Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Welland - PelhamMore information: Ontario [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	69,302	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	63,011^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	29,874	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	28,828	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,211.4	...	...	1,211.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	57.21	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	69,300	33,680	35,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10,570	5,450	5,130	15.3	16.2	14.4
0 to 4 years	3,400	1,795	1,610	4.9	5.3	4.5
5 to 9 years	3,500	1,795	1,705	5.1	5.3	4.8
10 to 14 years	3,670	1,855	1,820	5.3	5.5	5.1
15 to 64 years	42,500	20,870	21,630	61.3	62.0	60.7
15 to 19 years	3,655	1,965	1,690	5.3	5.8	4.7
20 to 24 years	3,815	1,955	1,860	5.5	5.8	5.2
25 to 29 years	4,190	2,140	2,050	6.0	6.4	5.8
30 to 34 years	4,240	2,115	2,120	6.1	6.3	6.0
35 to 39 years	4,035	1,950	2,090	5.8	5.8	5.9
40 to 44 years	3,970	1,925	2,045	5.7	5.7	5.7
45 to 49 years	3,890	1,880	2,010	5.6	5.6	5.6
50 to 54 years	4,415	2,075	2,340	6.4	6.2	6.6
55 to 59 years	5,065	2,405	2,660	7.3	7.1	7.5
60 to 64 years	5,215	2,460	2,760	7.5	7.3	7.7
65 years and over	16,230	7,360	8,870	23.4	21.9	24.9
65 to 69 years	4,845	2,240	2,605	7.0	6.7	7.3
70 to 74 years	4,350	2,085	2,265	6.3	6.2	6.4
75 to 79 years	2,935	1,375	1,560	4.2	4.1	4.4
80 to 84 years	1,950	860	1,100	2.8	2.6	3.1
85 years and over	2,150	805	1,345	3.1	2.4	3.8
85 to 89 years	1,300	530	770	1.9	1.6	2.2
90 to 94 years	630	215	420	0.9	0.6	1.2
95 to 99 years	195	55	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.3	16.2	14.4	15.3	16.2	14.4
15 to 64 years	61.3	62.0	60.7	61.3	62.0	60.7
65 years and over	23.4	21.9	24.9	23.4	21.9	24.9
85 years and over	3.1	2.4	3.8	3.1	2.4	3.8
Average age of the population	44.2	42.9	45.4	44.2	42.9	45.4
Median age of the population	45.2	43.2	47.2	45.2	43.2	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	28,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	19,280	...	...	66.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,770	...	...	6.1	...	...
Row house	1,560	...	...	5.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,100	...	...	3.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,375	...	...	11.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,605	...	...	5.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	120	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	28,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,225	...	...	28.5	...	...
2 persons	10,525	...	...	36.5	...	...
3 persons	4,490	...	...	15.6	...	...
4 persons	3,540	...	...	12.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,040	...	...	7.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	68,190	33,265	34,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	58,725	28,230	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	33,435	16,635	16,795	56.9	58.9	55.1
Married	27,345	13,600	13,750	46.6	48.2	45.1
Living common-law	6,085	3,035	3,045	10.4	10.8	10.0
Living common law - Never married	3,990	2,010	1,975	6.8	7.1	6.5
Living common law - Separated	460	235	225	0.8	0.8	0.7
Living common law - Divorced	1,440	710	730	2.5	2.5	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	195	80	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	25,295	11,595	13,705	43.1	41.1	44.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	15,120	8,315	6,805	25.7	29.5	22.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,055	850	1,205	3.5	3.0	4.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	3,820	1,480	2,340	6.5	5.2	7.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,310	955	3,355	7.3	3.4	11.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	20,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,070	...	...	55.1	...	...
3 persons	4,315	...	...	21.5	...	...
4 persons	3,250	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	1,465	...	...	7.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	20,100	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	16,390	...	...	81.5	...	...
Married couples	13,345	...	...	66.4	...	...
With children⁶	6,370	...	...	31.7	...	...
Without children	6,985	...	...	34.8	...	...
Common-law couples	3,040	...	...	15.1	...	...
With children⁶	1,225	...	...	6.1	...	...
Without children	1,815	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,705	...	...	18.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,930	...	...	14.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	775	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	68,190	33,265	34,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	55,960	27,645	28,310	82.1	83.1	81.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	32,780	16,365	16,415	48.1	49.2	47.0
Parents in one-parent families	3,705	780	2,925	5.4	2.3	8.4
Children⁶	19,475	10,505	8,965	28.6	31.6	25.7
In a two-parent family	13,775	7,325	6,445	20.2	22.0	18.5
In a one-parent family	5,700	3,180	2,520	8.4	9.6	7.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,235	5,620	6,615	17.9	16.9	18.9
Living alone	8,225	3,600	4,625	12.1	10.8	13.2
Living with other relatives⁷	1,570	640	930	2.3	1.9	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	2,430	1,375	1,060	3.6	4.1	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	28,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	17,750	...	...	61.6	...	...
Couple-family households	14,900	...	...	51.7	...	...
With children⁶	6,910	...	...	24.0	...	...
Without children	7,995	...	...	27.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,850	...	...	9.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	765	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	130	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	945	...	...	3.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,005	...	...	3.5	...	...
