Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	City of Toronto Health UnitMore information: Ontario [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	1,350,865	1,443,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	384,295	197,395	186,900	13.8	14.6	12.9
0 to 4 years	123,550	63,385	60,165	4.4	4.7	4.2
5 to 9 years	129,040	66,350	62,690	4.6	4.9	4.3
10 to 14 years	131,705	67,665	64,040	4.7	5.0	4.4
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	945,475	987,600	69.2	70.0	68.4
15 to 19 years	134,810	69,135	65,675	4.8	5.1	4.5
20 to 24 years	185,650	93,740	91,915	6.6	6.9	6.4
25 to 29 years	243,955	121,370	122,585	8.7	9.0	8.5
30 to 34 years	246,780	122,845	123,935	8.8	9.1	8.6
35 to 39 years	213,810	105,070	108,745	7.7	7.8	7.5
40 to 44 years	185,820	88,905	96,910	6.6	6.6	6.7
45 to 49 years	175,875	82,600	93,275	6.3	6.1	6.5
50 to 54 years	184,060	87,130	96,925	6.6	6.4	6.7
55 to 59 years	191,380	92,710	98,665	6.8	6.9	6.8
60 to 64 years	170,935	81,965	88,975	6.1	6.1	6.2
65 years and over	476,985	207,995	268,985	17.1	15.4	18.6
65 to 69 years	141,550	65,525	76,025	5.1	4.9	5.3
70 to 74 years	118,910	53,980	64,930	4.3	4.0	4.5
75 to 79 years	81,880	36,035	45,850	2.9	2.7	3.2
80 to 84 years	62,790	26,000	36,785	2.2	1.9	2.5
85 years and over	71,855	26,455	45,400	2.6	2.0	3.1
85 to 89 years	42,430	16,995	25,430	1.5	1.3	1.8
90 to 94 years	22,155	7,545	14,610	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	6,400	1,720	4,675	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	875	195	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	14.6	12.9	13.8	14.6	12.9
15 to 64 years	69.2	70.0	68.4	69.2	70.0	68.4
65 years and over	17.1	15.4	18.6	17.1	15.4	18.6
85 years and over	2.6	2.0	3.1	2.6	2.0	3.1
Average age of the population	41.5	40.3	42.6	41.5	40.3	42.6
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	270,495	...	...	23.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	71,955	...	...	6.2	...	...
Row house	62,910	...	...	5.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	...	...	14.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,630	...	...	46.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	2,770	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	80	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	385,765	...	...	33.2	...	...
2 persons	353,420	...	...	30.4	...	...
3 persons	178,230	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	147,360	...	...	12.7	...	...
5 or more persons	96,120	...	...	8.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,761,290	1,336,430	1,424,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	1,153,470	1,256,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,213,415	610,395	603,015	50.3	52.9	48.0
Married	1,020,985	511,480	509,500	42.4	44.3	40.5
Living common-law	192,430	98,915	93,515	8.0	8.6	7.4
Living common law - Never married	155,085	79,230	75,855	6.4	6.9	6.0
Living common law - Separated	5,745	3,350	2,395	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	15,195	13,820	1.2	1.3	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	2,585	1,140	1,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,650	543,070	653,575	49.7	47.1	52.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,585	437,825	415,760	35.4	38.0	33.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	27,225	40,090	2.8	2.4	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	55,725	98,810	6.4	4.8	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,215	22,300	98,915	5.0	1.9	7.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	362,160	...	...	49.4	...	...
3 persons	174,070	...	...	23.7	...	...
4 persons	141,630	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	55,360	...	...	7.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	580,590	...	...	79.2	...	...
Married couples	484,430	...	...	66.1	...	...
With children⁶	288,370	...	...	39.3	...	...
Without children	196,060	...	...	26.7	...	...
Common-law couples	96,160	...	...	13.1	...	...
With children⁶	24,805	...	...	3.4	...	...
Without children	71,350	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	152,635	...	...	20.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	...	...	17.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,285	1,336,430	1,424,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	1,030,460	1,078,515	76.4	77.1	75.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	584,395	576,780	42.1	43.7	40.5
Parents in one-parent families	152,630	25,070	127,560	5.5	1.9	9.0
Children⁶	795,165	420,990	374,170	28.8	31.5	26.3
In a two-parent family	560,340	295,780	264,560	20.3	22.1	18.6
In a one-parent family	234,820	125,215	109,610	8.5	9.4	7.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	305,970	346,345	23.6	22.9	24.3
Living alone	385,765	172,230	213,540	14.0	12.9	15.0
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	36,355	56,655	3.4	2.7	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	97,395	76,145	6.3	7.3	5.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	...	...	52.5	...	...
Couple-family households	493,770	...	...	42.5	...	...
With children⁶	265,945	...	...	22.9	...	...
Without children	227,825	...	...	19.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	115,160	...	...	9.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	40,510	...	...	3.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,025	...	...	3.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	...	...	6.4	...	...
One-person households	385,765	...	...	33.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	1,084,035	1,183,955	95.4	95.1	95.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,000	37,200	39,200	42,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,965	1,084,550	1,184,420	95.4	95.2	95.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,000	34,400	36,000	38,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	961,460	1,010,010	82.9	84.4	81.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,600	35,600	40,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,890	818,815	810,070	68.5	71.9	65.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	34,800	38,800	42,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	980,855	1,093,095	87.2	86.1	88.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,600	9,900	8,500	6,600	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,785	93,235	122,545	9.1	8.2	9.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,520	5,600	5,560	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	369,905	381,575	31.6	32.5	30.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	1,084,315	1,184,405	95.4	95.2	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	71,900	53,000	62,050	71,900	53,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,660	1,084,775	1,184,885	95.4	95.2	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	54,800	43,880	49,080	54,800	43,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	962,225	1,010,230	82.9	84.5	81.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	71,400	49,720	60,300	71,400	49,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,880	818,900	809,980	68.5	71.9	65.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	70,100	50,040	60,100	70,100	50,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,665	981,140	1,093,525	87.2	86.1	88.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,390	11,490	10,500	9,390	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,710	93,145	121,570	9.0	8.2	9.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,970	6,840	6,470	5,970	6,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	370,335	380,920	31.6	32.5	30.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	10,090	10,030	10,060	10,090	10,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,220	409,545	354,675	32.1	35.9	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,000	65,500	69,500	74,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	107,900	82,000	95,900	107,900	82,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,030	294,770	333,255	26.4	25.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,200	16,400	17,200	18,200	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	35,560	27,160	31,080	35,560	27,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	88.2	80.0	84.6	88.2	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.6	64.6	69.6	73.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	11.8	20.0	15.5	11.8	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.3	1.0	0.7	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.1	6.9	5.9	5.1	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	4.8	6.1	5.4	4.8	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	109,960	55,505	54,455	4.6	4.9	4.4
With total income	2,267,990	1,084,040	1,183,950	95.4	95.1	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	95,345	116,550	9.3	8.8	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	278,130	128,645	149,490	12.3	11.9	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	173,415	210,340	16.9	16.0	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	123,900	155,015	12.3	11.4	13.1
$40,000 to $49,999	221,310	99,635	121,675	9.8	9.2	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	80,720	96,435	7.8	7.4	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	65,420	73,180	6.1	6.0	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	111,170	54,305	56,860	4.9	5.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	90,215	47,155	43,060	4.0	4.3	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	73,400	38,500	34,905	3.2	3.6	2.9
$100,000 and over	303,450	177,000	126,450	13.4	16.3	10.7
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	95,315	79,625	7.7	8.8	6.7
$150,000 and over	128,510	81,685	46,825	5.7	7.5	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	108,990	54,995	53,990	4.6	4.8	4.4
With after-tax income	2,268,960	1,084,545	1,184,415	95.4	95.2	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,700	98,865	120,835	9.7	9.1	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	135,120	155,265	12.8	12.5	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	427,320	192,880	234,440	18.8	17.8	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	317,220	143,540	173,675	14.0	13.2	14.7
$40,000 to $49,999	254,395	116,075	138,320	11.2	10.7	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	89,410	102,485	8.5	8.2	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	144,180	71,040	73,140	6.4	6.5	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	56,265	51,360	4.7	5.2	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	43,655	42,205	3.8	4.0	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	29,755	24,960	2.4	2.7	2.1
$100,000 and over	175,685	107,955	67,730	7.7	10.0	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	72,645	41,590	31,065	3.2	3.8	2.6
$125,000 and over	103,040	66,365	36,670	4.5	6.1	3.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	749,055	320,725	428,330	31.5	28.1	34.6
With employment income	1,628,895	818,820	810,075	68.5	71.9	65.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	111,890	121,645	14.3	13.7	15.0
$5,000 to $9,999	149,805	68,250	81,555	9.2	8.3	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	182,805	85,940	96,865	11.2	10.5	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	134,365	63,060	71,310	8.2	7.7	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	63,280	67,850	8.1	7.7	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	128,960	61,665	67,300	7.9	7.5	8.3
$50,000 to $59,999	117,235	56,800	60,430	7.2	6.9	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	49,625	48,745	6.0	6.1	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	41,950	39,770	5.0	5.1	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	38,475	31,440	4.3	4.7	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	61,545	32,370	29,170	3.8	4.0	3.6
$100,000 and over	239,510	145,515	93,995	14.7	17.8	11.6
$100,000 to $124,999	94,900	52,690	42,210	5.8	6.4	5.2
$125,000 and over	144,610	92,825	51,790	8.9	11.3	6.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	1,054,035	1,156,835	93.0	92.5	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,600	33,600	36,400	39,600	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,345	1,054,160	1,157,185	93.0	92.5	93.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,000	31,400	33,600	36,000	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,585	943,235	994,350	81.5	82.8	80.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,825	811,895	807,925	68.1	71.2	65.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	36,000	39,200	42,800	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,415	918,155	1,027,255	81.8	80.6	82.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	870	2,440	1,300	870	2,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,955	44,865	68,090	4.8	3.9	5.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,640	6,400	6,080	5,640	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,535	1,054,245	1,157,295	93.0	92.5	93.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	70,400	49,480	59,500	70,400	49,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	1,054,335	1,157,620	93.0	92.5	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	53,600	40,920	46,960	53,600	40,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,685	943,545	994,140	81.5	82.8	80.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	73,700	49,960	61,500	73,700	49,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,160	812,020	808,145	68.1	71.3	65.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	70,700	49,760	60,200	70,700	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,770	919,240	1,027,535	81.9	80.7	83.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	5,108	7,430	6,335	5,108	7,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,730	44,895	68,840	4.8	3.9	5.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	6,680	8,310	7,670	6,680	8,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,575	403,230	350,345	31.7	35.4	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	103,200	75,200	90,200	103,200	75,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,970	275,395	310,575	24.6	24.2	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	25,800	23,400	24,400	25,800	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	43,120	33,520	38,040	43,120	33,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.6	90.6	93.6	86.6
