Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hamilton Niagara Haldimand BrantMore information: Ontario [Home and Community Care Support Services]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,482,296	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	619,687	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	589,464	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,482,285	724,045	758,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	232,830	119,590	113,235	15.7	16.5	14.9
0 to 4 years	72,340	37,260	35,085	4.9	5.1	4.6
5 to 9 years	78,995	40,570	38,430	5.3	5.6	5.1
10 to 14 years	81,490	41,765	39,725	5.5	5.8	5.2
15 to 64 years	942,155	465,965	476,190	63.6	64.4	62.8
15 to 19 years	81,755	42,500	39,260	5.5	5.9	5.2
20 to 24 years	86,645	44,770	41,870	5.8	6.2	5.5
25 to 29 years	93,020	47,095	45,920	6.3	6.5	6.1
30 to 34 years	96,115	47,515	48,595	6.5	6.6	6.4
35 to 39 years	94,095	46,020	48,075	6.3	6.4	6.3
40 to 44 years	88,940	43,360	45,580	6.0	6.0	6.0
45 to 49 years	89,675	43,590	46,085	6.0	6.0	6.1
50 to 54 years	96,125	46,775	49,350	6.5	6.5	6.5
55 to 59 years	110,185	53,605	56,580	7.4	7.4	7.5
60 to 64 years	105,605	50,730	54,875	7.1	7.0	7.2
65 years and over	307,300	138,485	168,820	20.7	19.1	22.3
65 to 69 years	91,885	43,390	48,490	6.2	6.0	6.4
70 to 74 years	79,560	37,225	42,330	5.4	5.1	5.6
75 to 79 years	55,620	25,735	29,885	3.8	3.6	3.9
80 to 84 years	38,295	16,880	21,410	2.6	2.3	2.8
85 years and over	41,940	15,245	26,695	2.8	2.1	3.5
85 to 89 years	25,045	9,940	15,105	1.7	1.4	2.0
90 to 94 years	12,780	4,265	8,520	0.9	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	3,690	965	2,730	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	430	80	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.7	16.5	14.9	15.7	16.5	14.9
15 to 64 years	63.6	64.4	62.8	63.6	64.4	62.8
65 years and over	20.7	19.1	22.3	20.7	19.1	22.3
85 years and over	2.8	2.1	3.5	2.8	2.1	3.5
Average age of the population	42.9	41.7	44.0	42.9	41.7	44.0
Median age of the population	43.2	41.6	44.8	43.2	41.6	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	589,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	362,850	...	...	61.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	24,280	...	...	4.1	...	...
Row house	62,950	...	...	10.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	17,435	...	...	3.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	54,675	...	...	9.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	65,065	...	...	11.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,340	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	875	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	589,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	160,525	...	...	27.2	...	...
2 persons	202,910	...	...	34.4	...	...
3 persons	91,600	...	...	15.5	...	...
4 persons	83,820	...	...	14.2	...	...
5 or more persons	50,615	...	...	8.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,458,355	714,115	744,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,249,455	604,450	645,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	709,265	354,285	354,985	56.8	58.6	55.0
Married	590,960	295,210	295,755	47.3	48.8	45.9
Living common-law	118,305	59,075	59,235	9.5	9.8	9.2
Living common law - Never married	80,220	40,175	40,045	6.4	6.6	6.2
Living common law - Separated	7,465	3,895	3,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	26,950	13,485	13,465	2.2	2.2	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	3,675	1,515	2,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	540,190	250,170	290,020	43.2	41.4	45.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	343,115	185,855	157,265	27.5	30.7	24.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	39,035	16,660	22,370	3.1	2.8	3.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	79,045	30,595	48,445	6.3	5.1	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	78,990	17,055	61,940	6.3	2.8	9.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	421,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	215,695	...	...	51.2	...	...
3 persons	90,195	...	...	21.4	...	...
4 persons	80,150	...	...	19.0	...	...
5 or more persons	35,095	...	...	8.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	421,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	346,585	...	...	82.3	...	...
Married couples	287,485	...	...	68.3	...	...
With children⁶	153,205	...	...	36.4	...	...
Without children	134,280	...	...	31.9	...	...
Common-law couples	59,105	...	...	14.0	...	...
With children⁶	22,795	...	...	5.4	...	...
Without children	36,305	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	74,550	...	...	17.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	58,605	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	15,950	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,458,355	714,115	744,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,211,585	599,765	611,820	83.1	84.0	82.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	693,175	346,180	346,995	47.5	48.5	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	74,555	15,950	58,605	5.1	2.2	7.9
Children⁶	443,855	237,635	206,220	30.4	33.3	27.7
In a two-parent family	328,245	174,695	153,550	22.5	24.5	20.6
In a one-parent family	115,615	62,940	52,675	7.9	8.8	7.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	246,770	114,350	132,425	16.9	16.0	17.8
Living alone	160,525	70,725	89,800	11.0	9.9	12.1
Living with other relatives⁷	34,730	14,135	20,595	2.4	2.0	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	51,515	29,490	22,025	3.5	4.1	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	589,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	366,600	...	...	62.2	...	...
Couple-family households	309,420	...	...	52.5	...	...
With children⁶	157,125	...	...	26.7	...	...
Without children	152,295	...	...	25.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	57,180	...	...	9.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	19,295	...	...	3.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,745	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	17,570	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	21,730	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	160,525	...	...	27.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,225,845	594,695	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,181,975	571,870	610,100	96.4	96.2	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,400	40,800	46,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,182,570	572,195	610,370	96.5	96.2	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,049,275	518,765	530,510	85.6	87.2	84.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	42,000	27,600	34,400	42,000	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	840,310	434,400	405,905	68.5	73.0	64.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,400	30,400	36,000	42,400	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,076,605	514,170	562,435	87.8	86.5	89.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	8,200	11,700	10,000	8,200	11,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	118,185	53,670	64,510	9.6	9.0	10.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,640	5,560	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	336,330	160,880	175,445	27.4	27.1	27.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,225,710	594,560	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,181,765	571,785	609,985	96.4	96.2	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,600	62,250	45,520	53,600	62,250	45,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,182,360	572,105	610,250	96.5	96.2	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,000	51,250	39,200	45,000	51,250	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,048,965	518,420	530,545	85.6	87.2	84.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	58,650	39,200	48,800	58,650	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	840,250	433,965	406,285	68.6	73.0	64.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	56,850	40,200	48,800	56,850	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,076,390	514,350	562,035	87.8	86.5	89.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	10,090	12,410	11,300	10,090	12,410
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	118,660	53,325	65,335	9.7	9.0	10.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,950	6,920	6,490	5,950	6,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	335,295	160,110	175,190	27.4	26.9	27.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	8,950	9,370	9,170	8,950	9,370
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,225,710	594,560	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	387,195	216,975	170,215	31.6	36.5	27.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,500	58,000	64,500	70,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	83,700	66,200	76,000	83,700	66,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	330,190	151,075	179,110	26.9	25.4	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	19,200	15,700	17,000	19,200	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,760	30,760	23,360	26,760	30,760	23,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.8	85.4	74.8	80.8	85.4	74.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.8	69.4	58.8	64.8	69.4	58.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.2	14.6	25.1	19.2	14.6	25.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.4	7.0	5.5	4.4	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.0	5.9	4.9	4.0	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,225,840	594,695	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	43,870	22,820	21,050	3.6	3.8	3.3
With total income	1,181,975	571,875	610,100	96.4	96.2	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	91,485	39,170	52,315	7.7	6.9	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	144,365	59,080	85,285	12.2	10.3	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	186,670	77,850	108,820	15.8	13.6	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	157,140	68,555	88,580	13.3	12.0	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	133,875	62,000	71,880	11.3	10.8	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	108,520	52,000	56,520	9.2	9.1	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	84,880	44,640	40,235	7.2	7.8	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	64,280	36,360	27,925	5.4	6.4	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	48,820	28,910	19,910	4.1	5.1	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	39,460	23,085	16,375	3.3	4.0	2.7
$100,000 and over	122,470	80,220	42,250	10.4	14.0	6.9
$100,000 to $149,999	83,675	52,275	31,400	7.1	9.1	5.1