One-person households	8,225	...	...	28.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	57,625	27,820	29,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	55,680	26,750	28,925	96.6	96.2	97.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,400	38,800	44,400	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	55,705	26,765	28,940	96.7	96.2	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	32,000	35,600	39,600	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	48,725	24,025	24,700	84.6	86.4	82.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	38,000	24,600	30,800	38,000	24,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	37,660	19,515	18,145	65.4	70.1	60.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,200	27,200	32,000	37,200	27,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,480	24,555	26,930	89.3	88.3	90.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,900	9,900	13,100	11,900	9,900	13,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,105	2,915	3,190	10.6	10.5	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,720	5,600	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	15,730	7,450	8,280	27.3	26.8	27.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	57,435	27,710	29,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,455	26,635	28,820	96.6	96.1	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,400	42,520	48,200	54,400	42,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,495	26,650	28,840	96.6	96.2	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,240	45,640	37,160	41,240	45,640	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	48,530	23,925	24,605	84.5	86.3	82.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,040	35,120	42,000	49,040	35,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,525	19,410	18,110	65.3	70.0	60.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,600	36,200	41,600	46,600	36,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	51,285	24,485	26,800	89.3	88.4	90.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,390	11,230	13,460	12,390	11,230	13,460
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,150	2,860	3,290	10.7	10.3	11.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	6,115	6,960	6,570	6,115	6,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	15,725	7,510	8,215	27.4	27.1	27.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390	9,050	9,710	9,390	9,050	9,710
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	57,435	27,710	29,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	16,080	8,825	7,250	28.0	31.8	24.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	64,500	54,800	59,200	64,500	54,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,000	73,900	60,850	68,000	73,900	60,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	15,195	7,115	8,080	26.5	25.7	27.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,000	18,000	14,900	16,000	18,000	14,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	28,760	22,080	25,200	28,760	22,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.2	81.0	70.6	76.2	81.0	70.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.4	62.5	53.5	58.4	62.5	53.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.8	19.0	29.5	23.8	19.0	29.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.2	7.7	6.4	5.2	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.7	6.5	5.5	4.7	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	57,620	27,825	29,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	1,945	1,070	875	3.4	3.8	2.9
With total income	55,680	26,755	28,925	96.6	96.2	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,020	1,715	2,300	7.2	6.4	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	7,170	2,790	4,375	12.9	10.4	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	9,170	3,620	5,550	16.5	13.5	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	8,330	3,750	4,575	15.0	14.0	15.8
$40,000 to $49,999	6,875	3,365	3,510	12.3	12.6	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	5,460	2,685	2,770	9.8	10.0	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,915	2,145	1,765	7.0	8.0	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	2,765	1,585	1,185	5.0	5.9	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	2,005	1,225	780	3.6	4.6	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	1,705	1,030	675	3.1	3.8	2.3
$100,000 and over	4,265	2,835	1,430	7.7	10.6	4.9
$100,000 to $149,999	3,100	1,960	1,140	5.6	7.3	3.9
$150,000 and over	1,170	880	295	2.1	3.3	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	57,620	27,825	29,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	1,915	1,060	860	3.3	3.8	2.9
With after-tax income	55,710	26,770	28,945	96.7	96.2	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,265	1,780	2,490	7.7	6.6	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	7,485	2,920	4,570	13.4	10.9	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	10,450	4,190	6,255	18.8	15.7	21.6
$30,000 to $39,999	9,645	4,585	5,060	17.3	17.1	17.5
$40,000 to $49,999	7,655	3,765	3,895	13.7	14.1	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	5,525	2,955	2,570	9.9	11.0	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	3,505	2,015	1,495	6.3	7.5	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	2,365	1,435	930	4.2	5.4	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	1,920	1,115	810	3.4	4.2	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	970	625	350	1.7	2.3	1.2
$100,000 and over	1,910	1,385	520	3.4	5.2	1.8
$100,000 to $124,999	1,045	740	310	1.9	2.8	1.1
$125,000 and over	860	645	215	1.5	2.4	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	57,620	27,825	29,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	19,960	8,305	11,655	34.6	29.8	39.1
With employment income	37,665	19,520	18,150	65.4	70.2	60.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	6,710	3,560	3,155	17.8	18.2	17.4
$5,000 to $9,999	3,245	1,410	1,840	8.6	7.2	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	4,605	1,940	2,670	12.2	9.9	14.7
$20,000 to $29,999	3,565	1,635	1,925	9.5	8.4	10.6
$30,000 to $39,999	3,505	1,695	1,805	9.3	8.7	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	3,315	1,570	1,740	8.8	8.0	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	3,000	1,575	1,430	8.0	8.1	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	2,315	1,355	965	6.1	6.9	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	1,655	1,045	610	4.4	5.4	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	1,320	840	475	3.5	4.3	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	1,365	760	605	3.6	3.9	3.3
$100,000 and over	3,065	2,135	930	8.1	10.9	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	1,660	1,065	590	4.4	5.5	3.3
$125,000 and over	1,405	1,070	335	3.7	5.5	1.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	57,625	27,820	29,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,930	26,365	28,570	95.3	94.8	95.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,800	36,800	43,200	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,960	26,365	28,590	95.4	94.8	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,800	29,600	33,600	38,800	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	48,580	23,930	24,655	84.3	86.0	82.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	40,000	27,200	32,800	40,000	27,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	38,295	19,770	18,525	66.5	71.1	62.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,600	29,600	34,000	39,600	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	49,195	23,370	25,830	85.4	84.0	86.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	2,540	8,400	6,400	2,540	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,390	2,030	2,360	7.6	7.3	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,800	5,440	5,120	4,800	5,440
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	57,435	27,710	29,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,830	26,295	28,530	95.5	94.9	96.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,640	52,250	39,560	45,640	52,250	39,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,850	26,300	28,550	95.5	94.9	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,960	43,760	34,520	38,960	43,760	34,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	48,410	23,875	24,535	84.3	86.2	82.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,640	49,800	35,680	42,640	49,800	35,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	38,185	19,755	18,430	66.5	71.3	62.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,320	47,600	36,680	42,320	47,600	36,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	49,145	23,290	25,850	85.6	84.0	87.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,900	7,910	9,790	8,900	7,910	9,790
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,390	1,900	2,490	7.6	6.9	8.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,080	6,275	7,700	7,080	6,275	7,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	57,435	27,710	29,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	15,980	8,815	7,165	27.8	31.8	24.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	62,000	50,800	56,400	62,000	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,200	70,200	56,850	64,200	70,200	56,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	14,585	6,795	7,795	25.4	24.5	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	26,600	20,400	23,000	26,600	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,640	37,280	26,760	31,640	37,280	26,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.6	86.6	77.6	82.6	86.6	77.6
Employment income (%)	64.6	68.4	59.9	64.6	68.4	59.9
