Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Oakville WestMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	105,015	50,680	54,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,455	9,410	9,045	17.6	18.6	16.6
0 to 4 years	4,185	2,165	2,020	4.0	4.3	3.7
5 to 9 years	6,120	3,095	3,015	5.8	6.1	5.5
10 to 14 years	8,150	4,145	4,005	7.8	8.2	7.4
15 to 64 years	69,285	33,655	35,630	66.0	66.4	65.6
15 to 19 years	8,400	4,295	4,110	8.0	8.5	7.6
20 to 24 years	6,300	3,275	3,035	6.0	6.5	5.6
25 to 29 years	4,690	2,385	2,305	4.5	4.7	4.2
30 to 34 years	4,505	2,115	2,395	4.3	4.2	4.4
35 to 39 years	5,820	2,650	3,175	5.5	5.2	5.8
40 to 44 years	7,445	3,335	4,110	7.1	6.6	7.6
45 to 49 years	9,240	4,350	4,890	8.8	8.6	9.0
50 to 54 years	9,000	4,425	4,575	8.6	8.7	8.4
55 to 59 years	7,640	3,780	3,860	7.3	7.5	7.1
60 to 64 years	6,235	3,050	3,185	5.9	6.0	5.9
65 years and over	17,275	7,615	9,665	16.5	15.0	17.8
65 to 69 years	4,770	2,175	2,590	4.5	4.3	4.8
70 to 74 years	4,205	1,865	2,340	4.0	3.7	4.3
75 to 79 years	3,260	1,480	1,775	3.1	2.9	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,460	1,095	1,365	2.3	2.2	2.5
85 years and over	2,585	990	1,590	2.5	2.0	2.9
85 to 89 years	1,590	650	940	1.5	1.3	1.7
90 to 94 years	785	285	500	0.7	0.6	0.9
95 to 99 years	200	55	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.6	18.6	16.6	17.6	18.6	16.6
15 to 64 years	66.0	66.4	65.6	66.0	66.4	65.6
65 years and over	16.5	15.0	17.8	16.5	15.0	17.8
85 years and over	2.5	2.0	2.9	2.5	2.0	2.9
Average age of the population	41.0	40.0	42.0	41.0	40.0	42.0
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.0	43.2	42.0	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,220	...	...	57.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	855	...	...	2.3	...	...
Row house	6,795	...	...	18.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	520	...	...	1.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,575	...	...	7.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,985	...	...	13.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	7,345	...	...	19.9	...	...
2 persons	10,470	...	...	28.3	...	...
3 persons	6,750	...	...	18.3	...	...
4 persons	8,255	...	...	22.3	...	...
5 or more persons	4,165	...	...	11.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	104,205	50,395	53,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	86,560	41,265	45,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,755	26,200	26,560	60.9	63.5	58.6
Married	48,535	24,085	24,450	56.1	58.4	54.0
Living common-law	4,220	2,110	2,115	4.9	5.1	4.7
Living common law - Never married	2,550	1,280	1,275	2.9	3.1	2.8
Living common law - Separated	240	135	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,290	630	660	1.5	1.5	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	33,800	15,065	18,730	39.0	36.5	41.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	23,500	12,190	11,315	27.1	29.5	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,950	740	1,215	2.3	1.8	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,190	1,360	2,830	4.8	3.3	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,160	785	3,380	4.8	1.9	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,480	...	...	38.4	...	...
3 persons	6,995	...	...	23.4	...	...
4 persons	8,445	...	...	28.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,950	...	...	9.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,800	...	...	86.4	...	...
Married couples	23,685	...	...	79.3	...	...
With children⁶	15,860	...	...	53.1	...	...
Without children	7,830	...	...	26.2	...	...
Common-law couples	2,110	...	...	7.1	...	...
With children⁶	805	...	...	2.7	...	...
Without children	1,310	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,075	...	...	13.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,270	...	...	10.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	805	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	104,205	50,395	53,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	93,175	46,130	47,040	89.4	91.5	87.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,600	25,790	25,805	49.5	51.2	48.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,075	805	3,270	3.9	1.6	6.1
Children⁶	37,495	19,535	17,960	36.0	38.8	33.4
In a two-parent family	31,145	16,245	14,900	29.9	32.2	27.7
In a one-parent family	6,350	3,290	3,060	6.1	6.5	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	11,030	4,265	6,765	10.6	8.5	12.6
Living alone	7,345	2,695	4,650	7.0	5.3	8.6
Living with other relatives⁷	1,910	650	1,260	1.8	1.3	2.3
Living with non-relatives only	1,775	920	860	1.7	1.8	1.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,320	...	...	71.2	...	...
Couple-family households	23,005	...	...	62.2	...	...
With children⁶	15,015	...	...	40.6	...	...
Without children	7,990	...	...	21.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,320	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,435	...	...	3.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	920	...	...	2.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	745	...	...	2.0	...	...