$150,000 and over	38,795	27,945	10,850	3.3	4.9	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,225,840	594,695	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	43,275	22,500	20,775	3.5	3.8	3.3
With after-tax income	1,182,565	572,190	610,375	96.5	96.2	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	96,565	40,760	55,800	8.2	7.1	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	150,780	61,895	88,885	12.7	10.8	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	211,345	88,625	122,715	17.9	15.5	20.1
$30,000 to $39,999	183,575	83,185	100,390	15.5	14.5	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	153,635	73,055	80,585	13.0	12.8	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	115,470	60,050	55,430	9.8	10.5	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	82,030	46,245	35,785	6.9	8.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	58,070	34,505	23,570	4.9	6.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	45,420	25,510	19,920	3.8	4.5	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	25,710	16,265	9,445	2.2	2.8	1.5
$100,000 and over	59,960	42,100	17,855	5.1	7.4	2.9
$100,000 to $124,999	30,545	20,720	9,820	2.6	3.6	1.6
$125,000 and over	29,410	21,380	8,035	2.5	3.7	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,225,840	594,695	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	385,535	160,295	225,245	31.5	27.0	35.7
With employment income	840,305	434,405	405,900	68.5	73.0	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	132,240	67,665	64,570	15.7	15.6	15.9
$5,000 to $9,999	70,455	30,615	39,840	8.4	7.0	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	100,140	44,145	55,995	11.9	10.2	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	74,475	33,685	40,790	8.9	7.8	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	71,440	32,895	38,545	8.5	7.6	9.5
$40,000 to $49,999	71,100	33,415	37,685	8.5	7.7	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	64,615	32,945	31,660	7.7	7.6	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	53,955	30,480	23,475	6.4	7.0	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	42,155	25,225	16,935	5.0	5.8	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	35,180	21,820	13,355	4.2	5.0	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	32,400	18,350	14,055	3.9	4.2	3.5
$100,000 and over	92,160	63,170	28,990	11.0	14.5	7.1
$100,000 to $124,999	45,495	28,870	16,620	5.4	6.6	4.1
$125,000 and over	46,665	34,295	12,375	5.6	7.9	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,225,845	594,695	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,162,310	561,645	600,660	94.8	94.4	95.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,600	33,600	39,200	45,600	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,162,715	561,695	601,025	94.9	94.5	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,800	31,200	35,600	40,800	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,041,400	514,155	527,245	85.0	86.5	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,000	30,000	36,400	44,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	846,835	436,870	409,965	69.1	73.5	65.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,000	32,400	37,600	44,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,018,875	485,115	533,760	83.1	81.6	84.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,640	1,290	6,600	3,640	1,290	6,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	81,260	34,300	46,965	6.6	5.8	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,120	5,640	5,440	5,120	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,225,710	594,560	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,162,320	561,385	600,935	94.8	94.4	95.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,760	59,300	42,800	50,760	59,300	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,162,700	561,450	601,250	94.9	94.4	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,280	48,160	36,760	42,280	48,160	36,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,041,140	513,915	527,220	84.9	86.4	83.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,880	58,300	39,720	48,880	58,300	39,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	846,195	436,360	409,835	69.0	73.4	64.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,680	56,200	40,680	48,680	56,200	40,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,019,270	485,430	533,840	83.2	81.6	84.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,920	6,820	8,930	7,920	6,820	8,930
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,035	34,070	46,970	6.6	5.7	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,140	7,730	7,060	6,140	7,730
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,225,710	594,560	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	384,355	215,410	168,950	31.4	36.2	26.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	53,600	61,200	67,500	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,500	80,800	61,950	72,500	80,800	61,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	313,150	143,025	170,120	25.5	24.1	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	27,000	21,400	23,600	27,000	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,200	38,600	28,680	33,200	38,600	28,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.4	90.0	81.4	86.4	90.0	81.4
Employment income (%)	69.8	73.6	64.8	69.8	73.6	64.8
Government transfers (%)	13.7	9.9	18.5	13.7	9.9	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4	1.0	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	589,465	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	160,525	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	428,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	589,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,500	...	...	107,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	160,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,050	...	...	52,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,920	...	...	43,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	428,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,700	...	...	107,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	589,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,215	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,560	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,120	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	11,465	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,395	...	...	3.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	20,195	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	18,600	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,740	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	22,020	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	21,675	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	43,190	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	41,570	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	39,210	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	36,590	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	34,395	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	245,535	...	...	41.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	71,735	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	52,645	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	62,965	...	...	10.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	58,190	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	589,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,920	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,675	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,340	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	11,970	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	21,720	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	23,015	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,885	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	23,990	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	25,560	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	25,225	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	50,375	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	48,645	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	45,275	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	42,595	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	37,375	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	196,895	...	...	33.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	72,945	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	47,755	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	76,200	...	...	12.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	413,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	155,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	177,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	68,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	212,040	100,215	111,825	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	39,600	36,800	38,000	39,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,600	34,000	34,800	35,600	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	413,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...	126,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	154,905	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...	110,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700	...	...	91,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	178,095	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...	157,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,200	...	...	130,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	67,610	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,100	...	...	83,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,300	...	...	73,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	211,850	99,650	112,195	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,050	58,550	46,280	52,050	58,550	46,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,920	50,520	39,920	44,920	50,520	39,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,458,360	714,110	744,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	281,320	144,835	136,485	19.3	20.3	18.3
0 to 5 years	87,880	45,210	42,665	6.0	6.3	5.7
18 to 64 years	886,760	436,225	450,530	60.8	61.1	60.5
65 years and over	290,280	133,045	157,230	19.9	18.6	21.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	142,670	65,475	77,195	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	32,275	16,400	15,880	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	10,875	5,525	5,350	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	78,720	37,400	41,320	...	...	...
