	21,170	...	...
Without children	63,125	...	...
Total one-parent families	101,035	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	81,020	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	20,015	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,394,755	1,174,500	1,220,255
Total - Persons in census families	1,894,745	938,700	956,050
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,121,030	561,880	559,150
Parents in one-parent families	101,035	20,015	81,020
Children⁶	672,680	356,800	315,880
In a two-parent family	526,615	278,095	248,520
In a one-parent family	146,065	78,710	67,355
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	500,010	235,805	264,210
Living alone	281,100	129,285	151,820
Living with other relatives⁷	79,260	30,275	48,985
Living with non-relatives only	139,650	76,245	63,405
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	958,605	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	527,545	...	...
Couple-family households	452,680	...	...
With children⁶	240,850	...	...
Without children	211,830	...	...
One-parent-family households	74,865	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	45,925	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	10,970	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	36,855	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	56,205	...	...
One-person households	281,100	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,055,650	999,335	1,056,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,986,565	965,865	1,020,700
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,987,585	966,410	1,021,175
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,776,130	875,105	901,025
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,450,690	736,025	714,660
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,632,475	747,105	885,370
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	7,400	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,595	74,865	99,730
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	590,495	283,520	306,975
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,055,730	999,370	1,056,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,985,805	965,265	1,020,540
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,950	65,200	47,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,986,830	965,795	1,021,035
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	52,400	40,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,774,625	874,655	899,970
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,200	63,750	42,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,450,660	736,675	713,985
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,300	62,800	43,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,630,600	745,390	885,215
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,220	9,600	10,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,225	74,625	99,595
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,720	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	588,825	282,475	306,350
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,410	9,300	9,510
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	673,900	380,090	293,805
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	72,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,000	91,500	69,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	589,420	268,465	320,960
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,320	34,640	26,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	88.6	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.6	64.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.0	11.4	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.0	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315
Without total income	69,085	33,475	35,615
With total income	1,986,565	965,860	1,020,700
Under $10,000 (including loss)	213,020	93,545	119,470
$10,000 to $19,999	229,820	100,735	129,080
$20,000 to $29,999	301,755	129,515	172,240
$30,000 to $39,999	241,175	105,325	135,850
$40,000 to $49,999	205,255	92,215	113,035
$50,000 to $59,999	170,195	79,490	90,705
$60,000 to $69,999	134,790	68,565	66,225
$70,000 to $79,999	105,950	57,895	48,055
$80,000 to $89,999	83,255	46,990	36,260
$90,000 to $99,999	66,335	37,740	28,595
$100,000 and over	235,025	153,855	81,170
$100,000 to $149,999	148,325	92,505	55,820
$150,000 and over	86,705	61,350	25,350
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315
Without after-tax income	68,065	32,925	35,135
With after-tax income	1,987,585	966,410	1,021,180
Under $10,000 (including loss)	220,465	96,725	123,735
$10,000 to $19,999	237,285	104,145	133,140
$20,000 to $29,999	339,415	146,550	192,865
$30,000 to $39,999	277,635	123,260	154,375
$40,000 to $49,999	235,295	108,295	127,000
$50,000 to $59,999	183,925	91,795	92,135
$60,000 to $69,999	135,285	73,755	61,535
$70,000 to $79,999	99,890	56,520	43,370
$80,000 to $89,999	72,835	42,200	30,635
$90,000 to $99,999	48,905	29,890	19,020
$100,000 and over	136,655	93,280	43,375
$100,000 to $124,999	65,165	42,720	22,450
$125,000 and over	71,490	50,565	20,925
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315
Without employment income	604,965	263,315	341,655
With employment income	1,450,685	736,030	714,660
Under $5,000 (including loss)	184,900	83,945	100,955
$5,000 to $9,999	121,200	52,420	68,775
$10,000 to $19,999	169,770	75,270	94,500
$20,000 to $29,999	128,345	58,340	70,005
$30,000 to $39,999	126,490	58,115	68,380
$40,000 to $49,999	125,510	59,265	66,245
$50,000 to $59,999	118,180	57,670	60,510
$60,000 to $69,999	97,685	52,710	44,975
$70,000 to $79,999	79,100	45,240	33,865
$80,000 to $89,999	65,130	37,915	27,215
$90,000 to $99,999	53,820	31,295	22,525
$100,000 and over	180,555	123,845	56,710
$100,000 to $124,999	79,035	50,175	28,860
$125,000 and over	101,520	73,670	27,850
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,055,650	999,335	1,056,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,918,715	930,165	988,550
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,922,465	931,070	991,390
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,200	30,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,748,685	859,990	888,695
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,800	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,469,045	740,385	728,660
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,282,365	547,400	734,965
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,760	1,460	4,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	102,685	41,190	61,500
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,055,730	999,370	1,056,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,917,460	929,470	987,990
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,350	63,150	44,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,921,105	930,275	990,830
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,800	50,640	37,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,746,845	859,375	887,470
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,500	64,200	43,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,469,105	741,115	727,990
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	61,550	42,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,280,575	545,545	735,025
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,950	6,510	7,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,500	41,325	61,180
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310	5,960	8,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	665,605	375,105	290,500
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	54,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	85,700	63,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	552,020	251,170	300,850
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,600	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,360	41,880	31,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.0	87.8
Employment income (%)	74.6	77.6	70.4
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.1	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	958,600	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	281,100	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	677,505	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	958,750	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	115,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	281,005	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	677,745	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	958,600	...	...
Under $5,000	19,045	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,775	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	9,925	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	19,320	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	36,550	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	27,940	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	28,660	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	32,895	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	31,055	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	31,130	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	62,835	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	61,375	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	59,130	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	55,505	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	51,160	...	...
$100,000 and over	424,300	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	108,810	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	84,880	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	109,620	...	...
$200,000 and over	120,995	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	958,600	...	...
Under $5,000	21,400	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,930	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,150	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,105	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	38,585	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	31,615	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	32,880	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	37,610	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	36,500	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	36,970	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	73,885	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	71,255	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	66,890	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	61,555	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	55,330	...	...
$100,000 and over	355,935	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	114,020	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	82,135	...	...