Employment income (%)	74.2	77.2	70.2	74.2	77.2	70.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4	6.3	13.3	9.4	6.3	13.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,895	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...	121,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	...	...	63,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	...	...	149,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...	118,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	21,975	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	23,975	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	52,140	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	38,215	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,315	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	39,330	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	62,460	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	477,390	...	...	41.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	126,790	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	147,770	...	...	12.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	24,210	...	...	2.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,675	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	25,560	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	84,160	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	387,715	...	...	33.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	84,420	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	178,260	...	...	15.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	269,615	289,690	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	38,800	39,600	39,200	38,800	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,200	36,000	35,600	35,200	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...	118,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	...	...	110,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	...	...	189,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	89,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	268,475	290,240	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	57,400	54,600	55,950	57,400	54,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	46,200	45,240	45,680	46,200	45,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	1,336,430	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,810	237,260	224,550	16.7	17.8	15.8
0 to 5 years	148,485	76,170	72,320	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	897,605	944,980	66.7	67.2	66.3
65 years and over	456,900	201,570	255,330	16.5	15.1	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	170,110	193,850	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	67,725	34,805	32,920	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	22,175	11,260	10,915	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	218,820	104,900	113,925	...	...	...
65 years and over	77,410	30,410	47,000	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	12.7	13.6	13.2	12.7	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	14.8	15.1	14.9	14.8	15.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.7	12.1	11.9	11.7	12.1
65 years and over (%)	16.9	15.1	18.4	16.9	15.1	18.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,805	237,260	224,545	16.7	17.8	15.8
0 to 5 years	148,490	76,170	72,320	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	897,600	944,980	66.7	67.2	66.3
65 years and over	456,895	201,570	255,325	16.5	15.1	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,115	122,080	119,030	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	35,505	18,215	17,285	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	11,615	5,845	5,765	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	179,930	92,885	87,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	25,685	10,985	14,700	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	9.1	8.4	8.7	9.1	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	7.7	8.0	7.8	7.7	8.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	10.4	9.2	9.8	10.4	9.2
65 years and over (%)	5.6	5.5	5.8	5.6	5.5	5.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	657,805	727,980	50.2	49.2	51.1
In bottom decile	348,260	169,275	178,980	12.6	12.7	12.6
In second decile	287,820	133,475	154,340	10.4	10.0	10.8
In third decile	265,080	124,965	140,110	9.6	9.4	9.8
In fourth decile	245,925	116,595	129,330	8.9	8.7	9.1
In fifth decile	238,700	113,485	125,215	8.6	8.5	8.8
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	678,625	696,880	49.8	50.8	48.9
In sixth decile	234,350	112,690	121,660	8.5	8.4	8.5
In seventh decile	236,815	114,510	122,295	8.6	8.6	8.6
In eighth decile	245,465	120,335	125,125	8.9	9.0	8.8
In ninth decile	268,610	133,080	135,530	9.7	10.0	9.5
In top decile	390,265	198,000	192,265	14.1	14.8	13.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,285	...	...	2,761,285	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	...	...	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	...	...	0.555	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	...	...	0.371	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,409,655	1,187,180	1,222,475	86.9	88.5	85.4
French only	2,555	1,120	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	236,915	104,325	132,595	8.5	7.8	9.3
Neither English nor French	123,500	49,120	74,385	4.5	3.7	5.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,590,350	1,265,255	1,325,090	93.4	94.3	92.6
French	38,700	18,240	20,455	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and French	22,190	10,120	12,070	0.8	0.8	0.8
Neither English nor French	121,395	48,130	73,265	4.4	3.6	5.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,588,515	1,253,855	1,334,665	93.4	93.4	93.3
Official languages	1,425,800	711,500	714,300	51.4	53.0	49.9
English	1,391,680	695,305	696,380	50.2	51.8	48.7
French	34,120	16,200	17,920	1.2	1.2	1.3
Non-official languages	1,162,715	542,350	620,365	41.9	40.4	43.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,450	542,220	620,225	41.9	40.4	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,710	35,165	35,550	2.6	2.6	2.5
Berber languages	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	210	135	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	190	125	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	12,110	5,465	6,645	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bilen	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	875	425	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	11,020	4,920	6,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	58,240	29,475	28,765	2.1	2.2	2.0
Amharic	7,470	3,400	4,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	32,985	17,385	15,600	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	5,335	2,560	2,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	1,975	2,215	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	950	475	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	700	315	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	4,205	2,275	1,930	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	1,095	520	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	6,310	2,945	3,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	12,700	16,050	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	540	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	27,445	12,125	15,320	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	102,865	41,175	61,695	3.7	3.1	4.3
Bikol	335	140	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	580	805	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	2,755	1,100	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,140	835	1,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	9,165	3,730	5,435	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	1,900	845	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	240	110	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	185	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	395	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	450	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,190	32,655	49,535	3.0	2.4	3.5
Waray-Waray	270	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	305	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,720	1,235	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	720	315	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	565	260	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	765	350	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	415	200	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	67,990	34,350	33,640	2.5	2.6	2.4
Kannada	1,180	605	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	7,285	4,220	3,065	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	52,910	25,655	27,255	1.9	1.9	1.9
Telugu	6,455	3,790	2,660	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,095	590	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	571,815	274,725	297,100	20.6	20.5	20.8
Albanian	9,200	4,540	4,655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	7,615	3,645	3,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	47,075	58,905	3.8	3.5	4.1
Baltic languages	2,640	1,035	1,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,165	445	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,480	585	895	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	103,340	46,045	57,290	3.7	3.4	4.0
Belarusian	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,830	1,780	2,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,415	1,075	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5,090	2,400	2,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	20,800	8,970	11,835	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	33,775	14,695	19,080	1.2	1.1	1.3
Rusyn	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	9,065	10,215	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	1,300	620	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	4,995	2,220	2,770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	12,625	6,050	6,575	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,765	1,290	1,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	575	855	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	13,745	6,100	7,645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	17,060	7,825	9,235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,605	5,640	6,965	0.5	0.4	0.5
German	10,700	4,765	5,935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	300	130	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,600	735	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	1,525	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	450	250	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,430	1,220	1,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,380	630	750	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	530	235	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	185	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	610	285	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	23,540	11,105	12,430	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	207,385	106,280	101,110	7.5	7.9	7.1
Indo-Aryan languages	150,135	77,900	72,230	5.4	5.8	5.0
Assamese	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	31,335	16,040	15,295	1.1	1.2	1.1
Gujarati	27,095	14,200	12,895	1.0	1.1	0.9
Hindi	22,300	12,140	10,160	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kacchi	1,570	675	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	745	365	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	3,025	1,605	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	3,275	1,670	1,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	500	275	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	310	175	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	11,065	10,165	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	1,605	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	34,460	17,555	16,905	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	320	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	57,210	28,350	28,860	2.1	2.1	2.0
Baluchi	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,865	1,090	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	120	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	4,390	2,285	2,110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	50,490	24,715	25,775	1.8	1.8	1.8
Dari	10,715	5,190	5,525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	34,575	16,910	17,670	1.2	1.3	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	2,615	2,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	250	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	94,115	106,665	7.2	7.0	7.5
Catalan	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50,990	23,060	27,930	1.8	1.7	2.0
Portuguese	60,360	28,850	31,515	2.2	2.2	2.2
Romanian	10,510	4,770	5,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	78,575	37,275	41,300	2.8	2.8	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	220	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	6,735	2,170	4,565	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	32,800	14,555	18,250	1.2	1.1	1.3