65 years and over	31,670	11,675	19,995	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.8	9.2	10.4	9.8	9.2	10.4
0 to 17 years (%)	11.5	11.3	11.6	11.5	11.3	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	12.4	12.2	12.5	12.4	12.2	12.5
18 to 64 years (%)	8.9	8.6	9.2	8.9	8.6	9.2
65 years and over (%)	10.9	8.8	12.7	10.9	8.8	12.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,457,585	713,750	743,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	281,080	144,720	136,360	19.3	20.3	18.3
0 to 5 years	87,825	45,185	42,640	6.0	6.3	5.7
18 to 64 years	886,335	436,030	450,300	60.8	61.1	60.5
65 years and over	290,170	133,000	157,175	19.9	18.6	21.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	66,660	33,985	32,670	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	11,815	6,020	5,795	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,870	1,980	1,890	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	48,450	25,380	23,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,395	2,590	3,800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	4.8	4.4	4.6	4.8	4.4
0 to 17 years (%)	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.1	5.5	5.8	5.1
65 years and over (%)	2.2	2.0	2.4	2.2	2.0	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,458,360	714,110	744,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	700,200	333,595	366,605	48.0	46.7	49.3
In bottom decile	127,325	60,960	66,360	8.7	8.5	8.9
In second decile	138,615	62,670	75,945	9.5	8.8	10.2
In third decile	142,970	68,130	74,845	9.8	9.5	10.1
In fourth decile	144,970	70,340	74,630	9.9	9.9	10.0
In fifth decile	146,320	71,490	74,825	10.0	10.0	10.1
In top half of the distribution	758,160	380,520	377,645	52.0	53.3	50.7
In sixth decile	150,575	74,425	76,150	10.3	10.4	10.2
In seventh decile	151,430	75,420	76,010	10.4	10.6	10.2
In eighth decile	154,005	77,385	76,610	10.6	10.8	10.3
In ninth decile	156,610	79,050	77,560	10.7	11.1	10.4
In top decile	145,545	74,230	71,315	10.0	10.4	9.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,458,355	...	...	1,458,355	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.452	...	...	0.452	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,356,920	671,340	685,580	92.5	93.5	91.5
French only	855	375	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	91,635	39,155	52,480	6.2	5.5	7.0
Neither English nor French	17,560	7,045	10,515	1.2	1.0	1.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,423,910	699,295	724,610	97.1	97.4	96.7
French	21,415	9,700	11,715	1.5	1.4	1.6
English and French	4,645	2,155	2,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	16,995	6,765	10,230	1.2	0.9	1.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,422,195	696,510	725,690	96.9	97.0	96.9
Official languages	1,163,265	573,285	589,985	79.3	79.9	78.8
English	1,141,490	563,420	578,065	77.8	78.5	77.2
French	21,775	9,865	11,915	1.5	1.4	1.6
Non-official languages	258,930	123,225	135,705	17.7	17.2	18.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	258,660	123,100	135,555	17.6	17.1	18.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	25,610	12,945	12,665	1.7	1.8	1.7
Berber languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,585	730	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,515	700	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	23,910	12,155	11,755	1.6	1.7	1.6
Amharic	320	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	19,420	9,935	9,490	1.3	1.4	1.3
Aramaic languages	3,270	1,620	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,745	1,350	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	430	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	270	155	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	315	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	295	150	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,890	3,105	3,775	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,030	460	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	5,855	2,650	3,205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,185	4,835	7,350	0.8	0.7	1.0
Bikol	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	185	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	395	145	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	690	280	410	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	245	95	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,080	4,015	6,065	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	685	350	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,820	2,470	2,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,600	1,345	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,405	685	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	630	340	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	173,875	83,380	90,490	11.9	11.6	12.1
Albanian	1,835	900	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	650	325	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	44,485	20,330	24,150	3.0	2.8	3.2
Baltic languages	1,050	430	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	410	170	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	640	260	380	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	43,440	19,905	23,535	3.0	2.8	3.1
Belarusian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	655	295	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,335	580	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	710	345	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	14,820	6,575	8,245	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian	4,450	1,930	2,520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15,675	7,675	8,000	1.1	1.1	1.1
Bosnian	1,385	690	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	6,265	3,000	3,265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	7,850	3,900	3,950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,025	440	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	920	390	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	3,760	1,635	2,135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20,190	9,135	11,055	1.4	1.3	1.5
Frisian	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	9,920	4,355	5,565	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	9,730	4,255	5,475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	145	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	9,310	4,360	4,945	0.6	0.6	0.7
Afrikaans	495	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	8,055	3,780	4,270	0.5	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	370	185	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	275	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	710	300	410	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	410	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	200	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,725	1,395	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	42,360	21,700	20,655	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	35,215	18,120	17,100	2.4	2.5	2.3
Assamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,040	1,035	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	5,140	2,920	2,220	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	4,125	2,160	1,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	375	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	620	305	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,880	6,455	6,425	0.9	0.9	0.9
Rohingya	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	610	300	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	8,885	4,460	4,425	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,135	3,580	3,555	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,545	805	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	530	275	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	5,010	2,465	2,545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	1,845	900	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	2,650	1,330	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	520	240	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	61,515	29,535	31,980	4.2	4.1	4.3
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	24,710	11,850	12,860	1.7	1.7	1.7
Portuguese	12,610	6,145	6,465	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	3,000	1,405	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	21,050	10,060	10,990	1.4	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	755	230	530	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	4,375	1,965	2,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,055	1,440	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	460	235	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	80	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	355	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	610	280	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	435	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	185	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	325	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	285	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,345	8,175	9,170	1.2	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	16,855	7,930	8,920	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hakka	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,265	5,330	5,940	0.8	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,855	2,245	2,600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	240	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	490	240	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	305	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,025	435	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	590	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	410	145	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,080	1,080	1,000	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,815	950	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	5,390	2,380	3,010	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	350	155	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	310	120	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,730	2,110	2,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	44,765	21,410	23,355	3.1	3.0	3.1
English and French	6,475	2,955	3,525	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	33,515	16,295	17,220	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	865	395	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	825	370	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,085	1,395	1,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,197,880	590,240	607,635	81.7	82.2	81.1
French	4,220	1,935	2,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	63,005	29,445	33,555	4.3	4.1	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	62,990	29,440	33,550	4.3	4.1	4.5
English and French	14,345	6,115	8,230	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	176,650	85,285	91,365	12.0	11.9	12.2
French and non-official language(s)	460	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,840	2,530	3,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	4,565	2,155	2,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,425,170	697,920	727,245	97.2	97.2	97.1
Official languages	1,299,025	637,615	661,410	88.6	88.8	88.3
English	1,292,775	634,805	657,975	88.1	88.4	87.8
French	6,250	2,815	3,435	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	126,145	60,305	65,840	8.6	8.4	8.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	126,105	60,290	65,815	8.6	8.4	8.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,240	7,940	8,300	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,125	495	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,090	485	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15,070	7,420	7,650	1.0	1.0	1.0
Amharic	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,075	5,970	6,105	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	2,535	1,225	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,170	1,050	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	305	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,465	2,020	2,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	565	245	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,900	1,775	2,125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	6,175	2,805	3,365	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	380	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,200	2,365	2,835	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	355	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	170	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,005	1,530	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,715	890	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	825	395	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	390	210	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	75,415	36,015	39,400	5.1	5.0	5.3
Albanian	910	435	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	18,145	8,460	9,685	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	190	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	17,955	8,380	9,575	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	285	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	515	235	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,800	2,660	3,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	2,600	1,185	1,415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	7,080	3,420	3,655	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	700	360	340	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	2,175	995	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	4,150	2,040	2,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	955	420	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,990	925	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,125	525	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,120	515	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	805	375	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	235	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	400	185	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	980	450	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	27,690	13,975	13,720	1.9	1.9	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	23,360	11,840	11,520	1.6	1.6	1.5
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,180	575	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	3,515	1,980	1,530	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	2,405	1,250	1,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	455	225	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,340	4,660	4,685	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	300	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	5,760	2,810	2,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,330	2,135	2,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	920	475	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	335	175	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,060	1,480	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	1,110	550	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,605	785	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	340	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	25,390	11,625	13,770	1.7	1.6	1.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,435	2,500	3,930	0.4	0.3	0.5