$150,000 and over	159,785	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	639,515	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	222,480	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	299,660	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	89,920	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	420,750	205,530	215,220
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,200	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	639,040	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	221,750	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	299,930	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	89,250	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	419,940	204,635	215,305
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,050	54,700	49,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,760	45,360	42,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,394,755	1,174,505	1,220,250
0 to 17 years	412,015	212,895	199,125
0 to 5 years	127,590	65,430	62,160
18 to 64 years	1,593,690	781,800	811,890
65 years and over	389,050	179,815	209,240
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	268,970	126,330	142,640
0 to 17 years	48,025	25,050	22,975
0 to 5 years	14,065	7,200	6,870
18 to 64 years	162,890	77,095	85,800
65 years and over	58,055	24,190	33,865
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.2	10.8	11.7
0 to 17 years (%)	11.7	11.8	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	11.0	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.9	10.6
65 years and over (%)	14.9	13.5	16.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,386,865	1,170,675	1,216,185
0 to 17 years	410,720	212,200	198,525
0 to 5 years	127,175	65,215	61,960
18 to 64 years	1,588,560	779,320	809,245
65 years and over	387,580	179,155	208,420
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	191,275	94,600	96,680
0 to 17 years	28,945	15,165	13,775
0 to 5 years	7,800	4,025	3,780
18 to 64 years	137,755	68,715	69,035
65 years and over	24,575	10,715	13,860
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.0	8.1	8.0
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.2	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.2	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	8.8	8.5
65 years and over (%)	6.3	6.0	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,394,755	1,174,505	1,220,255
In bottom half of the distribution	1,078,650	516,385	562,265
In bottom decile	267,100	128,650	138,455
In second decile	203,680	95,115	108,560
In third decile	196,965	94,125	102,835
In fourth decile	199,470	96,050	103,420
In fifth decile	211,430	102,440	108,990
In top half of the distribution	1,316,105	658,120	657,990
In sixth decile	222,235	108,905	113,325
In seventh decile	236,550	116,950	119,600
In eighth decile	256,400	127,700	128,705
In ninth decile	281,820	141,695	140,120
In top decile	319,100	162,860	156,245
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,394,755	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.363	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.458	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.319	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825
English only	2,114,240	1,054,170	1,060,070
French only	1,045	490	555
English and French	156,080	70,280	85,800
Neither English nor French	134,590	55,190	79,395
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825
English	2,235,965	1,107,715	1,128,250
French	23,930	12,065	11,870
English and French	13,485	6,105	7,380
Neither English nor French	132,575	54,250	78,330
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825
Single responses	2,269,480	1,114,530	1,154,950
Official languages	1,209,830	619,750	590,075
English	1,187,170	608,205	578,960
French	22,660	11,545	11,120
Non-official languages	1,059,655	494,780	564,870
Indigenous languages³⁹	535	250	285
Algonquian languages	250	120	125
Blackfoot	15	5	10
Cree-Innu languages	170	90	85
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	170	90	85
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	10	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	45	15	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	100	50	45
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	35
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0
Ojibway languages	55	15	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	0	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	70	35	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	65	35	35
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	15	20
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	15	0	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	5	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0
Michif	5	0	0
Salish languages	55	25	25
Halkomelem	10	5	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	5	5
Squamish	25	10	10
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Siouan languages	5	5	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	60	35	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	15	15
Nisga'a	20	10	10
Tsimshian	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	40	15	25
Haisla	5	5	5
Heiltsuk	10	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Non-Indigenous languages	1,059,120	494,530	564,585
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,380	13,995	12,385
Berber languages	85	55	30
Kabyle	65	40	25
Tamazight	15	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Chadic languages	40	25	15
Hausa	25	20	5
Mina	10	10	5
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	1,710	865	840
Bilen	25	10	10
Oromo	240	130	105
Somali	1,395	695	700
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Semitic languages	24,540	13,045	11,495
Amharic	1,305	635	670
Arabic	17,625	9,390	8,230
Aramaic languages	1,420	725	690
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	535	275	265
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	760	385	375
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55
Harari	20	10	10
Hebrew	1,870	1,050	820
Maltese	60	25	30
Tigrigna	2,230	1,205	1,030
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	27,125	12,040	15,085
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,180	520	660
Vietnamese	25,895	11,500	14,395
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25
Austronesian languages	83,385	34,795	48,590
Bikol	345	140	200
Bisaya, n.o.s.	995	410	585
Cebuano	2,570	1,050	1,520
Fijian	260	130	130
Hiligaynon	1,555	630	925
Ilocano	5,330	2,245	3,085
Indonesian	3,575	1,580	2,000
Kankanaey	170	70	100
Kinaray-a	105	40	65
Malagasy languages	20	10	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Malay	270	135	135
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	715	325	395
Pangasinan	340	145	200
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	66,160	27,470	38,685
Waray-Waray	255	105	145
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	710	320	390
Creole languages	600	300	310
Haitian Creole	55	30	20
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	20	10	15
Morisyen	295	130	165
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	55	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	55	55
Dravidian languages	10,290	5,520	4,770
Kannada	465	240	230
Malayalam	3,040	1,580	1,455
Tamil	4,420	2,300	2,120
Telugu	2,295	1,355	940
Tulu	60	35	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	140	80	55
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	450,755	221,685	229,070
Albanian	1,075	550	525
Armenian	1,125	545	580
Balto-Slavic languages	53,275	24,840	28,440
Baltic languages	570	245	330
Latvian	265	115	150
Lithuanian	305	130	180
Slavic languages	52,705	24,595	28,110
Belarusian	45	20	25
Bulgarian	1,585	745	835
Czech	3,030	1,450	1,580
Macedonian	240	120	120
Polish	9,885	4,575	5,310
Russian	19,495	8,870	10,625
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	12,680	6,245	6,430
Bosnian	1,310	640	670
Croatian	4,680	2,230	2,450
Serbian	6,460	3,255	3,200
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	230	115	115
Slovak	2,075	910	1,160
Slovene (Slovenian)	415	190	220
Ukrainian	3,235	1,440	1,790
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Celtic languages	180	115	75
Irish	75	50	25
Scottish Gaelic	35	15	20
Welsh	65	40	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Germanic languages	25,270	12,090	13,170
Frisian	50	25	25
High German languages	15,855	7,485	8,375
German	15,120	7,140	7,985
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5
Swiss German	595	275	315
Yiddish	140	70	70
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,525	3,220	3,305
Afrikaans	1,295	655	640
Dutch	4,955	2,425	2,525
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Low Saxon	15	10	10
Plautdietsch	125	65	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	110	55	55
Scandinavian languages	2,805	1,350	1,455
Danish	1,225	600	630
Icelandic	95	45	55
Norwegian	530	255	275
Swedish	955	450	505
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Greek	3,995	2,050	1,945
Indo-Iranian languages	284,495	141,765	142,730
Indo-Aryan languages	227,360	113,280	114,080
Assamese	70	35	30
Bengali	3,815	2,095	1,715
Gujarati	6,845	3,405	3,445
Hindi	27,190	13,440	13,750
Kacchi	1,075	460	615
Kashmiri	60	40	25
Konkani	235	115	120
Marathi	1,325	675	645
Nepali	1,240	630	605
Oriya languages	95	50	45
Odia	60	30	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	173,065	86,090	86,970
Rohingya	65	35	30
Sindhi	205	110	95
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,555	765	790
Urdu	9,975	5,050	4,920
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	545	275	270
Iranian languages	57,105	28,470	28,630
Baluchi	45	20	25
Kurdish	2,530	1,375	1,160
Parsi	130	75	60
Pashto	1,220	680	540
Persian languages	53,110	26,290	26,820
Dari	5,610	2,765	2,845
Iranian Persian	42,680	21,110	21,570
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,820	2,415	2,405
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	81,325	39,725	41,600
Catalan	140	75	60
Italian	12,555	6,295	6,265
Portuguese	17,545	8,355	9,195
Romanian	6,415	3,095	3,320
Spanish	44,605	21,870	22,735
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Japanese	16,695	5,525	11,170
Korean	50,520	22,530	27,995
Mongolian	385	165	220
Niger-Congo languages	3,300	1,675	1,625
Akan (Twi)	415	230	185
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	55	30	25
Éwé	80	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10
Ga	35	20	15
Ganda	120	55	65
Gikuyu	35	20	15
Igbo	200	100	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	210	100	110
Lingala	55	25	30
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	15	5
Ndebele	30	10	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	85	105
Shona	190	85	110
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	20
Swahili	770	380	395
Wojenaka	10	0	0
Wolof	30	20	15
Yoruba	315	175	140
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	465	245	225
Nilo-Saharan languages	310	160	145
Dinka	75	40	35
Nuer	30	20	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170	90	85
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Sign languages	535	300	235
American Sign Language	475	265	210
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	375,155	169,460	205,690
Chinese languages	372,995	168,405	204,585
Hakka	1,900	830	1,075
Mandarin	175,360	78,060	97,300
Min Dong	165	85	80