Mongolian	310	140	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	14,075	6,590	7,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	3,635	1,685	1,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	550	205	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	640	295	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	790	410	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	140	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	220	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	370	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	105	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	2,255	1,045	1,205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,495	1,200	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	575	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	235	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	435	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	365	185	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	104,955	128,890	8.4	7.8	9.0
Chinese languages	227,685	101,945	125,740	8.2	7.6	8.8
Hakka	2,480	1,130	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	112,620	50,375	62,250	4.1	3.8	4.4
Min Dong	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	1,985	2,490	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	780	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	103,525	46,375	57,150	3.7	3.5	4.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	1,010	1,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	2,980	3,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	540	260	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5,155	2,535	2,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,750	650	1,095	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	605	295	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,065	335	735	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	13,515	7,225	6,285	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	1,275	705	575	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	11,230	6,040	5,185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	400	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	12,495	5,505	6,990	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	1,495	610	885	0.1	0.0	0.1
Finnish	1,090	400	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	9,910	4,495	5,415	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	184,110	87,895	96,215	6.6	6.6	6.7
English and French	12,390	5,940	6,450	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	149,255	71,920	77,330	5.4	5.4	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	3,625	1,630	1,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	1,795	2,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	6,610	8,355	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,485,800	737,765	748,035	53.6	55.0	52.3
French	9,190	4,360	4,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	369,860	169,255	200,605	13.3	12.6	14.0
Indigenous³⁹	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	369,820	169,240	200,580	13.3	12.6	14.0
English and French	33,075	15,330	17,745	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	385,780	423,400	29.2	28.8	29.6
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	870	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	12,250	15,495	1.0	0.9	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	16,140	19,615	1.3	1.2	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,569,065	1,245,330	1,323,735	92.7	92.8	92.5
Official languages	1,855,805	912,035	943,775	66.9	68.0	66.0
English	1,839,735	904,465	935,270	66.4	67.4	65.4
French	16,075	7,570	8,505	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	713,255	333,295	379,960	25.7	24.8	26.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,170	333,260	379,915	25.7	24.8	26.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,895	18,995	20,900	1.4	1.4	1.5
Berber languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	7,140	3,185	3,950	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	495	225	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	6,515	2,890	3,625	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	32,565	15,700	16,865	1.2	1.2	1.2
Amharic	3,940	1,750	2,190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arabic	18,060	8,910	9,150	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	4,340	2,080	2,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	1,655	1,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	355	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	390	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,635	840	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,870	1,790	2,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	8,890	11,005	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	315	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	19,135	8,565	10,570	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	62,525	26,735	35,790	2.3	2.0	2.5
Bikol	140	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	740	305	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,570	665	905	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,235	535	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5,385	2,390	3,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	685	325	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	155	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,350	21,815	29,535	1.9	1.6	2.1
Waray-Waray	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	170	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,485	655	835	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	400	165	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	425	205	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	355	160	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	49,950	24,780	25,165	1.8	1.8	1.8
Kannada	520	270	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	4,505	2,550	1,955	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	40,825	19,600	21,220	1.5	1.5	1.5
Telugu	4,055	2,340	1,710	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	760	410	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	319,380	152,435	166,945	11.5	11.4	11.7
Albanian	4,390	2,170	2,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	5,085	2,390	2,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	53,795	24,470	29,320	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	705	280	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	280	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	420	170	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	53,090	24,190	28,895	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,940	915	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	800	360	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	2,270	1,050	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	8,705	3,870	4,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	21,060	9,415	11,650	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	4,600	5,110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	595	270	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,820	810	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	7,155	3,460	3,695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,475	740	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	130	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	6,720	3,080	3,645	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,160	1,015	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,530	700	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,285	590	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	185	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	425	215	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	11,135	4,970	6,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	67,800	67,050	4.9	5.1	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	49,185	46,820	3.5	3.7	3.3
Assamese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20,505	10,255	10,250	0.7	0.8	0.7
Gujarati	18,045	9,355	8,690	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hindi	12,995	6,995	6,005	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	770	335	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	190	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,470	760	705	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	2,230	1,145	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,445	7,555	6,890	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	875	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	22,645	11,325	11,325	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	38,830	18,610	20,220	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,045	565	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	3,235	1,655	1,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	34,250	16,230	18,020	1.2	1.2	1.3
Dari	7,150	3,340	3,805	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	23,605	11,195	12,405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	1,690	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	107,920	49,595	58,325	3.9	3.7	4.1
Catalan	45	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	21,045	8,375	12,670	0.8	0.6	0.9
Portuguese	35,630	17,105	18,520	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	4,750	2,155	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	46,350	21,900	24,455	1.7	1.6	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,110	1,280	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	23,120	10,510	12,605	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,740	2,600	3,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	1,920	835	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	135	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,010	455	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	930	425	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	860	500	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	635	380	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	78,395	93,620	6.2	5.8	6.5
Chinese languages	167,280	76,075	91,200	6.0	5.7	6.4
Hakka	1,080	480	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	86,145	39,880	46,265	3.1	3.0	3.2
Min Dong	330	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	1,005	1,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	520	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	74,850	33,360	41,485	2.7	2.5	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	655	775	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	2,305	2,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	330	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	4,125	2,030	2,095	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	765	335	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	450	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	8,355	4,310	4,050	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	685	350	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,155	3,700	3,450	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	225	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,935	2,235	2,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	320	115	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,460	2,050	2,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	203,565	96,415	107,145	7.3	7.2	7.5
English and French	7,520	3,465	4,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	188,265	89,525	98,740	6.8	6.7	6.9
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	460	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	1,175	1,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	1,800	2,300	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,625	1,341,745	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	2,031,405	990,095	1,041,310	73.3	73.8	72.8
English	269,945	129,300	140,640	9.7	9.6	9.8
French	26,595	12,130	14,470	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-official language	341,650	160,845	180,805	12.3	12.0	12.6
Indigenous³⁹	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	341,325	160,695	180,635	12.3	12.0	12.6
English and French	3,695	1,675	2,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	43,125	21,070	22,055	1.6	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	13,570	5,895	7,675	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	445	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	41,740	20,290	21,455	1.5	1.5	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	2,637,770	1,287,450	1,350,320	95.5	96.3	94.8
English	2,635,260	1,286,345	1,348,915	95.4	96.3	94.7
French	238,505	104,650	133,860	8.6	7.8	9.4
Non-official languages	1,536,605	724,295	812,305	55.6	54.2	57.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	875	385	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	720	305	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	505	210	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	480	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,855	723,970	811,890	55.6	54.2	57.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	59,300	59,800	4.3	4.4	4.2
Berber languages	300	185	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	610	325	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	565	300	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	19,090	8,775	10,315	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bilen	170	110	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,725	840	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	17,155	7,790	9,365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	101,800	51,415	50,385	3.7	3.8	3.5
Amharic	13,295	6,275	7,015	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arabic	59,680	31,040	28,640	2.2	2.3	2.0