Portuguese	5,300	2,520	2,780	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	1,290	605	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	12,340	5,975	6,365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	320	145	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	3,145	1,455	1,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,085	495	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	310	140	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	585	350	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	435	245	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	150	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,945	5,810	6,135	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	11,615	5,645	5,965	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,305	4,110	4,195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	75	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,915	1,345	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	335	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	590	275	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,205	585	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,110	535	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,455	650	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,390	620	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	41,795	19,995	21,800	2.8	2.8	2.9
English and French	2,535	1,085	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	37,855	18,275	19,580	2.6	2.5	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	525	225	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	660	315	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,466,965	717,915	749,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,300,335	638,485	661,845	88.6	88.9	88.4
English	53,205	25,915	27,295	3.6	3.6	3.6
French	11,540	4,920	6,620	0.8	0.7	0.9
Non-official language	83,140	39,560	43,580	5.7	5.5	5.8
Indigenous³⁹	230	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	82,910	39,475	43,435	5.7	5.5	5.8
English and French	735	340	395	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,960	3,460	3,495	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,945	1,235	1,710	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,980	3,920	4,055	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,458,220	713,990	744,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,440,880	707,060	733,820	98.8	99.0	98.6
English	1,439,990	706,695	733,290	98.7	99.0	98.5
French	91,835	39,150	52,685	6.3	5.5	7.1
Non-official languages	347,515	166,045	181,475	23.8	23.3	24.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	865	325	540	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	365	130	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	280	100	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	275	100	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	265	100	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	410	135	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	235	50	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	346,725	165,760	180,970	23.8	23.2	24.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	36,555	18,435	18,120	2.5	2.6	2.4
Berber languages	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	205	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	200	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,500	1,200	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	2,365	1,135	1,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	34,075	17,275	16,800	2.3	2.4	2.3
Amharic	520	235	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	29,680	15,070	14,610	2.0	2.1	2.0
Aramaic languages	4,295	2,125	2,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,540	1,760	1,785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	600	300	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,050	565	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	500	255	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	335	180	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,950	4,100	4,845	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,385	600	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	7,640	3,540	4,095	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	17,545	7,180	10,360	1.2	1.0	1.4
Bikol	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	215	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	875	340	535	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	260	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,285	550	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	320	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	255	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	120	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	16,495	6,730	9,770	1.1	0.9	1.3
Waray-Waray	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	485	215	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,290	1,175	1,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	830	430	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	705	355	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	355	200	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,680	3,435	3,245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	475	240	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,060	1,545	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,695	1,410	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,225	685	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	236,115	113,895	122,220	16.2	16.0	16.4
Albanian	2,375	1,185	1,185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	855	400	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	55,945	25,975	29,970	3.8	3.6	4.0
Baltic languages	1,245	490	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	475	205	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	770	285	485	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	54,855	25,545	29,310	3.8	3.6	3.9
Belarusian	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	825	425	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,935	895	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,155	540	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	18,760	8,295	10,465	1.3	1.2	1.4
Russian	7,710	3,555	4,155	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	20,385	10,055	10,330	1.4	1.4	1.4
Bosnian	2,500	1,305	1,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	9,795	4,825	4,975	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbian	10,610	5,245	5,365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	285	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,375	620	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,175	520	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	5,870	2,570	3,305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	445	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	230	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	29,265	13,545	15,715	2.0	1.9	2.1
Frisian	435	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,360	7,715	8,650	1.1	1.1	1.2
German	16,240	7,650	8,590	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	12,225	5,610	6,615	0.8	0.8	0.9
Afrikaans	1,260	610	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	9,995	4,610	5,385	0.7	0.6	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	210	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	410	185	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	405	160	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,165	515	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	560	265	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	435	165	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,580	2,330	2,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	59,115	30,415	28,695	4.1	4.3	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	51,165	26,420	24,745	3.5	3.7	3.3
Assamese	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,000	1,595	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	7,105	3,965	3,135	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hindi	20,625	10,790	9,835	1.4	1.5	1.3
Kacchi	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,040	520	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	810	365	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20,720	10,680	10,040	1.4	1.5	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	315	175	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,110	585	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	15,500	7,785	7,720	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	335	200	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,805	4,415	4,390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,200	1,165	1,035	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	865	490	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,135	3,035	3,095	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	2,485	1,185	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	3,240	1,680	1,555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	520	230	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	89,675	42,825	46,850	6.1	6.0	6.3
Catalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	36,875	17,865	19,010	2.5	2.5	2.6
Portuguese	17,160	8,355	8,805	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	3,850	1,830	2,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	35,360	16,560	18,805	2.4	2.3	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	275	160	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,950	905	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	5,465	2,555	2,910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,050	3,725	4,320	0.6	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	985	495	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	150	40	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	250	110	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	655	310	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	285	125	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	480	230	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	245	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	665	295	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,970	875	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,940	920	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	995	490	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	305	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,050	810	1,240	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,745	670	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	365	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,485	9,850	10,630	1.4	1.4	1.4
Chinese languages	19,830	9,555	10,275	1.4	1.3	1.4
Hakka	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,645	6,975	7,670	1.0	1.0	1.0
Min Dong	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	445	210	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,745	3,260	3,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	660	305	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	370	175	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	325	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,510	705	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	965	445	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	705	330	375	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,620	1,900	1,725	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	260	145	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,235	1,700	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	6,765	3,055	3,710	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	295	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	400	150	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	6,075	2,785	3,295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,458,225	713,985	744,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	39,550	18,270	21,285	2.7	2.6	2.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	37,730	17,440	20,290	2.6	2.4	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	26,120	12,060	14,055	1.8	1.7	1.9
Métis	11,290	5,230	6,055	0.8	0.7	0.8
Inuk (Inuit)	320	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	490	235	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,330	595	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,418,670	695,720	722,955	97.3	97.4	97.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,458,225	713,985	744,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	15,245	6,950	8,295	1.0	1.0	1.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,442,980	707,045	735,935	99.0	99.0	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	417,870	...	...	70.9	...	...
Renter	171,500	...	...	29.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	70	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	64,550	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not condominium	524,885	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,835	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	68,085	...	...	11.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	127,465	...	...	21.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	240,170	...	...	40.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	150,885	...	...	25.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	132,315	...	...	22.4	...	...
5 rooms	84,205	...	...	14.3	...	...
6 rooms	92,605	...	...	15.7	...	...
7 rooms	85,130	...	...	14.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	195,185	...	...	33.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	580,180	...	...	98.4	...	...
More than one person per room	9,255	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	562,040	...	...	95.4	...	...
