Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Niagara Regional Area Health UnitMore information: Ontario [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	477,941	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	207,926	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	195,914	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	477,940	232,715	245,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	70,600	36,280	34,320	14.8	15.6	14.0
0 to 4 years	21,830	11,285	10,545	4.6	4.8	4.3
5 to 9 years	23,865	12,300	11,560	5.0	5.3	4.7
10 to 14 years	24,910	12,700	12,215	5.2	5.5	5.0
15 to 64 years	295,990	145,755	150,240	61.9	62.6	61.3
15 to 19 years	25,275	13,125	12,150	5.3	5.6	5.0
20 to 24 years	27,230	14,020	13,205	5.7	6.0	5.4
25 to 29 years	28,700	14,530	14,175	6.0	6.2	5.8
30 to 34 years	28,665	14,295	14,375	6.0	6.1	5.9
35 to 39 years	27,415	13,375	14,040	5.7	5.7	5.7
40 to 44 years	26,695	12,985	13,710	5.6	5.6	5.6
45 to 49 years	27,905	13,560	14,350	5.8	5.8	5.9
50 to 54 years	30,695	14,820	15,875	6.4	6.4	6.5
55 to 59 years	36,760	17,725	19,035	7.7	7.6	7.8
60 to 64 years	36,645	17,325	19,320	7.7	7.4	7.9
65 years and over	111,345	50,675	60,670	23.3	21.8	24.7
65 to 69 years	33,245	15,755	17,485	7.0	6.8	7.1
70 to 74 years	29,210	13,810	15,405	6.1	5.9	6.3
75 to 79 years	20,275	9,580	10,695	4.2	4.1	4.4
80 to 84 years	13,770	6,075	7,690	2.9	2.6	3.1
85 years and over	14,850	5,455	9,395	3.1	2.3	3.8
85 to 89 years	8,765	3,550	5,215	1.8	1.5	2.1
90 to 94 years	4,645	1,545	3,100	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	1,290	320	975	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	145	35	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.6	14.0	14.8	15.6	14.0
15 to 64 years	61.9	62.6	61.3	61.9	62.6	61.3
65 years and over	23.3	21.8	24.7	23.3	21.8	24.7
85 years and over	3.1	2.3	3.8	3.1	2.3	3.8
Average age of the population	44.4	43.2	45.5	44.4	43.2	45.5
Median age of the population	46.0	44.0	47.2	46.0	44.0	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	129,965	...	...	66.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	10,205	...	...	5.2	...	...
Row house	15,410	...	...	7.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,660	...	...	3.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,720	...	...	11.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,770	...	...	5.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	625	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	555	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	195,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	55,090	...	...	28.1	...	...
2 persons	71,480	...	...	36.5	...	...
3 persons	29,445	...	...	15.0	...	...
4 persons	24,930	...	...	12.7	...	...
5 or more persons	14,970	...	...	7.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	469,450	229,145	240,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	407,340	196,435	210,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	231,435	115,715	115,720	56.8	58.9	54.9
Married	192,070	96,040	96,035	47.2	48.9	45.5
Living common-law	39,365	19,675	19,690	9.7	10.0	9.3
Living common law - Never married	25,355	12,700	12,650	6.2	6.5	6.0
Living common law - Separated	2,765	1,465	1,305	0.7	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	9,750	4,890	4,865	2.4	2.5	2.3
Living common law - Widowed	1,490	620	870	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	175,900	80,720	95,185	43.2	41.1	45.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	107,285	58,170	49,115	26.3	29.6	23.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,650	5,880	7,775	3.4	3.0	3.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	26,955	10,595	16,355	6.6	5.4	7.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,015	6,075	21,940	6.9	3.1	10.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	137,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	75,440	...	...	54.9	...	...
3 persons	28,430	...	...	20.7	...	...
4 persons	23,270	...	...	16.9	...	...
5 or more persons	10,295	...	...	7.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	137,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	113,105	...	...	82.3	...	...
Married couples	93,455	...	...	68.0	...	...
With children⁶	45,135	...	...	32.8	...	...
Without children	48,320	...	...	35.2	...	...
Common-law couples	19,655	...	...	14.3	...	...
With children⁶	7,540	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	12,115	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	24,325	...	...	17.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	19,040	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,280	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	469,455	229,145	240,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	384,850	190,330	194,525	82.0	83.1	80.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	226,210	113,000	113,210	48.2	49.3	47.1
Parents in one-parent families	24,320	5,285	19,040	5.2	2.3	7.9
Children⁶	134,320	72,045	62,270	28.6	31.4	25.9
In a two-parent family	97,000	51,615	45,385	20.7	22.5	18.9
In a one-parent family	37,315	20,430	16,890	7.9	8.9	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	84,600	38,815	45,785	18.0	16.9	19.1
Living alone	55,090	24,015	31,075	11.7	10.5	12.9
Living with other relatives⁷	11,020	4,490	6,525	2.3	2.0	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	18,500	10,315	8,180	3.9	4.5	3.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	120,425	...	...	61.5	...	...
Couple-family households	101,815	...	...	52.0	...	...
With children⁶	47,345	...	...	24.2	...	...
Without children	54,465	...	...	27.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	18,610	...	...	9.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	5,705	...	...	2.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,205	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,990	...	...	3.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,500	...	...	3.8	...	...