Aramaic languages	7,625	3,755	3,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	2,905	3,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	715	665	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	195	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	1,085	490	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20,000	10,000	9,995	0.7	0.7	0.7
Maltese	1,620	795	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	9,440	4,465	4,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	185	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	18,090	22,035	1.5	1.4	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,835	760	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	38,420	17,380	21,035	1.4	1.3	1.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	130	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	143,980	57,790	86,190	5.2	4.3	6.0
Bikol	730	315	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	735	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	4,720	1,850	2,870	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,700	1,470	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	16,205	6,315	9,890	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indonesian	2,890	1,305	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	380	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	1,725	800	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,625	675	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	860	355	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,605	53,935	81,670	4.9	4.0	5.7
Waray-Waray	920	360	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	1,305	1,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	9,050	3,840	5,210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	2,000	870	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	435	740	0.0	0.0	0.1
Krio	220	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,540	730	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	1,325	1,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,240	565	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	98,850	50,535	48,310	3.6	3.8	3.4
Kannada	3,630	1,880	1,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	11,160	6,325	4,835	0.4	0.5	0.3
Tamil	77,785	38,640	39,140	2.8	2.9	2.7
Telugu	11,855	6,895	4,955	0.4	0.5	0.3
Tulu	320	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	245	95	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,350	670	685	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	801,510	390,555	410,955	29.0	29.2	28.8
Albanian	11,050	5,615	5,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	9,595	4,680	4,915	0.3	0.4	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	60,545	72,150	4.8	4.5	5.1
Baltic languages	3,555	1,495	2,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,655	715	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	1,905	785	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	129,960	59,415	70,545	4.7	4.4	5.0
Belarusian	485	185	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,895	2,345	2,555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	3,625	1,665	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	7,665	3,560	4,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	27,850	12,460	15,390	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian	52,835	23,970	28,875	1.9	1.8	2.0
Rusyn	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25,495	12,155	13,345	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bosnian	3,320	1,625	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	9,420	4,360	5,055	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	18,040	8,700	9,335	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	355	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	3,675	1,740	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,895	810	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	21,345	9,400	11,940	0.8	0.7	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,350	750	600	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	990	565	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	39,895	19,365	20,530	1.4	1.4	1.4
Frisian	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	31,625	15,385	16,240	1.1	1.2	1.1
German	27,535	13,395	14,145	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	570	270	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	3,910	1,905	2,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	3,260	3,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	2,100	1,145	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,110	2,060	2,055	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,975	1,310	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	1,020	440	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	535	220	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,530	700	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	36,620	17,550	19,075	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	302,615	156,380	146,235	11.0	11.7	10.3
Indo-Aryan languages	236,750	123,180	113,570	8.6	9.2	8.0
Assamese	230	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	41,745	21,385	20,360	1.5	1.6	1.4
Gujarati	42,425	22,195	20,235	1.5	1.7	1.4
Hindi	107,170	56,950	50,220	3.9	4.3	3.5
Kacchi	3,300	1,400	1,900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	2,000	940	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	8,290	4,325	3,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	5,580	2,850	2,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	1,010	535	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	605	340	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,435	22,070	19,360	1.5	1.7	1.4
Rohingya	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	1,355	740	615	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	3,830	3,540	0.3	0.3	0.2
Urdu	65,040	33,230	31,810	2.4	2.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,670	950	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	70,200	35,460	34,745	2.5	2.7	2.4
Baluchi	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,280	1,870	1,410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	225	155	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	7,100	3,795	3,305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	62,515	31,290	31,225	2.3	2.3	2.2
Dari	14,995	7,475	7,520	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iranian Persian	42,780	21,270	21,510	1.5	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	2,915	2,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	225	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	415	230	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	139,660	157,045	10.7	10.5	11.0
Catalan	340	195	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	84,335	38,730	45,605	3.1	2.9	3.2
Portuguese	80,175	38,850	41,325	2.9	2.9	2.9
Romanian	12,920	5,785	7,140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	138,770	66,085	72,690	5.0	4.9	5.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	390	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	14,215	6,090	8,135	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	38,900	17,235	21,660	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	420	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	32,880	15,160	17,715	1.2	1.1	1.2
Akan (Twi)	6,410	2,830	3,580	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bamanankan	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,305	525	785	0.0	0.0	0.1
Éwé	345	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	175	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	520	185	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	1,495	615	875	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gikuyu	365	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	2,015	940	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	660	245	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	1,660	760	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	535	255	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	715	310	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	240	150	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	7,625	3,630	3,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	490	235	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	7,230	3,365	3,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,615	1,780	1,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	290	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,860	1,235	1,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	2,575	1,080	1,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	375	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	125,525	150,145	10.0	9.4	10.5
Chinese languages	267,745	121,660	146,080	9.7	9.1	10.3
Hakka	3,630	1,695	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	162,955	72,885	90,070	5.9	5.5	6.3
Min Dong	645	295	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	3,505	4,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	1,225	1,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	61,065	73,745	4.9	4.6	5.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	1,050	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,075	3,925	4,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Burmese	870	435	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	220	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	155	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	6,650	3,265	3,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	450	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	215	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	1,200	1,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,045	480	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,835	740	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	20,920	11,105	9,810	0.8	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	2,420	1,320	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	18,110	9,650	8,455	0.7	0.7	0.6
Uyghur	235	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	790	390	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	14,670	6,580	8,090	0.5	0.5	0.6
Estonian	1,685	680	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	1,405	495	910	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	11,650	5,430	6,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	580	260	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	10,780	12,135	0.8	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	10,085	11,385	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	6,590	7,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	7,440	3,400	4,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	240	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	275	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	420	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	1,325,610	1,412,760	99.2	99.2	99.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	3,705	4,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	1,332,685	1,420,870	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	602,920	...	...	51.9	...	...
Renter	557,970	...	...	48.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	353,220	...	...	30.4	...	...
Not condominium	807,675	...	...	69.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	28,770	...	...	2.5	...	...
1 bedroom	330,340	...	...	28.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	334,325	...	...	28.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	268,505	...	...	23.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	198,965	...	...	17.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	...	...	53.1	...	...
5 rooms	152,950	...	...	13.2	...	...
6 rooms	113,720	...	...	9.8	...	...
7 rooms	90,780	...	...	7.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	186,445	...	...	16.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	...	...	94.2	...	...
More than one person per room	67,805	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,016,345	...	...	87.5	...	...
Not suitable	144,545	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	340,185	...	...	29.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	333,985	...	...	28.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	109,780	...	...	9.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	92,980	...	...	8.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	58,975	...	...	5.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	63,995	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	75,985	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,000	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,410	...	...	93.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	74,480	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	634,725	...	...	54.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	447,155	...	...	38.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	34,350	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	202,225	...	...	17.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	210,575	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	204,790	...	...	17.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	215,745	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	158,850	...	...	13.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	90,905	...	...	7.8	...	...
85 years and over	43,460	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	...	...	67.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	...	...	32.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	321,675	...	...	27.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,155	...	...	45.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	...	...	27.2	...	...