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10,620	4,740	5,880
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,940	1,285	1,655
Yue (Cantonese)	179,860	82,440	97,415
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,040	925	1,110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,090	1,020	1,065
Burmese	915	440	470
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115
Karenic languages	565	275	290
S'gaw Karen	510	245	265
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20
Tibetan	290	150	135
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35
Tai-Kadai languages	2,795	960	1,830
Lao	770	365	400
Thai	1,925	550	1,370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55
Turkic languages	5,030	2,745	2,285
Azerbaijani	550	295	255
Kazakh	100	40	60
Turkish	3,905	2,185	1,715
Uyghur	210	105	110
Uzbek	125	60	65
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80
Uralic languages	5,560	2,505	3,055
Estonian	270	115	155
Finnish	1,245	475	765
Hungarian	4,045	1,915	2,130
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45
Multiple responses	136,475	65,600	70,875
English and French	7,580	3,730	3,855
English and non-official language(s)	112,250	54,375	57,870
French and non-official language(s)	1,715	810	910
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,065	935	1,130
Multiple non-official languages	12,865	5,755	7,110
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825
English	1,272,570	645,435	627,135
French	5,040	2,490	2,545
Non-official language	380,055	175,475	204,585
Indigenous³⁹	65	35	35
Non-Indigenous	379,985	175,440	204,545
English and French	19,300	9,310	9,985
English and non-official language(s)	678,625	324,750	353,870
French and non-official language(s)	780	350	430
English, French and non-official language(s)	15,045	6,845	8,200
Multiple non-official languages	34,550	15,480	19,070
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825
Single responses	2,250,500	1,105,695	1,144,810
Official languages	1,557,490	780,215	777,270
English	1,549,285	776,210	773,080
French	8,205	4,010	4,195
Non-official languages	693,010	325,475	367,535
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	50
Algonquian languages	40	15	20
Blackfoot	5	5	0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0
Tlingit	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	15	5	5
Halkomelem	5	0	5
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	10	5	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	692,915	325,430	367,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,115	8,140	7,975
Berber languages	25	15	10
Kabyle	15	15	10
Tamazight	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	5	5	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,015	495	525
Bilen	20	10	10
Oromo	120	65	55
Somali	855	405	450
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Semitic languages	15,065	7,625	7,435
Amharic	620	285	335
Arabic	10,765	5,415	5,350
Aramaic languages	1,065	515	545
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	375	190	190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	580	280	300
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	50	55
Harari	20	5	15
Hebrew	900	480	425
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	1,685	910	770
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,090	7,695	9,395
Khmer (Cambodian)	615	285	335
Vietnamese	16,440	7,390	9,050
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15
Austronesian languages	45,070	20,165	24,910
Bikol	100	45	55
Bisaya, n.o.s.	430	190	240
Cebuano	1,330	590	740
Fijian	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	745	335	415
Ilocano	2,825	1,275	1,550
Indonesian	1,275	625	650
Kankanaey	95	40	55
Kinaray-a	50	20	30
Malagasy languages	10	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Malay	45	30	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	165	195
Pangasinan	115	50	65
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,215	16,550	20,660
Waray-Waray	105	55	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285	140	145
Creole languages	310	145	165
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	190	90	95
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Dravidian languages	6,275	3,225	3,050
Kannada	190	100	90
Malayalam	1,795	920	875
Tamil	2,855	1,420	1,440
Telugu	1,385	760	625
Tulu	25	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	90	60	35
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20
Indo-European languages	273,690	134,640	139,055
Albanian	410	205	200
Armenian	585	275	305
Balto-Slavic languages	25,505	12,210	13,300
Baltic languages	145	70	70
Latvian	55	30	25
Lithuanian	85	40	45
Slavic languages	25,365	12,140	13,225
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	725	340	380
Czech	1,015	510	505
Macedonian	95	45	50
Polish	3,710	1,760	1,950
Russian	12,175	5,790	6,380
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,760	2,795	2,965
Bosnian	615	285	330
Croatian	1,535	705	825
Serbian	3,550	1,770	1,780
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Slovak	745	355	390
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25
Ukrainian	1,085	510	580
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	20	20	10
Irish	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,155	1,510	1,640
Frisian	10	5	5
High German languages	1,900	895	1,005
German	1,830	860	965
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	70	30	35
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	915	455	460
Afrikaans	490	250	240
Dutch	410	195	215
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	325	155	165
Danish	110	50	55
Icelandic	25	10	10
Norwegian	35	20	25
Swedish	150	75	75
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,450	675	775
Indo-Iranian languages	202,040	100,050	101,990
Indo-Aryan languages	162,520	80,880	81,640
Assamese	20	10	10
Bengali	2,240	1,150	1,095
Gujarati	3,490	1,705	1,790
Hindi	14,920	7,350	7,575
Kacchi	430	175	255
Kashmiri	20	15	5
Konkani	40	15	25
Marathi	665	340	330
Nepali	825	420	410
Oriya languages	35	15	15
Odia	25	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	131,885	65,765	66,125
Rohingya	55	30	25
Sindhi	95	45	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	770	360	410
Urdu	6,790	3,385	3,405
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	120	115
Iranian languages	39,515	19,170	20,350
Baluchi	25	10	10
Kurdish	1,620	825	795
Parsi	60	30	35
Pashto	800	430	370
Persian languages	36,985	17,855	19,130
Dari	3,505	1,705	1,800
Iranian Persian	30,325	14,635	15,695
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,155	1,520	1,635
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40,530	19,690	20,840
Catalan	50	25	25
Italian	3,250	1,415	1,840
Portuguese	10,350	4,995	5,350
Romanian	2,780	1,325	1,450
Spanish	24,075	11,915	12,165
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	8,235	3,375	4,865
Korean	38,545	17,610	20,930
Mongolian	205	110	100
Niger-Congo languages	1,120	540	580
Akan (Twi)	135	65	70
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	40	20	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	10	5
Ganda	25	20	10
Gikuyu	10	5	5
Igbo	60	30	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	35	45
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65
Shona	35	15	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	300	145	155
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	105	55	55
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	75	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	55
Dinka	25	10	10
Nuer	10	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Sign languages	880	485	395
American Sign Language	740	415	325
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	70	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	280,070	126,770	153,300
Chinese languages	278,605	126,035	152,570
Hakka	565	245	315
Mandarin	139,380	63,200	76,185
Min Dong	85	40	45
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,695	2,570	3,120
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,845	850	995
Yue (Cantonese)	129,765	58,570	71,200
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,215	530	685
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,435	715	715
Burmese	610	295	310
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85
Karenic languages	405	210	200
S'gaw Karen	375	190	190
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Tibetan	195	105	95
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,070	450	620
Lao	345	165	185
Thai	670	260	410
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Turkic languages	2,590	1,315	1,275
Azerbaijani	275	125	145
Kazakh	10	5	10
Turkish	2,100	1,090	1,010
Uyghur	110	55	60
Uzbek	50	25	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Uralic languages	1,390	650	740
Estonian	35	20	15
Finnish	240	95	145
Hungarian	1,110	535	580
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Multiple responses	155,455	74,440	81,020
English and French	3,690	1,805	1,890
English and non-official language(s)	145,285	69,685	75,605
French and non-official language(s)	410	190	220
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,085	535	550
Multiple non-official languages	4,980	2,230	2,750
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,405,955	1,180,130	1,225,825
None	1,785,160	884,620	900,545
English	244,350	117,935	126,410
French	16,360	7,765	8,595
Non-official language	279,370	131,350	148,020
Indigenous³⁹	545	220	320
Non-Indigenous	278,825	131,130	147,695
English and French	2,110	960	1,150
English and non-official language(s)	39,220	18,990	20,230
French and non-official language(s)	7,790	3,505	4,285
English, French and non-official language(s)	510	230	280
Multiple non-official languages	31,090	14,775	16,315
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,410
Official languages	2,260,345	1,119,500	1,140,845
English	2,259,380	1,119,110	1,140,275
French	156,780	70,440	86,335
Non-official languages	1,331,675	628,205	703,475
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,705	760	950
Algonquian languages	485	175	310
Blackfoot	20	0	15
Cree-Innu languages	320	120	195
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	320	120	195
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	0	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	130	65	70
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	145	50	95
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	135	50	90
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	120	45	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	10	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	160	65	95
Northern Athabaskan languages	150	50	90
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	0	45
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	15
Tlingit	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	45	0	35
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35	20	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	40	30	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	40	30	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	50	10	35
Salish languages	625	325	295
Halkomelem	220	135	95
Lillooet	20	10	10
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35	20	15
Squamish	285	145	140
Straits	20	10	15
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	20
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10
Siouan languages	25	15	15