One-person households	7,345	...	...	19.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	85,755	40,990	44,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,280	38,820	42,465	94.8	94.7	94.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	58,000	40,800	47,600	58,000	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,340	38,850	42,490	94.9	94.8	94.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	50,000	36,800	42,000	50,000	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,940	36,420	38,520	87.4	88.9	86.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	56,000	34,400	44,000	56,000	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,090	30,525	29,560	70.1	74.5	66.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	57,600	38,400	46,800	57,600	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,700	33,240	37,465	82.4	81.1	83.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,040	4,000	7,500	6,040	4,000	7,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,350	2,295	3,050	6.2	5.6	6.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,760	5,560	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,775	10,355	11,415	25.4	25.3	25.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,435	38,900	42,535	94.7	94.6	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	77,400	96,700	59,800	77,400	96,700	59,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,510	38,945	42,565	94.8	94.7	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,550	70,300	47,760	58,550	70,300	47,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,070	36,480	38,595	87.3	88.7	86.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	75,600	96,100	56,300	75,600	96,100	56,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,220	30,560	29,665	70.1	74.3	66.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	77,500	95,800	58,600	77,500	95,800	58,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,635	33,145	37,495	82.2	80.6	83.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,890	7,770	9,870	8,890	7,770	9,870
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,275	2,220	3,060	6.1	5.4	6.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,620	6,030	7,060	6,620	6,030	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,690	10,260	11,430	25.2	24.9	25.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,960	8,760	9,130	8,960	8,760	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,975	16,630	13,345	34.9	40.4	29.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	92,000	106,000	78,500	92,000	106,000	78,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	122,700	144,800	95,200	122,700	144,800	95,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,360	9,975	12,390	26.0	24.2	27.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	17,600	15,600	16,600	17,600	15,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,560	43,800	30,680	36,560	43,800	30,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.0	93.2	85.4	90.0	93.2	85.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.0	77.8	68.4	74.0	77.8	68.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.0	6.8	14.6	10.0	6.8	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.5	2.6	4.8	3.5	2.6	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.1	2.4	4.1	3.1	2.4	4.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	85,755	40,990	44,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,470	2,170	2,300	5.2	5.3	5.1
With total income	81,280	38,820	42,465	94.8	94.7	94.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,235	3,780	5,455	11.4	9.7	12.8
$10,000 to $19,999	9,150	3,845	5,310	11.3	9.9	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	9,945	4,130	5,815	12.2	10.6	13.7
$30,000 to $39,999	7,495	3,100	4,390	9.2	8.0	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,385	2,655	3,725	7.8	6.8	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	5,435	2,375	3,060	6.7	6.1	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,610	2,090	2,515	5.7	5.4	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,005	1,955	2,055	4.9	5.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,385	1,675	1,700	4.2	4.3	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,025	1,505	1,515	3.7	3.9	3.6
$100,000 and over	18,625	11,705	6,925	22.9	30.2	16.3
$100,000 to $149,999	9,630	5,315	4,315	11.8	13.7	10.2
$150,000 and over	9,000	6,385	2,610	11.1	16.5	6.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	85,755	40,990	44,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,415	2,145	2,270	5.1	5.2	5.1
With after-tax income	81,340	38,845	42,490	94.9	94.8	94.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,780	3,980	5,805	12.0	10.2	13.7
$10,000 to $19,999	9,540	4,030	5,515	11.7	10.4	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	11,065	4,580	6,485	13.6	11.8	15.3
$30,000 to $39,999	8,630	3,635	4,990	10.6	9.4	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	7,510	3,245	4,270	9.2	8.3	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	6,235	2,835	3,405	7.7	7.3	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,075	2,450	2,625	6.2	6.3	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,405	2,225	2,175	5.4	5.7	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4,150	2,040	2,110	5.1	5.3	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,995	1,645	1,350	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	11,940	8,190	3,755	14.7	21.1	8.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,700	2,955	1,740	5.8	7.6	4.1
$125,000 and over	7,245	5,230	2,010	8.9	13.5	4.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	85,755	40,990	44,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	25,665	10,460	15,205	29.9	25.5	34.0
With employment income	60,090	30,525	29,560	70.1	74.5	66.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,425	4,485	4,945	15.7	14.7	16.7
$5,000 to $9,999	4,945	2,160	2,780	8.2	7.1	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	5,765	2,625	3,140	9.6	8.6	10.6
$20,000 to $29,999	3,955	1,740	2,220	6.6	5.7	7.5
$30,000 to $39,999	3,505	1,505	2,000	5.8	4.9	6.8
$40,000 to $49,999	3,465	1,565	1,905	5.8	5.1	6.4
$50,000 to $59,999	3,415	1,555	1,860	5.7	5.1	6.3
$60,000 to $69,999	2,995	1,415	1,580	5.0	4.6	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	2,670	1,295	1,375	4.4	4.2	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,365	1,175	1,195	3.9	3.8	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,425	1,140	1,280	4.0	3.7	4.3
$100,000 and over	15,165	9,870	5,290	25.2	32.3	17.9
$100,000 to $124,999	4,940	2,640	2,295	8.2	8.6	7.8
$125,000 and over	10,225	7,230	2,995	17.0	23.7	10.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	85,755	40,990	44,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,840	37,565	41,275	91.9	91.6	92.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	58,000	38,800	46,400	58,000	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,870	37,575	41,295	92.0	91.7	92.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	50,000	34,800	41,200	50,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,430	35,700	37,735	85.6	87.1	84.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	57,600	36,400	45,200	57,600	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,675	30,330	29,345	69.6	74.0	65.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	58,000	39,600	47,200	58,000	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,255	30,930	34,325	76.1	75.5	76.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,150	665	2,600	1,150	665	2,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,335	1,210	2,130	3.9	3.0	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,440	6,900	6,240	5,440	6,900
