Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	South Vancouver Island Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	415,451	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	198,435	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	185,206	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	415,450	200,970	214,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	52,380	26,725	25,655	12.6	13.3	12.0
0 to 4 years	15,655	7,970	7,685	3.8	4.0	3.6
5 to 9 years	18,320	9,300	9,025	4.4	4.6	4.2
10 to 14 years	18,405	9,455	8,950	4.4	4.7	4.2
15 to 64 years	263,425	129,180	134,245	63.4	64.3	62.6
15 to 19 years	19,030	9,680	9,350	4.6	4.8	4.4
20 to 24 years	24,240	11,965	12,275	5.8	6.0	5.7
25 to 29 years	27,070	13,655	13,415	6.5	6.8	6.3
30 to 34 years	28,360	14,100	14,255	6.8	7.0	6.6
35 to 39 years	28,460	14,170	14,290	6.9	7.1	6.7
40 to 44 years	26,245	13,010	13,235	6.3	6.5	6.2
45 to 49 years	24,655	11,970	12,690	5.9	6.0	5.9
50 to 54 years	26,190	12,690	13,500	6.3	6.3	6.3
55 to 59 years	28,835	13,805	15,035	6.9	6.9	7.0
60 to 64 years	30,340	14,135	16,205	7.3	7.0	7.6
65 years and over	99,645	45,060	54,580	24.0	22.4	25.4
65 to 69 years	29,775	13,725	16,045	7.2	6.8	7.5
70 to 74 years	27,140	12,690	14,450	6.5	6.3	6.7
75 to 79 years	18,105	8,475	9,630	4.4	4.2	4.5
80 to 84 years	11,520	5,140	6,385	2.8	2.6	3.0
85 years and over	13,105	5,035	8,065	3.2	2.5	3.8
85 to 89 years	7,390	3,110	4,280	1.8	1.5	2.0
90 to 94 years	4,280	1,480	2,805	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	1,280	410	870	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	145	35	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.3	12.0	12.6	13.3	12.0
15 to 64 years	63.4	64.3	62.6	63.4	64.3	62.6
65 years and over	24.0	22.4	25.4	24.0	22.4	25.4
85 years and over	3.2	2.5	3.8	3.2	2.5	3.8
Average age of the population	45.1	44.1	46.1	45.1	44.1	46.1
Median age of the population	45.2	44.0	46.8	45.2	44.0	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	74,635	...	...	40.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,650	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	11,515	...	...	6.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	27,390	...	...	14.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	47,560	...	...	25.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,650	...	...	7.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	320	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,475	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	62,480	...	...	33.7	...	...
2 persons	69,515	...	...	37.5	...	...
3 persons	23,890	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	19,240	...	...	10.4	...	...
5 or more persons	10,080	...	...	5.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	363,070	174,245	188,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	203,960	101,785	102,175	56.2	58.4	54.1
Married	159,930	79,800	80,130	44.0	45.8	42.4
Living common-law	44,030	21,980	22,050	12.1	12.6	11.7
Living common law - Never married	32,120	16,035	16,085	8.8	9.2	8.5
Living common law - Separated	1,460	800	660	0.4	0.5	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	9,510	4,750	4,760	2.6	2.7	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	940	400	540	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	159,110	72,465	86,645	43.8	41.6	45.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	100,570	53,570	47,000	27.7	30.7	24.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	9,350	4,025	5,320	2.6	2.3	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,405	10,595	18,815	8.1	6.1	10.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,790	4,275	15,515	5.5	2.5	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	115,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	70,395	...	...	61.0	...	...
3 persons	21,750	...	...	18.9	...	...
4 persons	17,960	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,245	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	115,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	99,350	...	...	86.1	...	...
Married couples	77,345	...	...	67.0	...	...
With children⁶	33,985	...	...	29.5	...	...
Without children	43,360	...	...	37.6	...	...
Common-law couples	22,005	...	...	19.1	...	...
With children⁶	5,760	...	...	5.0	...	...
Without children	16,245	...	...	14.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	16,005	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	12,195	...	...	10.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,810	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	305,570	150,880	154,690	75.2	76.7	73.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	198,700	99,205	99,495	48.9	50.4	47.5
Parents in one-parent families	16,010	3,810	12,195	3.9	1.9	5.8
Children⁶	90,870	47,865	43,005	22.4	24.3	20.5
In a two-parent family	68,235	35,670	32,570	16.8	18.1	15.6
In a one-parent family	22,630	12,200	10,435	5.6	6.2	5.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	100,505	45,845	54,660	24.8	23.3	26.1
Living alone	62,480	26,505	35,980	15.4	13.5	17.2
Living with other relatives⁷	8,820	3,665	5,160	2.2	1.9	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	29,200	15,680	13,525	7.2	8.0	6.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	99,425	...	...	53.7	...	...
Couple-family households	86,845	...	...	46.9	...	...
With children⁶	34,160	...	...	18.4	...	...