Government transfers (%)	17.5	13.4	22.4	17.5	13.4	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7	1.2	0.9	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	28,825	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	20,605	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	28,735	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...	79,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,160	...	...	46,160	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,840	...	...	39,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	20,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,700	...	...	111,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...	95,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	28,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	190	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	110	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	355	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	710	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,085	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,125	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,000	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,185	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,275	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,245	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,400	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,260	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,075	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,910	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,815	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,095	...	...	35.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,380	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,340	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,540	...	...	8.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,830	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	28,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	215	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	120	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	365	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	730	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,165	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,250	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,265	...	...	4.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,315	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,455	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,375	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,760	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,635	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,345	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,190	...	...	7.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,835	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,810	...	...	27.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,260	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,005	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,545	...	...	8.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	19,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,150	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	7,685	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,660	4,975	5,680	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	37,600	34,400	35,600	37,600	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,000	33,200	34,400	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	19,885	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,600	...	...	111,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...	95,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,140	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,300	...	...	99,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,500	...	...	84,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,700	...	...	119,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...	73,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,560	4,850	5,710	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,960	44,880	41,320	42,960	44,880	41,320
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,360	38,320	36,520	37,360	38,320	36,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	68,195	33,270	34,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	12,715	6,595	6,120	18.6	19.8	17.5
0 to 5 years	4,110	2,150	1,960	6.0	6.5	5.6
18 to 64 years	40,180	19,625	20,555	58.9	59.0	58.9
65 years and over	15,300	7,045	8,250	22.4	21.2	23.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,400	3,335	4,065	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,715	905	815	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	625	340	285	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,105	1,905	2,200	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,580	525	1,055	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.9	10.0	11.6	10.9	10.0	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	13.5	13.7	13.3	13.5	13.7	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.8	14.6	15.2	15.8	14.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.7	10.7	10.2	9.7	10.7
65 years and over (%)	10.3	7.5	12.8	10.3	7.5	12.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	68,190	33,270	34,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	12,715	6,595	6,120	18.6	19.8	17.5
0 to 5 years	4,105	2,155	1,955	6.0	6.5	5.6
18 to 64 years	40,180	19,625	20,555	58.9	59.0	58.9
65 years and over	15,300	7,050	8,250	22.4	21.2	23.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,860	1,450	1,410	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	485	240	240	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	155	70	85	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,160	1,125	1,030	...	...	...
65 years and over	215	80	135	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.6	4.0	3.8	3.6	4.0
0 to 5 years (%)	3.8	3.2	4.4	3.8	3.2	4.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.4	5.8	5.0	5.4	5.8	5.0
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.1	1.6	1.4	1.1	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	68,195	33,265	34,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	37,155	17,640	19,520	54.5	53.0	55.9
In bottom decile	6,665	3,150	3,515	9.8	9.5	10.1
In second decile	7,340	3,280	4,060	10.8	9.9	11.6
In third decile	7,745	3,715	4,030	11.4	11.2	11.5
In fourth decile	7,755	3,765	3,990	11.4	11.3	11.4
In fifth decile	7,655	3,730	3,925	11.2	11.2	11.2
In top half of the distribution	31,035	15,630	15,410	45.5	47.0	44.1
In sixth decile	7,245	3,610	3,630	10.6	10.9	10.4
In seventh decile	6,740	3,355	3,385	9.9	10.1	9.7
In eighth decile	6,510	3,265	3,240	9.5	9.8	9.3
In ninth decile	5,865	2,990	2,880	8.6	9.0	8.2
In top decile	4,680	2,410	2,270	6.9	7.2	6.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	68,190	...	...	68,190	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.309	...	...	0.309	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.451	...	...	0.451	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.272	...	...	0.272	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	68,645	33,450	35,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	60,090	29,690	30,395	87.5	88.8	86.4
French only	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	8,100	3,580	4,525	11.8	10.7	12.9
Neither English nor French	330	125	205	0.5	0.4	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	68,645	33,450	35,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	64,110	31,440	32,665	93.4	94.0	92.8
French	3,945	1,770	2,175	5.7	5.3	6.2
English and French	275	120	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	320	120	200	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	68,645	33,450	35,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	66,730	32,510	34,215	97.2	97.2	97.2
Official languages	59,750	29,200	30,550	87.0	87.3	86.8
English	55,630	27,340	28,295	81.0	81.7	80.4
French	4,115	1,860	2,255	6.0	5.6	6.4
Non-official languages	6,980	3,310	3,670	10.2	9.9	10.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,975	3,310	3,670	10.2	9.9	10.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	295	165	135	0.4	0.5	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	285	160	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	255	145	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	285	85	205	0.4	0.3	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	245	75	175	0.4	0.2	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,955	2,405	2,545	7.2	7.2	7.2
Albanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,140	525	615	1.7	1.6	1.7
Baltic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,120	520	605	1.6	1.6	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	390	185	210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	135	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	250	120	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	200	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	690	320	370	1.0	1.0	1.1
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	300	145	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	295	145	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	360	165	195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	330	155	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	780	400	380	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	700	355	350	1.0	1.1	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240	115	125	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	240	120	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,245	1,105	1,140	3.3	3.3	3.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,345	665	685	2.0	2.0	1.9