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,980	37,650	41,325	91.9	91.5	92.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	75,800	97,000	56,500	75,800	97,000	56,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,015	37,670	41,345	91.9	91.6	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,600	71,000	45,320	57,600	71,000	45,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,540	35,805	37,735	85.6	87.0	84.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	76,200	97,900	55,600	76,200	97,900	55,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,785	30,475	29,315	69.6	74.1	65.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	76,800	95,700	57,150	76,800	95,700	57,150
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,095	30,795	34,305	75.7	74.9	76.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,736	6,910	5,880	4,736	6,910
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,410	1,150	2,265	4.0	2.8	5.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	6,500	8,300	7,700	6,500	8,300
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,580	16,430	13,150	34.4	39.9	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	88,000	101,000	73,500	88,000	101,000	73,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	115,200	137,000	87,900	115,200	137,000	87,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,785	9,405	11,380	24.2	22.9	25.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	23,800	21,800	22,400	23,800	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	44,960	56,500	35,400	44,960	56,500	35,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.6	96.0	89.8	93.6	96.0	89.8
Employment income (%)	76.8	79.8	71.8	76.8	79.8	71.8
Government transfers (%)	6.4	4.0	10.2	6.4	4.0	10.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.8	0.4	0.2	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,345	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,800	...	...	52,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,640	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	37,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	169,600	...	...	169,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	128,400	...	...	128,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,385	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	71,900	...	...	71,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,550	...	...	56,550	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	193,800	...	...	193,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...	146,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	410	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	180	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	380	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	830	...	...	2.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	780	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	685	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	810	...	...	2.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	820	...	...	2.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	865	...	...	2.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,740	...	...	4.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,760	...	...	4.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,725	...	...	4.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,605	...	...	4.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,620	...	...	4.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,470	...	...	60.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,820	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,320	...	...	9.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,230	...	...	14.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,100	...	...	27.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	545	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	400	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	890	...	...	2.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	860	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	790	...	...	2.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	945	...	...	2.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,020	...	...	2.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,010	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,150	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,080	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,040	...	...	5.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,090	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,030	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,635	...	...	53.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,485	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,740	...	...	10.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,420	...	...	30.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,000	...	...	184,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	9,120	3,610	5,505	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,200	52,400	47,200	49,200	52,400	47,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	45,600	42,000	43,200	45,600	42,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	194,200	...	...	194,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,400	...	...	146,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,135	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	161,200	...	...	161,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	230,800	...	...	230,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	172,200	...	...	172,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,820	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	9,145	3,615	5,525	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	67,000	75,400	61,500	67,000	75,400	61,500
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,100	57,350	50,320	53,100	57,350	50,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	104,205	50,395	53,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,680	12,035	11,645	22.7	23.9	21.6
0 to 5 years	5,280	2,725	2,560	5.1	5.4	4.8
18 to 64 years	63,915	30,940	32,975	61.3	61.4	61.3
65 years and over	16,610	7,425	9,185	15.9	14.7	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,365	3,705	4,660	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,245	1,125	1,120	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	515	265	250	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,615	2,055	2,555	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,515	530	990	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.0	7.4	8.7	8.0	7.4	8.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.3	9.6	9.5	9.3	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	6.6	7.8	7.2	6.6	7.8
65 years and over (%)	9.1	7.1	10.7	9.1	7.1	10.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	104,205	50,395	53,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,680	12,035	11,645	22.7	23.9	21.6
0 to 5 years	5,280	2,720	2,560	5.1	5.4	4.8
18 to 64 years	63,915	30,940	32,975	61.3	61.4	61.3
65 years and over	16,610	7,425	9,185	15.9	14.7	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,350	2,465	2,885	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,415	715	705	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	290	155	140	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,345	1,525	1,825	...	...	...