Without children	52,690	...	...	28.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	12,575	...	...	6.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,825	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,620	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	6,855	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	11,000	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	62,480	...	...	33.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	345,480	165,810	179,665	97.7	97.5	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,400	40,800	45,200	50,400	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	345,710	165,925	179,785	97.7	97.6	97.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,800	37,200	40,800	44,800	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	320,040	154,390	165,655	90.5	90.8	90.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	32,800	38,800	46,000	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	244,225	121,885	122,340	69.0	71.7	66.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,400	40,000	46,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	284,230	128,770	155,460	80.3	75.7	84.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,300	10,600	10,000	9,300	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,745	11,160	13,585	7.0	6.6	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,280	5,480	5,480	5,280	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,340	39,005	44,335	23.6	22.9	24.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	345,520	166,010	179,510	97.7	97.6	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,250	64,600	50,560	57,250	64,600	50,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	345,730	166,105	179,620	97.7	97.7	97.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,840	52,900	43,160	47,840	52,900	43,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	320,030	154,345	165,685	90.5	90.8	90.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,250	60,850	44,240	52,250	60,850	44,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	244,215	122,020	122,195	69.0	71.8	66.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,960	57,200	42,680	49,960	57,200	42,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	283,775	128,690	155,085	80.2	75.7	84.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,820	10,310	11,240	10,820	10,310	11,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,090	10,775	13,310	6.8	6.3	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	5,845	7,060	6,520	5,845	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,865	38,750	44,115	23.4	22.8	24.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,830	8,700	8,940	8,830	8,700	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	113,940	62,520	51,415	32.2	36.8	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	71,000	60,400	65,500	71,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,600	82,000	67,900	75,600	82,000	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,210	45,115	55,095	28.3	26.5	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	21,400	18,000	19,400	21,400	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,760	33,880	26,400	29,760	33,880	26,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	87.6	80.8	84.4	87.6	80.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.6	65.2	57.5	61.6	65.2	57.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	12.4	19.2	15.5	12.4	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.0	0.8	0.6	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.8	5.6	4.6	3.8	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.2	4.4	3.7	3.2	4.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	353,780	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,305	4,235	4,070	2.3	2.5	2.2
With total income	345,480	165,810	179,670	97.7	97.5	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,590	11,500	14,090	7.4	6.9	7.8
$10,000 to $19,999	34,470	14,345	20,125	10.0	8.6	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	49,260	20,330	28,930	14.3	12.3	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	43,030	18,340	24,690	12.5	11.1	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	39,565	17,625	21,940	11.5	10.6	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	34,115	15,530	18,580	9.9	9.4	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	27,720	13,950	13,765	8.0	8.4	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	22,000	11,875	10,120	6.4	7.2	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	17,100	9,590	7,510	4.9	5.8	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	13,135	7,470	5,665	3.8	4.5	3.2
$100,000 and over	39,500	25,245	14,250	11.4	15.2	7.9
$100,000 to $149,999	26,390	16,205	10,190	7.6	9.8	5.7
$150,000 and over	13,110	9,040	4,070	3.8	5.5	2.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	353,780	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,075	4,120	3,955	2.3	2.4	2.2
With after-tax income	345,715	165,930	179,785	97.7	97.6	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	27,300	12,045	15,255	7.9	7.3	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	36,055	14,990	21,065	10.4	9.0	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	55,710	23,295	32,410	16.1	14.0	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	50,635	22,015	28,615	14.6	13.3	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	46,075	20,745	25,330	13.3	12.5	14.1
$50,000 to $59,999	37,055	18,290	18,765	10.7	11.0	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	27,725	14,925	12,800	8.0	9.0	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	20,490	11,555	8,930	5.9	7.0	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	14,030	8,175	5,855	4.1	4.9	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	8,905	5,280	3,625	2.6	3.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	21,730	14,605	7,120	6.3	8.8	4.0
$100,000 to $124,999	10,705	6,985	3,725	3.1	4.2	2.1
$125,000 and over	11,020	7,625	3,395	3.2	4.6	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	353,780	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	109,555	48,160	61,395	31.0	28.3	33.4
With employment income	244,225	121,885	122,340	69.0	71.7	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	33,335	15,335	17,995	13.6	12.6	14.7
$5,000 to $9,999	18,450	7,970	10,480	7.6	6.5	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	27,370	11,975	15,395	11.2	9.8	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	21,920	9,950	11,965	9.0	8.2	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	21,020	9,810	11,210	8.6	8.0	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	21,535	9,975	11,560	8.8	8.2	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	21,030	9,785	11,245	8.6	8.0	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	17,605	9,130	8,475	7.2	7.5	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	14,505	8,120	6,385	5.9	6.7	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	12,210	7,105	5,110	5.0	5.8	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	9,610	5,590	4,015	3.9	4.6	3.3
$100,000 and over	25,635	17,130	8,505	10.5	14.1	7.0
$100,000 to $124,999	12,680	7,860	4,820	5.2	6.4	3.9
$125,000 and over	12,955	9,270	3,680	5.3	7.6	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	337,685	161,675	176,015	95.4	95.1	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	49,200	38,000	42,800	49,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	338,290	161,815	176,475	95.6	95.2	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	34,000	38,000	43,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	316,805	152,480	164,320	89.5	89.7	89.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,400	33,200	39,200	46,400	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	255,355	126,570	128,790	72.2	74.4	70.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,000	32,400	37,600	44,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	230,255	98,235	132,020	65.1	57.8	71.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,700	7,300	7,100	6,700	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	17,650	7,745	9,910	5.0	4.6	5.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,760	5,960	5,280	4,760	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,045	161,905	176,145	95.6	95.2	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,600	62,750	47,120	54,600	62,750	47,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,645	162,065	176,575	95.7	95.3	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,350	40,000	45,440	51,350	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	316,915	152,685	164,230	89.6	89.8	89.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,950	61,050	43,520	51,950	61,050	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	255,355	126,795	128,560	72.2	74.6	70.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	55,100	40,200	47,600	55,100	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	230,060	97,515	132,540	65.0	57.3	72.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,670	8,630	8,710	8,670	8,630	8,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	17,500	7,490	10,010	4.9	4.4	5.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,240	6,065	8,120	7,240	6,065	8,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	112,860	61,835	51,025	31.9	36.4	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	55,600	61,600	67,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,900	78,000	62,250	70,900	78,000	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	95,625	42,955	52,670	27.0	25.3	28.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,200	22,400	24,400	27,200	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,800	40,280	30,360	34,800	40,280	30,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	91.8	86.0	89.2	91.8	86.0
Employment income (%)	65.8	68.8	62.3	65.8	68.8	62.3
Government transfers (%)	10.8	8.3	13.9	10.8	8.3	13.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.5	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	185,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,480	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	122,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	185,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,900	...	...	106,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,300	...	...	89,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,450	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,250	...	...	57,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...	47,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	122,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...	110,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,095	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	995	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,560	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,660	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,075	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,735	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,890	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,645	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,925	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,040	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,730	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,395	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,690	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,485	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,560	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	75,725	...	...	40.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,685	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,020	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,725	...	...	10.