One-person households	55,085	...	...	28.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	398,950	192,925	206,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	386,005	186,225	199,780	96.8	96.5	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,400	38,400	44,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	386,175	186,305	199,870	96.8	96.6	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,600	32,000	35,200	39,600	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,530	168,430	173,105	85.6	87.3	84.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	37,600	23,800	30,200	37,600	23,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	267,155	138,270	128,880	67.0	71.7	62.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,400	36,000	25,600	30,400	36,000	25,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	355,470	169,820	185,650	89.1	88.0	90.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,000	12,800	11,800	10,000	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	44,505	20,975	23,530	11.2	10.9	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,560	5,800	5,680	5,560	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,575	54,785	60,790	29.0	28.4	29.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	10,000	9,000	8,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	398,950	192,930	206,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	385,915	186,260	199,660	96.7	96.5	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,360	56,400	42,800	49,360	56,400	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	386,095	186,340	199,750	96.8	96.6	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,920	47,000	37,200	41,920	47,000	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,600	168,505	173,090	85.6	87.3	84.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,080	51,200	35,200	43,080	51,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	267,155	138,280	128,875	67.0	71.7	62.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,320	48,240	35,960	42,320	48,240	35,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	355,020	169,655	185,370	89.0	87.9	90.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,200	11,090	13,200	12,200	11,090	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	44,855	20,905	23,950	11.2	10.8	11.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,370	6,030	6,670	6,370	6,030	6,670
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,270	54,545	60,725	28.9	28.3	29.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,570	9,350	9,770	9,570	9,350	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	398,950	192,930	206,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	112,330	63,155	49,175	28.2	32.7	23.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	66,000	54,000	60,000	66,000	54,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,400	77,100	61,800	70,400	77,100	61,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	112,155	51,605	60,545	28.1	26.7	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	17,400	14,700	15,900	17,400	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,920	28,520	21,880	24,920	28,520	21,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.2	82.0	71.4	77.2	82.0	71.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.3	63.5	54.2	59.3	63.5	54.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.7	17.9	28.7	22.7	17.9	28.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.6	5.3	8.1	6.6	5.3	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	4.9	6.9	5.8	4.9	6.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	398,950	192,920	206,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	12,945	6,700	6,245	3.2	3.5	3.0
With total income	386,005	186,220	199,785	96.8	96.5	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,415	12,060	16,350	7.4	6.5	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	49,120	19,505	29,610	12.7	10.5	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	65,355	27,045	38,315	16.9	14.5	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	57,535	25,455	32,085	14.9	13.7	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	46,480	21,975	24,505	12.0	11.8	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	35,660	17,475	18,190	9.2	9.4	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	26,495	14,525	11,965	6.9	7.8	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	19,210	11,270	7,940	5.0	6.1	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	14,010	8,520	5,485	3.6	4.6	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	11,425	6,865	4,565	3.0	3.7	2.3
$100,000 and over	32,295	21,530	10,760	8.4	11.6	5.4
$100,000 to $149,999	22,655	14,505	8,155	5.9	7.8	4.1
$150,000 and over	9,640	7,035	2,610	2.5	3.8	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	398,950	192,920	206,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	12,775	6,615	6,160	3.2	3.4	3.0
With after-tax income	386,175	186,305	199,870	96.8	96.6	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,165	12,555	17,610	7.8	6.7	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	51,460	20,490	30,965	13.3	11.0	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	74,745	31,255	43,485	19.4	16.8	21.8
$30,000 to $39,999	65,910	30,245	35,665	17.1	16.2	17.8
$40,000 to $49,999	51,330	24,935	26,400	13.3	13.4	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	36,180	19,390	16,790	9.4	10.4	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	24,445	14,280	10,165	6.3	7.7	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	16,580	10,135	6,445	4.3	5.4	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	12,815	7,360	5,455	3.3	4.0	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	7,040	4,605	2,435	1.8	2.5	1.2
$100,000 and over	15,500	11,050	4,450	4.0	5.9	2.2
$100,000 to $124,999	8,120	5,630	2,490	2.1	3.0	1.2
$125,000 and over	7,380	5,420	1,965	1.9	2.9	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	398,950	192,920	206,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	131,790	54,650	77,145	33.0	28.3	37.4
With employment income	267,155	138,275	128,885	67.0	71.7	62.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,275	24,685	22,595	17.7	17.8	17.5
$5,000 to $9,999	24,745	10,685	14,060	9.3	7.7	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	35,245	15,485	19,760	13.2	11.2	15.3
$20,000 to $29,999	25,260	11,545	13,720	9.5	8.3	10.6
$30,000 to $39,999	23,780	11,200	12,580	8.9	8.1	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	22,380	10,525	11,850	8.4	7.6	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	19,445	10,160	9,280	7.3	7.3	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	15,615	9,170	6,445	5.8	6.6	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	11,690	7,310	4,380	4.4	5.3	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	9,460	6,055	3,400	3.5	4.4	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	9,265	5,285	3,975	3.5	3.8	3.1
$100,000 and over	23,005	16,165	6,840	8.6	11.7	5.3
$100,000 to $124,999	11,725	7,760	3,970	4.4	5.6	3.1
$125,000 and over	11,280	8,410	2,870	4.2	6.1	2.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	398,950	192,925	206,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	380,420	183,315	197,100	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,800	36,800	43,200	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	380,565	183,335	197,235	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,800	29,600	33,600	38,800	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	340,005	167,425	172,580	85.2	86.8	83.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	40,400	27,400	33,200	40,400	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	270,685	139,645	131,040	67.8	72.4	63.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,600	33,600	39,200	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	337,370	160,635	176,730	84.6	83.3	85.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	2,060	7,650	5,320	2,060	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	28,620	12,855	15,765	7.2	6.7	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,960	5,240	5,120	4,960	5,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	398,950	192,930	206,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	380,340	183,230	197,115	95.3	95.0	95.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,360	55,000	40,280	47,360	55,000	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	380,465	183,250	197,215	95.4	95.0	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,920	45,280	35,000	39,920	45,280	35,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	340,200	167,480	172,720	85.3	86.8	83.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,560	53,000	36,400	44,560	53,000	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	270,300	139,410	130,895	67.8	72.3	63.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,880	50,200	37,200	43,880	50,200	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	337,355	160,450	176,900	84.6	83.2	85.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,460	7,510	9,330	8,460	7,510	9,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,635	12,845	15,795	7.2	6.7	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,730	6,105	7,230	6,730	6,105	7,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	398,950	192,930	206,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	111,565	62,710	48,860	28.0	32.5	23.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,600	50,000	57,200	63,600	50,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,400	74,600	58,050	67,400	74,600	58,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	107,330	49,140	58,185	26.9	25.5	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,600	21,600	23,600	26,600	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,920	36,800	27,760	31,920	36,800	27,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	88.0	79.2	84.2	88.0	79.2
Employment income (%)	65.8	69.4	61.3	65.8	69.4	61.3
Government transfers (%)	15.8	11.9	20.8	15.8	11.9	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.4	1.1	0.8	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	195,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	55,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	140,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	195,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,200	...	...	97,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,600	...	...	82,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	55,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...	49,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,800	...	...	41,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	140,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,600	...	...	98,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	195,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,600	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	870	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,150	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,075	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,350	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,315	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,875	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,795	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,155	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,120	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,685	...	...	8.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,980	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,065	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,750	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,865	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	72,280	...	...	36.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,470	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,370	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,995	...	...	9.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,445	...	...	7.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	195,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,855	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	910	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,235	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,250	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,870	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,385	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,195	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,895	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,255	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,185	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,100	...	...	9.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,360	...	...	8.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,920	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,595	...	...	7.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,355	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	56,550	...	...	28.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,915	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,965	...	...	7.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	19,675	...	...	10.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	135,545	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	53,350	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	73,585	34,325	39,255	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,600	34,800	36,000	37,600	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,400	33,200	34,400	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	135,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,100	...	...	116,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...	98,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,300	...	...	103,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...	86,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,200	...	...	145,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...	122,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,400	...	...	77,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...	69,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	73,500	34,140	39,365	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,360	47,760	43,280	45,360	47,760	43,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,880	40,320	37,640	38,880	40,320	37,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,530	44,005	41,525	18.2	19.2	17.3
0 to 5 years	26,510	13,700	12,810	5.6	6.0	5.3
18 to 64 years	278,565	136,360	142,205	59.3	59.5	59.2
65 years and over	105,360	48,780	56,580	22.4	21.3	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	49,030	22,220	26,810	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,710	5,465	5,250	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,630	1,845	1,785	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	26,960	12,620	14,340	...	...	...