65 years and over	585	225	355	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	4.9	5.4	5.1	4.9	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.0	6.0	5.9	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5	5.7	5.4	5.5	5.7	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	4.9	5.5	5.2	4.9	5.5
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.1	3.9	3.5	3.1	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	104,205	50,400	53,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	32,970	15,180	17,795	31.6	30.1	33.1
In bottom decile	7,440	3,360	4,070	7.1	6.7	7.6
In second decile	6,080	2,655	3,430	5.8	5.3	6.4
In third decile	6,015	2,760	3,260	5.8	5.5	6.1
In fourth decile	6,355	2,985	3,370	6.1	5.9	6.3
In fifth decile	7,085	3,415	3,665	6.8	6.8	6.8
In top half of the distribution	71,235	35,220	36,010	68.4	69.9	66.9
In sixth decile	7,875	3,780	4,090	7.6	7.5	7.6
In seventh decile	9,400	4,525	4,875	9.0	9.0	9.1
In eighth decile	11,125	5,480	5,650	10.7	10.9	10.5
In ninth decile	15,635	7,710	7,925	15.0	15.3	14.7
In top decile	27,195	13,720	13,465	26.1	27.2	25.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	104,205	...	...	104,205	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.405	...	...	0.405	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.472	...	...	0.472	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.343	...	...	0.343	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	90,625	44,525	46,105	86.5	88.1	85.1
French only	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	12,005	5,220	6,780	11.5	10.3	12.5
Neither English nor French	2,025	775	1,250	1.9	1.5	2.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	99,725	48,455	51,270	95.2	95.9	94.6
French	1,885	830	1,050	1.8	1.6	1.9
English and French	1,150	515	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Neither English nor French	1,975	755	1,220	1.9	1.5	2.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,755	47,700	51,050	94.3	94.4	94.2
Official languages	64,360	31,640	32,720	61.5	62.6	60.4
English	62,640	30,865	31,780	59.8	61.1	58.7
French	1,720	770	945	1.6	1.5	1.7
Non-official languages	34,395	16,060	18,330	32.8	31.8	33.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,390	16,060	18,330	32.8	31.8	33.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,640	1,840	1,805	3.5	3.6	3.3
Berber languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,585	1,815	1,770	3.4	3.6	3.3
Amharic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,320	1,680	1,640	3.2	3.3	3.0
Aramaic languages	160	75	80	0.2	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	115	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	270	115	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,365	505	860	1.3	1.0	1.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,060	375	685	1.0	0.7	1.3
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	760	385	375	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kannada	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	285	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,875	9,340	10,530	19.0	18.5	19.4
Albanian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	5,320	2,405	2,920	5.1	4.8	5.4
Baltic languages	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	5,225	2,365	2,860	5.0	4.7	5.3
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	1,350	580	770	1.3	1.1	1.4
Russian	1,155	510	645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,610	775	830	1.5	1.5	1.5
Bosnian	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	770	365	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbian	755	375	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	380	165	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,170	520	650	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	655	295	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
German	640	290	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	425	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	235	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	295	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	5,950	2,920	3,030	5.7	5.8	5.6
Indo-Aryan languages	4,900	2,400	2,500	4.7	4.7	4.6
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	235	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	365	180	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	1,075	535	540	1.0	1.1	1.0
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,170	565	600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,635	795	840	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,050	520	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	830	410	415	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	600	305	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,865	3,215	3,655	6.6	6.4	6.7
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,560	765	795	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	1,970	920	1,045	1.9	1.8	1.9
Romanian	540	260	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	2,795	1,270	1,525	2.7	2.5	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,215	545	665	1.2	1.1	1.2
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	185	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,105	2,805	3,295	5.8	5.5	6.1
Chinese languages	6,090	2,805	3,285	5.8	5.5	6.1
Hakka	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,090	2,355	2,735	4.9	4.7	5.0
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	820	370	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	450	235	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	415	215	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,980	2,850	3,130	5.7	5.6	5.8
English and French	530	250	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	4,725	2,275	2,450	4.5	4.5	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	160	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	330	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	66,455	32,580	33,875	63.5	64.5	62.5
French	420	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	8,925	4,135	4,795	8.5	8.2	8.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,925	4,135	4,795	8.5	8.2	8.8
English and French	1,535	665	870	1.5	1.3	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	25,470	12,120	13,345	24.3	24.0	24.6
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,315	580	735	1.3	1.1	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	535	240	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,355	47,510	50,845	93.9	94.0	93.8
Official languages	79,825	38,755	41,070	76.2	76.7	75.8
English	79,100	38,420	40,680	75.5	76.0	75.1
French	725	335	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	18,530	8,750	9,775	17.7	17.3	18.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,530	8,750	9,775	17.7	17.3	18.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,015	985	1,030	1.9	1.9	1.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,000	975	1,020	1.9	1.9	1.9
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,860	910	950	1.8	1.8	1.8
Aramaic languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	725	310	415	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	595	245	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	365	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Kannada	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,365	4,425	4,940	8.9	8.8	9.1
Albanian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,375	1,110	1,260	2.3	2.2	2.3
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,340	1,100	1,240	2.2	2.2	2.3