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	10	10	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tsimshian languages	125	55	65
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	10	20
Nisga'a	65	25	35
Tsimshian	35	20	20
Wakashan languages	85	35	55
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	25	10	15
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	40	15	25
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Non-Indigenous languages	1,330,130	627,535	702,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,950	21,265	18,680
Berber languages	120	80	40
Kabyle	85	60	25
Tamazight	30	15	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Chadic languages	195	105	90
Hausa	165	80	85
Mina	25	20	10
Coptic	55	35	25
Cushitic languages	2,325	1,215	1,110
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	360	200	160
Somali	1,950	1,020	935
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Semitic languages	37,880	20,225	17,655
Amharic	2,585	1,350	1,240
Arabic	27,565	14,900	12,665
Aramaic languages	2,030	1,065	965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	795	450	345
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	990	490	505
Aramaic, n.o.s.	280	150	130
Harari	20	0	20
Hebrew	5,395	2,720	2,670
Maltese	90	50	40
Tigrigna	3,075	1,700	1,370
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,010	15,745	19,265
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,655	780	880
Vietnamese	33,480	15,035	18,445
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30
Austronesian languages	118,960	49,845	69,110
Bikol	615	295	320
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,110	470	640
Cebuano	4,185	1,805	2,375
Fijian	810	375	435
Hiligaynon	2,595	1,035	1,555
Ilocano	9,505	3,865	5,640
Indonesian	5,720	2,710	3,015
Kankanaey	280	100	180
Kinaray-a	180	65	110
Malagasy languages	40	15	30
Merina	15	10	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Malay	2,865	1,370	1,495
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,295	555	740
Pangasinan	840	345	490
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	107,130	44,370	62,760
Waray-Waray	625	250	375
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,490	1,130	1,360
Creole languages	2,020	1,035	990
Haitian Creole	210	115	100
Jamaican English Creole	115	45	70
Krio	105	40	60
Morisyen	845	425	420
Sango	15	10	10
Creole, n.o.s.	460	245	210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	350	190	160
Dravidian languages	16,190	8,600	7,595
Kannada	1,365	740	625
Malayalam	4,475	2,395	2,080
Tamil	8,250	4,300	3,950
Telugu	3,860	2,185	1,670
Tulu	175	85	90
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Georgian	190	120	75
Hmong-Mien languages	125	65	55
Indo-European languages	609,700	300,985	308,715
Albanian	1,525	725	805
Armenian	1,325	625	700
Balto-Slavic languages	65,675	31,365	34,305
Baltic languages	755	335	420
Latvian	345	170	180
Lithuanian	410	170	240
Slavic languages	65,155	31,155	34,005
Belarusian	220	100	120
Bulgarian	1,820	860	960
Czech	4,290	2,150	2,135
Macedonian	360	175	180
Polish	12,280	5,835	6,450
Russian	28,075	13,200	14,875
Rusyn	15	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	16,225	8,140	8,085
Bosnian	2,540	1,255	1,285
Croatian	7,710	3,725	3,985
Serbian	9,005	4,610	4,395
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	375	200	175
Slovak	2,670	1,240	1,430
Slovene (Slovenian)	570	270	300
Ukrainian	6,900	3,045	3,855
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Celtic languages	1,790	1,020	775
Irish	1,345	765	585
Scottish Gaelic	80	50	35
Welsh	295	170	135
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25
Germanic languages	45,855	22,000	23,855
Frisian	85	40	45
High German languages	31,240	15,145	16,095
German	30,550	14,825	15,730
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	795	375	415
Yiddish	325	150	175
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,220	5,460	5,760
Afrikaans	4,125	2,130	1,995
Dutch	6,985	3,285	3,695
Low German, n.o.s.	30	20	0
Low Saxon	10	0	10
Plautdietsch	180	70	110
Vlaams (Flemish)	165	90	80
Scandinavian languages	5,110	2,330	2,775
Danish	1,860	895	965
Icelandic	140	60	80
Norwegian	1,255	560	695
Swedish	2,135	985	1,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	55	15
Greek	6,495	3,355	3,145
Indo-Iranian languages	369,655	185,250	184,415
Indo-Aryan languages	304,450	152,805	151,640
Assamese	95	50	45
Bengali	5,235	2,785	2,460
Gujarati	12,200	5,935	6,260
Hindi	106,845	53,150	53,695
Kacchi	2,595	1,150	1,445
Kashmiri	135	65	65
Konkani	610	315	300
Marathi	2,855	1,510	1,345
Nepali	1,635	820	815
Oriya languages	140	70	75
Odia	60	35	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	228,445	114,855	113,590
Rohingya	55	35	20
Sindhi	470	235	235
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,945	1,370	1,580
Urdu	20,925	11,055	9,870
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,365	670	695
Iranian languages	67,535	33,720	33,815
Baluchi	105	70	40
Kurdish	3,695	2,020	1,675
Parsi	255	105	150
Pashto	2,395	1,380	1,010
Persian languages	63,170	31,445	31,720
Dari	7,665	3,690	3,975
Iranian Persian	51,145	25,500	25,640
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,105	2,650	2,455
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	95	55
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65
Italic (Romance) languages	134,190	65,010	69,180
Catalan	430	215	215
Italian	22,860	10,920	11,940
Portuguese	22,765	11,115	11,660
Romanian	8,205	4,070	4,135
Spanish	89,055	43,345	45,715
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	295	145	145
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230	105	125
Japanese	30,590	12,965	17,625
Korean	58,910	26,230	32,680
Mongolian	500	230	270
Niger-Congo languages	8,710	4,440	4,270
Akan (Twi)	980	505	475
Bamanankan	40	25	15
Edo	155	75	85
Éwé	225	125	100
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	10	20
Ga	145	90	55
Ganda	310	160	150
Gikuyu	70	30	45
Igbo	480	260	220
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	420	190	225
Lingala	265	130	135
Luba-Kasai	55	30	25
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	10	0
Ndebele	125	55	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	280	115	165
Shona	425	180	245
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	25	20
Swahili	3,770	1,985	1,780
Wojenaka	10	0	10
Wolof	100	60	40
Yoruba	1,050	535	515
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,425	715	715
Nilo-Saharan languages	465	225	235
Dinka	95	45	45
Nuer	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	340	165	170
African, n.o.s.	85	45	35
Sign languages	3,350	1,495	1,855
American Sign Language	3,075	1,350	1,730
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	345	175	175
Sino-Tibetan languages	439,030	201,210	237,825
Chinese languages	436,425	199,895	236,530
Hakka	3,245	1,490	1,755
Mandarin	272,635	122,735	149,900
Min Dong	210	85	130
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	21,525	9,530	11,995
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,340	1,835	2,500
Yue (Cantonese)	229,340	104,980	124,360
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,750	810	945
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	225	110	105
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,785	1,400	1,385
Burmese	1,525	770	755
Kuki-Chin languages	290	120	160
Karenic languages	650	315	335
S'gaw Karen	600	280	315
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30
Tibetan	390	205	190
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	95
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100
Tai-Kadai languages	4,365	1,835	2,530
Lao	1,145	540	605
Thai	3,340	1,325	2,015
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	145	75	75
Turkic languages	8,980	4,575	4,400
Azerbaijani	1,440	730	710
Kazakh	190	55	135
Turkish	7,570	3,915	3,655
Uyghur	195	100	95
Uzbek	240	115	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145
Uralic languages	6,635	3,050	3,585
Estonian	305	145	160
Finnish	1,510	660	845
Hungarian	4,835	2,250	2,580
Other languages, n.i.e.	335	150	185
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	56,775	27,515	29,265
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	54,325	26,355	27,970
First Nations (North American Indian)	32,700	15,720	16,975
Métis	21,165	10,440	10,730
Inuk (Inuit)	455	195	260
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,500	705	790
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	955	455	505
Non-Indigenous identity	2,338,225	1,147,080	1,191,145
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	22,520	10,770	11,750
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,372,485	1,163,820	1,208,660
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	958,750	...	...
Owner	582,495	...	...
Renter	375,610	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	640	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	958,750	...	...
Condominium	320,635	...	...
Not condominium	638,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	958,750	...	...
No bedrooms	21,520	...	...
1 bedroom	223,425	...	...
2 bedrooms	269,395	...	...
3 bedrooms	201,275	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	243,135	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	958,750	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	465,095	...	...
5 rooms	128,550	...	...
6 rooms	92,920	...	...
7 rooms	75,130	...	...
8 or more rooms	197,060	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	958,750	...	...
One person or fewer per room	917,045	...	...
More than one person per room	41,705	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	958,750	...	...
Suitable	876,840	...	...
Not suitable	81,910	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	958,750	...	...
1960 or before	114,970	...	...
1961 to 1980	220,890	...	...
1981 to 1990	135,225	...	...
1991 to 2000	160,460	...	...
2001 to 2005	64,035	...	...
2006 to 2010	85,155	...	...
2011 to 2015	78,430	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	99,585	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	958,750	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	907,165	...	...
Major repairs needed	51,585	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	958,750	...	...
One-maintainer household	473,740	...	...
Two-maintainer household	409,805	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	75,205	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	958,750	...	...
15 to 24 years	30,115	...	...
25 to 34 years	155,405	...	...
35 to 44 years	177,625	...	...
45 to 54 years	180,695	...	...
55 to 64 years	183,685	...	...
65 to 74 years	135,515	...	...
75 to 84 years	68,255	...	...
85 years and over	27,455	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	951,260	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	664,785	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	286,475	...	...
30% to less than 100%	237,415	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	958,750	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	380,940	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	252,680	...	...
Not suitable only	58,830	...	...
Major repairs needed only	31,590	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	17,845	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	14,760	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,045	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,185	...	...