65 years and over	11,355	4,140	7,220	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.4	9.7	11.2	10.4	9.7	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	12.4	12.6	12.5	12.4	12.6
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7	13.5	13.9	13.7	13.5	13.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.3	10.1	9.7	9.3	10.1
65 years and over (%)	10.8	8.5	12.8	10.8	8.5	12.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	469,455	229,150	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,530	44,010	41,525	18.2	19.2	17.3
0 to 5 years	26,510	13,700	12,810	5.6	6.0	5.3
18 to 64 years	278,565	136,360	142,205	59.3	59.5	59.2
65 years and over	105,360	48,775	56,580	22.4	21.3	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,645	9,520	9,130	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,890	1,490	1,405	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	890	455	435	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,115	7,355	6,755	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,640	675	970	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.2	3.8	4.0	4.2	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.4	4.8	5.1	5.4	4.8
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	248,615	118,110	130,505	53.0	51.5	54.3
In bottom decile	44,225	20,890	23,340	9.4	9.1	9.7
In second decile	50,180	22,595	27,585	10.7	9.9	11.5
In third decile	52,300	24,880	27,425	11.1	10.9	11.4
In fourth decile	51,055	24,850	26,200	10.9	10.8	10.9
In fifth decile	50,850	24,900	25,955	10.8	10.9	10.8
In top half of the distribution	220,840	111,035	109,800	47.0	48.5	45.7
In sixth decile	49,190	24,365	24,820	10.5	10.6	10.3
In seventh decile	47,230	23,635	23,595	10.1	10.3	9.8
In eighth decile	44,910	22,640	22,265	9.6	9.9	9.3
In ninth decile	42,880	21,730	21,150	9.1	9.5	8.8
In top decile	36,635	18,670	17,970	7.8	8.1	7.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	469,455	...	...	469,455	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	435,160	214,460	220,705	92.0	92.9	91.2
French only	310	140	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	33,420	14,505	18,910	7.1	6.3	7.8
Neither English nor French	3,895	1,625	2,270	0.8	0.7	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	457,310	223,860	233,445	96.7	97.0	96.4
French	10,440	4,735	5,705	2.2	2.1	2.4
English and French	1,280	585	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,760	1,555	2,200	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	460,430	224,910	235,525	97.4	97.5	97.3
Official languages	392,975	193,045	199,935	83.1	83.7	82.6
English	382,035	188,070	193,965	80.8	81.5	80.1
French	10,940	4,975	5,965	2.3	2.2	2.5
Non-official languages	67,460	31,865	35,590	14.3	13.8	14.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	67,415	31,845	35,565	14.3	13.8	14.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,745	1,940	1,805	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	255	115	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	250	110	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,475	1,820	1,655	0.7	0.8	0.7
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,110	1,640	1,470	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,320	560	760	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,160	495	665	0.2	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,480	1,335	2,145	0.7	0.6	0.9
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,915	1,110	1,800	0.6	0.5	0.7
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	250	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,505	770	735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,075	555	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,665	22,345	24,320	9.9	9.7	10.0
Albanian	235	120	120	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	11,350	5,170	6,175	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baltic languages	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	11,120	5,070	6,045	2.4	2.2	2.5
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	330	145	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,885	1,710	2,180	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	1,485	650	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,905	1,450	1,460	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatian	1,120	550	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,510	765	750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	345	155	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	305	120	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,435	640	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	8,610	3,915	4,700	1.8	1.7	1.9
Frisian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,485	1,990	2,495	0.9	0.9	1.0
German	4,445	1,970	2,475	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,805	1,795	2,010	0.8	0.8	0.8
Afrikaans	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	3,380	1,595	1,785	0.7	0.7	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	245	95	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	760	390	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	7,490	3,870	3,620	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	6,480	3,360	3,115	1.4	1.5	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	310	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,015	565	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	910	510	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,150	1,065	1,085	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,690	845	845	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,005	505	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	255	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	635	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	375	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,925	8,735	9,185	3.8	3.8	3.8
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	9,060	4,390	4,675	1.9	1.9	1.9
Portuguese	1,725	850	875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	545	250	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	6,560	3,235	3,320	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	95	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,555	715	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	680	315	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,045	2,310	2,735	1.1	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	5,000	2,290	2,710	1.1	1.0	1.1
Hakka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,505	1,620	1,885	0.7	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,275	575	705	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	355	145	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	25	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	615	335	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	540	295	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,730	760	970	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	135	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,505	665	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,355	5,825	6,525	2.6	2.5	2.7
English and French	2,765	1,265	1,500	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	8,350	3,990	4,355	1.8	1.7	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	750	335	420	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	404,035	198,585	205,450	85.5	86.1	84.9
French	2,005	890	1,110	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	14,965	6,935	8,025	3.2	3.0	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,960	6,935	8,025	3.2	3.0	3.3
English and French	6,080	2,575	3,510	1.3	1.1	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	43,000	20,515	22,485	9.1	8.9	9.3
French and non-official language(s)	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,610	710	900	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	990	480	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	462,665	225,970	236,695	97.9	97.9	97.8
Official languages	433,040	211,965	221,070	91.6	91.9	91.3
English	430,165	210,705	219,460	91.0	91.3	90.7
French	2,875	1,260	1,615	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official languages	29,630	14,005	15,625	6.3	6.1	6.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,620	14,000	15,620	6.3	6.1	6.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,095	1,015	1,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,890	920	970	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,750	860	895	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	820	365	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	740	330	410	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,745	790	955	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,495	670	825	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	980	495	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	750	375	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,505	8,255	9,255	3.7	3.6	3.8
Albanian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,305	1,975	2,340	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,275	1,960	2,315	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,495	675	825	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	855	385	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,190	570	620	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	790	380	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	350	150	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	905	410	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	565	260	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	565	260	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	320	145	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	265	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,765	2,370	2,395	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	4,210	2,115	2,100	0.9	0.9	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	640	345	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	540	295	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,585	770	820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,110	540	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	550	255	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	325	145	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,050	3,280	3,770	1.5	1.4	1.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,160	845	1,315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	705	335	370	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romanian	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,975	2,000	1,970	0.8	0.9	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,205	570	635	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	255	125	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	180	115	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	135	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,590	1,705	1,885	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	3,570	1,690	1,880	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,650	1,275	1,375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	800	360	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	185	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	450	190	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	425	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,120	4,765	5,355	2.1	2.1	2.2
English and French	1,070	435	635	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,730	4,185	4,545	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	472,790	230,735	242,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	429,600	210,465	219,140	90.9	91.2	90.5