Not suitable only	98,270	...	...	8.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	39,905	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,665	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,970	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,010	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	638,740	...	...	55.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	215,225	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not in core need	884,285	...	...	80.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,910	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	...	...	56.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	...	...	25.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	...	...	2,038	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	...	...	1,131,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,970	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	...	...	14.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	...	...	29.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	...	...	1,562	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	2,720	3,345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	2,660	3,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	2,175	2,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	975	450	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	11,520	12,630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	11,250	12,255	0.9	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	8,510	9,160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,660	2,665	2,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	650	270	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	255	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,075	1,322,155	1,408,920	98.9	98.9	98.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,050	1,102,560	1,181,495	82.7	82.5	82.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	213,200	200,795	15.0	16.0	14.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,060	889,360	980,695	67.7	66.5	68.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	233,830	243,405	17.3	17.5	17.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	666,890	663,015	48.2	49.9	46.5
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	593,225	692,920	46.6	44.4	48.6
Before 1980	222,930	100,650	122,280	8.1	7.5	8.6
1980 to 1990	156,460	73,005	83,455	5.7	5.5	5.9
1991 to 2000	273,985	124,460	149,525	9.9	9.3	10.5
2001 to 2010	290,400	132,935	157,465	10.5	9.9	11.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,365	162,170	180,190	12.4	12.1	12.6
2011 to 2015	144,320	66,410	77,910	5.2	5.0	5.5
2016 to 2021	198,045	95,760	102,285	7.2	7.2	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	76,275	68,960	5.3	5.7	4.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	593,225	692,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	91,035	45,050	45,985	7.1	7.6	6.6
5 to 14 years	203,840	101,545	102,295	15.8	17.1	14.8
15 to 24 years	247,955	110,360	137,595	19.3	18.6	19.9
25 to 44 years	605,580	276,620	328,960	47.1	46.6	47.5
45 years and over	137,730	59,645	78,085	10.7	10.1	11.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	593,225	692,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	210,975	92,900	118,075	16.4	15.7	17.0
Brazil	10,175	4,815	5,360	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	8,700	3,900	4,795	0.7	0.7	0.7
El Salvador	6,495	3,140	3,360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	31,025	13,325	17,700	2.4	2.2	2.6
Haiti	1,655	745	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	42,655	17,280	25,365	3.3	2.9	3.7
Mexico	9,335	4,355	4,985	0.7	0.7	0.7
Peru	4,105	1,825	2,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	7,870	10,410	1.4	1.3	1.5
United States of America	25,220	12,190	13,030	2.0	2.1	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	53,325	23,465	29,860	4.1	4.0	4.3
Europe	266,215	124,215	141,995	20.7	20.9	20.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	2,330	2,585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	4,195	1,920	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	5,815	2,900	2,920	0.5	0.5	0.4
Germany	8,915	4,115	4,805	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greece	16,515	7,715	8,795	1.3	1.3	1.3
Hungary	6,135	2,800	3,340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italy	37,705	17,310	20,390	2.9	2.9	2.9
Netherlands	2,125	1,055	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	18,245	8,010	10,235	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portugal	34,360	16,440	17,925	2.7	2.8	2.6
Romania	11,205	4,895	6,305	0.9	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	15,820	6,560	9,265	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	7,745	3,610	4,135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ukraine	15,845	7,005	8,840	1.2	1.2	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,590	17,850	17,730	2.8	3.0	2.6
Other places of birth in Europe	41,095	19,710	21,385	3.2	3.3	3.1
Africa	88,020	42,015	46,000	6.8	7.1	6.6
Algeria	940	475	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,135	930	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	6,425	3,410	3,005	0.5	0.6	0.4
Eritrea	6,490	3,170	3,320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ethiopia	10,895	4,985	5,915	0.8	0.8	0.9
Morocco	2,380	1,070	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	10,010	5,010	5,005	0.8	0.8	0.7
Somalia	10,185	4,390	5,795	0.8	0.7	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	6,005	3,050	2,955	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	32,550	15,535	17,015	2.5	2.6	2.5
Asia	716,890	331,975	384,915	55.7	56.0	55.6
Afghanistan	12,920	6,475	6,445	1.0	1.1	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	18,565	18,620	2.9	3.1	2.7
Iraq	11,350	5,720	5,630	0.9	1.0	0.8
Lebanon	6,495	3,455	3,030	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	4,155	4,090	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkey	8,500	4,590	3,910	0.7	0.8	0.6
China⁹⁰	129,750	56,815	72,940	10.1	9.6	10.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,855	16,660	20,200	2.9	2.8	2.9
Korea, South⁹²	27,510	12,315	15,195	2.1	2.1	2.2
Taiwan	7,985	3,355	4,630	0.6	0.6	0.7
Philippines	132,980	53,880	79,100	10.3	9.1	11.4
Viet Nam	31,675	14,235	17,440	2.5	2.4	2.5
Bangladesh	27,130	13,790	13,340	2.1	2.3	1.9
India	102,155	52,455	49,700	7.9	8.8	7.2
Pakistan	34,140	17,280	16,860	2.7	2.9	2.4
Sri Lanka	47,895	22,985	24,910	3.7	3.9	3.6
Other places of birth in Asia	54,125	25,265	28,870	4.2	4.3	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,040	2,105	1,935	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	95,760	102,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	25,025	11,935	13,085	12.6	12.5	12.8
Brazil	4,205	2,015	2,185	2.1	2.1	2.1
Colombia	1,195	485	715	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haiti	270	150	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	3,145	1,565	1,580	1.6	1.6	1.5
Mexico	2,330	1,075	1,255	1.2	1.1	1.2
United States of America	5,125	2,605	2,520	2.6	2.7	2.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	740	795	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	3,295	3,920	3.6	3.4	3.8
Europe	20,690	10,515	10,180	10.4	11.0	10.0
France	1,940	985	955	1.0	1.0	0.9
Germany	650	355	300	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	865	495	0.7	0.9	0.5
Italy	840	480	355	0.4	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	2,240	850	1,385	1.1	0.9	1.4
Ukraine	2,490	1,155	1,340	1.3	1.2	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	1,560	1,055	1.3	1.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	4,260	4,290	4.3	4.4	4.2
Africa	18,720	9,480	9,235	9.5	9.9	9.0
Algeria	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	130	35	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	505	265	240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	150	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	235	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	995	520	475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	2,770	1,495	1,280	1.4	1.6	1.3
Ethiopia	1,955	915	1,045	1.0	1.0	1.0
Morocco	520	245	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	4,535	2,280	2,255	2.3	2.4	2.2
Somalia	1,570	890	680	0.8	0.9	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	675	355	325	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	480	250	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tunisia	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	1,830	1,815	1.8	1.9	1.8
Asia	132,735	63,320	69,415	67.0	66.1	67.9
Afghanistan	3,180	1,580	1,600	1.6	1.6	1.6
Bangladesh	4,760	2,465	2,295	2.4	2.6	2.2
China⁹⁰	18,525	7,360	11,170	9.4	7.7	10.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	650	240	410	0.3	0.3	0.4
India	40,200	21,455	18,745	20.3	22.4	18.3
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	2,485	2,745	2.6	2.6	2.7
Iraq	2,265	1,130	1,130	1.1	1.2	1.1
Israel	640	345	295	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	860	215	640	0.4	0.2	0.6
Jordan	385	225	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	1,180	1,935	1.6	1.2	1.9
Lebanon	965	510	455	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nepal	1,235	640	595	0.6	0.7	0.6
Pakistan	5,745	2,925	2,820	2.9	3.1	2.8
Philippines	24,910	10,720	14,185	12.6	11.2	13.9
Saudi Arabia	1,870	1,070	795	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sri Lanka	2,705	1,295	1,415	1.4	1.4	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	4,685	2,425	2,260	2.4	2.5	2.2
Turkey	2,670	1,520	1,150	1.3	1.6	1.1
United Arab Emirates	940	460	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	2,395	885	1,510	1.2	0.9	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	2,195	2,620	2.4	2.3	2.6
Oceania and other⁹³	875	505	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	720	410	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	155	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	684,355	777,735	52.9	51.2	54.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	372,030	369,010	26.8	27.8	25.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	280,005	278,155	20.2	21.0	19.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	492,570	570,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	254,780	277,375	50.1	51.7	48.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	128,285	112,665	22.7	26.0	19.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	126,495	164,710	27.4	25.7	28.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	131,385	192,565	30.5	26.7	33.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	97,565	89,260	17.6	19.8	15.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	8,845	11,440	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	492,570	570,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	53,855	48,360	9.6	10.9	8.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	46,175	64,920	10.4	9.4	11.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	11,980	12,515	2.3	2.4	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	27,080	38,790	6.2	5.5	6.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	1,985	3,195	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,360	351,495	402,865	71.0	71.4	70.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	732,695	804,590	55.7	54.8	56.5
South Asian	385,445	198,070	187,380	14.0	14.8	13.2
Chinese	296,225	137,455	158,765	10.7	10.3	11.1
Black	265,005	122,055	142,945	9.6	9.1	10.0
Filipino	170,355	72,910	97,445	6.2	5.5	6.8
Arab	42,035	22,085	19,955	1.5	1.7	1.4
Latin American	92,460	44,595	47,865	3.3	3.3	3.4
Southeast Asian	53,900	24,980	28,925	2.0	1.9	2.0
West Asian	69,315	34,925	34,395	2.5	2.6	2.4
Korean	42,190	19,490	22,705	1.5	1.5	1.6
Japanese	13,210	5,370	7,845	0.5	0.4	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,430	19,850	22,585	1.5	1.5	1.6
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	30,915	33,790	2.3	2.3	2.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,005	603,700	620,305	44.3	45.2	43.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	165,645	84,375	81,270	6.0	6.3	5.7
English	244,995	122,460	122,530	8.9	9.2	8.6
Irish	226,865	109,935	116,930	8.2	8.2	8.2
Scottish	211,180	103,550	107,625	7.6	7.7	7.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	41,850	43,865	3.1	3.1	3.1
German	107,480	52,985	54,495	3.9	4.0	3.8
Chinese	297,730	138,255	159,470	10.8	10.3	11.2
Italian	167,455	82,010	85,450	6.1	6.1	6.0
Indian (India)	182,115	93,540	88,575	6.6	7.0	6.2
Ukrainian	61,560	29,010	32,555	2.2	2.2	2.3
Dutch	34,365	16,410	17,950	1.2	1.2	1.3
Polish	85,255	41,015	44,235	3.1	3.1	3.1
Québécois	2,620	1,225	1,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	32,770	33,630	2.4	2.5	2.4
Filipino	161,500	69,185	92,310	5.8	5.2	6.5
French Canadian	15,445	7,195	8,250	0.6	0.5	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,235	16,155	16,075	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,355	4,380	4,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	7,420	3,435	3,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	17,625	18,275	1.3	1.3	1.3
Russian	56,125	25,725	30,405	2.0	1.9	2.1
Norwegian	8,665	4,100	4,570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	23,800	11,120	12,675	0.9	0.8	0.9
Portuguese	85,165	41,800	43,365	3.1	3.1	3.0
American	21,905	10,885	11,020	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	44,625	20,895	23,730	1.6	1.6	1.7
Swedish	9,415	4,410	5,010	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	25,910	12,385	13,525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	3,940	1,780	2,160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	41,705	21,145	20,560	1.5	1.6	1.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	23,975	26,425	1.8	1.8	1.9
Jewish	74,080	37,140	36,940	2.7	2.8	2.6
Punjabi	11,985	6,345	5,640	0.4	0.5	0.4
Vietnamese	42,190	19,685	22,505	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	9,645	8,740	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	51,985	26,040	25,945	1.9	1.9	1.8
Jamaican	62,015	28,165	33,850	2.2	2.1	2.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	18,735	21,145	1.4	1.4	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	700	680	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	42,200	19,625	22,575	1.5	1.5	1.6
Romanian	20,015	9,315	10,700	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	11,530	5,790	5,740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian	37,895	19,030	18,865	1.4	1.4	1.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	7,120	7,910	0.5	0.5	0.6