Acceptable housing	577,810	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	902,205	...	...
In core need	155,810	...	...
Not in core need	746,395	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	580,705	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,984	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,300,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	374,395	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,616	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	640	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	190	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	284	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	18,185	8,655	9,535
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	17,660	8,435	9,220
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	14,235	6,790	7,445
Métis single ancestry	3,315	1,620	1,700
Inuit single ancestry	105	25	75
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	525	220	310
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	475	195	280
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	45,165	22,135	23,025
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	43,535	21,405	22,135
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,320	14,425	14,895
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,890	6,810	7,075
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	330	170	165
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,625	730	890
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,555	705	850
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	15	30
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,331,655	1,143,805	1,187,855
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,987,310	978,545	1,008,765
Canadian citizens aged under 18	372,645	192,685	179,965
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,614,660	785,860	828,800
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	407,695	196,045	211,650
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,235,370	628,930	606,445
Immigrants⁸¹	1,029,540	479,715	549,830
Before 1980	142,595	67,640	74,955
1980 to 1990	120,730	56,590	64,145
1991 to 2000	245,220	112,975	132,245
2001 to 2010	246,545	113,155	133,385
2011 to 2021⁸²	274,450	129,350	145,100
2011 to 2015	126,565	58,795	67,765
2016 to 2021	147,890	70,550	77,335
Non-permanent residents⁸³	130,085	65,950	64,140
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,029,545	479,710	549,830
Under 5 years	75,765	38,785	36,975
5 to 14 years	157,900	81,545	76,355
15 to 24 years	192,010	87,315	104,695
25 to 44 years	475,225	213,680	261,540
45 years and over	128,640	58,380	70,260
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,029,545	479,710	549,830
Americas	70,465	33,990	36,475
Brazil	6,870	3,225	3,645
Colombia	3,905	1,825	2,080
El Salvador	4,340	2,230	2,105
Guyana	940	390	550
Haiti	210	110	100
Jamaica	2,275	1,165	1,115
Mexico	9,455	4,350	5,105
Peru	2,760	1,245	1,515
Trinidad and Tobago	1,790	845	950
United States of America	24,735	12,180	12,555
Other places of birth in Americas	13,185	6,425	6,755
Europe	144,565	71,345	73,220
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,690	1,815	1,875
Croatia	3,430	1,680	1,745
France	4,060	2,260	1,805
Germany	9,740	4,490	5,250
Greece	2,375	1,305	1,070
Hungary	2,515	1,130	1,380
Italy	8,600	4,345	4,255
Netherlands	4,165	2,105	2,060
Poland	8,565	3,995	4,565
Portugal	4,125	1,995	2,130
Romania	6,825	3,250	3,575
Russian Federation	8,775	3,805	4,970
Serbia⁸⁶	3,575	1,795	1,780
Ukraine	6,575	3,045	3,525
United Kingdom⁸⁷	43,185	22,170	21,015
Other places of birth in Europe	24,375	12,155	12,215
Africa	36,265	18,455	17,810
Algeria	425	275	155
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	705	360	350
Egypt	2,575	1,445	1,130
Eritrea	2,255	1,300	950
Ethiopia	2,060	1,040	1,025
Morocco	905	430	475
Nigeria	2,135	1,125	1,010
Somalia	1,060	500	560
South Africa, Republic of	7,890	4,010	3,875
Other places of birth in Africa	16,255	7,975	8,275
Asia	755,255	344,875	410,385
Afghanistan	5,810	2,840	2,970
Iran⁸⁸	42,190	21,120	21,070
Iraq	6,390	3,430	2,960
Lebanon	1,850	1,035	815
Syria⁸⁹	4,570	2,415	2,160
Turkey	2,440	1,315	1,130
China⁹⁰	191,260	83,140	108,125
Hong Kong⁹¹	74,600	34,795	39,805
Korea, South⁹²	40,480	18,060	22,420
Taiwan	36,605	16,500	20,100
Philippines	106,645	44,910	61,740
Viet Nam	26,385	11,785	14,595
Bangladesh	2,525	1,275	1,250
India	145,050	71,370	73,675
Pakistan	10,605	5,480	5,125
Sri Lanka	4,755	2,275	2,475
Other places of birth in Asia	53,090	23,135	29,955
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	22,985	11,040	11,945
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	147,890	70,555	77,335
Americas	15,930	7,770	8,160
Brazil	4,530	2,160	2,370
Colombia	805	400	405
Haiti	15	15	0
Jamaica	385	185	195
Mexico	2,370	1,155	1,220
United States of America	5,000	2,525	2,470
Venezuela⁹⁵	415	165	245
Other places of birth in Americas	2,415	1,165	1,250
Europe	17,315	9,275	8,040
France	1,295	725	570
Germany	765	375	385
Ireland⁹⁶	2,055	1,260	790
Italy	780	445	335
Russian Federation	1,650	700	950
Ukraine	1,465	660	805
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,330	2,525	1,800
Other places of birth in Europe	4,975	2,575	2,400
Africa	7,185	3,910	3,280
Algeria	60	35	20
Burundi	70	30	45
Cameroon	100	55	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230	130	95
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	10
Egypt	475	280	195
Eritrea	1,415	870	545
Ethiopia	470	265	200
Morocco	220	95	120
Nigeria	1,050	555	495
Somalia	210	115	100
South Africa, Republic of	1,135	575	565
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75
Tunisia	100	55	45
Other places of birth in Africa	1,455	740	710
Asia	105,000	48,170	56,830
Afghanistan	1,220	645	575
Bangladesh	530	285	250
China⁹⁰	26,115	10,790	15,330
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,270	1,015	1,250
India	29,795	15,290	14,510
Iran⁸⁸	5,545	2,715	2,830
Iraq	1,395	775	620
Israel	515	305	205
Japan	1,560	390	1,170
Jordan	310	170	140
Korea, South⁹²	5,970	2,375	3,590
Lebanon	280	130	145
Nepal	230	105	125
Pakistan	1,805	1,005	805
Philippines	14,520	6,295	8,225
Saudi Arabia	470	290	180
Sri Lanka	590	270	325
Syria⁸⁹	3,315	1,790	1,530
Turkey	780	480	305
United Arab Emirates	485	215	265
Viet Nam	2,200	765	1,435
Other places of birth in Asia	5,085	2,070	3,015
Oceania and other⁹³	2,460	1,430	1,030
Australia	1,730	1,040	695
Other places of birth⁹⁸	725	390	335
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,190,380	561,110	629,265
Second generation¹⁰¹	581,345	296,905	284,445
Third generation or more¹⁰²	623,280	316,580	306,700
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	886,945	412,070	474,875
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	525,560	253,710	271,850
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	214,475	122,035	92,440
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	311,085	131,675	179,410
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	269,955	110,465	159,495
Refugees¹⁰⁸	78,900	42,375	36,520
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,535	5,520	7,010
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	886,945	412,070	474,875
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,090	13,230	9,865
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	94,015	38,385	55,635
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	31,575	15,705	15,870
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	56,160	26,165	30,005
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,120	1,350	1,775
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	678,980	317,240	361,735
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,358,860	651,685	707,175
South Asian	352,310	178,350	173,955
Chinese	487,235	228,105	259,130
Black	39,120	20,520	18,600
Filipino	137,850	61,175	76,680
Arab	21,690	11,625	10,070
Latin American	49,615	24,540	25,075
Southeast Asian	54,795	25,435	29,355
West Asian	63,230	31,595	31,635
Korean	61,000	27,740	33,265
Japanese	29,465	12,055	17,410
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,070	7,055	7,010
Multiple visible minorities	48,480	23,495	24,985
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,036,145	522,905	513,240
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,395,000	1,174,590	1,220,410
Canadian	153,930	80,065	73,860
English	313,415	157,140	156,275
Irish	205,745	100,135	105,610
Scottish	244,360	120,490	123,865
French, n.o.s.¹²²	95,485	47,215	48,265
German	158,515	78,165	80,345
Chinese	451,960	211,475	240,485
Italian	76,275	38,510	37,765
Indian (India)	203,030	101,975	101,055
Ukrainian	71,520	34,905	36,610
Dutch	53,870	27,285	26,590
Polish	51,925	24,740	27,185
Québécois	2,225	1,135	1,085
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	67,835	34,205	33,630
Filipino	136,895	61,120	75,775
French Canadian	13,855	6,865	6,990
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	31,560	16,560	15,000
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	21,275	10,480	10,795
Métis	19,295	9,350	9,945
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	36,985	18,995	17,990
Russian	46,495	22,150	24,345
Norwegian	38,695	18,655	20,045
Welsh	32,135	15,440	16,695
Portuguese	21,270	10,330	10,940
American	23,565	11,795	11,770
Spanish	33,900	15,810	18,090
Swedish	29,790	14,085	15,705
Hungarian	19,605	9,395	10,210
Acadian	2,095	1,120	975
Pakistani	14,865	7,670	7,195
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	10,925	5,650	5,275
Jewish	20,935	10,540	10,395
Punjabi	68,000	34,705	33,295
Vietnamese	41,185	19,220	21,960
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,445	5,095	4,345
Greek	13,170	6,855	6,310
Jamaican	5,180	2,730	2,450
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,175	18,335	20,840
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,765	2,710	3,055
Korean	60,420	27,500	32,920
Romanian	14,165	7,040	7,125
Lebanese	4,890	2,490	2,400
Iranian	44,915	22,345	22,575
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,960	3,970	3,995
Danish	16,705	8,390	8,310
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	5,525	2,615	2,910
Sikh	49,825	25,435	24,385
Austrian	15,655	7,565	8,090
Belgian	6,505	3,215	3,285
Haitian	510	245	265
Hindu	15,210	7,860	7,355
Mexican	18,430	9,220	9,205
Mennonite	5,250	2,745	2,505