English	12,900	6,165	6,735	2.7	2.7	2.8
French	4,610	1,965	2,645	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	21,075	9,940	11,135	4.5	4.3	4.6
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,020	9,915	11,105	4.4	4.3	4.6
English and French	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,525	745	780	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	860	385	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,020	985	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	469,450	229,145	240,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	465,590	227,605	237,990	99.2	99.3	99.0
English	465,250	227,445	237,810	99.1	99.3	99.0
French	33,500	14,570	18,930	7.1	6.4	7.9
Non-official languages	90,645	42,560	48,085	19.3	18.6	20.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	160	45	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	90,495	42,515	47,975	19.3	18.6	20.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,920	2,995	2,920	1.3	1.3	1.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	480	235	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	465	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,465	2,785	2,680	1.2	1.2	1.1
Amharic	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,850	2,475	2,375	1.0	1.1	1.0
Aramaic languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	220	120	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,825	800	1,025	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	285	90	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,540	710	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,150	1,995	3,155	1.1	0.9	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	320	115	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	330	120	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,815	1,860	2,955	1.0	0.8	1.2
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	700	370	330	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haitian Creole	450	240	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,880	1,025	865	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,215	630	585	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	610	360	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	63,310	30,085	33,220	13.5	13.1	13.8
Albanian	345	160	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	315	140	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	14,035	6,530	7,505	3.0	2.8	3.1
Baltic languages	285	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	150	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,800	6,415	7,385	2.9	2.8	3.1
Belarusian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	350	180	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	475	185	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	255	145	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Polish	4,875	2,095	2,785	1.0	0.9	1.2
Russian	2,620	1,220	1,395	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,780	1,935	1,835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bosnian	460	265	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,795	890	905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	1,910	995	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	475	210	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	330	130	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	2,110	965	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	135	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	11,450	5,280	6,175	2.4	2.3	2.6
Frisian	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,360	3,015	3,350	1.4	1.3	1.4
German	6,345	3,000	3,345	1.4	1.3	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,910	2,230	2,680	1.0	1.0	1.1
Afrikaans	380	175	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,260	1,940	2,320	0.9	0.8	1.0
Low German, n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	360	160	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,230	625	600	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,940	5,605	5,330	2.3	2.4	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	9,950	5,115	4,840	2.1	2.2	2.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	450	260	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,565	855	705	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	4,555	2,390	2,170	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	270	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,565	1,710	1,855	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	300	175	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	3,290	1,665	1,625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,180	600	575	0.3	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	760	405	350	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	190	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	490	265	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	26,570	12,510	14,060	5.7	5.5	5.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	13,350	6,350	7,000	2.8	2.8	2.9
Portuguese	2,470	1,175	1,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	665	325	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	11,210	5,215	5,995	2.4	2.3	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	630	270	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,885	925	960	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,605	795	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	215	140	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	375	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	345	145	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	580	210	370	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	505	180	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,915	2,715	3,200	1.3	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	5,840	2,685	3,155	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,635	2,140	2,490	1.0	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,630	750	880	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	600	270	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	380	185	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	295	120	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,120	635	485	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,005	570	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	30	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,175	930	1,245	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,955	840	1,110	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,960	6,565	7,400	3.0	2.9	3.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,325	6,250	7,075	2.8	2.7	2.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,785	3,625	4,155	1.7	1.6	1.7
Métis	5,390	2,530	2,860	1.1	1.1	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	150	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	220	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	415	200	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	455,490	222,585	232,910	97.0	97.1	96.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,890	1,830	2,060	0.8	0.8	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	465,565	227,315	238,245	99.2	99.2	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	142,190	...	...	72.6	...	...
Renter	53,725	...	...	27.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	15,390	...	...	7.9	...	...
Not condominium	180,530	...	...	92.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	625	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	19,415	...	...	9.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	44,105	...	...	22.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	83,190	...	...	42.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	48,580	...	...	24.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,340	...	...	20.1	...	...
5 rooms	28,765	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	32,550	...	...	16.6	...	...
7 rooms	29,900	...	...	15.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	65,360	...	...	33.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	193,910	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	2,005	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	188,725	...	...	96.3	...	...
Not suitable	7,190	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	62,255	...	...	31.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	57,945	...	...	29.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	21,235	...	...	10.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,860	...	...	9.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,830	...	...	4.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,645	...	...	3.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,260	...	...	4.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,885	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	185,175	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,740	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	97,720	...	...	49.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	90,145	...	...	46.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,050	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,875	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,790	...	...	11.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	28,080	...	...	14.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	32,655	...	...	16.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	42,365	...	...	21.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	37,310	...	...	19.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	21,500	...	...	11.0	...	...
85 years and over	8,340	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	194,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	152,640	...	...	78.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	41,530	...	...	21.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	38,175	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	195,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	54,850	...	...	28.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	37,555	...	...	19.2	...	...
Not suitable only	5,530	...	...	2.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,235	...	...	3.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,030	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,875	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	555	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	141,065	...	...	72.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	190,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	19,570	...	...	10.3	...	...