Portuguese	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	645	315	335	0.9	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	290	135	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275	125	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	270	125	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	180	80	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	395	155	240	0.6	0.5	0.7
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	370	145	220	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,920	935	975	2.8	2.8	2.8
English and French	860	405	460	1.3	1.2	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	900	460	435	1.3	1.4	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	68,645	33,450	35,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,760	29,420	30,340	87.1	88.0	86.2
French	820	355	465	1.2	1.1	1.3
Non-official language	1,300	595	700	1.9	1.8	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,300	595	700	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and French	2,030	830	1,195	3.0	2.5	3.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,380	2,090	2,290	6.4	6.2	6.5
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	100	130	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	68,645	33,450	35,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	67,325	32,840	34,480	98.1	98.2	98.0
Official languages	64,680	31,595	33,085	94.2	94.5	94.0
English	63,520	31,100	32,420	92.5	93.0	92.1
French	1,155	495	660	1.7	1.5	1.9
Non-official languages	2,640	1,245	1,405	3.8	3.7	4.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,645	1,240	1,405	3.9	3.7	4.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	110	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	110	40	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,700	805	895	2.5	2.4	2.5
Albanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	340	165	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	340	165	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	70	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	485	245	240	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	455	230	225	0.7	0.7	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	785	350	430	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	305	120	185	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	365	180	195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	230	110	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	170	85	90	0.2	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	115	50	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,325	615	710	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and French	445	175	265	0.6	0.5	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	830	410	415	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	68,645	33,450	35,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	63,060	30,915	32,150	91.9	92.4	91.3
English	1,375	635	745	2.0	1.9	2.1
French	1,325	545	775	1.9	1.6	2.2
Non-official language	2,370	1,110	1,255	3.5	3.3	3.6
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,355	1,105	1,255	3.4	3.3	3.6
English and French	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	175	90	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	110	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	95	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	68,015	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	67,670	33,035	34,635	99.5	99.6	99.4
English	67,575	32,995	34,580	99.4	99.5	99.2
French	8,120	3,585	4,535	11.9	10.8	13.0
Non-official languages	9,775	4,635	5,145	14.4	14.0	14.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,740	4,620	5,120	14.3	13.9	14.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	290	260	0.8	0.9	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	525	285	245	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Arabic	480	250	225	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	100	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	170	100	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	405	140	265	0.6	0.4	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	385	125	260	0.6	0.4	0.7
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	140	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	110	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,985	3,350	3,635	10.3	10.1	10.4
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,445	675	770	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,405	655	755	2.1	2.0	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Polish	510	235	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian	245	120	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	340	160	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	250	100	155	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbian	95	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	280	130	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,020	455	565	1.5	1.4	1.6
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	475	200	275	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	475	200	275	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	530	255	275	0.8	0.8	0.8
Afrikaans	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	505	250	255	0.7	0.8	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	1,080	535	545	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,030	510	520	1.5	1.5	1.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	395	195	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	500	215	280	0.7	0.6	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	390	210	180	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,385	1,640	1,745	5.0	4.9	5.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,870	910	965	2.7	2.7	2.8
Portuguese	325	155	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Spanish	1,305	630	675	1.9	1.9	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	305	140	165	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	215	115	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	305	145	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	300	140	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	230	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	85	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	570	240	335	0.8	0.7	1.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	550	230	320	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	68,020	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,725	1,210	1,515	4.0	3.6	4.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,580	1,145	1,440	3.8	3.5	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,330	605	730	2.0	1.8	2.1
Métis	1,180	500	680	1.7	1.5	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	65,295	31,955	33,340	96.0	96.4	95.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	68,020	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	585	255	330	0.9	0.8	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	67,435	32,910	34,525	99.1	99.2	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	20,435	...	...	71.1	...	...
Renter	8,300	...	...	28.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	1,250	...	...	4.4	...	...
Not condominium	27,480	...	...	95.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	95	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	2,940	...	...	10.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	6,490	...	...	22.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,055	...	...	42.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,155	...	...	24.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	5,665	...	...	19.7	...	...
5 rooms	4,110	...	...	14.3	...	...
6 rooms	4,645	...	...	16.2	...	...
7 rooms	4,205	...	...	14.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,115	...	...	35.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	28,495	...	...	99.2	...	...
More than one person per room	235	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	27,770	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	965	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,460	...	...	32.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,865	...	...	27.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,190	...	...	11.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,880	...	...	10.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,190	...	...	4.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	890	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,005	...	...	3.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,260	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	27,105	...	...	94.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,630	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	14,235	...	...	49.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	13,405	...	...	46.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,095	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	660	...	...	2.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,380	...	...	11.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	4,285	...	...	14.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	4,650	...	...	16.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	5,965	...	...	20.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,515	...	...	19.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,220	...	...	11.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,075	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	28,640	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	22,545	...	...	78.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,100	...	...	21.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	5,665	...	...	19.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	28,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	7,990	...	...	27.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	5,480	...	...	19.1	...	...