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	18,290	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,445	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,030	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,625	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,825	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,470	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,670	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,015	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,915	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,220	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,235	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,155	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,030	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,020	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,615	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,155	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	61,785	...	...	33.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,915	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,925	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	24,945	...	...	13.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	114,220	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	39,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...	146,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	91,680	42,180	49,500	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	41,600	40,400	40,800	41,600	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	37,200	37,200	37,600	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	114,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...	132,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...	110,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,600	...	...	100,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	40,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,200	...	...	166,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,900	...	...	83,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,600	...	...	73,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	91,640	42,040	49,595	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,250	51,650	50,920	51,250	51,650	50,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,120	42,400	43,720	43,120	42,400	43,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	406,075	196,730	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	63,555	32,460	31,090	15.7	16.5	14.9
0 to 5 years	19,215	9,790	9,430	4.7	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	249,095	121,285	127,810	61.3	61.7	61.1
65 years and over	93,425	42,975	50,445	23.0	21.8	24.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	36,965	17,045	19,920	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,005	3,140	2,860	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,825	950	880	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	21,125	10,050	11,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,835	3,850	5,980	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.1	8.7	9.5	9.1	8.7	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.7	9.2	9.5	9.7	9.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.5	9.7	9.3	9.5	9.7	9.3
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.3	8.7	8.5	8.3	8.7
65 years and over (%)	10.5	9.0	11.9	10.5	9.0	11.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	400,710	194,160	206,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	62,690	32,040	30,650	15.6	16.5	14.8
0 to 5 years	18,980	9,660	9,325	4.7	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	246,180	119,845	126,330	61.4	61.7	61.2
65 years and over	91,845	42,270	49,570	22.9	21.8	24.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,885	8,975	8,910	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,585	1,270	1,310	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	630	330	305	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,600	6,920	6,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,695	785	915	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.1	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.3	5.5	5.8	5.3
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	178,995	84,185	94,810	44.1	42.8	45.3
In bottom decile	38,600	18,435	20,160	9.5	9.4	9.6
In second decile	33,265	14,985	18,275	8.2	7.6	8.7
In third decile	33,635	15,755	17,880	8.3	8.0	8.5
In fourth decile	35,545	16,875	18,675	8.8	8.6	8.9
In fifth decile	37,950	18,130	19,815	9.3	9.2	9.5
In top half of the distribution	227,085	112,545	114,540	55.9	57.2	54.7
In sixth decile	40,300	19,630	20,670	9.9	10.0	9.9
In seventh decile	42,535	20,930	21,605	10.5	10.6	10.3
In eighth decile	45,610	22,690	22,920	11.2	11.5	10.9
In ninth decile	49,485	24,665	24,825	12.2	12.5	11.9
In top decile	49,150	24,630	24,525	12.1	12.5	11.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	406,075	...	...	406,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.423	...	...	0.423	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.293	...	...	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	364,645	178,440	186,205	89.0	90.0	88.0
French only	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	41,700	18,420	23,280	10.2	9.3	11.0
Neither English nor French	3,425	1,440	1,985	0.8	0.7	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	399,115	193,390	205,725	97.4	97.5	97.2
French	6,440	3,140	3,295	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	1,115	485	630	0.3	0.2	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,265	1,350	1,915	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	400,075	193,820	206,255	97.6	97.7	97.5
Official languages	344,710	168,820	175,890	84.1	85.1	83.1
English	338,195	165,655	172,540	82.5	83.5	81.6
French	6,510	3,160	3,355	1.6	1.6	1.6
Non-official languages	55,370	25,000	30,365	13.5	12.6	14.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,170	24,910	30,255	13.5	12.6	14.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,275	1,195	1,070	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,085	1,105	975	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,635	895	745	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,340	575	770	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,220	520	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,170	2,045	3,130	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	245	90	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	250	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,145	1,645	2,505	1.0	0.8	1.2
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	680	385	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	285	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	190	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,940	13,085	14,850	6.8	6.6	7.0
Albanian	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,705	2,075	2,635	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,605	2,020	2,585	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	385	185	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,150	515	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,355	560	795	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	770	355	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	445	215	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	565	230	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,075	3,115	3,960	1.7	1.6	1.9
Frisian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,200	1,785	2,410	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	4,035	1,715	2,315	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	130	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,080	960	1,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	280	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,730	790	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	770	345	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	355	170	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	360	200	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,300	4,210	4,085	2.0	2.1	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,870	3,475	3,395	1.7	1.8	1.6
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	280	160	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,105	615	485	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,345	2,125	2,225	1.1	1.1	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,430	735	690	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,295	655	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,105	560	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,235	3,360	3,875	1.8	1.7	1.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,100	530	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,765	810	965	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	345	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,005	1,850	2,160	1.0	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,635	445	1,185	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korean	1,925	835	1,095	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	380	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	85	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,015	5,340	6,675	2.9	2.7	3.2
Chinese languages	11,915	5,285	6,630	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hakka	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,540	2,840	3,700	1.6	1.4	1.7
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	240	95	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,825	2,220	2,600	1.2	1.1	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	360	90	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	335	75	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	195	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	310	180	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	920	420	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	270	105	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	590	300	295	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,855	4,550	5,305	2.4	2.3	2.5
English and French	2,060	995	1,070	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,705	3,085	3,620	1.6	1.6	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	220	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	705	290	415	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	350,520	171,075	179,455	85.5	86.2	84.8
French	1,250	605	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	12,160	5,660	6,500	3.0	2.9	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,130	5,640	6,490	3.0	2.8	3.1
English and French	5,255	2,370	2,885	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	37,990	17,460	20,530	9.3	8.8	9.7
French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,670	715	955	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	455	545	0.2	0.2	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	401,655	194,545	207,105	98.0	98.1	97.9
Official languages	376,730	182,800	193,930	91.9	92.2	91.7
English	374,745	181,845	192,905	91.4	91.7	91.2
French	1,980	955	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	24,925	11,745	13,180	6.1	5.9	6.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,875	11,715	13,155	6.1	5.9	6.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,270	635	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,180	595	585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	975	505	470	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	355	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	685	320	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,655	1,195	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,250	1,005	1,240	0.5	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	330	185	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	155	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,800	4,755	5,045	2.4	2.4	2.4