Danish	7,120	3,525	3,590	0.3	0.3	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	1,845	2,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	4,845	2,575	2,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	11,700	5,690	6,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	4,580	2,255	2,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	2,815	1,285	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	26,510	13,995	12,515	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mexican	15,440	7,575	7,865	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	1,745	820	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	6,710	3,305	3,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	7,715	3,555	4,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	43,495	21,320	22,175	1.6	1.6	1.6
Croatian	12,425	5,930	6,495	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	17,115	7,165	9,950	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	13,120	12,540	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,190	995	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	2,185	2,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	15,945	8,065	7,880	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egyptian	9,725	5,120	4,605	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,740	8,685	9,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	35,075	17,375	17,700	1.3	1.3	1.2
Icelandic	2,560	1,310	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	10,340	4,845	5,495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	3,900	1,895	2,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	7,745	3,630	4,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	6,785	3,290	3,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	27,780	12,870	14,910	1.0	1.0	1.0
Afghan	18,760	9,300	9,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	9,570	13,025	0.8	0.7	0.9
Serbian	17,780	8,660	9,120	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ojibway	2,405	1,180	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,370	1,640	1,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	12,835	6,050	6,785	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ontarian	4,720	2,360	2,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	15,220	7,895	7,325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	8,170	9,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkish	15,770	8,280	7,495	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	26,650	13,635	13,010	1.0	1.0	0.9
Algerian	1,295	610	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	14,860	7,220	7,645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigerian	10,870	5,165	5,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	11,880	5,830	6,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	7,070	3,435	3,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,350	5,360	5,990	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somali	19,815	9,465	10,345	0.7	0.7	0.7
Taiwanese	7,955	3,510	4,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	7,490	3,690	3,800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	7,195	3,480	3,715	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	15,300	6,390	8,915	0.6	0.5	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	6,140	7,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,880	4,175	3,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	6,230	8,335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Algonquin	630	295	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,830	6,500	8,330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lithuanian	8,190	3,895	4,300	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	5,510	2,795	2,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	3,480	1,850	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	4,020	2,005	2,010	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chilean	5,165	2,405	2,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	2,710	1,235	1,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	1,170	585	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	11,065	5,170	5,895	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	3,730	4,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peruvian	5,235	2,510	2,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	5,400	2,795	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	1,250	1,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	510	260	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	12,250	6,200	6,050	0.4	0.5	0.4
Maltese	6,400	3,105	3,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	11,605	5,800	5,800	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovenian	4,805	2,310	2,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	1,270	1,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	525	215	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	6,655	3,470	3,190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrean	8,350	3,980	4,375	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Canadian	6,015	2,910	3,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	7,415	3,890	3,525	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mohawk	1,275	600	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,745	785	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	5,830	2,850	2,985	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	160	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	7,550	3,545	4,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
Barbadian	6,340	2,790	3,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	4,410	2,085	2,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,850	1,260	1,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	480	250	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,715	2,265	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	4,760	2,315	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	3,255	1,670	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	4,130	1,935	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	4,910	2,355	2,555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	9,230	4,795	4,435	0.3	0.4	0.3
Cameroonian	1,020	475	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	2,985	1,465	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	3,330	1,490	1,840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,665	740	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	6,215	2,805	3,415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	2,625	1,435	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	1,085	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	8,450	4,020	4,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Franco Ontarian	795	430	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	4,010	2,030	1,975	0.1	0.2	0.1
Estonian	3,840	1,750	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,825	2,190	1,630	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	550	250	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	660	340	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,045	530	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,640	835	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	2,220	890	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	3,140	1,465	1,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	3,305	1,660	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	4,060	1,970	2,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	2,020	960	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	2,730	1,335	1,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,170	580	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,230	600	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	2,195	1,075	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	345	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	2,720	1,225	1,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,085	535	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	2,880	1,390	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	330	180	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	1,555	1,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	495	200	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	265	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	435	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,445	1,225	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	2,140	935	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	1,435	695	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	2,200	960	1,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	4,130	1,700	2,425	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	1,370	755	610	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	635	280	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	5,060	2,130	2,930	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayali	1,850	1,010	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	1,270	685	585	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhalese	2,315	1,120	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	1,250	625	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	1,035	510	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	300	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	2,970	1,320	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	470	250	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	795	415	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	2,370	1,210	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	1,005	490	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	1,755	965	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	1,710	820	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	2,105	975	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	945	420	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	6,335	3,145	3,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Zimbabwean	745	335	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	1,220	555	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	1,250	535	725	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	1,470	660	810	0.1	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	2,770	1,155	1,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	2,190	1,000	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	1,780	945	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	1,805	815	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	1,635	790	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	150	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	570	310	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	355	210	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	1,475	755	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	585	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	640	755	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igorot	1,125	450	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	400	220	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	290	170	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	2,445	1,020	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	315	135	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	470	200	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	1,440	845	600	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	1,500	815	685	0.1	0.1	0.0
Costa Rican	890	435	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	565	215	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	890	395	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	860	390	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,255	630	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	1,540	760	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	1,985	990	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	205	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	62,475	27,940	34,530	2.3	2.1	2.4
Christian	1,274,450	580,640	693,815	46.2	43.4	48.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	105,035	125,245	8.3	7.9	8.8
Anabaptist	1,415	685	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	66,495	29,150	37,345	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baptist	22,180	9,535	12,645	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	669,320	309,400	359,915	24.2	23.2	25.3
Christian Orthodox	110,660	52,095	58,570	4.0	3.9	4.1
Jehovah's Witness	8,555	3,400	5,150	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,855	915	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	10,485	4,615	5,870	0.4	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,075	2,140	2,940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,895	13,620	19,280	1.2	1.0	1.4
Presbyterian	24,755	11,090	13,670	0.9	0.8	1.0
Reformed	1,175	560	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	43,465	18,270	25,195	1.6	1.4	1.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	20,135	25,700	1.7	1.5	1.8
Hindu	171,985	88,445	83,545	6.2	6.6	5.9
Jewish	99,390	48,290	51,105	3.6	3.6	3.6
Muslim	264,160	133,130	131,025	9.6	10.0	9.2
Sikh	21,545	10,985	10,560	0.8	0.8	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	425	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,735	9,255	11,480	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	437,285	408,330	30.6	32.7	28.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	1,324,065	1,412,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,382,090	1,148,825	1,233,265	87.0	86.8	87.3
Movers	354,825	175,240	179,585	13.0	13.2	12.7
Non-migrants	261,980	129,440	132,540	9.6	9.8	9.4
Migrants	92,845	45,800	47,045	3.4	3.5	3.3
Internal migrants	52,165	25,705	26,465	1.9	1.9	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	20,635	21,460	1.5	1.6	1.5
Interprovincial migrants	10,075	5,070	5,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	40,680	20,095	20,580	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	1,273,355	1,364,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,664,205	792,965	871,240	63.1	62.3	63.8
Movers	973,695	480,390	493,305	36.9	37.7	36.2
Non-migrants	530,780	259,580	271,200	20.1	20.4	19.9
Migrants	442,915	220,810	222,100	16.8	17.3	16.3
Internal migrants	200,730	97,915	102,815	7.6	7.7	7.5
Intraprovincial migrants	157,035	76,340	80,700	6.0	6.0	5.9
Interprovincial migrants	43,690	21,575	22,115	1.7	1.7	1.6