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	490	225	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	785	365	420	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	705	335	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	265	125	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	410	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,255	1,555	1,705	3.1	3.1	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,595	1,250	1,340	2.5	2.5	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	555	255	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	720	355	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	865	410	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	665	300	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	515	230	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	390	175	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,350	1,580	1,775	3.2	3.1	3.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	335	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	965	450	520	0.9	0.9	1.0
Romanian	270	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Spanish	1,775	850	925	1.7	1.7	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	890	400	485	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,550	2,155	2,390	4.3	4.3	4.4
Chinese languages	4,540	2,155	2,385	4.3	4.3	4.4
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,020	1,905	2,110	3.8	3.8	3.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	250	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,385	3,040	3,340	6.1	6.0	6.2
English and French	310	130	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,835	2,815	3,020	5.6	5.6	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	104,735	50,550	54,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,065	39,420	41,650	77.4	78.0	76.9
English	8,250	3,975	4,275	7.9	7.9	7.9
French	1,325	565	765	1.3	1.1	1.4
Non-official language	11,215	5,205	6,015	10.7	10.3	11.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,215	5,205	6,010	10.7	10.3	11.1
English and French	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	940	465	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	615	285	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,115	555	560	1.1	1.1	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	104,430	50,600	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,365	49,805	52,560	98.0	98.4	97.6
English	102,280	49,765	52,510	97.9	98.3	97.5
French	12,215	5,335	6,880	11.7	10.5	12.8
Non-official languages	46,070	21,630	24,445	44.1	42.7	45.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,065	21,630	24,435	44.1	42.7	45.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,475	2,815	2,660	5.2	5.6	4.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,400	2,785	2,615	5.2	5.5	4.9
Amharic	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,025	2,580	2,445	4.8	5.1	4.5
Aramaic languages	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	220	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	375	160	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	370	160	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,945	660	1,285	1.9	1.3	2.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	220	80	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,735	570	1,170	1.7	1.1	2.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,175	585	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Kannada	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	250	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	585	300	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Telugu	330	185	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tulu	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,935	13,350	14,585	26.7	26.4	27.1
Albanian	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Armenian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	6,530	3,035	3,495	6.3	6.0	6.5
Baltic languages	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	6,435	3,005	3,430	6.2	5.9	6.4
Belarusian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	300	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	1,600	745	850	1.5	1.5	1.6
Russian	1,650	775	875	1.6	1.5	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,255	1,070	1,185	2.2	2.1	2.2
Bosnian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,310	615	695	1.3	1.2	1.3
Serbian	1,105	545	560	1.1	1.1	1.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	250	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	650	285	370	0.6	0.6	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Irish	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,260	1,055	1,210	2.2	2.1	2.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,405	665	745	1.3	1.3	1.4
German	1,390	660	735	1.3	1.3	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	755	365	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	435	230	205	0.4	0.5	0.4
Dutch	340	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	465	230	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	9,095	4,530	4,565	8.7	9.0	8.5
Indo-Aryan languages	7,940	3,980	3,960	7.6	7.9	7.4
Assamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	320	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	625	305	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	3,710	1,880	1,830	3.6	3.7	3.4
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Marathi	300	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,355	1,195	1,160	2.3	2.4	2.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	260	145	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Urdu	2,670	1,325	1,345	2.6	2.6	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	1,300	615	685	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	320	125	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
Persian languages	1,065	500	565	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	765	370	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,005	4,720	5,280	9.6	9.3	9.8
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,665	1,285	1,375	2.6	2.5	2.6
Portuguese	2,645	1,250	1,395	2.5	2.5	2.6
Romanian	700	325	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Spanish	4,625	2,180	2,440	4.4	4.3	4.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,505	645	855	1.4	1.3	1.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	680	280	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Akan (Twi)	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	245	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	115	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,210	3,310	3,895	6.9	6.5	7.2
Chinese languages	7,185	3,305	3,885	6.9	6.5	7.2
Hakka	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,435	2,995	3,440	6.2	5.9	6.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,155	500	650	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	600	355	245	0.6	0.7	0.5
Azerbaijani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	565	330	235	0.5	0.7	0.4
Uyghur	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	180	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	325	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,430	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	895	385	515	0.9	0.8	1.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	840	360	475	0.8	0.7	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	470	215	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis	360	150	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	103,535	50,210	53,320	99.1	99.2	99.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,430	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	104,115	50,445	53,670	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,485	...	...	76.6	...	...