Not suitable	27,395	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	178,115	...	...	30.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	170,465	...	...	28.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	66,425	...	...	11.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	59,085	...	...	10.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	30,845	...	...	5.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	26,755	...	...	4.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	25,815	...	...	4.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	31,925	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	555,215	...	...	94.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	34,220	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	290,420	...	...	49.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	273,470	...	...	46.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	25,550	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	10,965	...	...	1.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	71,635	...	...	12.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	93,965	...	...	15.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	103,470	...	...	17.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	124,760	...	...	21.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	102,280	...	...	17.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	59,045	...	...	10.0	...	...
85 years and over	23,315	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	583,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	456,140	...	...	78.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	127,685	...	...	21.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	116,625	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	589,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	172,840	...	...	29.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	113,845	...	...	19.3	...	...
Not suitable only	20,430	...	...	3.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	22,515	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,335	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	9,085	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,205	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	420	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	416,595	...	...	70.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	572,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	60,670	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	512,090	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	414,765	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.0	...	...	59.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.9	...	...	14.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,528	...	...	1,528	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	650,000	...	...	650,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	726,000	...	...	726,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	171,280	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0	...	...	39.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.1	...	...	25.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,150	...	...	1,150	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,258	...	...	1,258	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	65	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	456	...	...	456	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	480	...	...	480	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,458,225	713,985	744,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	13,445	6,085	7,360	0.9	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	13,225	5,980	7,245	0.9	0.8	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	11,210	5,015	6,195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	1,930	930	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	200	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	38,440	18,175	20,270	2.6	2.5	2.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	37,565	17,775	19,790	2.6	2.5	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	28,855	13,690	15,160	2.0	1.9	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,460	3,975	4,480	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	255	110	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	880	405	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	745	370	370	0.1	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,406,335	689,730	716,605	96.4	96.6	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,458,220	713,985	744,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,367,230	669,290	697,945	93.8	93.7	93.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	269,525	138,955	130,570	18.5	19.5	17.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,097,700	530,330	567,370	75.3	74.3	76.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	90,995	44,700	46,295	6.2	6.3	6.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,458,220	713,985	744,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,128,285	555,625	572,660	77.4	77.8	76.9
Immigrants⁸¹	305,475	145,050	160,425	20.9	20.3	21.6
Before 1980	99,305	46,775	52,525	6.8	6.6	7.1
1980 to 1990	35,700	17,250	18,445	2.4	2.4	2.5
1991 to 2000	48,720	22,870	25,850	3.3	3.2	3.5
2001 to 2010	55,595	26,205	29,390	3.8	3.7	3.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	66,155	31,950	34,205	4.5	4.5	4.6
2011 to 2015	28,455	13,660	14,795	2.0	1.9	2.0
2016 to 2021	37,700	18,290	19,405	2.6	2.6	2.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	24,460	13,315	11,150	1.7	1.9	1.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	305,475	145,050	160,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	34,195	17,060	17,135	11.2	11.8	10.7
5 to 14 years	62,180	31,120	31,060	20.4	21.5	19.4
15 to 24 years	65,820	29,910	35,900	21.5	20.6	22.4
25 to 44 years	120,415	56,315	64,100	39.4	38.8	40.0
45 years and over	22,870	10,640	12,230	7.5	7.3	7.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	305,475	145,050	160,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	47,280	21,555	25,725	15.5	14.9	16.0
Brazil	1,375	620	760	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	4,375	2,000	2,375	1.4	1.4	1.5
El Salvador	2,775	1,370	1,405	0.9	0.9	0.9
Guyana	2,410	1,045	1,370	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haiti	680	350	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	6,745	3,290	3,455	2.2	2.3	2.2
Mexico	2,350	1,050	1,295	0.8	0.7	0.8
Peru	815	350	455	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	3,170	1,525	1,645	1.0	1.1	1.0
United States of America	13,015	5,310	7,715	4.3	3.7	4.8
Other places of birth in Americas	9,560	4,645	4,910	3.1	3.2	3.1
Europe	131,325	62,895	68,430	43.0	43.4	42.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,675	1,785	1,890	1.2	1.2	1.2
Croatia	6,205	3,150	3,060	2.0	2.2	1.9
France	975	460	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	7,240	3,450	3,785	2.4	2.4	2.4
Greece	2,030	1,055	975	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungary	2,820	1,300	1,520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italy	17,915	9,005	8,905	5.9	6.2	5.6
Netherlands	8,135	4,155	3,980	2.7	2.9	2.5
Poland	11,890	5,170	6,720	3.9	3.6	4.2
Portugal	8,665	4,205	4,460	2.8	2.9	2.8
Romania	3,425	1,615	1,815	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian Federation	1,970	805	1,165	0.6	0.6	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	3,225	1,610	1,620	1.1	1.1	1.0
Ukraine	2,355	970	1,385	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	37,710	17,950	19,765	12.3	12.4	12.3
Other places of birth in Europe	13,080	6,215	6,865	4.3	4.3	4.3
Africa	20,135	9,770	10,365	6.6	6.7	6.5
Algeria	265	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	910	365	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egypt	2,835	1,495	1,330	0.9	1.0	0.8
Eritrea	250	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	640	285	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	380	195	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	2,955	1,395	1,560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Somalia	1,310	585	725	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	2,265	1,120	1,150	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	8,320	4,050	4,280	2.7	2.8	2.7
Asia	105,535	50,215	55,325	34.5	34.6	34.5
Afghanistan	1,815	915	900	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	2,630	1,350	1,275	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iraq	7,350	3,645	3,700	2.4	2.5	2.3
Lebanon	2,060	1,140	915	0.7	0.8	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	4,655	2,360	2,290	1.5	1.6	1.4
Turkey	1,500	795	705	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	9,775	4,310	5,465	3.2	3.0	3.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,465	740	720	0.5	0.5	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	3,655	1,675	1,980	1.2	1.2	1.2
Taiwan	600	235	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	16,210	6,625	9,585	5.3	4.6	6.0
Viet Nam	5,560	2,520	3,040	1.8	1.7	1.9
Bangladesh	1,675	900	770	0.5	0.6	0.5
India	22,870	11,535	11,335	7.5	8.0	7.1
Pakistan	9,310	4,795	4,520	3.0	3.3	2.8
Sri Lanka	1,620	765	850	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	12,800	5,905	6,895	4.2	4.1	4.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,200	615	585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	37,695	18,290	19,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,815	2,845	2,965	15.4	15.6	15.3
Brazil	440	195	250	1.2	1.1	1.3
Colombia	635	270	365	1.7	1.5	1.9
Haiti	100	40	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaica	975	555	420	2.6	3.0	2.2
Mexico	350	180	165	0.9	1.0	0.9
United States of America	1,585	780	800	4.2	4.3	4.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	340	155	190	0.9	0.8	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,395	680	715	3.7	3.7	3.7
Europe	3,730	2,015	1,715	9.9	11.0	8.8
France	155	85	75	0.4	0.5	0.4
Germany	120	75	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	135	90	40	0.4	0.5	0.2
Italy	75	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	255	90	160	0.7	0.5	0.8
Ukraine	270	115	155	0.7	0.6	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	815	515	295	2.2	2.8	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	1,895	990	910	5.0	5.4	4.7
Africa	5,160	2,430	2,730	13.7	13.3	14.1
Algeria	80	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burundi	125	65	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Cameroon	110	50	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	305	140	165	0.8	0.8	0.9
Côte d'Ivoire	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	625	310	315	1.7	1.7	1.6
Eritrea	90	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	125	50	70	0.3	0.3	0.4
Morocco	70	25	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	1,550	695	850	4.1	3.8	4.4
Somalia	335	140	190	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	305	175	130	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	395	160	235	1.0	0.9	1.2
Tunisia	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	975	475	500	2.6	2.6	2.6
Asia	22,840	10,905	11,935	60.6	59.6	61.5
Afghanistan	320	145	180	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bangladesh	250	140	110	0.7	0.8	0.6
China⁹⁰	1,795	750	1,045	4.8	4.1	5.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	6,795	3,465	3,330	18.0	18.9	17.2
Iran⁸⁸	265	120	145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iraq	1,165	510	655	3.1	2.8	3.4
Israel	60	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	45	10	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordan	320	150	170	0.8	0.8	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	660	325	335	1.8	1.8	1.7
Lebanon	290	165	125	0.8	0.9	0.6
Nepal	100	40	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	1,310	635	670	3.5	3.5	3.5
Philippines	3,175	1,360	1,815	8.4	7.4	9.4
Saudi Arabia	395	215	180	1.0	1.2	0.9
Sri Lanka	110	55	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	3,335	1,730	1,605	8.8	9.5	8.3
Turkey	390	210	175	1.0	1.1	0.9
United Arab Emirates	415	200	210	1.1	1.1	1.1
Viet Nam	490	185	305	1.3	1.0	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,115	445	670	3.0	2.4	3.5
Oceania and other⁹³	160	100	55	0.4	0.5	0.3
Australia	115	75	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,458,225	713,985	744,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	342,450	164,210	178,240	23.5	23.0	23.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	332,840	163,955	168,885	22.8	23.0	22.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	782,930	385,825	397,105	53.7	54.0	53.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	206,170	98,270	107,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	90,715	45,345	45,375	44.0	46.1	42.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	36,595	22,350	14,245	17.7	22.7	13.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	54,120	22,990	31,125	26.3	23.4	28.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	63,100	26,425	36,675	30.6	26.9	34.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	49,025	24,965	24,060	23.8	25.4	22.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,330	1,540	1,790	1.6	1.6	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	206,170	98,270	107,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	18,370	9,170	9,205	8.9	9.3	8.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	19,355	9,185	10,170	9.4	9.3	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	5,095	2,540	2,550	2.5	2.6	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	9,885	4,670	5,210	4.8	4.8	4.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,670	650	1,015	0.8	0.7	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	151,795	72,045	79,745	73.6	73.3	73.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,458,220	713,990	744,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	264,705	130,535	134,170	18.2	18.3	18.0
South Asian	68,570	35,540	33,035	4.7	5.0	4.4
Chinese	23,130	11,020	12,110	1.6	1.5	1.6
Black	51,935	25,960	25,980	3.6	3.6	3.5
Filipino	23,105	10,265	12,840	1.6	1.4	1.7
Arab	24,105	12,365	11,735	1.7	1.7	1.6
Latin American	22,830	10,920	11,905	1.6	1.5	1.6
Southeast Asian	14,170	6,760	7,405	1.0	0.9	1.0
West Asian	10,185	5,070	5,120	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korean	6,160	2,900	3,255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	2,605	1,165	1,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	6,215	3,000	3,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	11,695	5,570	6,130	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,193,515	583,450	610,070	81.8	81.7	82.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,458,220	713,985	744,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	204,995	102,070	102,920	14.1	14.3	13.8
English	337,985	163,775	174,205	23.2	22.9	23.4
Irish	239,180	112,455	126,725	16.4	15.8	17.0
Scottish	259,890	124,555	135,335	17.8	17.4	18.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	103,550	48,950	54,600	7.1	6.9	7.3
German	148,975	72,625	76,350	10.2	10.2	10.3
Chinese	26,135	12,305	13,830	1.8	1.7	1.9
Italian	143,870	72,280	71,590	9.9	10.1	9.6
Indian (India)	39,460	20,495	18,960	2.7	2.9	2.5
Ukrainian	54,315	26,145	28,170	3.7	3.7	3.8
Dutch	88,070	43,870	44,200	6.0	6.1	5.9
Polish	71,200	33,750	37,450	4.9	4.7	5.0
Québécois	2,490	1,115	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,005	31,740	34,265	4.5	4.4	4.6
Filipino	22,945	10,165	12,785	1.6	1.4	1.7