Albanian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,455	670	780	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,450	670	780	0.4	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	675	300	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	810	375	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	475	215	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	455	210	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	275	135	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,570	2,330	2,245	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,765	1,920	1,845	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	550	310	230	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,550	1,260	1,285	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	285	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	805	410	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	725	365	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	635	315	315	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,750	1,270	1,480	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	205	95	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	695	305	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,750	825	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	585	215	370	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,295	600	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,515	3,445	4,075	1.8	1.7	1.9
Chinese languages	7,455	3,410	4,045	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,585	2,110	2,480	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,655	1,200	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,280	3,825	4,460	2.0	1.9	2.1
English and French	790	340	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,160	3,335	3,825	1.7	1.7	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	409,930	198,370	211,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	370,715	180,480	190,245	90.4	91.0	89.9
English	10,895	5,220	5,680	2.7	2.6	2.7
French	4,105	1,835	2,265	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	19,460	8,650	10,810	4.7	4.4	5.1
Indigenous³⁹	245	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	19,215	8,540	10,680	4.7	4.3	5.0
English and French	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,550	765	790	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,045	450	600	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,980	905	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	402,685	195,215	207,475	99.2	99.2	99.1
English	402,570	195,165	207,405	99.1	99.2	99.1
French	41,565	18,300	23,265	10.2	9.3	11.1
Non-official languages	82,280	37,660	44,620	20.3	19.1	21.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	810	350	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	255	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	260	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,560	37,360	44,200	20.1	19.0	21.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,815	1,965	1,860	0.9	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,635	1,875	1,760	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	345	145	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,580	1,385	1,190	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	585	280	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	240	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,970	830	1,140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	185	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,780	735	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,235	2,850	4,380	1.8	1.4	2.1
Bikol	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	365	125	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	140	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	435	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	280	110	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,505	2,525	3,975	1.6	1.3	1.9
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,245	685	555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	470	275	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	480	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	410	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,395	21,830	24,565	11.4	11.1	11.7
Albanian	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,080	2,835	3,250	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,965	2,770	3,195	1.5	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	440	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,450	665	785	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	2,260	1,025	1,235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,080	530	555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	635	300	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	435	220	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	240	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	830	385	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,075	5,485	6,585	3.0	2.8	3.1
Frisian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,040	3,655	4,385	2.0	1.9	2.1
German	7,875	3,605	4,275	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	225	75	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,125	1,440	1,680	0.8	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	875	470	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	2,205	955	1,250	0.5	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,410	655	760	0.3	0.3	0.4
Danish	565	245	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	420	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	525	245	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	615	310	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,970	5,690	5,280	2.7	2.9	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	9,575	5,005	4,575	2.4	2.5	2.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	410	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,140	2,300	1,840	1.0	1.2	0.9
Kacchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	275	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,995	3,040	2,955	1.5	1.5	1.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	900	480	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,460	735	720	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,335	665	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,215	590	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,340	8,280	10,055	4.5	4.2	4.8
Catalan	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,700	1,195	1,510	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	2,630	1,245	1,385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	415	180	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	13,755	6,190	7,560	3.4	3.1	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,625	1,410	2,215	0.9	0.7	1.1
Korean	2,220	1,020	1,195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	990	510	480	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	335	185	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	175	115	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	900	340	565	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	795	260	535	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	90	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,250	6,520	7,730	3.5	3.3	3.7
Chinese languages	13,995	6,370	7,625	3.4	3.2	3.6
Hakka	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,375	4,210	5,165	2.3	2.1	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	540	205	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,145	2,750	3,390	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	265	155	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	545	210	340	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	530	195	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	715	360	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	645	330	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,175	570	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	100	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	350	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	725	360	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	20,195	9,600	10,590	5.0	4.9	5.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	19,320	9,230	10,090	4.8	4.7	4.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,260	5,455	5,805	2.8	2.8	2.8
Métis	7,920	3,705	4,215	2.0	1.9	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	455	185	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	385,885	187,125	198,760	95.0	95.1	94.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,870	3,815	4,050	1.9	1.9	1.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	398,210	192,910	205,300	98.1	98.1	98.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	116,530	...	...	62.9	...	...
Renter	68,425	...	...	36.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	255	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	36,055	...	...	19.5	...	...
Not condominium	149,150	...	...	80.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,370	...	...	1.8	...	...
1 bedroom	37,730	...	...	20.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	54,565	...	...	29.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	48,850	...	...	26.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	40,685	...	...	22.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	71,110	...	...	38.4	...	...
5 rooms	27,385	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	22,575	...	...	12.2	...	...
7 rooms	19,035	...	...	10.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	45,095	...	...	24.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	182,600	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,610	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	177,475	...	...	95.8	...	...
Not suitable	7,730	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	39,170	...	...	21.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	55,780	...	...	30.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	25,140	...	...	13.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	21,045	...	...	11.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,465	...	...	4.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,210	...	...	6.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,845	...	...	4.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	15,550	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	175,280	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,920	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	91,800	...	...	49.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	83,055	...	...	44.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	10,350	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	6,545	...	...	3.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,950	...	...	13.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,160	...	...	15.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	29,015	...	...	15.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	34,915	...	...	18.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	34,945	...	...	18.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,560	...	...	10.0	...	...
85 years and over	7,115	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	181,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	134,750	...	...	74.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	46,925	...	...	25.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	41,830	...	...	23.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	59,445	...	...	32.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	42,360	...	...	22.9	...	...
Not suitable only	5,510	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,570	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,650	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,780	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	445	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	125,755	...	...	67.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	176,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	22,330	...	...	12.6	...	...