Renter	8,685	...	...	23.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,010	...	...	16.2	...	...
Not condominium	31,155	...	...	83.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	2,965	...	...	8.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	6,005	...	...	16.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,775	...	...	34.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,270	...	...	41.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	7,480	...	...	20.1	...	...
5 rooms	4,660	...	...	12.5	...	...
6 rooms	5,245	...	...	14.1	...	...
7 rooms	4,775	...	...	12.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,010	...	...	40.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.0	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,485	...	...	98.2	...	...
More than one person per room	685	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	35,765	...	...	96.2	...	...
Not suitable	1,405	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,785	...	...	10.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,780	...	...	18.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,385	...	...	17.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,055	...	...	16.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,285	...	...	14.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,290	...	...	11.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,415	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,170	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	35,965	...	...	96.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,205	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	16,545	...	...	44.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,310	...	...	52.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,315	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	225	...	...	0.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,490	...	...	6.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,425	...	...	17.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,150	...	...	27.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,880	...	...	21.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,095	...	...	13.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,395	...	...	9.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,500	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	36,950	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,730	...	...	75.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,220	...	...	25.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,820	...	...	21.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	37,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,110	...	...	29.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,585	...	...	23.1	...	...
Not suitable only	1,005	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	815	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	310	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,060	...	...	70.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	35,555	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,740	...	...	10.5	...	...
Not in core need	31,810	...	...	89.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,485	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.5	...	...	60.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.6	...	...	19.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,000	...	...	2,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,282	...	...	2,282	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,322,000	...	...	1,322,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,690	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.1	...	...	15.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.8	...	...	42.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.9	...	...	24.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,968	...	...	1,968	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	104,430	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	215	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	210	70	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	145	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Métis single ancestry	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,120	550	570	1.1	1.1	1.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,095	535	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	780	395	380	0.7	0.8	0.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	310	135	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	103,100	49,970	53,130	98.7	98.8	98.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	104,425	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,965	44,265	46,700	87.1	87.5	86.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,775	10,635	10,135	19.9	21.0	18.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	70,190	33,625	36,565	67.2	66.5	67.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,465	6,335	7,130	12.9	12.5	13.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	104,425	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	60,800	30,240	30,565	58.2	59.8	56.8
Immigrants⁸¹	41,430	19,275	22,155	39.7	38.1	41.2
Before 1980	8,005	3,630	4,375	7.7	7.2	8.1
1980 to 1990	3,935	1,875	2,060	3.8	3.7	3.8
1991 to 2000	6,565	2,905	3,660	6.3	5.7	6.8
2001 to 2010	10,260	4,845	5,415	9.8	9.6	10.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,665	6,020	6,640	12.1	11.9	12.3
2011 to 2015	5,770	2,660	3,105	5.5	5.3	5.8
2016 to 2021	6,895	3,360	3,540	6.6	6.6	6.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,200	1,080	1,115	2.1	2.1	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,430	19,275	22,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,285	2,155	2,135	10.3	11.2	9.6
5 to 14 years	7,605	3,760	3,845	18.4	19.5	17.4
15 to 24 years	6,125	2,645	3,480	14.8	13.7	15.7
25 to 44 years	19,730	8,975	10,755	47.6	46.6	48.6
45 years and over	3,685	1,740	1,945	8.9	9.0	8.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,430	19,275	22,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,730	2,540	3,195	13.8	13.2	14.4
Brazil	395	165	230	1.0	0.9	1.0
Colombia	380	155	230	0.9	0.8	1.0
El Salvador	65	15	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guyana	220	105	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	560	240	320	1.4	1.2	1.4
Mexico	380	190	190	0.9	1.0	0.9
Peru	460	190	270	1.1	1.0	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	435	160	270	1.0	0.8	1.2
United States of America	1,405	665	740	3.4	3.5	3.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,410	645	760	3.4	3.3	3.4
Europe	12,195	5,660	6,540	29.4	29.4	29.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	310	160	150	0.7	0.8	0.7
Croatia	615	255	360	1.5	1.3	1.6
France	160	70	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	525	250	280	1.3	1.3	1.3
Greece	135	60	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	170	65	100	0.4	0.3	0.5
Italy	915	495	420	2.2	2.6	1.9
Netherlands	215	90	125	0.5	0.5	0.6
Poland	1,065	470	590	2.6	2.4	2.7
Portugal	1,150	555	595	2.8	2.9	2.7
Romania	540	260	275	1.3	1.3	1.2