French Canadian	20,660	9,815	10,850	1.4	1.4	1.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	21,890	11,040	10,855	1.5	1.5	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	18,450	8,660	9,790	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis	11,405	5,390	6,005	0.8	0.8	0.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	18,870	9,405	9,465	1.3	1.3	1.3
Russian	16,510	7,720	8,790	1.1	1.1	1.2
Norwegian	7,330	3,515	3,815	0.5	0.5	0.5
Welsh	26,890	12,500	14,390	1.8	1.8	1.9
Portuguese	29,520	14,860	14,660	2.0	2.1	2.0
American	17,660	8,480	9,175	1.2	1.2	1.2
Spanish	13,400	6,180	7,215	0.9	0.9	1.0
Swedish	7,650	3,235	4,415	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungarian	33,240	15,985	17,255	2.3	2.2	2.3
Acadian	3,625	1,590	2,040	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	12,255	6,150	6,105	0.8	0.9	0.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	10,610	5,270	5,330	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jewish	6,505	3,300	3,210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Punjabi	6,070	3,105	2,965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	9,450	4,550	4,900	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,625	4,880	4,745	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	11,555	5,875	5,680	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jamaican	15,260	7,585	7,675	1.0	1.1	1.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,145	2,585	2,560	0.4	0.4	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,295	495	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	6,095	2,875	3,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	10,170	4,840	5,335	0.7	0.7	0.7
Lebanese	4,640	2,405	2,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	3,180	1,540	1,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,715	3,365	3,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	6,360	3,065	3,300	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	7,345	3,380	3,965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	3,405	1,770	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	8,370	3,975	4,390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belgian	7,825	3,755	4,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	1,075	595	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	4,160	2,230	1,925	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	4,700	2,370	2,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	3,850	1,950	1,900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	5,220	2,575	2,645	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	5,215	2,460	2,750	0.4	0.3	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,870	910	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	17,430	8,650	8,775	1.2	1.2	1.2
Japanese	3,545	1,590	1,950	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,125	1,555	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,705	1,205	1,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,460	1,650	1,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	4,065	2,070	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	4,260	2,220	2,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	4,505	2,140	2,360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,010	495	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	1,405	655	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	5,425	2,585	2,840	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	550	290	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5,450	2,550	2,900	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	4,105	2,025	2,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	3,980	1,940	2,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afghan	3,290	1,620	1,675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	3,115	1,495	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	13,015	6,515	6,500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Ojibway	2,590	1,220	1,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	2,800	1,350	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	530	290	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	6,850	3,415	3,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	1,790	885	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,285	2,110	2,175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	3,380	1,700	1,680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	480	180	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,710	875	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	305	180	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	2,465	1,230	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	2,835	1,370	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	2,770	1,390	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	5,660	2,780	2,885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	3,020	1,455	1,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	2,440	1,130	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	660	285	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	4,335	2,160	2,175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	3,425	1,640	1,785	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,985	970	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,175	530	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	3,025	1,545	1,480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,975	1,035	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	975	420	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,870	945	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	4,225	1,945	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	2,380	1,235	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	1,775	890	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	2,975	1,480	1,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	1,065	480	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	1,000	475	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	1,415	645	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	890	435	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	2,225	1,070	1,160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	975	465	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	1,655	785	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,010	945	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	205	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	2,235	1,125	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	3,930	2,070	1,860	0.3	0.3	0.2
Macedonian	2,475	1,145	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovenian	4,565	2,250	2,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,295	595	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	795	380	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,175	650	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	1,380	675	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	635	330	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	3,690	1,860	1,830	0.3	0.3	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,140	980	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	1,575	815	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,475	730	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	1,820	980	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	1,945	905	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,720	1,180	1,540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,415	730	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,680	880	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	3,210	1,615	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	1,260	610	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,875	870	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	700	350	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	400	180	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	1,215	530	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	730	285	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	1,225	570	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	535	240	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	1,810	900	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	950	500	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	620	285	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	700	300	400	0.0	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	1,100	515	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	1,685	790	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	2,100	1,090	1,015	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	435	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	970	460	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	810	410	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	970	430	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	695	365	330	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	610	310	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	3,100	1,510	1,590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Igbo	780	345	430	0.1	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	780	365	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	260	170	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,295	655	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	560	265	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	1,665	830	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	2,595	1,120	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malaysian	400	165	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	195	65	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	345	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	235	150	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	570	340	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	105	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	425	165	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	470	210	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	505	255	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	345	130	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	1,045	535	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	505	235	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	515	335	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	395	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	700	385	315	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhalese	515	245	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	470	230	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	590	305	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	430	185	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	390	155	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	435	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	1,265	635	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	385	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	1,095	560	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	230	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	250	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	825	370	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	485	215	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	295	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	685	340	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	215	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	390	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	325	170	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	405	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	260	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	360	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	265	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	215	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	265	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	605	280	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	285	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	370	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,458,220	713,990	744,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	8,950	4,020	4,935	0.6	0.6	0.7
Christian	841,370	392,485	448,885	57.7	55.0	60.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	115,240	55,235	60,005	7.9	7.7	8.1
Anabaptist	6,600	3,195	3,405	0.5	0.4	0.5
Anglican	73,455	32,575	40,885	5.0	4.6	5.5
Baptist	22,245	10,125	12,120	1.5	1.4	1.6
Catholic	404,460	191,965	212,495	27.7	26.9	28.6
Christian Orthodox	29,100	14,235	14,865	2.0	2.0	2.0
Jehovah's Witness	5,990	2,595	3,395	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	2,075	950	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	12,760	5,720	7,040	0.9	0.8	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,315	1,490	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,885	7,630	9,255	1.2	1.1	1.2
Presbyterian	28,170	12,560	15,610	1.9	1.8	2.1
Reformed	15,740	7,845	7,890	1.1	1.1	1.1
United Church	66,115	28,340	37,770	4.5	4.0	5.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	39,225	18,025	21,205	2.7	2.5	2.8
Hindu	20,370	10,785	9,585	1.4	1.5	1.3
Jewish	5,380	2,620	2,760	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	59,955	29,915	30,040	4.1	4.2	4.0
Sikh	14,950	7,610	7,335	1.0	1.1	1.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,220	515	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,235	3,250	4,990	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	497,790	262,790	235,000	34.1	36.8	31.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,444,840	707,185	737,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,287,680	629,980	657,700	89.1	89.1	89.2
Movers	157,155	77,200	79,955	10.9	10.9	10.8
Non-migrants	77,725	38,015	39,715	5.4	5.4	5.4
Migrants	79,430	39,195	40,240	5.5	5.5	5.5
Internal migrants	72,570	35,680	36,890	5.0	5.0	5.0
Intraprovincial migrants	68,810	33,820	34,990	4.8	4.8	4.7
Interprovincial migrants	3,760	1,860	1,900	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	6,860	3,510	3,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,386,020	676,735	709,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	885,955	432,515	453,435	63.9	63.9	63.9
Movers	500,070	244,215	255,850	36.1	36.1	36.1
Non-migrants	208,020	101,300	106,725	15.0	15.0	15.0
Migrants	292,045	142,920	149,125	21.1	21.1	21.0
Internal migrants	244,790	119,100	125,695	17.7	17.6	17.7
Intraprovincial migrants	228,475	110,990	117,485	16.5	16.4	16.6