Swiss	8,420	4,120	4,305
Finnish	11,015	5,360	5,650
Sri Lankan	5,310	2,615	2,695
Croatian	13,270	6,480	6,790
Japanese	36,695	15,610	21,090
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	15,170	7,535	7,635
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,190	565	620
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	9,665	4,745	4,920
Muslim	6,955	3,510	3,445
Egyptian	4,155	2,255	1,905
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,555	4,300	4,260
Tamil	3,000	1,625	1,380
Icelandic	8,910	4,360	4,550
Colombian	5,330	2,680	2,650
Moroccan	1,260	615	650
Czech	9,095	4,530	4,565
Syrian	4,205	2,205	2,000
Guyanese	1,435	725	710
Afghan	8,770	4,320	4,450
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,815	1,430	1,385
Serbian	9,195	4,805	4,390
Ojibway	1,420	740	680
Newfoundlander	1,095	590	500
Hong Konger	28,350	13,730	14,625
Ontarian	1,015	510	500
Persian	16,600	8,445	8,155
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,430	1,300	1,125
Turkish	6,025	3,170	2,850
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	515	220	295
Bangladeshi	3,050	1,590	1,460
Algerian	650	390	270
Brazilian	9,395	4,590	4,805
Nigerian	2,355	1,220	1,130
Armenian	2,835	1,415	1,420
Slovak	5,485	2,615	2,865
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	5,655	2,545	3,105
Somali	2,260	1,210	1,055
Taiwanese	33,400	15,450	17,955
Iraqi	3,920	2,005	1,915
Salvadorean	4,870	2,445	2,425
African Caribbean	1,115	585	530
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	8,720	4,120	4,600
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,170	2,140	2,025
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,605	740	860
Algonquin	465	245	220
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,160	540	620
Lithuanian	3,070	1,405	1,665
South African	6,600	3,300	3,295
Australian	7,580	3,955	3,630
Palestinian	2,150	1,095	1,050
Chilean	3,740	1,875	1,865
Congolese	965	475	490
Nova Scotian	685	305	380
Ethiopian	2,120	1,040	1,080
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,660	1,680	1,980
Peruvian	3,025	1,460	1,565
Yoruba	810	445	370
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,485	1,165	1,320
Berber	440	275	165
Albanian	1,625	805	820
Maltese	1,050	510	540
Macedonian	730	355	375
Slovenian	2,460	1,205	1,260
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,290	1,600	1,685
New Brunswicker	290	130	160
Gujarati	2,120	1,025	1,095
Eritrean	1,955	1,065	885
African Canadian	940	495	440
Israeli	2,515	1,285	1,230
Mohawk	700	360	345
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,955	945	1,010
Bulgarian	2,385	1,130	1,255
Albertan	985	550	435
Ghanaian	1,150	650	505
Barbadian	1,055	525	530
African American	2,245	1,200	1,050
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,190	1,015	1,175
Tunisian	345	195	150
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,020	1,505	1,510
Cuban	1,015	515	500
Bosnian	2,855	1,440	1,415
Venezuelan	1,250	595	660
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	70	25	45
Latvian	2,050	1,085	970
Bengali	1,070	585	490
Cameroonian	220	140	80
Guatemalan	1,775	1,000	775
Indonesian	5,705	2,680	3,025
Laotian	1,745	825	925
Ilocano	3,910	1,740	2,165
Northern Irish	1,890	910	980
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,135	1,065	1,065
British Columbian	6,540	3,345	3,190
Ecuadorian	680	360	325
Franco Ontarian	140	75	70
Argentinian	1,505	735	775
Estonian	1,985	945	1,040
Kurdish	3,145	1,690	1,450
Fijian	13,905	6,610	7,295
Jatt	5,910	3,095	2,820
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	845	475	370
Coptic	670	385	285
Thai	3,485	1,315	2,165
Dominican	540	275	270
Nepali	1,485	710	780
Kabyle	55	20	30
Assyrian	540	325	215
Igbo	460	255	210
Byelorussian	1,590	795	790
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	140	70	70
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	605	310	295
Abenaki	80	50	35
Moldovan	880	400	480
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	135	165
New Zealander	3,165	1,625	1,535
Sudanese	675	335	340
Breton	165	105	60
Pennsylvania Dutch	405	215	195
Malaysian	4,455	2,075	2,380
Plains Cree	220	135	85
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	515	305	205
Huron (Wendat)	130	70	60
Saskatchewanian	810	360	450
Buddhist	2,635	1,230	1,405
Gaspesian	15	10	10
Norman	250	170	85
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,405	665	740
Ivorian	65	35	30
Saulteaux	275	155	120
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	315	140	180
Burundian	350	170	185
Tigrinya	1,000	600	400
Nicaraguan	1,390	655	735
Mauritian	830	405	425
Kenyan	1,585	760	830
Oji-Cree	60	25	35
Vincentian	235	130	105
Jordanian	690	330	350
Manitoban	635	330	300
Cape Bretoner	135	55	85
Rwandan	420	210	210
Grenadian	200	120	85
Malayali	665	325	335
Chaldean	750	380	375
Sinhalese	1,085	515	575
Mayan	1,405	785	620
Honduran	1,090	560	530
Cherokee	680	310	370
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	35	20
Indo-Caribbean	305	160	145
Flemish	595	295	300
United Empire Loyalist	315	185	135
Senegalese	45	30	15
Azerbaijani	1,060	530	535
Sicilian	375	215	165
Pashtun	820	390	425
Malay	2,050	995	1,060
Goan	580	265	315
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	200	80	120
Tibetan	440	230	215
Zimbabwean	640	305	335
Burmese	1,790	920	870
Mongolian	1,300	585	710
Azorean	170	80	90
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	55	25	30
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30
Ugandan	885	395	490
Oromo	400	210	190
Tanzanian	735	375	355
Yemeni	295	135	160
Central African	10	10	0
Libyan	505	290	215
Basque	595	330	265
Uruguayan	260	155	110
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	260	125	135
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	390	175	210
Igorot	1,030	500	530
Fulani	40	15	20
Woodland Cree	30	15	10
Guinean	95	40	50
St. Lucian	120	80	40
Prince Edward Islander	65	25	40
Maliseet	30	15	10
Beninese	80	40	35
Telugu	515	285	230
Roma	510	270	240
Costa Rican	675	340	335
African Nova Scotian	45	25	20
Malagasy	65	25	35
Kashmiri	455	220	235
Singaporean	2,195	1,000	1,195
Karen	815	435	390
Edo	170	80	90
Tajik	605	305	295
Amhara	280	145	140
Paraguayan	245	130	115
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415
Buddhist	67,840	28,310	39,530
Christian	781,205	358,245	422,955
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	204,100	94,555	109,550
Anabaptist	6,070	2,855	3,210
Anglican	42,865	18,735	24,125
Baptist	23,335	10,500	12,835
Catholic	331,205	154,205	176,995
Christian Orthodox	33,315	16,325	16,990
Jehovah's Witness	8,695	3,790	4,900
Latter Day Saints	3,285	1,480	1,805
Lutheran	14,980	6,375	8,605
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,025	1,410	1,610
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	17,260	7,750	9,510
Presbyterian	12,960	5,680	7,275
Reformed	3,410	1,710	1,705
United Church	38,115	15,040	23,080
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	38,595	17,835	20,760
Hindu	64,560	33,275	31,285
Jewish	18,895	9,185	9,710
Muslim	107,260	53,630	53,630
Sikh	211,415	105,605	105,805
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,745	790	955
Other religions and spiritual traditions	22,555	9,595	12,965
No religion and secular perspectives	1,119,545	575,955	543,585
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,374,800	1,164,190	1,210,605
Non-movers	2,019,450	989,475	1,029,975
Movers	355,345	174,720	180,630
Non-migrants	205,335	100,465	104,875
Migrants	150,010	74,250	75,760
Internal migrants	106,135	52,605	53,525
Intraprovincial migrants	82,140	40,430	41,715
Interprovincial migrants	23,995	12,175	11,815
External migrants	43,880	21,650	22,235
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,289,670	1,120,600	1,169,075
Non-movers	1,299,485	632,150	667,330
Movers	990,190	488,445	501,745
Non-migrants	390,240	192,170	198,070
Migrants	599,950	296,280	303,670
Internal migrants	388,510	191,990	196,520
Intraprovincial migrants	313,540	154,385	159,155
Interprovincial migrants	74,970	37,605	37,360
External migrants	211,440	104,290	107,150
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	273,420	136,910	136,515
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,782,310	862,465	919,840
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,379,510	671,970	707,535
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	106,370	58,085	48,280
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,273,145	613,885	659,260
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355
No certificate, diploma or degree	250,685	123,220	127,465
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	564,150	283,745	280,400
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,240,895	592,410	648,485
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,940	250,440	256,495
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	112,535	80,695	31,840
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	52,630	30,750	21,875
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	59,910	49,945	9,965
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	309,535	133,050	176,485
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	84,865	36,695	48,170
Bachelor's degree or higher	733,960	341,970	391,990
Bachelor's degree	477,575	218,890	258,685
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,595	21,225	28,375
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,160	9,915	9,235
Master's degree	161,565	76,430	85,140
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	26,060	15,505	10,555
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,379,510	671,975	707,540
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,715	50,090	42,630
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	311,775	163,715	148,055
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	975,020	458,165	516,855
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	371,925	183,315	188,610
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	78,655	57,015	21,640
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	36,485	21,540	14,940
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	42,170	35,475	6,700
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	231,015	99,520	131,500
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	62,255	26,785	35,470
Bachelor's degree or higher	603,095	274,850	328,245
Bachelor's degree	389,865	176,265	213,605