Not in core need	171,250	...	...	89.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	141,165	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.9	...	...	56.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.5	...	...	14.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,160	...	...	1,160	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,368	...	...	1,368	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	634,000	...	...	634,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	53,670	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.3	...	...	14.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.5	...	...	39.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.5	...	...	24.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,186	...	...	1,186	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,205	1,995	2,215	0.9	0.9	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,085	1,940	2,145	0.9	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,110	1,470	1,645	0.7	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	935	445	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,270	6,785	7,490	3.0	3.0	3.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	13,935	6,615	7,320	3.0	2.9	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,950	4,720	5,230	2.1	2.1	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,875	1,830	2,050	0.8	0.8	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	110	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	335	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	285	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	450,975	220,375	230,605	96.1	96.2	96.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	444,055	217,035	227,020	94.6	94.7	94.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	82,850	42,715	40,130	17.6	18.6	16.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	361,215	174,325	186,890	76.9	76.1	77.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	25,395	12,110	13,290	5.4	5.3	5.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	378,055	185,670	192,385	80.5	81.0	80.1
Immigrants⁸¹	83,005	39,155	43,850	17.7	17.1	18.2
Before 1980	33,450	15,895	17,550	7.1	6.9	7.3
1980 to 1990	9,500	4,480	5,025	2.0	2.0	2.1
1991 to 2000	11,460	5,270	6,190	2.4	2.3	2.6
2001 to 2010	13,400	6,175	7,230	2.9	2.7	3.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,195	7,335	7,860	3.2	3.2	3.3
2011 to 2015	6,470	3,115	3,355	1.4	1.4	1.4
2016 to 2021	8,725	4,220	4,500	1.9	1.8	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,390	4,320	4,070	1.8	1.9	1.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	83,005	39,155	43,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	9,530	4,780	4,750	11.5	12.2	10.8
5 to 14 years	16,925	8,590	8,335	20.4	21.9	19.0
15 to 24 years	18,520	8,405	10,115	22.3	21.5	23.1
25 to 44 years	32,070	14,625	17,445	38.6	37.4	39.8
45 years and over	5,960	2,755	3,205	7.2	7.0	7.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	83,005	39,155	43,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	15,770	7,060	8,710	19.0	18.0	19.9
Brazil	400	170	230	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	1,355	650	715	1.6	1.7	1.6
El Salvador	715	325	390	0.9	0.8	0.9
Guyana	455	185	265	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	390	190	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaica	1,640	795	845	2.0	2.0	1.9
Mexico	730	325	405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Peru	240	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	890	480	410	1.1	1.2	0.9
United States of America	5,850	2,325	3,520	7.0	5.9	8.0
Other places of birth in Americas	3,105	1,500	1,605	3.7	3.8	3.7
Europe	40,075	19,335	20,740	48.3	49.4	47.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	550	310	240	0.7	0.8	0.5
Croatia	1,230	650	575	1.5	1.7	1.3
France	255	115	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	2,615	1,230	1,385	3.2	3.1	3.2
Greece	550	320	225	0.7	0.8	0.5
Hungary	940	400	545	1.1	1.0	1.2
Italy	6,955	3,450	3,500	8.4	8.8	8.0
Netherlands	3,610	1,835	1,775	4.3	4.7	4.0
Poland	3,130	1,355	1,775	3.8	3.5	4.0
Portugal	920	445	470	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romania	690	340	350	0.8	0.9	0.8
Russian Federation	645	250	395	0.8	0.6	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	650	340	315	0.8	0.9	0.7
Ukraine	935	385	550	1.1	1.0	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,460	5,980	6,480	15.0	15.3	14.8
Other places of birth in Europe	3,955	1,940	2,015	4.8	5.0	4.6
Africa	4,345	2,150	2,195	5.2	5.5	5.0
Algeria	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	500	240	260	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrea	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	575	290	280	0.7	0.7	0.6
Somalia	310	150	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	600	275	325	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	1,945	980	960	2.3	2.5	2.2
Asia	22,465	10,415	12,055	27.1	26.6	27.5
Afghanistan	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	420	225	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iraq	550	280	265	0.7	0.7	0.6
Lebanon	360	215	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	570	285	285	0.7	0.7	0.6
Turkey	525	305	220	0.6	0.8	0.5
China⁹⁰	3,150	1,350	1,800	3.8	3.4	4.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	330	180	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,220	560	660	1.5	1.4	1.5
Taiwan	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	4,495	1,705	2,790	5.4	4.4	6.4
Viet Nam	1,050	495	555	1.3	1.3	1.3
Bangladesh	210	115	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	4,275	2,210	2,065	5.2	5.6	4.7
Pakistan	1,845	930	910	2.2	2.4	2.1
Sri Lanka	355	175	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,870	1,255	1,615	3.5	3.2	3.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	355	195	155	0.4	0.5	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,720	4,220	4,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,880	935	945	21.6	22.2	21.0
Brazil	75	30	50	0.9	0.7	1.1
Colombia	230	100	130	2.6	2.4	2.9
Haiti	65	20	45	0.7	0.5	1.0
Jamaica	225	140	80	2.6	3.3	1.8
Mexico	115	55	55	1.3	1.3	1.2
United States of America	575	295	275	6.6	7.0	6.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	125	65	65	1.4	1.5	1.4
Other places of birth in Americas	470	230	240	5.4	5.5	5.3
Europe	855	450	395	9.8	10.7	8.8
France	25	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Germany	25	20	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.4
Italy	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Russian Federation	85	25	65	1.0	0.6	1.4
Ukraine	95	45	50	1.1	1.1	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	180	125	55	2.1	3.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	390	205	190	4.5	4.9	4.2
Africa	990	480	515	11.4	11.4	11.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	35	10	25	0.4	0.2	0.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	30	10	0.5	0.7	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	60	25	35	0.7	0.6	0.8
Eritrea	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Morocco	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	315	155	160	3.6	3.7	3.6
Somalia	95	40	55	1.1	0.9	1.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	35	45	0.9	0.8	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	85	40	40	1.0	0.9	0.9
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	250	125	125	2.9	3.0	2.8
Asia	4,950	2,315	2,640	56.8	54.9	58.7
Afghanistan	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	45	30	20	0.5	0.7	0.4
China⁹⁰	845	330	520	9.7	7.8	11.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,365	740	630	15.7	17.5	14.0
Iran⁸⁸	45	30	15	0.5	0.7	0.3
Iraq	115	55	60	1.3	1.3	1.3
Israel	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Japan	25	10	15	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jordan	45	20	30	0.5	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	325	150	170	3.7	3.6	3.8
Lebanon	35	30	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Nepal	30	10	15	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	275	120	150	3.2	2.8	3.3
Philippines	750	290	460	8.6	6.9	10.2
Saudi Arabia	85	50	35	1.0	1.2	0.8
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	350	180	170	4.0	4.3	3.8
Turkey	130	70	60	1.5	1.7	1.3
United Arab Emirates	85	45	40	1.0	1.1	0.9
Viet Nam	85	40	45	1.0	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	285	105	180	3.3	2.5	4.0
Oceania and other⁹³	50	35	10	0.6	0.8	0.2
Australia	45	35	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	95,855	45,540	50,315	20.4	19.9	20.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	102,000	50,075	51,925	21.7	21.9	21.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	271,595	133,525	138,070	57.9	58.3	57.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,560	23,255	26,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	21,390	10,625	10,770	43.2	45.7	40.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,380	5,565	3,815	18.9	23.9	14.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,015	5,060	6,955	24.2	21.8	26.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,635	6,760	9,885	33.6	29.1	37.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,425	5,375	5,050	21.0	23.1	19.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,105	500	605	2.2	2.2	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,560	23,255	26,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,800	2,905	2,890	11.7	12.5	11.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,460	2,610	2,850	11.0	11.2	10.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,290	640	650	2.6	2.8	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,725	1,235	1,490	5.5	5.3	5.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	560	150	410	1.1	0.6	1.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,740	15,725	18,015	68.1	67.6	68.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	469,455	229,150	240,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	62,395	30,670	31,725	13.3	13.4	13.2
South Asian	13,845	7,250	6,595	2.9	3.2	2.7
Chinese	6,670	3,030	3,645	1.4	1.3	1.5
Black	13,310	6,930	6,375	2.8	3.0	2.7
Filipino	6,505	2,785	3,725	1.4	1.2	1.6
Arab	3,580	1,865	1,715	0.8	0.8	0.7
Latin American	6,980	3,340	3,635	1.5	1.5	1.5
Southeast Asian	3,210	1,505	1,705	0.7	0.7	0.7
West Asian	1,030	570	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,920	935	980	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	775	330	440	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,525	690	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	3,050	1,425	1,625	0.6	0.6	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	407,060	198,475	208,580	86.7	86.6	86.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	469,455	229,145	240,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	69,005	34,090	34,915	14.7	14.9	14.5
English	112,505	54,145	58,360	24.0	23.6	24.3
Irish	76,645	35,660	40,985	16.3	15.6	17.1
Scottish	82,680	39,865	42,810	17.6	17.4	17.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	43,645	20,455	23,195	9.3	8.9	9.7
German	57,720	27,785	29,930	12.3	12.1	12.5
Chinese	7,260	3,280	3,975	1.5	1.4	1.7
Italian	55,020	27,700	27,325	11.7	12.1	11.4
Indian (India)	8,605	4,455	4,150	1.8	1.9	1.7
Ukrainian	21,355	10,385	10,965	4.5	4.5	4.6
Dutch	34,310	17,195	17,125	7.3	7.5	7.1
Polish	22,640	10,760	11,880	4.8	4.7	4.9
Québécois	1,095	420	665	0.2	0.2	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,130	10,065	11,065	4.5	4.4	4.6
Filipino	6,455	2,760	3,690	1.4	1.2	1.5
French Canadian	8,060	3,975	4,090	1.7	1.7	1.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,665	3,940	3,730	1.6	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,955	2,825	3,125	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis	5,230	2,475	2,750	1.1	1.1	1.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,820	2,920	2,900	1.2	1.3	1.2
Russian	6,615	3,100	3,520	1.4	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	2,270	1,080	1,190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Welsh	9,235	4,200	5,035	2.0	1.8	2.1
Portuguese	4,245	2,170	2,080	0.9	0.9	0.9
American	6,945	3,280	3,665	1.5	1.4	1.5
Spanish	3,945	1,810	2,140	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	2,525	1,020	1,510	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hungarian	12,620	6,015	6,600	2.7	2.6	2.7
Acadian	1,140	510	630	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	2,375	1,195	1,180	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,970	1,525	1,450	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jewish	1,570	850	720	0.3	0.4	0.3