Not in core need	154,250	...	...	87.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	114,220	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.9	...	...	55.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	939,000	...	...	939,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	67,965	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,444	...	...	1,444	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	255	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	548	...	...	548	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	512	...	...	512	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	406,080	196,730	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,555	3,195	3,360	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,440	3,155	3,280	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,340	2,590	2,745	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,060	555	500	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	17,035	7,900	9,135	4.2	4.0	4.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	16,380	7,645	8,735	4.0	3.9	4.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,060	5,260	5,800	2.7	2.7	2.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,165	2,300	2,860	1.3	1.2	1.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	650	250	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	610	245	365	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	382,485	185,635	196,855	94.2	94.4	94.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	377,360	183,290	194,065	92.9	93.2	92.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	60,440	30,990	29,450	14.9	15.8	14.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	316,915	152,300	164,610	78.0	77.4	78.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	28,715	13,435	15,285	7.1	6.8	7.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	320,165	156,560	163,605	78.8	79.6	78.1
Immigrants⁸¹	77,095	35,720	41,380	19.0	18.2	19.8
Before 1980	27,000	12,550	14,450	6.6	6.4	6.9
1980 to 1990	8,810	4,220	4,595	2.2	2.1	2.2
1991 to 2000	9,990	4,445	5,545	2.5	2.3	2.6
2001 to 2010	13,130	5,995	7,130	3.2	3.0	3.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,165	8,505	9,660	4.5	4.3	4.6
2011 to 2015	7,860	3,680	4,185	1.9	1.9	2.0
2016 to 2021	10,305	4,830	5,475	2.5	2.5	2.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,815	4,450	4,370	2.2	2.3	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	77,095	35,720	41,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,095	3,955	4,135	10.5	11.1	10.0
5 to 14 years	13,335	6,730	6,605	17.3	18.8	16.0
15 to 24 years	14,795	6,635	8,165	19.2	18.6	19.7
25 to 44 years	33,490	15,040	18,445	43.4	42.1	44.6
45 years and over	7,385	3,350	4,035	9.6	9.4	9.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	77,095	35,720	41,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	12,005	5,405	6,595	15.6	15.1	15.9
Brazil	435	215	225	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	545	235	310	0.7	0.7	0.7
El Salvador	230	125	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	145	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	360	180	175	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexico	900	420	480	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	160	60	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	245	90	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	7,405	3,265	4,140	9.6	9.1	10.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,490	705	785	1.9	2.0	1.9
Europe	30,890	14,830	16,055	40.1	41.5	38.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	335	140	195	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	640	250	390	0.8	0.7	0.9
Germany	2,835	1,300	1,545	3.7	3.6	3.7
Greece	275	155	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	435	210	225	0.6	0.6	0.5
Italy	660	360	300	0.9	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	1,580	730	855	2.0	2.0	2.1
Poland	985	490	495	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	880	385	500	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romania	460	215	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	755	315	440	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	220	115	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	540	270	270	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	16,460	8,020	8,430	21.4	22.5	20.4
Other places of birth in Europe	3,710	1,830	1,880	4.8	5.1	4.5
Africa	3,995	2,040	1,960	5.2	5.7	4.7
Algeria	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	190	125	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	315	145	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	295	150	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,380	675	705	1.8	1.9	1.7
Other places of birth in Africa	1,345	680	665	1.7	1.9	1.6
Asia	28,715	12,580	16,140	37.2	35.2	39.0
Afghanistan	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	905	465	440	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iraq	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	545	285	265	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	295	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	6,505	2,825	3,680	8.4	7.9	8.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,220	625	595	1.6	1.7	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	1,380	645	740	1.8	1.8	1.8
Taiwan	675	255	420	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	6,200	2,405	3,795	8.0	6.7	9.2
Viet Nam	1,150	460	685	1.5	1.3	1.7
Bangladesh	165	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	4,905	2,465	2,445	6.4	6.9	5.9
Pakistan	475	245	230	0.6	0.7	0.6
Sri Lanka	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,780	1,400	2,375	4.9	3.9	5.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,490	865	630	1.9	2.4	1.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,310	4,835	5,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,540	675	870	14.9	14.0	15.9
Brazil	125	50	80	1.2	1.0	1.5
Colombia	120	35	80	1.2	0.7	1.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Mexico	135	65	70	1.3	1.3	1.3
United States of America	920	415	505	8.9	8.6	9.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	180	75	105	1.7	1.6	1.9
Europe	1,410	745	665	13.7	15.4	12.1
France	85	40	45	0.8	0.8	0.8
Germany	140	65	75	1.4	1.3	1.4
Ireland⁹⁶	75	50	25	0.7	1.0	0.5
Italy	50	40	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Russian Federation	60	10	45	0.6	0.2	0.8
Ukraine	75	35	40	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	580	360	220	5.6	7.4	4.0
Other places of birth in Europe	355	145	205	3.4	3.0	3.7
Africa	840	425	415	8.1	8.8	7.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	20	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	80	35	45	0.8	0.7	0.8
Morocco	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Nigeria	185	100	90	1.8	2.1	1.6
Somalia	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	90	50	40	0.9	1.0	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	80	35	45	0.8	0.7	0.8
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	240	130	115	2.3	2.7	2.1
Asia	6,320	2,830	3,485	61.3	58.5	63.7
Afghanistan	30	20	15	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bangladesh	50	25	30	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	1,195	475	720	11.6	9.8	13.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
India	1,210	645	565	11.7	13.3	10.3
Iran⁸⁸	85	40	45	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraq	65	35	35	0.6	0.7	0.6
Israel	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	215	55	160	2.1	1.1	2.9
Jordan	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	280	120	165	2.7	2.5	3.0
Lebanon	50	15	35	0.5	0.3	0.6
Nepal	75	50	25	0.7	1.0	0.5
Pakistan	105	55	45	1.0	1.1	0.8
Philippines	1,750	750	1,000	17.0	15.5	18.3
Saudi Arabia	40	10	30	0.4	0.2	0.5
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	475	250	225	4.6	5.2	4.1
Turkey	140	80	65	1.4	1.7	1.2
United Arab Emirates	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	170	40	125	1.6	0.8	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	270	110	155	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	195	155	45	1.9	3.2	0.8
Australia	140	105	30	1.4	2.2	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	55	50	10	0.5	1.0	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	406,080	196,725	209,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	93,085	43,670	49,420	22.9	22.2	23.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	87,265	41,970	45,295	21.5	21.3	21.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	225,720	111,090	114,635	55.6	56.5	54.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	50,100	23,170	26,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,325	13,450	13,875	54.5	58.0	51.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,600	7,020	5,575	25.1	30.3	20.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,730	6,425	8,300	29.4	27.7	30.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,280	7,300	10,980	36.5	31.5	40.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,050	2,220	1,830	8.1	9.6	6.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	200	250	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	50,100	23,170	26,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	985	550	440	2.0	2.4	1.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,990	3,960	5,030	17.9	17.1	18.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,320	1,085	1,230	4.6	4.7	4.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,980	1,790	2,190	7.9	7.7	8.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	355	125	230	0.7	0.5	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,465	15,660	17,815	66.8	67.6	66.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	406,075	196,730	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	65,675	31,095	34,585	16.2	15.8	16.5
South Asian	13,825	7,050	6,775	3.4	3.6	3.2
Chinese	17,535	8,190	9,340	4.3	4.2	4.5
Black	5,180	2,705	2,470	1.3	1.4	1.2
Filipino	8,630	3,575	5,055	2.1	1.8	2.4
Arab	2,000	1,085	910	0.5	0.6	0.4
Latin American	4,015	1,845	2,175	1.0	0.9	1.0
Southeast Asian	3,860	1,765	2,095	1.0	0.9	1.0
West Asian	1,530	760	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	2,390	1,150	1,240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	3,490	1,395	2,100	0.9	0.7	1.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	825	405	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,395	1,170	1,230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	340,400	165,640	174,760	83.8	84.2	83.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	44,400	22,620	21,780	10.9	11.5	10.4
English	128,525	61,965	66,560	31.7	31.5	31.8
Irish	75,265	34,420	40,845	18.5	17.5	19.5
Scottish	96,475	45,860	50,615	23.8	23.3	24.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	32,905	15,310	17,595	8.1	7.8	8.4
German	50,705	24,070	26,630	12.5	12.2	12.7
Chinese	18,305	8,585	9,720	4.5	4.4	4.6
Italian	13,325	6,235	7,090	3.3	3.2	3.4
Indian (India)	9,280	4,690	4,590	2.3	2.4	2.2
Ukrainian	19,630	9,290	10,340	4.8	4.7	4.9
Dutch	18,015	8,665	9,350	4.4	4.4	4.5
Polish	13,380	6,400	6,980	3.3	3.3	3.3
Québécois	955	465	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,585	12,680	13,905	6.5	6.4	6.6
Filipino	8,645	3,580	5,065	2.1	1.8	2.4
French Canadian	4,700	2,300	2,400	1.2	1.2	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,515	4,415	4,100	2.1	2.2	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,940	3,845	4,095	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis	6,965	3,140	3,825	1.7	1.6	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,335	5,685	5,650	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	8,795	4,060	4,735	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	13,670	6,350	7,320	3.4	3.2	3.5