External migrants	242,185	122,895	119,290	9.2	9.7	8.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	174,890	189,160	15.3	15.3	15.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	964,460	1,049,430	84.7	84.6	84.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	78,525	72,905	9.4	10.1	8.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	697,755	753,435	90.6	89.9	91.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	161,330	178,170	14.3	14.2	14.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	281,045	274,545	23.4	24.7	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	696,980	785,885	62.4	61.2	63.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	237,545	268,695	21.3	20.8	21.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	51,140	29,800	3.4	4.5	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	26,680	19,575	1.9	2.3	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	24,455	10,225	1.5	2.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	156,325	200,435	15.0	13.7	16.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	30,085	38,460	2.9	2.6	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	459,435	517,190	41.1	40.3	41.8
Bachelor's degree	615,160	284,465	330,695	25.9	25.0	26.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	28,715	33,955	2.6	2.5	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	12,115	12,820	1.0	1.1	1.0
Master's degree	238,415	114,030	124,385	10.0	10.0	10.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	20,110	15,330	1.5	1.8	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	71,175	65,950	8.6	9.2	8.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	163,550	140,590	19.0	21.1	17.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	541,550	619,795	72.5	69.8	75.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	173,795	196,220	23.1	22.4	23.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	33,500	19,565	3.3	4.3	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	17,550	12,780	1.9	2.3	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	15,950	6,785	1.4	2.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	118,975	149,080	16.7	15.3	18.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	21,325	27,575	3.1	2.7	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	367,755	423,575	49.4	47.4	51.3
Bachelor's degree	491,215	226,820	264,395	30.7	29.2	32.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	21,930	27,375	3.1	2.8	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	8,515	10,870	1.2	1.1	1.3
Master's degree	204,355	96,085	108,270	12.8	12.4	13.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	14,400	12,670	1.7	1.9	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	442,375	452,715	37.6	38.8	36.6
Education	67,755	14,880	52,880	2.8	1.3	4.3
13. Education	67,755	14,880	52,880	2.8	1.3	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,480	38,695	48,785	3.7	3.4	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	4,900	2,335	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	80,245	33,800	46,450	3.4	3.0	3.8
Humanities	100,310	36,670	63,640	4.2	3.2	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,220	2,710	9,510	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	29,605	9,275	20,330	1.2	0.8	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	8,620	17,320	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	955	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	4,720	3,415	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	2,875	2,040	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	13,455	6,860	6,600	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,425	655	2,770	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	88,040	147,790	9.9	7.7	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	955	3,210	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	13,155	20,570	1.4	1.2	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,825	2,950	23,875	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	41,915	17,845	24,070	1.8	1.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	2,050	3,670	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	31,470	7,995	23,480	1.3	0.7	1.9
45. Social sciences	92,005	43,090	48,920	3.9	3.8	3.9
Business, management and public administration	361,530	167,130	194,405	15.2	14.7	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	190	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,105	5,450	18,655	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	161,495	175,375	14.2	14.2	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	33,565	39,420	3.1	2.9	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,375	13,670	20,705	1.4	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	6,790	8,920	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,100	620	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	18,470	11,680	6,785	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,330	805	1,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	60,670	33,530	4.0	5.3	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,780	48,845	21,935	3.0	4.3	1.8
25. Library science	3,770	660	3,115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,300	9,155	7,140	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	2,020	1,335	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,095	181,895	41,200	9.4	16.0	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	20,865	12,280	8,585	0.9	1.1	0.7
14. Engineering	108,450	83,430	25,020	4.6	7.3	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,530	32,735	5,790	1.6	2.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	23,755	23,200	560	1.0	2.0	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	20,795	635	0.9	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	10,040	9,465	580	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,555	8,375	9,180	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,120	4,910	5,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	3,470	3,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	171,920	42,815	129,105	7.2	3.8	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,180	6,990	6,190	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,940	31,735	119,210	6.3	2.8	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	160	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	3,940	3,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	24,165	25,675	2.1	2.1	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	11,215	20,885	1.3	1.0	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	215	180	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	225	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	10,390	6,860	3,530	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	5,685	1,200	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	350	80	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,265	234,725	206,540	27.5	30.2	25.0
Education	46,545	10,355	36,190	2.9	1.3	4.4
13. Education	46,545	10,355	36,190	2.9	1.3	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	31,695	39,180	4.4	4.1	4.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	3,835	1,815	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	27,860	37,360	4.1	3.6	4.5
Humanities	74,315	26,970	47,345	4.6	3.5	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	1,850	7,045	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	22,190	6,940	15,250	1.4	0.9	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,735	6,605	13,135	1.2	0.9	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,845	650	1,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	3,650	2,655	0.4	0.5	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	1,960	1,260	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	9,970	4,955	5,015	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,160	370	1,795	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	69,450	120,435	11.8	8.9	14.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	770	2,680	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	11,165	17,800	1.8	1.4	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	2,105	18,165	1.3	0.3	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	13,690	20,850	2.2	1.8	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	1,720	3,035	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	24,390	6,120	18,265	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	73,535	33,885	39,650	4.6	4.4	4.8
Business, management and public administration	293,650	135,030	158,615	18.3	17.4	19.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	430	145	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,055	4,285	14,770	1.2	0.6	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,160	130,600	143,555	17.1	16.8	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	24,300	29,380	3.3	3.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	10,585	15,645	1.6	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,365	4,775	6,585	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	500	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	12,950	7,945	5,000	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,560	505	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,165	51,430	27,730	4.9	6.6	3.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,945	42,630	19,310	3.9	5.5	2.3
25. Library science	2,225	460	1,765	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,260	6,690	5,575	0.8	0.9	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	1,645	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	134,005	34,325	10.5	17.3	4.2
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	9,110	7,150	1.0	1.2	0.9
14. Engineering	86,460	64,985	21,475	5.4	8.4	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	23,820	4,350	1.8	3.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,930	16,435	495	1.1	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	13,970	455	0.9	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	6,060	5,680	375	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	6,370	7,525	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,605	3,515	4,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,290	2,855	3,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	132,700	33,030	99,670	8.3	4.3	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	5,375	4,715	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,825	24,900	91,925	7.3	3.2	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	115	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,390	2,635	2,750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	18,845	19,205	2.4	2.4	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	8,670	15,725	1.5	1.1	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	130	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	8,235	5,480	2,755	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,145	4,450	695	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	260	70	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,265	234,725	206,540	27.5	30.2	25.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,350	541,555	619,795	72.5	69.8	75.0
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	362,090	414,040	48.4	46.6	50.1
Same as province or territory of residence	707,125	328,080	379,050	44.1	42.3	45.9
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	34,010	34,990	4.3	4.4	4.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	179,460	205,755	24.0	23.1	24.9
Americas	72,910	36,495	36,415	4.5	4.7	4.4
United States of America	39,810	21,035	18,770	2.5	2.7	2.3
Mexico	5,370	2,555	2,825	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	1,330	685	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	2,580	1,285	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	9,000	4,170	4,830	0.6	0.5	0.6
Colombia	3,340	1,475	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	975	385	590	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	880	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	3,960	4,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	74,855	37,150	37,705	4.7	4.8	4.6
Belgium	535	255	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	5,560	2,925	2,635	0.3	0.4	0.3
Germany	2,035	1,120	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	990	545	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	810	410	405	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	1,035	520	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	525	230	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	3,145	1,400	1,740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	4,045	1,960	2,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	6,670	2,950	3,720	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	6,705	3,035	3,665	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	3,465	2,025	1,440	0.2	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,335	11,445	10,890	1.4	1.5	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	420	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	1,695	885	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	2,525	1,215	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	11,835	5,800	6,035	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	16,935	8,620	8,315	1.1	1.1	1.0
Nigeria	4,380	2,110	2,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	355	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	620	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	2,375	1,275	1,095	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,635	850	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	3,830	3,585	0.5	0.5	0.4
Asia	214,680	94,280	120,395	13.4	12.1	14.6
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	5,630	7,115	0.8	0.7	0.9
Iraq	1,590	800	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	1,820	945	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	1,600	765	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	600	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	3,375	1,880	1,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	28,050	12,210	15,840	1.8	1.6	1.9
Taiwan	1,445	415	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	915	1,470	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	3,195	1,005	2,190	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	3,015	5,170	0.5	0.4	0.6
Philippines	54,175	18,860	35,320	3.4	2.4	4.3
Viet Nam	1,950	670	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	10,280	4,740	5,540	0.6	0.6	0.7
Sri Lanka	4,275	1,900	2,375	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	57,290	29,830	27,460	3.6	3.8	3.3
Pakistan	10,330	5,065	5,265	0.6	0.7	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	10,660	5,040	5,615	0.7	0.6	0.7
Oceania	5,840	2,915	2,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australia	5,000	2,490	2,505	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	795	415	385	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,518,420	776,175	742,245	...	...	...