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	39,630	16,475	23,155
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	14,930	7,045	7,890
Master's degree	138,690	63,885	74,805
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	19,980	11,185	8,795
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	814,835	406,970	407,870
Education	67,260	14,690	52,570
13. Education	67,260	14,690	52,570
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	69,315	30,525	38,795
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,090	6,375	2,720
50. Visual and performing arts	60,225	24,150	36,070
Humanities	84,420	31,820	52,600
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	11,430	2,605	8,825
23. English language and literature/letters	20,730	5,900	14,830
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	31,310	12,550	18,765
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,260	505	760
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,915	2,290	1,630
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,135	3,140	2,000
54. History	8,555	4,455	4,100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,080	385	1,695
Social and behavioural sciences and law	168,210	61,535	106,675
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,865	735	2,130
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	20,415	7,505	12,905
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	18,175	1,980	16,205
22. Legal professions and studies	26,380	9,860	16,520
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,740	1,455	2,290
42. Psychology	29,410	7,695	21,720
45. Social sciences	67,220	32,315	34,905
Business, management and public administration	279,145	122,860	156,285
30.16 Accounting and computer science	365	130	230
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,455	2,690	7,765
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	268,330	120,040	148,290
Physical and life sciences and technologies	62,405	31,355	31,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	25,355	10,760	14,600
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	16,110	7,540	8,565
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,085	345	745
40. Physical sciences	18,375	12,185	6,190
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,485	530	950
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	72,420	48,150	24,270
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	58,540	41,515	17,020
25. Library science	3,170	465	2,705
27. Mathematics and statistics	8,825	4,990	3,830
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,890	1,175	710
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	210,820	180,145	30,675
04. Architecture and related services	12,915	7,660	5,260
14. Engineering	84,940	67,100	17,845
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	36,435	31,570	4,860
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	25
46. Construction trades	34,885	33,710	1,175
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	27,635	26,865	765
48. Precision production	13,975	13,230	745
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	19,690	9,765	9,925
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	12,195	5,550	6,645
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,495	4,210	3,280
Health and related fields	159,380	38,215	121,165
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	12,870	6,640	6,225
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	140,360	28,235	112,125
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	350	80	270
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,795	3,255	2,545
Personal, protective and transportation services	47,465	23,180	24,285
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,495	11,165	21,335
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	75	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	215	210	0
43. Security and protective services	5,715	4,140	1,575
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,940	7,590	1,345
Other¹⁷⁹	355	155	200
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,379,510	671,970	707,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	404,490	213,805	190,680
Education	46,450	9,670	36,780
13. Education	46,450	9,670	36,780
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	56,460	24,965	31,495
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,225	5,125	2,110
50. Visual and performing arts	49,230	19,840	29,385
Humanities	63,605	23,145	40,460
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,905	1,805	7,100
23. English language and literature/letters	15,955	4,335	11,620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	23,140	8,955	14,185
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	875	355	520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,030	1,695	1,335
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,730	2,315	1,415
54. History	6,520	3,415	3,105
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,455	270	1,185
Social and behavioural sciences and law	136,865	48,775	88,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,375	595	1,780
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	17,765	6,450	11,315
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,090	1,465	12,620
22. Legal professions and studies	21,655	7,325	14,330
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,985	1,195	1,790
42. Psychology	23,450	5,860	17,585
45. Social sciences	54,555	25,890	28,665
Business, management and public administration	226,220	97,675	128,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	265	95	170
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,890	1,975	5,915
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	218,065	95,600	122,465
Physical and life sciences and technologies	47,280	23,005	24,270
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	20,000	8,310	11,685
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,865	5,435	6,430
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	925	290	635
40. Physical sciences	13,550	8,650	4,900
41. Science technologies/technicians	945	325	620
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	61,745	41,440	20,300
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	51,640	36,755	14,890
25. Library science	2,085	325	1,760
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,460	3,420	3,040
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,555	945	605
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	160,980	134,620	26,360
04. Architecture and related services	10,420	5,840	4,580
14. Engineering	68,730	52,935	15,795
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	26,660	22,700	3,955
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	25
46. Construction trades	25,915	25,030	890
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	19,715	19,190	525
48. Precision production	9,500	8,910	585
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	15,450	7,255	8,195
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	9,470	4,075	5,395
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,980	3,180	2,805
Health and related fields	123,940	30,000	93,935
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,165	5,350	4,815
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	109,190	22,420	86,770
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	300	45	250
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,290	2,190	2,095
Personal, protective and transportation services	35,755	17,495	18,260
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,485	8,550	15,935
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55	35	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	90	0
43. Security and protective services	4,555	3,270	1,290
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,555	5,540	1,015
Other¹⁷⁹	275	110	165
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,379,510	671,970	707,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	404,490	213,805	190,680
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	975,020	458,165	516,855
Location of study inside Canada	632,285	303,725	328,560
Same as province or territory of residence	516,890	245,050	271,840
Different than province or territory of residence	115,395	58,675	56,720
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	342,735	154,445	188,295
Americas	55,205	27,480	27,720
United States of America	34,145	17,705	16,445
Mexico	6,945	3,195	3,750
Cuba	230	100	130
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	270	125	150
Brazil	7,180	3,365	3,815
Colombia	1,785	800	985
Peru	705	265	445
Venezuela⁹⁵	645	290	350
Other locations of study in Americas	3,285	1,630	1,660
Europe	59,575	30,725	28,850
Belgium	495	285	210
France	3,745	1,995	1,755
Germany	2,510	1,320	1,190
Netherlands	1,020	585	435
Switzerland	910	415	495
Hungary	590	285	305
Moldova¹⁸³	370	175	195
Poland	2,145	1,000	1,145
Romania	2,750	1,330	1,420
Russian Federation	4,550	2,060	2,485
Ukraine	3,175	1,455	1,720
Ireland⁹⁶	4,740	2,750	1,990
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,615	12,055	10,565
Bosnia and Herzegovina	685	325	355
Italy	1,165	645	520
Serbia⁸⁶	1,345	730	615
Other locations of study in Europe	6,760	3,320	3,435
Africa	7,360	3,905	3,455
Nigeria	760	420	335
Algeria	105	60	45
Morocco	255	130	125
Tunisia	105	50	60
Egypt	1,210	630	580
South Africa, Republic of	2,990	1,555	1,430
Other locations of study in Africa	1,930	1,050	885
Asia	210,585	87,170	123,415
Iran⁸⁸	15,195	6,665	8,525
Iraq	1,310	750	560
Israel	1,095	570	525
Lebanon	410	185	220
Syria⁸⁹	590	300	290
Turkey	1,400	835	565
China⁹⁰	49,980	20,705	29,275
Taiwan	7,795	2,620	5,180
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,595	2,645	3,955
Japan	6,305	1,600	4,705
Korea, South⁹²	16,415	5,965	10,450
Philippines	43,230	16,140	27,085
Viet Nam	1,665	470	1,200
Bangladesh	935	405	520
Sri Lanka	860	430	430
India	45,720	21,825	23,885
Pakistan	3,215	1,525	1,695
Other locations of study in Asia	7,880	3,520	4,355
Oceania	10,020	5,160	4,855
Australia	7,320	3,705	3,610
New Zealand	1,970	1,070	900
Other locations of study in Oceania	730	380	345
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355
In the labour force	1,359,955	703,860	656,090
Employed	1,241,250	646,005	595,250
Unemployed	118,705	57,860	60,850