Not suitable only	730	...	...	2.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,085	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	150	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	465	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	20,745	...	...	72.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	28,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,115	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not in core need	25,095	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,420	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.5	...	...	58.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.8	...	...	13.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	...	...	1,120	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328	...	...	1,328	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	520,000	...	...	520,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	573,500	...	...	573,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,300	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.8	...	...	39.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.9	...	...	26.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,040	...	...	1,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	68,020	33,165	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	650	315	335	1.0	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	645	310	330	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	440	205	235	0.6	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	205	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,855	1,250	1,605	4.2	3.8	4.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,805	1,225	1,580	4.1	3.7	4.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,875	815	1,060	2.8	2.5	3.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	880	375	505	1.3	1.1	1.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	64,505	31,595	32,910	94.8	95.3	94.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	68,015	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	65,350	31,865	33,485	96.1	96.1	96.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	12,370	6,440	5,930	18.2	19.4	17.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	52,975	25,425	27,550	77.9	76.7	79.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	2,665	1,300	1,370	3.9	3.9	3.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	68,015	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	58,350	28,520	29,835	85.8	86.0	85.6
Immigrants⁸¹	8,730	4,170	4,560	12.8	12.6	13.1
Before 1980	3,825	1,805	2,020	5.6	5.4	5.8
1980 to 1990	1,060	480	580	1.6	1.4	1.7
1991 to 2000	940	445	495	1.4	1.3	1.4
2001 to 2010	1,185	590	590	1.7	1.8	1.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,725	845	880	2.5	2.5	2.5
2011 to 2015	815	395	415	1.2	1.2	1.2
2016 to 2021	910	450	460	1.3	1.4	1.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	935	475	460	1.4	1.4	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	8,730	4,170	4,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,055	550	505	12.1	13.2	11.1
5 to 14 years	1,860	940	925	21.3	22.5	20.3
15 to 24 years	2,000	900	1,095	22.9	21.6	24.0
25 to 44 years	3,215	1,465	1,755	36.8	35.1	38.5
45 years and over	600	315	280	6.9	7.6	6.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,730	4,170	4,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,815	860	960	20.8	20.6	21.1
Brazil	70	30	35	0.8	0.7	0.8
Colombia	190	85	100	2.2	2.0	2.2
El Salvador	55	25	30	0.6	0.6	0.7
Guyana	40	25	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Haiti	115	60	60	1.3	1.4	1.3
Jamaica	160	75	80	1.8	1.8	1.8
Mexico	35	20	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
Peru	40	25	15	0.5	0.6	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	115	55	60	1.3	1.3	1.3
United States of America	680	290	385	7.8	7.0	8.4
Other places of birth in Americas	315	155	160	3.6	3.7	3.5
Europe	4,630	2,205	2,420	53.0	52.9	53.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	15	10	0.2	0.4	0.2
Croatia	170	80	90	1.9	1.9	2.0
France	35	15	15	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	240	110	125	2.7	2.6	2.7
Greece	40	25	10	0.5	0.6	0.2
Hungary	240	105	135	2.7	2.5	3.0
Italy	1,000	500	500	11.5	12.0	11.0
Netherlands	475	245	235	5.4	5.9	5.2
Poland	315	140	180	3.6	3.4	3.9
Portugal	110	55	60	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romania	65	20	45	0.7	0.5	1.0
Russian Federation	55	20	35	0.6	0.5	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	50	20	35	0.6	0.5	0.8
Ukraine	90	40	45	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,305	595	710	14.9	14.3	15.6
Other places of birth in Europe	410	220	195	4.7	5.3	4.3
Africa	450	230	220	5.2	5.5	4.8
Algeria	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10	0.2	0.4	0.2
Egypt	40	25	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	95	40	55	1.1	1.0	1.2
Somalia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	35	0.6	0.4	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	200	120	85	2.3	2.9	1.9
Asia	1,795	855	945	20.6	20.5	20.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	20	15	10	0.2	0.4	0.2
Iraq	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Lebanon	75	45	35	0.9	1.1	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	25	0.7	0.7	0.5
Turkey	20	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
China⁹⁰	110	45	60	1.3	1.1	1.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	15	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	155	70	80	1.8	1.7	1.8
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Philippines	280	95	185	3.2	2.3	4.1
Viet Nam	130	85	50	1.5	2.0	1.1
Bangladesh	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
India	410	195	220	4.7	4.7	4.8
Pakistan	230	130	100	2.6	3.1	2.2
Sri Lanka	40	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	190	85	110	2.2	2.0	2.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	25	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	910	445	460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	220	110	115	24.2	24.7	25.0
Brazil	30	15	15	3.3	3.4	3.3
Colombia	40	20	25	4.4	4.5	5.4
Haiti	15	0	10	1.6	0.0	2.2
Jamaica	15	10	0	1.6	2.2	0.0
Mexico	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	85	45	40	9.3	10.1	8.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	40	20	15	4.4	4.5	3.3
Europe	85	45	40	9.3	10.1	8.7
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	25	15	10	2.7	3.4	2.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	45	20	25	4.9	4.5	5.4
Africa	120	65	60	13.2	14.6	13.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	50	20	35	5.5	4.5	7.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	0	10	1.6	0.0	2.2
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	25	15	4.4	5.6	3.3
Asia	470	225	250	51.6	50.6	54.3
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	40	25	20	4.4	5.6	4.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	155	70	85	17.0	15.7	18.5
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	25	30	6.0	5.6	6.5
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	10	10	2.2	2.2	2.2
Philippines	60	20	40	6.6	4.5	8.7
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	10	3.8	4.5	2.2
Turkey	15	10	0	1.6	2.2	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	15	10	0	1.6	2.2	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	45	20	25	4.9	4.5	5.4
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	1.1	2.2	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	1.1	2.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	68,020	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	10,180	4,860	5,315	15.0	14.7	15.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	12,620	6,215	6,405	18.6	18.7	18.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	45,220	22,085	23,135	66.5	66.6	66.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	4,905	2,365	2,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	2,030	1,035	990	41.4	43.8	39.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	940	585	355	19.2	24.7	14.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,090	455	635	22.2	19.2	25.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,680	705	975	34.3	29.8	38.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,060	570	490	21.6	24.1	19.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	135	55	80	2.8	2.3	3.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	4,905	2,365	2,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	715	385	325	14.6	16.3	12.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	650	345	305	13.3	14.6	12.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	115	40	75	2.3	1.7	3.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	305	155	155	6.2	6.6	6.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	50	15	40	1.0	0.6	1.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,070	1,430	1,640	62.6	60.5	64.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	68,020	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	6,485	3,235	3,245	9.5	9.8	9.3
South Asian	1,425	690	740	2.1	2.1	2.1
Chinese	340	145	195	0.5	0.4	0.6
Black	1,850	1,000	855	2.7	3.0	2.5
Filipino	465	175	290	0.7	0.5	0.8
Arab	320	165	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
Latin American	805	415	390	1.2	1.3	1.1
Southeast Asian	310	205	110	0.5	0.6	0.3