Punjabi	985	435	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,895	925	975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,850	930	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	3,430	1,770	1,665	0.7	0.8	0.7
Jamaican	3,930	1,930	2,000	0.8	0.8	0.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,485	725	760	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	485	175	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,930	940	990	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,865	1,395	1,470	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	1,100	630	470	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian	485	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,140	1,055	1,085	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	2,350	1,090	1,265	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,460	1,125	1,335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sikh	400	205	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	2,575	1,210	1,360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	1,395	690	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	850	465	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	1,400	720	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	2,530	1,285	1,245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Swiss	1,730	870	860	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	1,845	815	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	385	205	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	4,415	2,220	2,200	0.9	1.0	0.9
Japanese	1,050	450	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	775	410	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,145	550	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,065	515	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	880	445	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	800	425	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,350	625	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	225	120	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	420	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	1,915	970	950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,520	670	850	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syrian	530	215	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	815	385	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	400	235	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	715	345	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,960	1,510	1,455	0.6	0.7	0.6
Ojibway	825	420	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	915	425	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	2,380	1,180	1,205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,220	665	555	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkish	1,065	585	475	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	195	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algerian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	745	370	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	630	300	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,015	510	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	2,295	1,095	1,195	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	925	450	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	540	250	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	200	70	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	340	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	870	435	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	470	240	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	310	125	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	580	325	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	510	300	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	505	220	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	565	275	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	1,070	545	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	695	355	340	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australian	505	280	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	480	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	300	135	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	215	130	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	375	190	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	810	420	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	305	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	400	155	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	415	185	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,380	720	660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	750	365	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovenian	1,460	655	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	440	185	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	320	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	295	165	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	300	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	940	500	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	835	345	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	700	380	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Albertan	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	215	125	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	520	290	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	760	360	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	835	370	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	435	225	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	555	255	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	630	330	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	370	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	675	320	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	430	200	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	270	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	380	195	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	510	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	225	125	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	140	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	350	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	255	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	410	185	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	345	200	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	310	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	355	130	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	130	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	315	165	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	390	185	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	715	340	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Breton	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,110	480	630	0.2	0.2	0.3
Malaysian	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	65	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	145	105	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	205	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	490	225	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	240	100	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	469,450	229,145	240,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,405	1,065	1,340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Christian	286,590	133,975	152,615	61.0	58.5	63.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	40,765	19,615	21,155	8.7	8.6	8.8
Anabaptist	4,620	2,210	2,410	1.0	1.0	1.0
Anglican	27,030	12,070	14,960	5.8	5.3	6.2
Baptist	5,735	2,595	3,145	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	136,065	64,750	71,315	29.0	28.3	29.7
Christian Orthodox	6,525	3,235	3,285	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	2,195	975	1,225	0.5	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	840	380	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	5,830	2,675	3,155	1.2	1.2	1.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,370	650	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,955	2,265	2,685	1.1	1.0	1.1
Presbyterian	9,080	4,090	4,995	1.9	1.8	2.1
Reformed	6,130	3,010	3,120	1.3	1.3	1.3
United Church	20,355	8,670	11,690	4.3	3.8	4.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	15,085	6,785	8,295	3.2	3.0	3.5
Hindu	3,835	2,115	1,725	0.8	0.9	0.7
Jewish	1,255	570	680	0.3	0.2	0.3
Muslim	11,055	5,575	5,475	2.4	2.4	2.3
Sikh	2,370	1,055	1,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,570	1,020	1,550	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	159,150	83,655	75,500	33.9	36.5	31.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	465,380	227,135	238,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	411,570	200,840	210,740	88.4	88.4	88.5
Movers	53,800	26,300	27,505	11.6	11.6	11.5
Non-migrants	24,320	11,785	12,530	5.2	5.2	5.3
Migrants	29,485	14,510	14,970	6.3	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	27,235	13,330	13,910	5.9	5.9	5.8
Intraprovincial migrants	26,135	12,780	13,365	5.6	5.6	5.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,095	550	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	2,250	1,180	1,060	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	447,585	218,040	229,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	280,320	136,465	143,855	62.6	62.6	62.7
Movers	167,270	81,575	85,695	37.4	37.4	37.3
Non-migrants	59,245	28,785	30,460	13.2	13.2	13.3
Migrants	108,030	52,785	55,240	24.1	24.2	24.1
Internal migrants	94,595	46,170	48,430	21.1	21.2	21.1
Intraprovincial migrants	89,430	43,505	45,925	20.0	20.0	20.0
Interprovincial migrants	5,170	2,665	2,505	1.2	1.2	1.1
External migrants	13,430	6,620	6,805	3.0	3.0	3.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	68,480	35,590	32,890	17.2	18.4	16.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	330,475	157,345	173,125	82.8	81.6	84.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	241,375	117,060	124,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,885	12,985	9,900	9.5	11.1	8.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	218,495	104,075	114,415	90.5	88.9	92.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	61,495	31,165	30,330	15.4	16.2	14.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	127,280	62,560	64,715	31.9	32.4	31.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	210,180	99,210	110,970	52.7	51.4	53.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	129,570	63,790	65,785	32.5	33.1	31.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	27,200	19,760	7,440	6.8	10.2	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,445	7,670	4,780	3.1	4.0	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,750	12,090	2,660	3.7	6.3	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	95,060	40,755	54,305	23.8	21.1	26.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,310	3,275	4,035	1.8	1.7	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	80,605	35,420	45,185	20.2	18.4	21.9