Interprovincial migrants	16,320	8,105	8,210	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	47,255	23,820	23,435	3.4	3.5	3.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,225,710	594,560	631,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	217,595	112,745	104,850	17.8	19.0	16.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,008,115	481,815	526,300	82.2	81.0	83.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	768,000	374,235	393,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	79,930	44,540	35,400	10.4	11.9	9.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	688,060	329,695	358,365	89.6	88.1	91.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,225,710	594,560	631,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	196,275	99,930	96,345	16.0	16.8	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	361,585	180,085	181,495	29.5	30.3	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	667,850	314,545	353,310	54.5	52.9	56.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	382,920	188,055	194,860	31.2	31.6	30.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	75,045	54,735	20,310	6.1	9.2	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	34,695	21,535	13,160	2.8	3.6	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,350	33,205	7,150	3.3	5.6	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	284,160	122,470	161,690	23.2	20.6	25.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,720	10,855	12,870	1.9	1.8	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	284,930	126,485	158,445	23.2	21.3	25.1
Bachelor's degree	193,340	83,205	110,135	15.8	14.0	17.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	17,910	7,610	10,305	1.5	1.3	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,730	4,045	3,685	0.6	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	56,530	26,015	30,520	4.6	4.4	4.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,410	5,610	3,805	0.8	0.9	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	767,995	374,230	393,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	69,430	38,680	30,750	9.0	10.3	7.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	203,305	108,295	95,015	26.5	28.9	24.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	495,260	227,265	268,000	64.5	60.7	68.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	275,035	133,405	141,625	35.8	35.6	36.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	47,195	34,240	12,955	6.1	9.1	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	21,755	13,505	8,250	2.8	3.6	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	25,440	20,735	4,710	3.3	5.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	212,015	91,995	120,025	27.6	24.6	30.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,825	7,170	8,650	2.1	1.9	2.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	220,225	93,860	126,370	28.7	25.1	32.1
Bachelor's degree	148,255	62,285	85,970	19.3	16.6	21.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,750	5,450	8,300	1.8	1.5	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,875	2,690	3,185	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	45,305	19,485	25,825	5.9	5.2	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,040	3,950	3,085	0.9	1.1	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,225,710	594,560	631,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	557,855	280,010	277,845	45.5	47.1	44.0
Education	40,480	9,605	30,875	3.3	1.6	4.9
13. Education	40,480	9,605	30,875	3.3	1.6	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	24,635	11,030	13,605	2.0	1.9	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,545	1,890	655	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	22,095	9,145	12,950	1.8	1.5	2.1
Humanities	38,025	14,675	23,340	3.1	2.5	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,145	655	2,490	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	9,305	2,580	6,725	0.8	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,120	3,560	6,560	0.8	0.6	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,275	385	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,825	1,555	1,265	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,670	2,270	1,405	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	5,895	3,425	2,470	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,780	240	1,535	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	85,315	27,420	57,895	7.0	4.6	9.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	935	190	750	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	10,095	4,205	5,890	0.8	0.7	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	16,985	1,270	15,715	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	10,300	3,200	7,100	0.8	0.5	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,395	710	1,685	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	13,290	3,140	10,150	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	31,310	14,700	16,605	2.6	2.5	2.6
Business, management and public administration	131,340	53,910	77,430	10.7	9.1	12.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	230	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	12,975	2,230	10,745	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	118,130	51,580	66,550	9.6	8.7	10.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	25,930	12,530	13,405	2.1	2.1	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,115	4,605	6,515	0.9	0.8	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,880	2,590	3,290	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	485	130	355	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	7,020	4,735	2,285	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,425	475	950	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,700	15,505	8,185	1.9	2.6	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,835	12,615	5,215	1.5	2.1	0.8
25. Library science	1,485	170	1,310	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,850	2,335	1,510	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	535	385	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	130,840	119,780	11,060	10.7	20.1	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	5,120	3,570	1,550	0.4	0.6	0.2
14. Engineering	26,105	21,375	4,730	2.1	3.6	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	33,100	30,030	3,065	2.7	5.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	23,595	23,075	520	1.9	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	26,070	25,535	535	2.1	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	16,840	16,185	655	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,470	7,520	5,945	1.1	1.3	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	9,580	5,210	4,370	0.8	0.9	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,890	2,315	1,580	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	110,425	20,645	89,780	9.0	3.5	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,905	5,205	5,695	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	96,870	14,030	82,840	7.9	2.4	13.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	270	60	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,385	1,350	1,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	43,385	21,820	21,565	3.5	3.7	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	22,235	5,780	16,455	1.8	1.0	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	75	65	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	165	145	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	14,385	9,855	4,530	1.2	1.7	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,525	5,970	555	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	320	100	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	767,995	374,235	393,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	272,735	146,970	125,765	35.5	39.3	31.9
Education	27,240	6,085	21,155	3.5	1.6	5.4
13. Education	27,240	6,085	21,155	3.5	1.6	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,680	8,185	10,495	2.4	2.2	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,735	1,240	490	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	16,950	6,945	10,000	2.2	1.9	2.5
Humanities	27,090	10,270	16,820	3.5	2.7	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,265	425	1,845	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,570	1,800	4,770	0.9	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,670	2,675	4,995	1.0	0.7	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	900	270	630	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,990	1,105	885	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,300	1,445	860	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	4,230	2,405	1,825	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,160	140	1,020	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	66,310	20,400	45,910	8.6	5.5	11.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	720	115	605	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,600	3,530	5,070	1.1	0.9	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	13,300	935	12,365	1.7	0.2	3.1
22. Legal professions and studies	8,140	2,190	5,945	1.1	0.6	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,710	490	1,215	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	9,880	2,165	7,715	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	23,965	10,965	12,990	3.1	2.9	3.3
Business, management and public administration	100,780	39,960	60,820	13.1	10.7	15.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,475	1,615	8,865	1.4	0.4	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	90,110	38,270	51,840	11.7	10.2	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,905	8,600	10,305	2.5	2.3	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,460	3,430	5,030	1.1	0.9	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,420	1,855	2,570	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	410	90	320	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	4,735	2,965	1,770	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	880	265	620	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,860	12,595	6,270	2.5	3.4	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,935	10,675	4,260	1.9	2.9	1.1
25. Library science	905	105	810	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,615	1,535	1,085	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	405	285	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	91,585	82,615	8,975	11.9	22.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	3,960	2,700	1,260	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	19,760	15,705	4,065	2.6	4.2	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	23,670	21,235	2,435	3.1	5.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	15,550	15,180	375	2.0	4.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	17,950	17,590	360	2.3	4.7	0.1
48. Precision production	10,680	10,200	480	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,100	5,395	4,710	1.3	1.4	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,075	3,615	3,465	0.9	1.0	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,030	1,785	1,245	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	82,195	15,995	66,195	10.7	4.3	16.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	8,575	4,120	4,455	1.1	1.1	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	71,670	10,990	60,685	9.3	2.9	15.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	220	25	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,720	860	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	33,330	17,120	16,210	4.3	4.6	4.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	16,480	4,455	12,025	2.1	1.2	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	85	75	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	11,800	8,025	3,770	1.5	2.1	1.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,920	4,520	395	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	195	50	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	767,995	374,235	393,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	272,735	146,970	125,765	35.5	39.3	31.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	495,260	227,260	267,995	64.5	60.7	68.1
Location of study inside Canada	415,090	190,405	224,685	54.0	50.9	57.1
Same as province or territory of residence	396,250	181,360	214,890	51.6	48.5	54.6
Different than province or territory of residence	18,835	9,040	9,795	2.5	2.4	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	80,175	36,860	43,310	10.4	9.8	11.0
Americas	22,610	10,440	12,170	2.9	2.8	3.1
United States of America	15,255	7,070	8,175	2.0	1.9	2.1
Mexico	920	360	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	75	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	585	325	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	1,020	435	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	1,820	810	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	220	75	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	535	225	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,780	885	895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	17,465	8,945	8,515	2.3	2.4	2.2
Belgium	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	515	270	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	575	295	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	500	300	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	370	155	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	1,895	855	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	1,075	535	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	795	340	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	950	425	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	480	280	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,155	3,340	2,815	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	465	225	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	315	180	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	655	365	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,365	1,215	1,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	5,055	2,430	2,625	0.7	0.6	0.7
Nigeria	1,235	595	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,345	650	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	735	385	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	1,500	685	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	33,240	14,340	18,900	4.3	3.8	4.8
Iran⁸⁸	825	405	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	1,360	655	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	415	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	645	320	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	605	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	3,345	1,410	1,925	0.4	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	185	50	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	290	100	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	1,355	505	845	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	6,645	2,275	4,370	0.9	0.6	1.1
Viet Nam	390	130	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	465	205	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	10,945	5,190	5,750	1.4	1.4	1.5
Pakistan	3,010	1,365	1,640	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	2,230	960	1,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	1,800	700	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	1,560	600	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,225,710	594,560	631,155	...	...	...