West Asian	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	295	140	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	175	80	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	345	160	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	61,530	29,925	31,605	90.5	90.2	90.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	68,015	33,160	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	10,510	5,275	5,235	15.5	15.9	15.0
English	16,595	7,945	8,640	24.4	24.0	24.8
Irish	11,485	5,230	6,260	16.9	15.8	18.0
Scottish	11,750	5,720	6,035	17.3	17.2	17.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,350	4,300	5,050	13.7	13.0	14.5
German	8,390	3,970	4,420	12.3	12.0	12.7
Chinese	440	205	235	0.6	0.6	0.7
Italian	8,365	4,320	4,050	12.3	13.0	11.6
Indian (India)	900	435	465	1.3	1.3	1.3
Ukrainian	3,475	1,610	1,865	5.1	4.9	5.4
Dutch	4,810	2,470	2,335	7.1	7.4	6.7
Polish	2,955	1,450	1,500	4.3	4.4	4.3
Québécois	385	145	240	0.6	0.4	0.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,810	1,350	1,460	4.1	4.1	4.2
Filipino	520	195	330	0.8	0.6	0.9
French Canadian	1,845	860	990	2.7	2.6	2.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,455	725	730	2.1	2.2	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	980	440	540	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis	1,145	510	635	1.7	1.5	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	820	445	375	1.2	1.3	1.1
Russian	645	300	345	0.9	0.9	1.0
Norwegian	255	115	145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Welsh	1,535	690	845	2.3	2.1	2.4
Portuguese	525	250	280	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	970	485	480	1.4	1.5	1.4
Spanish	445	200	245	0.7	0.6	0.7
Swedish	345	155	190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungarian	3,155	1,470	1,690	4.6	4.4	4.8
Acadian	175	75	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	285	155	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	440	240	195	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jewish	120	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	115	40	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	175	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	220	120	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Greek	315	165	145	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	430	230	200	0.6	0.7	0.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	145	45	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	285	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	390	195	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	185	115	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	280	160	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Danish	240	110	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	470	200	270	0.7	0.6	0.8
Sikh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	380	195	180	0.6	0.6	0.5
Belgian	175	105	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	170	95	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindu	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mennonite	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	320	155	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	250	110	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Sri Lankan	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	840	415	420	1.2	1.3	1.2
Japanese	120	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	125	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	180	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	150	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	210	95	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	260	125	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	220	125	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Syrian	90	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Afghan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	160	85	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	165	95	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Newfoundlander	170	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	385	175	210	0.6	0.5	0.6
Persian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	175	90	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkish	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	390	215	175	0.6	0.6	0.5
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	150	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	155	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congolese	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	110	70	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	175	110	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Macedonian	100	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slovenian	185	65	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	170	85	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	170	70	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bulgarian	50	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	135	85	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Argentinian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	95	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Zealander	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sudanese	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Breton	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	200	105	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	160	90	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	68,020	33,165	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian	42,760	19,890	22,865	62.9	60.0	65.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,275	2,350	2,920	7.8	7.1	8.4
Anabaptist	365	170	200	0.5	0.5	0.6
Anglican	3,635	1,610	2,035	5.3	4.9	5.8
Baptist	895	400	500	1.3	1.2	1.4
Catholic	23,155	11,115	12,040	34.0	33.5	34.5
Christian Orthodox	495	230	265	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	555	255	300	0.8	0.8	0.9
Latter Day Saints	175	75	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lutheran	840	360	475	1.2	1.1	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	775	360	410	1.1	1.1	1.2
Presbyterian	1,230	520	715	1.8	1.6	2.1
Reformed	565	260	305	0.8	0.8	0.9
United Church	2,730	1,200	1,530	4.0	3.6	4.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,920	920	1,005	2.8	2.8	2.9
Hindu	390	210	185	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jewish	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	850	440	410	1.2	1.3	1.2
Sikh	335	130	200	0.5	0.4	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	365	145	225	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	23,005	12,190	10,815	33.8	36.8	31.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	67,390	32,820	34,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,230	28,415	29,815	86.4	86.6	86.3
Movers	9,160	4,410	4,750	13.6	13.4	13.7
Non-migrants	3,960	1,875	2,090	5.9	5.7	6.0
Migrants	5,195	2,535	2,660	7.7	7.7	7.7
Internal migrants	4,910	2,420	2,495	7.3	7.4	7.2
Intraprovincial migrants	4,750	2,330	2,420	7.0	7.1	7.0
Interprovincial migrants	165	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
External migrants	285	120	165	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	64,590	31,385	33,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	38,450	18,720	19,730	59.5	59.6	59.4
Movers	26,140	12,665	13,475	40.5	40.4	40.6
Non-migrants	8,835	4,205	4,625	13.7	13.4	13.9
Migrants	17,305	8,460	8,850	26.8	27.0	26.7
Internal migrants	15,800	7,730	8,070	24.5	24.6	24.3
Intraprovincial migrants	15,085	7,310	7,775	23.4	23.3	23.4
Interprovincial migrants	720	420	300	1.1	1.3	0.9
External migrants	1,500	730	770	2.3	2.3	2.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,435	27,710	29,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,060	5,245	4,815	17.5	18.9	16.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	47,375	22,465	24,910	82.5	81.1	83.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	34,720	16,675	18,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,060	1,755	1,305	8.8	10.5	7.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	31,660	14,915	16,745	91.2	89.4	92.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,435	27,710	29,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,110	4,660	4,450	15.9	16.8	15.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,385	9,080	9,300	32.0	32.8	31.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	29,940	13,965	15,975	52.1	50.4	53.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,555	9,455	10,100	34.0	34.1	34.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,900	2,855	1,045	6.8	10.3	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,815	1,135	680	3.2	4.1	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,085	1,725	360	3.6	6.2	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,750	6,195	8,550	25.7	22.4	28.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	905	405	505	1.6	1.5	1.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	10,390	4,515	5,875	18.1	16.3	19.8
Bachelor's degree	7,295	3,035	4,260	12.7	11.0	14.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	680	300	385	1.2	1.1	1.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	210	135	70	0.4	0.5	0.2