Russian Federation	510	230	280	1.2	1.2	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	290	130	155	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ukraine	460	195	270	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,475	1,590	1,890	8.4	8.2	8.5
Other places of birth in Europe	1,660	780	880	4.0	4.0	4.0
Africa	3,670	1,825	1,845	8.9	9.5	8.3
Algeria	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	1,385	730	655	3.3	3.8	3.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	50	35	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	560	270	290	1.4	1.4	1.3
Somalia	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	730	350	380	1.8	1.8	1.7
Other places of birth in Africa	830	385	440	2.0	2.0	2.0
Asia	19,635	9,135	10,505	47.4	47.4	47.4
Afghanistan	285	105	175	0.7	0.5	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	700	345	350	1.7	1.8	1.6
Iraq	620	310	310	1.5	1.6	1.4
Lebanon	315	170	150	0.8	0.9	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	520	245	280	1.3	1.3	1.3
Turkey	305	180	125	0.7	0.9	0.6
China⁹⁰	4,665	2,085	2,580	11.3	10.8	11.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	375	175	205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,110	460	650	2.7	2.4	2.9
Taiwan	160	65	95	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	1,720	620	1,095	4.2	3.2	4.9
Viet Nam	330	120	210	0.8	0.6	0.9
Bangladesh	110	60	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	3,975	2,000	1,975	9.6	10.4	8.9
Pakistan	1,650	830	820	4.0	4.3	3.7
Sri Lanka	375	195	180	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	2,415	1,165	1,250	5.8	6.0	5.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	195	125	70	0.5	0.6	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,895	3,360	3,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	965	500	465	14.0	14.9	13.1
Brazil	160	75	85	2.3	2.2	2.4
Colombia	85	50	35	1.2	1.5	1.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	85	35	50	1.2	1.0	1.4
United States of America	370	215	155	5.4	6.4	4.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	25	20	0.7	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	220	105	115	3.2	3.1	3.2
Europe	720	375	345	10.4	11.2	9.7
France	35	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.6
Germany	25	15	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	40	30	10	0.6	0.9	0.3
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	90	50	45	1.3	1.5	1.3
Ukraine	55	20	35	0.8	0.6	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	240	140	110	3.5	4.2	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	230	115	115	3.3	3.4	3.2
Africa	780	385	395	11.3	11.5	11.2
Algeria	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	205	115	95	3.0	3.4	2.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	195	95	105	2.8	2.8	3.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	305	150	150	4.4	4.5	4.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asia	4,420	2,095	2,325	64.1	62.4	65.7
Afghanistan	65	20	45	0.9	0.6	1.3
Bangladesh	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,415	655	760	20.5	19.5	21.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.4
India	1,035	510	525	15.0	15.2	14.8
Iran⁸⁸	65	25	40	0.9	0.7	1.1
Iraq	105	60	50	1.5	1.8	1.4
Israel	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japan	20	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.6
Jordan	80	50	30	1.2	1.5	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	70	35	35	1.0	1.0	1.0
Lebanon	55	35	20	0.8	1.0	0.6
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	250	140	105	3.6	4.2	3.0
Philippines	365	145	220	5.3	4.3	6.2
Saudi Arabia	105	50	55	1.5	1.5	1.6
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	305	130	175	4.4	3.9	4.9
Turkey	140	85	60	2.0	2.5	1.7
United Arab Emirates	120	65	55	1.7	1.9	1.6
Viet Nam	25	15	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	130	45	85	1.9	1.3	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Australia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	104,430	50,595	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,065	21,075	23,990	43.2	41.7	44.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,890	13,965	13,925	26.7	27.6	25.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	31,475	15,555	15,920	30.1	30.7	29.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,430	15,645	17,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,595	11,550	12,045	70.6	73.8	67.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,150	5,825	3,325	27.4	37.2	18.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,445	5,730	8,720	43.2	36.6	49.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,750	2,565	4,185	20.2	16.4	23.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,850	1,430	1,425	8.5	9.1	8.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	225	105	125	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,430	15,645	17,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,130	555	580	3.4	3.5	3.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,200	1,365	1,835	9.6	8.7	10.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,070	540	525	3.2	3.5	3.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,545	705	840	4.6	4.5	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	140	70	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,345	12,410	13,930	78.8	79.3	78.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	104,430	50,595	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	39,105	18,620	20,480	37.4	36.8	38.0
South Asian	11,915	5,990	5,925	11.4	11.8	11.0
Chinese	7,865	3,635	4,230	7.5	7.2	7.9
Black	3,895	1,865	2,035	3.7	3.7	3.8
Filipino	2,385	920	1,470	2.3	1.8	2.7
Arab	4,385	2,280	2,110	4.2	4.5	3.9
Latin American	2,460	1,065	1,395	2.4	2.1	2.6
Southeast Asian	670	280	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
West Asian	1,285	620	665	1.2	1.2	1.2
Korean	1,725	775	940	1.7	1.5	1.7
Japanese	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	540	275	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,610	750	860	1.5	1.5	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	65,325	31,975	33,355	62.6	63.2	62.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	104,430	50,595	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	8,805	4,360	4,440	8.4	8.6	8.2
English	16,770	8,275	8,495	16.1	16.4	15.8
Irish	13,430	6,435	6,985	12.9	12.7	13.0
Scottish	12,850	6,430	6,420	12.3	12.7	11.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,260	2,510	2,750	5.0	5.0	5.1
German	6,525	3,205	3,320	6.2	6.3	6.2
Chinese	7,960	3,635	4,325	7.6	7.2	8.0
Italian	8,270	4,195	4,075	7.9	8.3	7.6
Indian (India)	6,775	3,380	3,400	6.5	6.7	6.3
Ukrainian	3,265	1,560	1,705	3.1	3.1	3.2
Dutch	2,400	1,245	1,155	2.3	2.5	2.1
Polish	4,440	2,075	2,365	4.3	4.1	4.4
Québécois	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,385	2,035	2,350	4.2	4.0	4.4
Filipino	2,290	900	1,390	2.2	1.8	2.6
French Canadian	955	445	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,195	605	585	1.1	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	365	185	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Métis	405	180	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,390	710	675	1.3	1.4	1.3
Russian	1,600	750	850	1.5	1.5	1.6
Norwegian	505	255	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Welsh	1,350	650	700	1.3	1.3	1.3