In the labour force	748,465	388,230	360,235	...	...	...
Employed	652,550	342,100	310,450	...	...	...
Unemployed	95,915	46,135	49,785	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	477,240	206,325	270,915	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.1	65.3	57.1	61.1	65.3	57.1
Employment rate	53.2	57.5	49.2	53.2	57.5	49.2
Unemployment rate	12.8	11.9	13.8	12.8	11.9	13.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,225,710	594,560	631,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	477,505	209,115	268,395	39.0	35.2	42.5
Worked	748,205	385,445	362,760	61.0	64.8	57.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	397,480	223,565	173,915	32.4	37.6	27.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	350,730	161,885	188,840	28.6	27.2	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	42.0	40.1	41.0	42.0	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	748,470	388,235	360,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,050	9,530	9,515	2.5	2.5	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	729,420	378,700	350,715	97.5	97.5	97.4
Employee	628,235	316,750	311,480	83.9	81.6	86.5
Permanent position	539,225	274,245	264,985	72.0	70.6	73.6
Temporary position	89,010	42,510	46,500	11.9	10.9	12.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	27,905	12,605	15,305	3.7	3.2	4.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,105	29,910	31,200	8.2	7.7	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	101,190	61,950	39,240	13.5	16.0	10.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	748,470	388,235	360,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,050	9,530	9,515	2.5	2.5	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	729,420	378,700	350,715	97.5	97.5	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,840	6,315	2,525	1.2	1.6	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	117,135	36,980	80,155	15.6	9.5	22.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	50,180	39,070	11,110	6.7	10.1	3.1
3 Health occupations	62,300	11,730	50,575	8.3	3.0	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	85,380	27,915	57,465	11.4	7.2	16.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,555	9,320	11,240	2.7	2.4	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	193,300	83,660	109,640	25.8	21.5	30.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	130,010	118,520	11,490	17.4	30.5	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,180	13,065	5,120	2.4	3.4	1.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	43,530	32,130	11,400	5.8	8.3	3.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	748,470	388,235	360,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,050	9,530	9,515	2.5	2.5	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	729,420	378,700	350,715	97.5	97.5	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	13,845	8,065	5,775	1.8	2.1	1.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,470	1,175	290	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	4,895	3,780	1,115	0.7	1.0	0.3
23 Construction	58,370	51,080	7,295	7.8	13.2	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	80,905	59,930	20,975	10.8	15.4	5.8
41 Wholesale trade	27,780	18,870	8,910	3.7	4.9	2.5
44-45 Retail trade	86,780	40,295	46,485	11.6	10.4	12.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	36,090	26,665	9,425	4.8	6.9	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	12,010	7,305	4,700	1.6	1.9	1.3
52 Finance and insurance	28,990	12,745	16,245	3.9	3.3	4.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	13,190	6,825	6,365	1.8	1.8	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	49,815	27,175	22,640	6.7	7.0	6.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,815	855	955	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	33,880	19,770	14,115	4.5	5.1	3.9
61 Educational services	57,720	17,810	39,915	7.7	4.6	11.1
62 Health care and social assistance	97,410	16,790	80,610	13.0	4.3	22.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	15,440	8,090	7,355	2.1	2.1	2.0
72 Accommodation and food services	46,500	19,635	26,870	6.2	5.1	7.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	30,490	14,900	15,590	4.1	3.8	4.3
91 Public administration	32,020	16,935	15,085	4.3	4.4	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	802,235	412,510	389,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	773,010	399,325	373,685	96.4	96.8	95.9
French	2,005	535	1,470	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official language	2,515	1,405	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,515	1,405	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	9,835	3,490	6,350	1.2	0.8	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	14,100	7,370	6,730	1.8	1.8	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	660	320	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	802,235	412,510	389,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	798,210	410,765	387,445	99.5	99.6	99.4
Official languages	793,495	408,250	385,245	98.9	99.0	98.9
English	790,010	407,400	382,610	98.5	98.8	98.2
French	3,485	845	2,635	0.4	0.2	0.7
Non-official languages	4,715	2,515	2,200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,705	2,515	2,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	340	220	120	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	340	220	120	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	260	160	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	260	100	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	245	95	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,460	1,340	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	465	225	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	460	225	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	165	105	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	110	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	650	380	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	540	335	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	355	235	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,180	630	555	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	240	160	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	865	445	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	0	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	955	550	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	945	545	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	700	405	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	240	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,030	1,745	2,285	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and French	1,390	390	1,000	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,580	1,325	1,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	802,235	412,510	389,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	781,245	402,845	378,395	97.4	97.7	97.1
English	3,415	1,275	2,140	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	7,070	2,840	4,225	0.9	0.7	1.1
Non-official language	8,645	4,520	4,125	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,590	4,510	4,085	1.1	1.1	1.0
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	505	240	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,180	690	485	0.1	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	652,550	342,100	310,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	157,150	70,840	86,310	24.1	20.7	27.8
Worked outside Canada	2,375	1,630	745	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	78,165	58,530	19,635	12.0	17.1	6.3
Usual place of work	414,860	211,095	203,765	63.6	61.7	65.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	414,860	211,095	203,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	236,530	109,425	127,105	57.0	51.8	62.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	65,960	33,555	32,410	15.9	15.9	15.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	111,655	67,660	44,000	26.9	32.1	21.6
Commute to a different province or territory	715	465	255	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	493,025	269,625	223,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	440,665	246,170	194,490	89.4	91.3	87.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	403,690	229,620	174,065	81.9	85.2	77.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	36,980	16,550	20,430	7.5	6.1	9.1
Public transit	20,485	8,490	11,995	4.2	3.1	5.4
Walked	19,320	8,595	10,725	3.9	3.2	4.8
Bicycle	2,920	2,125	795	0.6	0.8	0.4
Other method	9,630	4,245	5,385	2.0	1.6	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	493,025	269,625	223,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	155,295	73,595	81,700	31.5	27.3	36.6
15 to 29 minutes	178,280	94,010	84,270	36.2	34.9	37.7
30 to 44 minutes	86,320	51,950	34,365	17.5	19.3	15.4
45 to 59 minutes	34,950	23,075	11,875	7.1	8.6	5.3
60 minutes and over	38,185	26,995	11,190	7.7	10.0	5.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	493,025	269,625	223,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	44,665	33,280	11,380	9.1	12.3	5.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	92,195	59,720	32,475	18.7	22.1	14.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	117,010	62,680	54,325	23.7	23.2	24.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	97,820	41,995	55,820	19.8	15.6	25.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	60,635	26,695	33,945	12.3	9.9	15.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	80,700	45,250	35,450	16.4	16.8	15.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	287,000	147,745	139,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,570	11,365	11,200	7.9	7.7	8.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	264,435	136,380	128,055	92.1	92.3	92.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	209,245	107,735	101,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,145	8,660	8,480	8.2	8.0	8.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,995	4,935	5,060	4.8	4.6	5.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,145	3,725	3,420	3.4	3.5	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	192,105	99,075	93,030	91.8	92.0	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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