Not in the labour force	695,775	295,515	400,260
Participation rate	66.2	70.4	62.1
Employment rate	60.4	64.6	56.3
Unemployment rate	8.7	8.2	9.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355
Did not work¹⁸⁶	722,110	311,340	410,770
Worked	1,333,615	688,035	645,580
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	699,470	396,255	303,210
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	634,150	291,780	342,370
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.9	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,359,955	703,860	656,095
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780
Employee	1,108,220	553,475	554,750
Permanent position	921,990	468,670	453,320
Temporary position	186,235	84,800	101,435
Fixed term (1 year or more)	70,420	32,685	37,740
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	115,810	52,120	63,690
Self-employed¹⁹²	220,960	135,930	85,030
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,359,955	703,860	656,095
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	17,530	12,560	4,975
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	254,230	87,395	166,830
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	129,570	97,935	31,630
3 Health occupations	95,885	23,180	72,705
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	154,560	52,215	102,340
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	69,470	35,070	34,405
6 Sales and service occupations	341,465	155,315	186,145
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	208,645	187,930	20,715
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	15,680	11,085	4,595
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	42,145	26,715	15,425
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,359,955	703,860	656,095
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315
All industries¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	9,855	5,340	4,515
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,705	2,580	1,125
22 Utilities	7,535	4,955	2,575
23 Construction	103,840	88,800	15,040
31-33 Manufacturing	77,100	50,900	26,200
41 Wholesale trade	49,920	32,080	17,845
44-45 Retail trade	148,455	70,580	77,875
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	79,660	60,400	19,260
51 Information and cultural industries	52,235	32,700	19,535
52 Finance and insurance	62,125	28,795	33,330
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	35,005	19,275	15,730
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	149,955	84,855	65,095
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,680	1,690	2,000
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	55,955	31,850	24,105
61 Educational services	102,130	34,965	67,165
62 Health care and social assistance	152,065	32,650	119,415
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	30,140	15,365	14,780
72 Accommodation and food services	91,545	39,985	51,560
81 Other services (except public administration)	57,060	23,745	33,320
91 Public administration	57,220	27,900	29,325
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,447,275	744,625	702,650
English	1,260,220	651,940	608,280
French	1,385	425	955
Non-official language	43,780	22,765	21,010
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15
Non-Indigenous	43,755	22,760	21,000
English and French	10,990	4,390	6,600
English and non-official language(s)	125,475	62,415	63,055
French and non-official language(s)	65	25	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,740	790	955
Multiple non-official languages	3,620	1,865	1,755
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,447,275	744,625	702,650
Single responses	1,417,900	729,705	688,195
Official languages	1,339,735	689,525	650,205
English	1,336,645	688,645	648,000
French	3,090	885	2,205
Non-official languages	78,165	40,175	37,990
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	10	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	78,135	40,160	37,975
Afro-Asiatic languages	430	265	160
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	415	265	145
Amharic	20	10	10
Arabic	310	220	95
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	10	30
Tigrigna	35	20	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,820	600	1,220
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	1,805	600	1,215
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	755	400	355
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	10	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	40	25	20
Indonesian	85	50	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	590	315	280
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	55	30	30
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,425	13,355	9,075
Albanian	20	0	10
Armenian	20	0	15
Balto-Slavic languages	770	295	470
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	760	295	465
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	20	15	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	75	25	50
Russian	540	190	350
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	10	0	0
Serbian	70	45	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	25	10	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	155	55	100
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	120	35	80
German	110	30	80
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	15	10
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	0
Swedish	10	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	45	30	10
Indo-Iranian languages	18,740	11,630	7,105
Indo-Aryan languages	16,840	10,550	6,290
Bengali	10	10	0
Gujarati	10	0	10
Hindi	490	260	225
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,235	10,235	6,000
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	85	35	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,900	1,080	815
Kurdish	25	20	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	1,870	1,065	805
Dari	105	65	35
Iranian Persian	1,610	890	720
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,675	1,325	1,355
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	100	35	65
Portuguese	480	210	270
Romanian	35	20	20
Spanish	2,065	1,060	1,005
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,695	590	1,100
Korean	6,110	3,050	3,060
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	195	80	110
American Sign Language	195	80	110
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,430	21,705	22,720
Chinese languages	44,370	21,665	22,700
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	25,075	11,990	13,085
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195	85	115
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	19,020	9,550	9,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20
Burmese	30	15	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	50	75
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	130	45	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	20	40
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	55	10	40
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	0	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	15	0	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	29,375	14,920	14,455
English and French	1,410	535	870
English and non-official language(s)	27,085	13,910	13,175
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45
Multiple non-official languages	770	425	350
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,447,275	744,625	702,650
None	1,329,865	687,705	642,165
English	28,790	14,395	14,395
French	8,175	3,550	4,620
Non-official language	62,770	30,845	31,930
Indigenous³⁹	125	70	50
Non-Indigenous	62,655	30,780	31,875
English and French	35	15	15
English and non-official language(s)	4,380	1,995	2,380
French and non-official language(s)	1,370	595	770
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	11,885	5,510	6,370
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,241,245	646,005	595,250
Worked at home	328,070	161,860	166,205
Worked outside Canada	7,140	4,710	2,430
No fixed workplace address	175,255	129,040	46,215
Usual place of work	730,785	350,385	380,400
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	730,785	350,385	380,400
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	339,445	148,215	191,235
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	378,535	194,700	183,835
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,645	6,195	4,445
Commute to a different province or territory	2,160	1,275	885
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	906,045	479,430	426,610
Car, truck or van	667,545	376,405	291,135
Car, truck or van - as a driver	607,150	354,445	252,710
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	60,385	21,960	38,430
Public transit	142,985	58,460	84,525
Walked	58,990	24,190	34,800
Bicycle	17,665	11,080	6,580
Other method	18,865	9,300	9,565
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	906,045	479,430	426,610
Less than 15 minutes	184,010	83,830	100,180
15 to 29 minutes	319,625	165,670	153,955
30 to 44 minutes	239,735	138,440	101,295
45 to 59 minutes	88,750	50,500	38,250
60 minutes and over	73,920	40,985	32,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	906,045	479,430	426,610
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	56,940	40,090	16,850
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	136,540	85,865	50,675
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	202,350	104,515	97,835
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	197,040	92,730	104,305
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	172,865	80,665	92,200
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	140,305	75,565	64,745
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	420,775	217,395	203,380
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,045	12,675	12,370
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	395,730	204,720	191,010
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	307,670	159,505	148,170
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,540	9,930	9,615
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,005	5,940	6,065
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,540	3,985	3,545
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	288,130	149,575	138,555

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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