Welsh	14,235	6,495	7,740	3.5	3.3	3.7
Portuguese	4,015	2,005	2,010	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	8,265	3,835	4,435	2.0	1.9	2.1
Spanish	4,375	1,935	2,445	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	10,285	4,695	5,595	2.5	2.4	2.7
Hungarian	4,960	2,375	2,585	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	1,090	510	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistani	695	350	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,475	790	685	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jewish	3,890	2,000	1,890	1.0	1.0	0.9
Punjabi	1,490	740	750	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,295	1,060	1,235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	970	520	450	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	2,295	1,085	1,205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	910	450	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,720	740	980	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,140	925	1,225	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	2,435	1,215	1,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,525	1,170	1,360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	875	455	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,290	640	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	795	440	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	6,755	3,300	3,455	1.7	1.7	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,580	780	800	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,335	660	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	4,645	2,120	2,530	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belgian	2,360	1,135	1,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	765	400	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	2,090	1,010	1,080	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	1,320	650	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,900	1,295	1,605	0.7	0.7	0.8
Finnish	3,485	1,710	1,780	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sri Lankan	275	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,930	950	970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	4,005	1,605	2,400	1.0	0.8	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	555	300	250	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	590	260	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,640	1,770	1,870	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	335	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	390	215	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	710	310	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	2,875	1,385	1,490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombian	725	335	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,960	940	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	545	285	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	225	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	385	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	740	370	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	615	290	325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	555	315	240	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	425	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	485	220	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	575	295	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	420	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	735	365	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	215	90	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	190	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algerian	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	790	415	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	365	180	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	285	180	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	925	455	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,250	535	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	710	295	415	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	260	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	175	55	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	510	250	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	245	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	245	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	295	140	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,120	630	490	0.3	0.3	0.2
South African	1,410	645	765	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australian	1,700	875	820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	195	115	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	475	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	115	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	300	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	350	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	345	140	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	295	130	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	340	155	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	440	190	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,265	615	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	210	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	180	105	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	250	105	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	505	195	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	345	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	405	170	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	335	190	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	470	225	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	445	220	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	210	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	195	100	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	625	320	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	505	220	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	225	125	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	610	300	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	865	390	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	2,115	1,045	1,070	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	155	40	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	560	195	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	365	195	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	580	250	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	215	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	970	430	540	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sudanese	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	195	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	285	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	300	160	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	120	95	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	160	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	300	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	195	105	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	140	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	150	95	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	100	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,400	1,855	2,545	1.1	0.9	1.2
Christian	131,645	58,250	73,395	32.4	29.6	35.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	25,785	11,845	13,940	6.3	6.0	6.7
Anabaptist	435	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	21,025	8,990	12,040	5.2	4.6	5.8
Baptist	4,735	2,125	2,610	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catholic	41,415	18,690	22,720	10.2	9.5	10.9
Christian Orthodox	2,310	1,090	1,220	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,595	635	960	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	1,330	595	740	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	3,615	1,585	2,025	0.9	0.8	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	805	365	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,935	1,315	1,625	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	3,080	1,375	1,705	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	520	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	14,120	5,530	8,590	3.5	2.8	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,940	3,655	4,280	2.0	1.9	2.0
Hindu	3,125	1,690	1,435	0.8	0.9	0.7
Jewish	2,920	1,395	1,525	0.7	0.7	0.7
Muslim	4,990	2,630	2,355	1.2	1.3	1.1
Sikh	5,170	2,550	2,620	1.3	1.3	1.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	775	335	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,375	2,540	3,840	1.6	1.3	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	246,675	125,490	121,190	60.7	63.8	57.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	403,305	195,195	208,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	341,140	165,190	175,950	84.6	84.6	84.5
Movers	62,175	30,005	32,160	15.4	15.4	15.5
Non-migrants	37,435	18,240	19,200	9.3	9.3	9.2
Migrants	24,735	11,775	12,965	6.1	6.0	6.2
Internal migrants	20,970	10,080	10,895	5.2	5.2	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	13,510	6,410	7,100	3.3	3.3	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	7,455	3,665	3,790	1.8	1.9	1.8
External migrants	3,765	1,690	2,070	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	390,445	188,745	201,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	214,590	103,365	111,225	55.0	54.8	55.1
Movers	175,855	85,380	90,480	45.0	45.2	44.9
Non-migrants	47,425	23,545	23,880	12.1	12.5	11.8
Migrants	128,435	61,835	66,595	32.9	32.8	33.0
Internal migrants	111,895	53,810	58,090	28.7	28.5	28.8
Intraprovincial migrants	84,515	40,430	44,090	21.6	21.4	21.9
Interprovincial migrants	27,385	13,385	14,000	7.0	7.1	6.9
External migrants	16,535	8,025	8,505	4.2	4.3	4.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,785	170,050	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	42,330	22,970	19,365	12.0	13.5	10.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	311,455	147,085	164,375	88.0	86.5	89.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,250	105,440	111,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,730	10,020	6,710	7.7	9.5	6.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	200,520	95,420	105,100	92.3	90.5	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,785	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	36,290	19,225	17,065	10.3	11.3	9.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	98,055	48,075	49,980	27.7	28.3	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	219,445	102,750	116,695	62.0	60.4	63.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	99,955	48,885	51,070	28.3	28.7	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	25,265	18,825	6,440	7.1	11.1	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,065	5,675	4,390	2.8	3.3	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,205	13,150	2,050	4.3	7.7	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	63,520	25,760	37,760	18.0	15.1	20.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,170	4,300	6,865	3.2	2.5	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	119,490	53,865	65,625	33.8	31.7	35.7
Bachelor's degree	72,570	31,955	40,620	20.5	18.8	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,505	3,130	4,375	2.1	1.8	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,245	1,875	1,375	0.9	1.1	0.7