Master's degree	2,000	940	1,060	3.5	3.4	3.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	200	100	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	34,720	16,670	18,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,695	1,560	1,135	7.8	9.4	6.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,590	5,575	5,020	30.5	33.4	27.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,435	9,535	11,895	61.7	57.2	65.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,835	6,455	7,385	39.8	38.7	40.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,335	1,685	655	6.7	10.1	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,105	675	430	3.2	4.0	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,235	1,015	220	3.6	6.1	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,940	4,525	6,415	31.5	27.1	35.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	555	245	315	1.6	1.5	1.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	7,600	3,085	4,515	21.9	18.5	25.0
Bachelor's degree	5,365	2,140	3,225	15.5	12.8	17.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	480	165	315	1.4	1.0	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	140	80	55	0.4	0.5	0.3
Master's degree	1,475	630	840	4.2	3.8	4.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	140	70	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	57,435	27,705	29,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,495	13,740	13,755	47.9	49.6	46.3
Education	2,165	625	1,535	3.8	2.3	5.2
13. Education	2,165	625	1,535	3.8	2.3	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,045	450	600	1.8	1.6	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	110	80	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	935	365	570	1.6	1.3	1.9
Humanities	1,505	590	915	2.6	2.1	3.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	125	30	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	325	65	260	0.6	0.2	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	465	195	270	0.8	0.7	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	150	100	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	210	125	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	20	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,540	1,120	2,420	6.2	4.0	8.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	385	160	225	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	925	75	855	1.6	0.3	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	335	110	220	0.6	0.4	0.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	655	175	480	1.1	0.6	1.6
45. Social sciences	1,115	560	555	1.9	2.0	1.9
Business, management and public administration	5,215	2,060	3,160	9.1	7.4	10.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	640	115	525	1.1	0.4	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,565	1,935	2,630	7.9	7.0	8.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	775	390	380	1.3	1.4	1.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	315	150	165	0.5	0.5	0.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	175	55	120	0.3	0.2	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	250	180	70	0.4	0.6	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	940	550	390	1.6	2.0	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	695	465	235	1.2	1.7	0.8
25. Library science	85	0	85	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	145	75	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,740	5,380	360	10.0	19.4	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	130	95	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	585	500	85	1.0	1.8	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,620	1,480	145	2.8	5.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,210	1,185	25	2.1	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,240	1,200	35	2.2	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	955	920	35	1.7	3.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	680	375	310	1.2	1.4	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	445	225	215	0.8	0.8	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	145	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	5,690	1,110	4,585	9.9	4.0	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	595	265	330	1.0	1.0	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,030	800	4,230	8.8	2.9	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,635	1,320	1,320	4.6	4.8	4.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,325	370	950	2.3	1.3	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,010	670	335	1.8	2.4	1.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	270	35	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	34,725	16,675	18,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,285	7,135	6,155	38.3	42.8	34.1
Education	1,420	370	1,045	4.1	2.2	5.8
13. Education	1,420	370	1,045	4.1	2.2	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	695	285	410	2.0	1.7	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	50	35	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	640	255	390	1.8	1.5	2.2
Humanities	1,025	400	625	3.0	2.4	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	75	15	65	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	235	45	195	0.7	0.3	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	365	145	220	1.1	0.9	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	65	25	0.2	0.4	0.1
54. History	150	80	65	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,755	835	1,920	7.9	5.0	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	325	125	200	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	755	60	690	2.2	0.4	3.8
22. Legal professions and studies	255	70	180	0.7	0.4	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	480	135	345	1.4	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	870	415	455	2.5	2.5	2.5
Business, management and public administration	3,795	1,385	2,410	10.9	8.3	13.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	470	60	410	1.4	0.4	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,320	1,325	1,995	9.6	7.9	11.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	565	255	305	1.6	1.5	1.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	250	125	125	0.7	0.7	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	155	40	115	0.4	0.2	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	135	90	45	0.4	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	735	435	295	2.1	2.6	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	595	400	195	1.7	2.4	1.1
25. Library science	45	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	80	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	3,785	3,490	290	10.9	20.9	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	85	60	30	0.2	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	360	290	70	1.0	1.7	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,190	1,065	120	3.4	6.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	810	785	20	2.3	4.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	795	770	25	2.3	4.6	0.1
48. Precision production	545	520	30	1.6	3.1	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	540	275	270	1.6	1.6	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	180	190	1.1	1.1	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	175	95	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	4,110	765	3,345	11.8	4.6	18.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	455	190	265	1.3	1.1	1.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,625	565	3,065	10.4	3.4	17.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,005	1,030	980	5.8	6.2	5.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	975	285	690	2.8	1.7	3.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	810	540	270	2.3	3.2	1.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	220	205	15	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	34,725	16,675	18,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,285	7,135	6,155	38.3	42.8	34.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	21,435	9,540	11,895	61.7	57.2	65.9
Location of study inside Canada	19,190	8,500	10,690	55.3	51.0	59.2
Same as province or territory of residence	18,485	8,160	10,325	53.2	48.9	57.2
Different than province or territory of residence	710	335	365	2.0	2.0	2.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,245	1,040	1,205	6.5	6.2	6.7
Americas	1,035	500	535	3.0	3.0	3.0
United States of America	740	355	385	2.1	2.1	2.1
Mexico	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazil	75	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	75	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	75	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	395	210	185	1.1	1.3	1.0
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	10	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	25	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	140	85	65	0.4	0.5	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	125	65	55	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	55	15	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Asia	625	235	395	1.8	1.4	2.2
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	70	20	50	0.2	0.1	0.3
Philippines	130	40	100	0.4	0.2	0.6
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	170	50	120	0.5	0.3	0.7
Pakistan	85	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	55	25	25	0.2	0.1	0.1
Oceania	65	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	55	25	25	0.2	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	57,435	27,710	29,730	...	...	...
In the labour force	32,905	16,855	16,055	...	...	...
Employed	28,345	14,730	13,615	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,560	2,120	2,440	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	24,525	10,855	13,670	...	...	...