Bachelor's degree	55,465	23,565	31,905	13.9	12.2	15.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,300	2,380	2,925	1.3	1.2	1.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,855	1,075	780	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	15,710	7,110	8,600	3.9	3.7	4.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,275	1,295	980	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	241,375	117,055	124,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,890	11,175	8,715	8.2	9.5	7.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	71,430	37,505	33,925	29.6	32.0	27.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	150,055	68,380	81,675	62.2	58.4	65.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	90,680	43,765	46,910	37.6	37.4	37.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,610	11,880	4,730	6.9	10.1	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,690	4,680	3,015	3.2	4.0	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,920	7,200	1,720	3.7	6.2	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	69,420	29,840	39,580	28.8	25.5	31.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,650	2,050	2,600	1.9	1.8	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	59,370	24,610	34,765	24.6	21.0	28.0
Bachelor's degree	40,870	16,785	24,085	16.9	14.3	19.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,885	1,580	2,305	1.6	1.3	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,315	685	630	0.5	0.6	0.5
Master's degree	11,720	4,745	6,975	4.9	4.1	5.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,580	820	765	0.7	0.7	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	398,950	192,935	206,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	188,775	93,725	95,050	47.3	48.6	46.1
Education	14,250	3,585	10,665	3.6	1.9	5.2
13. Education	14,250	3,585	10,665	3.6	1.9	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,430	3,285	4,140	1.9	1.7	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	675	500	175	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,750	2,795	3,960	1.7	1.4	1.9
Humanities	11,325	4,460	6,870	2.8	2.3	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,085	225	860	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	2,610	705	1,910	0.7	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,045	1,105	1,945	0.8	0.6	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	415	130	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	765	415	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,220	825	395	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,605	965	645	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	580	90	495	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,125	7,950	17,175	6.3	4.1	8.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	65	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,745	1,135	1,615	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,685	450	5,235	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	2,815	955	1,860	0.7	0.5	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	655	195	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,545	1,010	3,535	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	8,380	4,140	4,240	2.1	2.1	2.1
Business, management and public administration	40,400	16,220	24,180	10.1	8.4	11.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,015	780	3,240	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	36,300	15,400	20,900	9.1	8.0	10.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,965	3,450	3,515	1.7	1.8	1.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,885	1,130	1,755	0.7	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,670	735	935	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,930	1,425	505	0.5	0.7	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	365	130	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,445	4,115	2,330	1.6	2.1	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,775	3,320	1,455	1.2	1.7	0.7
25. Library science	420	25	400	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,090	670	420	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	150	100	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	40,690	38,170	2,515	10.2	19.8	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	1,145	850	295	0.3	0.4	0.1
14. Engineering	5,665	4,810	860	1.4	2.5	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,560	9,730	830	2.6	5.0	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,275	8,115	160	2.1	4.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,905	8,740	160	2.2	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	6,135	5,920	220	1.5	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,795	2,745	2,055	1.2	1.4	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,505	1,990	1,520	0.9	1.0	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,290	750	535	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	35,985	6,730	29,260	9.0	3.5	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,665	1,775	1,895	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,735	4,650	27,090	8.0	2.4	13.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	485	275	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,680	8,465	8,215	4.2	4.4	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,750	2,585	6,165	2.2	1.3	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	60	55	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,650	3,850	1,800	1.4	2.0	0.9
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,210	1,955	245	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	241,375	117,060	124,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	91,320	48,675	42,640	37.8	41.6	34.3
Education	9,055	2,105	6,950	3.8	1.8	5.6
13. Education	9,055	2,105	6,950	3.8	1.8	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,385	2,305	3,075	2.2	2.0	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	390	260	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,000	2,045	2,950	2.1	1.7	2.4
Humanities	7,535	2,895	4,640	3.1	2.5	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	745	120	625	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,665	430	1,230	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,275	815	1,450	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	265	95	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	520	295	225	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	695	480	215	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,045	610	435	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	325	45	280	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,125	5,750	13,380	7.9	4.9	10.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	40	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,215	865	1,355	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,535	350	4,180	1.9	0.3	3.4
22. Legal professions and studies	2,165	660	1,505	0.9	0.6	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	440	150	285	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	3,225	705	2,520	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	6,345	2,980	3,360	2.6	2.5	2.7
Business, management and public administration	29,925	11,335	18,585	12.4	9.7	14.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,130	490	2,645	1.3	0.4	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	26,720	10,820	15,905	11.1	9.2	12.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,900	2,180	2,720	2.0	1.9	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,130	775	1,355	0.9	0.7	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,225	495	735	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,210	825	385	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	245	65	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,015	3,280	1,730	2.1	2.8	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,955	2,795	1,155	1.6	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	250	10	240	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	690	405	290	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	70	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	26,870	24,890	1,975	11.1	21.3	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	795	555	235	0.3	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	3,930	3,180	745	1.6	2.7	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,305	6,680	625	3.0	5.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,355	5,260	105	2.2	4.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,815	5,715	100	2.4	4.9	0.1
48. Precision production	3,670	3,495	170	1.5	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,710	2,035	1,675	1.5	1.7	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,700	1,455	1,250	1.1	1.2	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,010	575	430	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	25,980	5,070	20,910	10.8	4.3	16.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,800	1,365	1,440	1.2	1.2	1.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,770	3,530	19,240	9.4	3.0	15.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,540	6,530	6,010	5.2	5.6	4.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,355	1,975	4,375	2.6	1.7	3.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,560	3,100	1,455	1.9	2.6	1.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,590	1,410	175	0.7	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	241,375	117,060	124,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	91,320	48,675	42,640	37.8	41.6	34.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	150,055	68,380	81,675	62.2	58.4	65.7
Location of study inside Canada	127,565	58,460	69,110	52.8	49.9	55.6
Same as province or territory of residence	122,120	55,810	66,320	50.6	47.7	53.3
Different than province or territory of residence	5,440	2,650	2,795	2.3	2.3	2.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,490	9,925	12,565	9.3	8.5	10.1
Americas	8,660	3,790	4,870	3.6	3.2	3.9
United States of America	6,290	2,705	3,585	2.6	2.3	2.9
Mexico	255	100	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	150	100	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	350	130	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Colombia	650	295	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	625	305	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	4,175	2,140	2,035	1.7	1.8	1.6
Belgium	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	115	65	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	60	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	485	230	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	145	95	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	225	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	285	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,445	770	675	0.6	0.7	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	470	230	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,100	520	580	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	245	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	210	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	190	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	400	165	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
Asia	8,130	3,300	4,830	3.4	2.8	3.9
Iran⁸⁸	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	255	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,075	460	615	0.4	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	105	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	510	190	320	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	1,945	625	1,320	0.8	0.5	1.1
Viet Nam	120	30	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,405	1,095	1,310	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pakistan	665	315	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	470	165	310	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	425	175	255	0.2	0.1	0.2
Australia	365	145	220	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Zealand	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	398,950	192,935	206,015	...	...	...