Master's degree	29,390	12,720	16,675	8.3	7.5	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,780	4,200	2,585	1.9	2.5	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,250	105,435	111,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,360	7,965	5,395	6.1	7.6	4.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	52,065	27,760	24,310	24.0	26.3	21.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	151,820	69,710	82,105	69.9	66.1	73.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,260	33,580	33,680	31.0	31.8	30.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,755	12,635	4,115	7.7	12.0	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,485	3,720	2,765	3.0	3.5	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,265	8,920	1,350	4.7	8.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	43,280	17,965	25,315	19.9	17.0	22.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,225	2,985	4,245	3.3	2.8	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	84,560	36,130	48,430	38.9	34.3	43.3
Bachelor's degree	52,745	22,675	30,070	24.3	21.5	26.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,995	1,945	3,045	2.3	1.8	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,160	1,055	1,105	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	20,935	8,415	12,520	9.6	8.0	11.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,725	2,030	1,690	1.7	1.9	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	353,790	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	134,335	67,295	67,045	38.0	39.6	36.5
Education	15,860	4,290	11,570	4.5	2.5	6.3
13. Education	15,860	4,290	11,570	4.5	2.5	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,860	3,950	5,910	2.8	2.3	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	700	495	200	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	9,160	3,450	5,710	2.6	2.0	3.1
Humanities	14,800	5,780	9,020	4.2	3.4	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,755	320	1,435	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	4,405	1,365	3,045	1.2	0.8	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,160	1,255	1,900	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	600	200	405	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,005	655	345	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	945	580	365	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,430	1,325	1,105	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	80	425	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	33,140	12,325	20,815	9.4	7.2	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	805	260	545	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,180	1,150	2,030	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,835	290	3,535	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	4,605	1,780	2,825	1.3	1.0	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	995	365	630	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	6,425	1,865	4,560	1.8	1.1	2.5
45. Social sciences	13,305	6,620	6,685	3.8	3.9	3.6
Business, management and public administration	39,400	15,800	23,600	11.1	9.3	12.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,390	1,160	3,225	1.2	0.7	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,960	14,620	20,340	9.9	8.6	11.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,310	6,060	5,250	3.2	3.6	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,280	2,365	2,910	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,925	870	1,055	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,545	2,600	950	1.0	1.5	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	275	90	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,340	6,385	2,950	2.6	3.8	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,955	5,160	1,795	2.0	3.0	1.0
25. Library science	800	145	655	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,320	885	440	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	260	205	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	35,010	31,595	3,415	9.9	18.6	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,715	1,080	635	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	7,975	6,715	1,260	2.3	3.9	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,705	6,875	830	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,180	8,890	285	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,035	4,810	225	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	3,375	3,210	165	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,490	2,970	2,525	1.6	1.7	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,935	1,380	1,550	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,560	1,590	975	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	34,155	7,610	26,545	9.7	4.5	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,590	1,250	1,345	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,440	5,725	24,710	8.6	3.4	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,080	620	455	0.3	0.4	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,965	5,960	5,010	3.1	3.5	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,435	2,310	4,135	1.8	1.4	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	235	210	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	290	260	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,955	1,310	640	0.6	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,050	1,870	180	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	217,250	105,440	111,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	65,430	35,725	29,705	30.1	33.9	26.6
Education	8,520	2,175	6,340	3.9	2.1	5.7
13. Education	8,520	2,175	6,340	3.9	2.1	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,005	2,750	4,255	3.2	2.6	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	445	295	145	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,560	2,455	4,105	3.0	2.3	3.7
Humanities	9,610	3,655	5,955	4.4	3.5	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,135	180	955	0.5	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	2,835	830	2,005	1.3	0.8	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,240	870	1,365	1.0	0.8	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	360	140	220	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	725	495	235	0.3	0.5	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	460	275	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,580	815	765	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	280	50	230	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	24,180	8,295	15,890	11.1	7.9	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	665	210	450	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,625	875	1,745	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,850	235	2,615	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	3,335	1,055	2,280	1.5	1.0	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	755	260	495	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	4,225	1,075	3,150	1.9	1.0	2.8
45. Social sciences	9,735	4,575	5,150	4.5	4.3	4.6
Business, management and public administration	28,190	11,015	17,175	13.0	10.4	15.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,970	750	2,220	1.4	0.7	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,195	10,255	14,940	11.6	9.7	13.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,515	3,625	3,890	3.5	3.4	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,660	1,500	2,160	1.7	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,300	540	760	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,190	1,460	735	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	40	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,145	5,145	2,000	3.3	4.9	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,870	4,440	1,430	2.7	4.2	1.3
25. Library science	360	70	285	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	765	510	255	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	150	125	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,930	21,225	2,710	11.0	20.1	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,160	630	530	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,790	4,730	1,065	2.7	4.5	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,925	4,340	590	2.3	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,565	6,315	250	3.0	6.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,330	3,175	150	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	2,150	2,030	120	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,065	1,970	2,100	1.9	1.9	1.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,205	950	1,255	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,860	1,015	845	0.9	1.0	0.8
Health and related fields	23,495	5,470	18,025	10.8	5.2	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,960	920	1,035	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	20,835	4,200	16,635	9.6	4.0	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	340	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,075	4,355	3,715	3.7	4.1	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,775	1,770	3,000	2.2	1.7	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	160	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	165	145	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,570	1,045	525	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,405	1,255	150	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	217,250	105,440	111,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,430	35,725	29,705	30.1	33.9	26.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	151,820	69,715	82,110	69.9	66.1	73.4
Location of study inside Canada	126,360	58,415	67,945	58.2	55.4	60.8
Same as province or territory of residence	92,470	42,020	50,450	42.6	39.9	45.1
Different than province or territory of residence	33,895	16,395	17,500	15.6	15.5	15.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	25,460	11,300	14,160	11.7	10.7	12.7
Americas	6,780	3,100	3,685	3.1	2.9	3.3
United States of America	5,060	2,325	2,730	2.3	2.2	2.4
Mexico	485	215	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	415	190	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	215	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	125	50	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	375	165	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	6,795	3,280	3,515	3.1	3.1	3.1
Belgium	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	365	150	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	520	225	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	255	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	275	95	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	260	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	205	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,455	1,740	1,715	1.6	1.7	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	705	375	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
Africa	960	480	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	430	215	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	9,750	3,780	5,960	4.5	3.6	5.3
Iran⁸⁸	340	145	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,650	655	995	0.8	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	195	60	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	630	125	500	0.3	0.1	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	705	270	435	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,980	1,025	1,955	1.4	1.0	1.7
Viet Nam	155	45	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,910	970	935	0.9	0.9	0.8
Pakistan	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	510	175	330	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oceania	1,175	655	520	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	925	500	425	0.4	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	235	150	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	353,785	170,050	183,740	...	...	...