Employed	1,308,110	675,505	632,610	...	...	...
Unemployed	210,305	100,670	109,635	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	859,530	363,180	496,350	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.9	68.1	59.9	63.9	68.1	59.9
Employment rate	55.0	59.3	51.1	55.0	59.3	51.1
Unemployment rate	13.9	13.0	14.8	13.9	13.0	14.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	390,255	515,740	38.1	34.3	41.6
Worked	1,471,950	749,100	722,850	61.9	65.7	58.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,330	426,490	364,845	33.3	37.4	29.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,615	322,610	358,005	28.6	28.3	28.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.0	39.4	40.2	41.0	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
Employee	1,223,655	603,235	620,420	80.6	77.7	83.6
Permanent position	1,020,130	508,550	511,585	67.2	65.5	68.9
Temporary position	203,525	94,685	108,835	13.4	12.2	14.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	37,450	45,170	5.4	4.8	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	57,235	63,670	8.0	7.4	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	147,240	92,690	15.8	19.0	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	16,880	7,895	1.6	2.2	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	123,350	191,920	20.8	15.9	25.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	114,560	45,210	10.5	14.8	6.1
3 Health occupations	105,465	25,500	79,965	6.9	3.3	10.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	62,415	119,525	12.0	8.0	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	40,595	42,535	5.5	5.2	5.7
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	166,460	183,780	23.1	21.4	24.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	157,380	18,120	11.6	20.3	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	6,800	1,550	0.5	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	36,535	22,610	3.9	4.7	3.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	1,480	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	1,335	660	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	6,115	4,075	2,040	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	83,035	72,070	10,965	5.5	9.3	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	63,450	34,135	6.4	8.2	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	27,730	17,650	3.0	3.6	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	68,155	73,420	9.3	8.8	9.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	51,520	15,810	4.4	6.6	2.1
51 Information and cultural industries	60,850	34,705	26,140	4.0	4.5	3.5
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	63,060	60,435	8.1	8.1	8.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	22,165	18,880	2.7	2.9	2.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	114,915	90,965	13.6	14.8	12.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	4,465	4,715	0.6	0.6	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	40,480	34,610	4.9	5.2	4.7
61 Educational services	107,480	37,805	69,670	7.1	4.9	9.4
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	37,855	125,610	10.8	4.9	16.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	17,430	15,975	2.2	2.2	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	40,030	42,130	5.4	5.2	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	23,190	37,825	4.0	3.0	5.1
91 Public administration	54,970	24,565	30,400	3.6	3.2	4.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,170	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,449,315	741,665	707,650	90.5	91.0	89.9
French	3,435	1,015	2,420	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	26,495	13,760	12,740	1.7	1.7	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	26,495	13,760	12,735	1.7	1.7	1.6
English and French	29,995	12,340	17,650	1.9	1.5	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	43,410	44,260	5.5	5.3	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	1,495	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	1,155	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,170	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,580,025	804,360	775,670	98.6	98.7	98.5
Official languages	1,533,090	780,515	752,575	95.7	95.8	95.6
English	1,525,910	778,315	747,595	95.2	95.5	95.0
French	7,175	2,195	4,980	0.4	0.3	0.6
Non-official languages	46,935	23,845	23,095	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	23,840	23,080	2.9	2.9	2.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,070	615	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	950	565	385	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	570	330	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	155	120	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	95	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	590	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,285	585	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	875	405	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	370	420	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,310	625	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,260	605	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,165	7,610	6,555	0.9	0.9	0.8
Albanian	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	1,005	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	50	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,145	1,000	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	385	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	1,100	495	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	445	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	245	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	145	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	1,935	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	1,030	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	305	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	380	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	460	215	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	895	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,535	825	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	120	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,305	670	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	4,335	3,340	0.5	0.5	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	420	175	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	3,740	2,330	1,410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romanian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,460	1,805	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	695	260	435	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,715	1,325	1,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	11,905	11,905	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	23,730	11,865	11,865	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,385	7,265	7,125	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	4,500	4,600	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	455	250	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	435	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	22,140	10,515	11,625	1.4	1.3	1.5
English and French	4,655	1,835	2,820	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	16,815	8,365	8,450	1.0	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	420	190	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,170	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,498,605	765,630	732,975	93.5	94.0	93.1
English	19,975	9,170	10,810	1.2	1.1	1.4
French	22,095	9,555	12,540	1.4	1.2	1.6
Non-official language	48,960	24,500	24,465	3.1	3.0	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	48,905	24,475	24,430	3.1	3.0	3.1
English and French	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	1,060	1,260	0.1	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,255	1,120	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	3,795	4,085	0.5	0.5	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	675,500	632,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	510,240	245,520	264,725	39.0	36.3	41.8
Worked outside Canada	6,395	3,990	2,410	0.5	0.6	0.4
No fixed workplace address	142,290	102,345	39,950	10.9	15.2	6.3
Usual place of work	649,185	323,655	325,525	49.6	47.9	51.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	323,655	325,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,690	239,285	275,410	79.3	73.9	84.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,955	83,505	49,455	20.5	25.8	15.2
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	865	660	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,475	425,995	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	482,480	293,140	189,335	61.0	68.8	51.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,990	273,245	151,740	53.7	64.1	41.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	19,895	37,600	7.3	4.7	10.3
Public transit	207,680	84,510	123,175	26.2	19.8	33.7
Walked	60,615	26,845	33,770	7.7	6.3	9.2
Bicycle	15,750	10,310	5,440	2.0	2.4	1.5
Other method	24,945	11,200	13,750	3.2	2.6	3.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,475	425,995	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	65,130	65,225	16.5	15.3	17.8
15 to 29 minutes	251,800	135,775	116,025	31.8	31.9	31.7
30 to 44 minutes	222,010	126,660	95,350	28.1	29.7	26.1
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	46,460	42,190	11.2	10.9	11.5
60 minutes and over	98,655	51,970	46,690	12.5	12.2	12.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,475	425,995	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,640	31,195	12,445	5.5	7.3	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	69,900	43,420	14.3	16.4	11.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	86,135	81,520	21.2	20.2	22.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,855	87,770	94,085	23.0	20.6	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,250	73,575	74,665	18.7	17.3	20.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	77,420	59,335	17.3	18.2	16.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,035	241,970	229,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	23,075	22,325	9.6	9.5	9.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,640	218,895	206,740	90.4	90.5	90.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	174,355	164,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,725	17,580	17,145	10.2	10.1	10.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,435	11,100	11,330	6.6	6.4	6.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,295	6,480	5,810	3.6	3.7	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	156,775	147,590	89.8	89.9	89.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 22, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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