Participation rate	57.3	60.8	54.0	57.3	60.8	54.0
Employment rate	49.4	53.2	45.8	49.4	53.2	45.8
Unemployment rate	13.9	12.6	15.2	13.9	12.6	15.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	57,435	27,705	29,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	24,900	11,090	13,810	43.4	40.0	46.5
Worked	32,535	16,615	15,920	56.6	60.0	53.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	16,485	9,090	7,400	28.7	32.8	24.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	16,045	7,525	8,520	27.9	27.2	28.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.1	40.0	40.6	41.1	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	32,910	16,855	16,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	470	485	2.9	2.8	3.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	31,950	16,385	15,570	97.1	97.2	97.0
Employee	27,985	14,025	13,960	85.0	83.2	87.0
Permanent position	24,250	12,195	12,055	73.7	72.4	75.1
Temporary position	3,735	1,830	1,905	11.3	10.9	11.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,100	495	600	3.3	2.9	3.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	2,635	1,335	1,300	8.0	7.9	8.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	3,970	2,360	1,605	12.1	14.0	10.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	32,910	16,855	16,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	470	485	2.9	2.8	3.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	31,950	16,385	15,570	97.1	97.2	97.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	255	180	70	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	4,610	1,355	3,260	14.0	8.0	20.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,710	1,365	340	5.2	8.1	2.1
3 Health occupations	2,935	550	2,385	8.9	3.3	14.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,020	1,350	2,665	12.2	8.0	16.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	750	335	410	2.3	2.0	2.6
6 Sales and service occupations	9,575	3,985	5,590	29.1	23.6	34.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,800	5,400	400	17.6	32.0	2.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	790	625	165	2.4	3.7	1.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,515	1,225	290	4.6	7.3	1.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	32,910	16,855	16,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	470	485	2.9	2.8	3.0
All industries¹⁹¹	31,950	16,385	15,570	97.1	97.2	97.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	535	345	195	1.6	2.0	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	55	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	210	180	30	0.6	1.1	0.2
23 Construction	2,760	2,440	320	8.4	14.5	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	2,765	2,240	530	8.4	13.3	3.3
41 Wholesale trade	865	650	215	2.6	3.9	1.3
44-45 Retail trade	4,225	1,910	2,320	12.8	11.3	14.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,375	1,045	325	4.2	6.2	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	350	220	130	1.1	1.3	0.8
52 Finance and insurance	1,505	580	920	4.6	3.4	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	460	245	220	1.4	1.5	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,620	815	805	4.9	4.8	5.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,685	1,035	645	5.1	6.1	4.0
61 Educational services	2,690	860	1,835	8.2	5.1	11.4
62 Health care and social assistance	4,660	795	3,865	14.2	4.7	24.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	745	405	335	2.3	2.4	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	2,355	940	1,420	7.2	5.6	8.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,335	635	705	4.1	3.8	4.4
91 Public administration	1,675	970	705	5.1	5.8	4.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	35,125	17,860	17,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	33,340	17,220	16,120	94.9	96.4	93.4
French	405	85	320	1.2	0.5	1.9
Non-official language	95	35	55	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	95	35	55	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and French	955	325	630	2.7	1.8	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	295	180	115	0.8	1.0	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	35,125	17,860	17,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	34,900	17,755	17,140	99.4	99.4	99.3
Official languages	34,760	17,695	17,065	99.0	99.1	98.8
English	34,135	17,555	16,580	97.2	98.3	96.0
French	625	145	480	1.8	0.8	2.8
Non-official languages	135	60	80	0.4	0.3	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	135	60	80	0.4	0.3	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	80	30	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	230	105	120	0.7	0.6	0.7
English and French	150	45	100	0.4	0.3	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	75	55	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	35,125	17,860	17,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	34,055	17,445	16,615	97.0	97.7	96.2
English	260	75	185	0.7	0.4	1.1
French	580	215	365	1.7	1.2	2.1
Non-official language	165	95	70	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	165	95	70	0.5	0.5	0.4
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	25	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	28,345	14,730	13,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	5,565	2,240	3,325	19.6	15.2	24.4
Worked outside Canada	100	75	25	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	3,840	2,910	935	13.5	19.8	6.9
Usual place of work	18,835	9,505	9,330	66.4	64.5	68.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	18,840	9,505	9,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	7,285	3,090	4,195	38.7	32.5	45.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,455	4,960	4,495	50.2	52.2	48.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,055	1,435	615	10.9	15.1	6.6
Commute to a different province or territory	45	25	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	22,680	12,415	10,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	21,050	11,665	9,385	92.8	94.0	91.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	19,505	10,850	8,655	86.0	87.4	84.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,545	810	730	6.8	6.5	7.1
Public transit	305	115	190	1.3	0.9	1.9
Walked	725	325	400	3.2	2.6	3.9
Bicycle	145	115	30	0.6	0.9	0.3
Other method	455	195	255	2.0	1.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	22,680	12,415	10,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,665	3,510	4,160	33.8	28.3	40.5
15 to 29 minutes	8,500	4,645	3,855	37.5	37.4	37.6
30 to 44 minutes	3,945	2,390	1,560	17.4	19.3	15.2
45 to 59 minutes	1,095	790	305	4.8	6.4	3.0
60 minutes and over	1,470	1,085	385	6.5	8.7	3.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	22,680	12,415	10,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,095	1,555	540	9.2	12.5	5.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,410	3,000	1,415	19.4	24.2	13.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	5,245	2,865	2,375	23.1	23.1	23.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	4,420	1,795	2,620	19.5	14.5	25.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	2,780	1,095	1,685	12.3	8.8	16.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,735	2,110	1,630	16.5	17.0	15.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	12,995	6,735	6,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,030	1,055	975	15.6	15.7	15.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,970	5,685	5,290	84.4	84.4	84.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	9,340	4,820	4,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,535	805	725	16.4	16.7	16.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,035	530	505	11.1	11.0	11.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	500	280	220	5.4	5.8	4.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,810	4,015	3,795	83.6	83.3	84.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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