In the labour force	223,285	113,225	110,060	...	...	...
Employed	208,015	105,420	102,595	...	...	...
Unemployed	15,265	7,805	7,465	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	130,500	56,825	73,675	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.1	66.6	59.9	63.1	66.6	59.9
Employment rate	58.8	62.0	55.8	58.8	62.0	55.8
Unemployment rate	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	353,790	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	128,435	56,175	72,255	36.3	33.0	39.3
Worked	225,355	113,870	111,480	63.7	67.0	60.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	117,510	64,785	52,725	33.2	38.1	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	107,845	49,085	58,755	30.5	28.9	32.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	42.3	40.8	41.6	42.3	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
Employee	180,495	88,875	91,620	80.8	78.5	83.2
Permanent position	152,015	75,885	76,130	68.1	67.0	69.2
Temporary position	28,480	12,990	15,490	12.8	11.5	14.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,175	4,310	4,860	4.1	3.8	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	19,310	8,680	10,630	8.6	7.7	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	39,450	22,675	16,775	17.7	20.0	15.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,250	1,945	1,305	1.5	1.7	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	38,290	11,695	26,595	17.1	10.3	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	19,765	14,930	4,835	8.9	13.2	4.4
3 Health occupations	19,765	4,635	15,130	8.9	4.1	13.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	33,560	13,035	20,530	15.0	11.5	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	9,535	4,070	5,465	4.3	3.6	5.0
6 Sales and service occupations	55,035	25,755	29,280	24.6	22.7	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,245	29,135	3,110	14.4	25.7	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,825	3,485	1,340	2.2	3.1	1.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,665	2,855	810	1.6	2.5	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,720	1,595	1,120	1.2	1.4	1.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	445	350	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	700	575	120	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	17,700	15,565	2,135	7.9	13.7	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	7,655	5,605	2,050	3.4	5.0	1.9
41 Wholesale trade	3,390	2,345	1,045	1.5	2.1	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	24,850	12,225	12,625	11.1	10.8	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,745	5,805	1,945	3.5	5.1	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	3,930	2,315	1,615	1.8	2.0	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	5,990	2,550	3,445	2.7	2.3	3.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,460	2,360	2,100	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,450	12,195	9,265	9.6	10.8	8.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	165	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,170	6,170	4,005	4.6	5.4	3.6
61 Educational services	17,865	6,340	11,525	8.0	5.6	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	31,405	7,175	24,225	14.1	6.3	22.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,845	2,835	3,015	2.6	2.5	2.7
72 Accommodation and food services	15,895	7,460	8,430	7.1	6.6	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,860	3,620	5,240	4.0	3.2	4.8
91 Public administration	28,565	14,305	14,265	12.8	12.6	13.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	233,305	118,045	115,260	96.7	97.0	96.3
French	350	80	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	830	465	365	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	815	460	355	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	2,725	1,290	1,435	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,870	1,700	2,170	1.6	1.4	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	255	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	240,525	121,345	119,180	99.7	99.7	99.6
Official languages	239,070	120,615	118,455	99.0	99.1	99.0
English	238,345	120,440	117,900	98.7	98.9	98.5
French	725	170	550	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	1,465	735	730	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,445	735	710	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	315	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	140	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	135	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	675	375	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	675	375	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	420	220	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	240	150	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	840	375	460	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and French	290	120	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	525	250	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	235,235	118,925	116,315	97.5	97.7	97.2
English	920	330	595	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	2,105	1,100	1,000	0.9	0.9	0.8
Non-official language	2,495	1,080	1,415	1.0	0.9	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,430	1,055	1,380	1.0	0.9	1.2
English and French	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	355	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	208,020	105,420	102,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	55,825	25,985	29,835	26.8	24.6	29.1
Worked outside Canada	470	320	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	27,490	20,110	7,385	13.2	19.1	7.2
Usual place of work	124,235	59,005	65,235	59.7	56.0	63.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	124,240	59,005	65,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	51,200	22,790	28,410	41.2	38.6	43.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	70,070	34,345	35,720	56.4	58.2	54.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,465	1,545	920	2.0	2.6	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	505	325	180	0.4	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	151,725	79,110	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	112,575	59,700	52,880	74.2	75.5	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	104,260	56,470	47,790	68.7	71.4	65.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,310	3,225	5,090	5.5	4.1	7.0
Public transit	11,445	4,875	6,565	7.5	6.2	9.0
Walked	15,100	6,900	8,200	10.0	8.7	11.3
Bicycle	7,950	4,940	3,005	5.2	6.2	4.1
Other method	4,660	2,705	1,960	3.1	3.4	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	151,725	79,110	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	52,580	25,070	27,510	34.7	31.7	37.9
15 to 29 minutes	63,305	33,445	29,855	41.7	42.3	41.1
30 to 44 minutes	24,850	14,160	10,685	16.4	17.9	14.7
45 to 59 minutes	6,210	3,525	2,685	4.1	4.5	3.7
60 minutes and over	4,785	2,910	1,875	3.2	3.7	2.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	151,725	79,110	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,870	4,695	2,175	4.5	5.9	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	23,320	14,605	8,715	15.4	18.5	12.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	40,470	21,740	18,730	26.7	27.5	25.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,705	16,720	19,980	24.2	21.1	27.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,820	10,570	13,255	15.7	13.4	18.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	20,545	10,780	9,760	13.5	13.6	13.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	64,880	33,155	31,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,095	2,540	2,560	7.9	7.7	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,785	30,615	29,170	92.1	92.3	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	47,975	24,560	23,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,890	1,955	1,935	8.1	8.0	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,980	950	1,030	4.1	3.9	4.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,910	1,005	905	4.0	4.1	3.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	44,080	22,605	21,475	91.9	92.0	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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