In the labour force	233,555	120,570	112,990	...	...	...
Employed	197,365	103,475	93,900	...	...	...
Unemployed	36,190	17,095	19,095	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	165,390	72,365	93,025	...	...	...
Participation rate	58.5	62.5	54.8	58.5	62.5	54.8
Employment rate	49.5	53.6	45.6	49.5	53.6	45.6
Unemployment rate	15.5	14.2	16.9	15.5	14.2	16.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	164,850	72,780	92,075	41.3	37.7	44.7
Worked	234,100	120,155	113,940	58.7	62.3	55.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	115,295	65,155	50,140	28.9	33.8	24.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	118,805	55,000	63,800	29.8	28.5	31.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.8	39.0	39.9	40.8	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	233,555	120,570	112,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255	2.8	2.7	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730	97.2	97.3	97.1
Employee	194,420	97,570	96,850	83.2	80.9	85.7
Permanent position	166,585	84,065	82,525	71.3	69.7	73.0
Temporary position	27,835	13,510	14,325	11.9	11.2	12.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,845	3,525	4,315	3.4	2.9	3.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	19,995	9,985	10,005	8.6	8.3	8.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	32,680	19,790	12,885	14.0	16.4	11.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	233,555	120,570	112,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255	2.8	2.7	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730	97.2	97.3	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,375	1,725	650	1.0	1.4	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,615	9,965	23,645	14.4	8.3	20.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,685	10,140	2,545	5.4	8.4	2.3
3 Health occupations	19,210	3,450	15,760	8.2	2.9	13.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,775	8,895	16,880	11.0	7.4	14.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,840	2,675	3,170	2.5	2.2	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	67,845	28,695	39,155	29.0	23.8	34.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	41,335	37,970	3,360	17.7	31.5	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	7,075	5,080	2,000	3.0	4.2	1.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	11,340	8,770	2,570	4.9	7.3	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	233,555	120,570	112,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255	2.8	2.7	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730	97.2	97.3	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,820	3,505	2,315	2.5	2.9	2.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	455	365	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,675	1,355	315	0.7	1.1	0.3
23 Construction	19,410	16,945	2,470	8.3	14.1	2.2
31-33 Manufacturing	20,840	15,935	4,900	8.9	13.2	4.3
41 Wholesale trade	7,790	5,230	2,555	3.3	4.3	2.3
44-45 Retail trade	28,700	12,910	15,790	12.3	10.7	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,605	7,750	2,855	4.5	6.4	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	2,715	1,705	1,010	1.2	1.4	0.9
52 Finance and insurance	7,765	3,120	4,645	3.3	2.6	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,895	2,025	1,870	1.7	1.7	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	13,015	6,925	6,090	5.6	5.7	5.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	380	175	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,025	6,440	4,585	4.7	5.3	4.1
61 Educational services	16,375	5,000	11,375	7.0	4.1	10.1
62 Health care and social assistance	29,945	5,070	24,875	12.8	4.2	22.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,835	3,705	3,135	2.9	3.1	2.8
72 Accommodation and food services	19,655	8,440	11,215	8.4	7.0	9.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,655	4,725	4,930	4.1	3.9	4.4
91 Public administration	10,545	6,040	4,510	4.5	5.0	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	251,930	129,015	122,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	242,790	125,120	117,670	96.4	97.0	95.7
French	900	235	675	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official language	765	405	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	765	405	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	3,565	1,280	2,285	1.4	1.0	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	3,620	1,820	1,800	1.4	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	251,930	129,015	122,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	250,660	128,455	122,205	99.5	99.6	99.4
Official languages	249,335	127,775	121,560	99.0	99.0	98.9
English	247,865	127,395	120,470	98.4	98.7	98.0
French	1,470	375	1,095	0.6	0.3	0.9
Non-official languages	1,325	685	640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,325	685	640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	670	370	295	0.3	0.3	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	140	55	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	140	55	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	125	85	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	105	80	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	370	210	160	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	315	195	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	285	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,270	550	715	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and French	530	155	370	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	730	390	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	251,930	129,015	122,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	245,650	126,275	119,375	97.5	97.9	97.1
English	1,085	395	690	0.4	0.3	0.6
French	2,510	1,000	1,510	1.0	0.8	1.2
Non-official language	2,225	1,090	1,135	0.9	0.8	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,215	1,090	1,125	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	197,370	103,475	93,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	40,730	17,925	22,810	20.6	17.3	24.3
Worked outside Canada	1,195	765	425	0.6	0.7	0.5
No fixed workplace address	25,370	18,965	6,405	12.9	18.3	6.8
Usual place of work	130,075	65,820	64,255	65.9	63.6	68.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	130,075	65,820	64,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	60,270	27,570	32,705	46.3	41.9	50.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	48,930	24,815	24,115	37.6	37.7	37.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	20,605	13,230	7,375	15.8	20.1	11.5
Commute to a different province or territory	265	200	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	155,445	84,780	70,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	143,430	79,190	64,240	92.3	93.4	90.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	132,150	74,085	58,070	85.0	87.4	82.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,275	5,105	6,175	7.3	6.0	8.7
Public transit	2,670	1,045	1,625	1.7	1.2	2.3
Walked	5,230	2,420	2,810	3.4	2.9	4.0
Bicycle	990	760	230	0.6	0.9	0.3
Other method	3,120	1,365	1,755	2.0	1.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	155,445	84,780	70,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	57,520	27,460	30,055	37.0	32.4	42.5
15 to 29 minutes	56,145	30,375	25,770	36.1	35.8	36.5
30 to 44 minutes	24,460	14,710	9,755	15.7	17.4	13.8
45 to 59 minutes	7,420	4,985	2,435	4.8	5.9	3.4
60 minutes and over	9,905	7,255	2,650	6.4	8.6	3.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	155,445	84,780	70,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	13,160	9,455	3,710	8.5	11.2	5.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	28,395	19,010	9,385	18.3	22.4	13.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	36,950	20,510	16,440	23.8	24.2	23.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,155	13,715	18,440	20.7	16.2	26.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	20,210	8,450	11,760	13.0	10.0	16.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	24,575	13,635	10,940	15.8	16.1	15.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,285	44,885	42,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,260	4,205	4,060	9.5	9.4	9.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	79,025	40,680	38,340	90.5	90.6	90.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	63,815	32,790	31,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,365	3,275	3,095	10.0	10.0	10.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,955	1,970	1,985	6.2	6.0	6.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,415	1,305	1,110	3.8	4.0	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	57,455	29,510	27,940	90.0	90.0	90.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 9, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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