Portuguese	3,975	1,965	2,010	3.8	3.9	3.7
American	1,195	670	520	1.1	1.3	1.0
Spanish	1,750	720	1,030	1.7	1.4	1.9
Swedish	635	270	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Hungarian	1,280	615	665	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	175	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	2,455	1,215	1,240	2.4	2.4	2.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,060	555	505	1.0	1.1	0.9
Jewish	715	365	350	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	940	465	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Vietnamese	495	210	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,720	850	870	1.6	1.7	1.6
Greek	1,170	575	600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jamaican	1,125	570	560	1.1	1.1	1.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,050	515	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,650	735	910	1.6	1.5	1.7
Romanian	1,080	530	550	1.0	1.0	1.0
Lebanese	715	360	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian	730	350	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	515	225	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Danish	485	235	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	460	235	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Austrian	600	310	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
Belgian	250	150	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haitian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	945	505	435	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mexican	570	285	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mennonite	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	375	210	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	555	305	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sri Lankan	395	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	1,925	895	1,030	1.8	1.8	1.9
Japanese	480	235	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	770	400	375	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	290	140	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	540	295	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Egyptian	1,730	940	790	1.7	1.9	1.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	490	250	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	145	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombian	510	260	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	390	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syrian	590	295	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Guyanese	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	530	210	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,260	595	670	1.2	1.2	1.2
Ojibway	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	135	85	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	260	140	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian	450	240	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	560	240	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Turkish	740	435	305	0.7	0.9	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazilian	465	195	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Nigerian	455	235	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Armenian	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovak	470	240	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	280	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	395	205	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Salvadorean	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	285	110	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	325	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	665	335	330	0.6	0.7	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lithuanian	330	130	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
South African	595	255	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Australian	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	540	285	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Chilean	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nova Scotian	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	470	185	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Yoruba	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	295	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	390	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Macedonian	425	170	250	0.4	0.3	0.5
Slovenian	525	250	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	115	85	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mohawk	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
African American	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	250	130	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Venezuelan	555	300	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	90	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	160	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kurdish	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Coptic	440	255	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
Thai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	170	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Byelorussian	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jordanian	205	130	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Manitoban	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chaldean	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	130	90	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	104,430	50,595	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,000	455	545	1.0	0.9	1.0
Christian	58,770	27,270	31,500	56.3	53.9	58.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,325	3,395	3,930	7.0	6.7	7.3
Anabaptist	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	4,295	1,945	2,350	4.1	3.8	4.4
Baptist	810	345	465	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	32,390	15,185	17,205	31.0	30.0	32.0
Christian Orthodox	4,315	2,070	2,245	4.1	4.1	4.2
Jehovah's Witness	210	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	785	360	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	260	145	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	670	315	350	0.6	0.6	0.7
Presbyterian	1,590	675	915	1.5	1.3	1.7
Reformed	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	3,695	1,630	2,065	3.5	3.2	3.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,985	915	1,070	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	4,260	2,170	2,090	4.1	4.3	3.9
Jewish	795	395	405	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	8,760	4,380	4,380	8.4	8.7	8.1
Sikh	1,635	780	855	1.6	1.5	1.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	515	230	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	28,685	14,910	13,775	27.5	29.5	25.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	103,760	50,230	53,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	92,530	44,735	47,795	89.2	89.1	89.3
Movers	11,230	5,495	5,730	10.8	10.9	10.7
Non-migrants	4,765	2,260	2,505	4.6	4.5	4.7
Migrants	6,465	3,235	3,225	6.2	6.4	6.0
Internal migrants	4,935	2,455	2,480	4.8	4.9	4.6
Intraprovincial migrants	4,550	2,275	2,270	4.4	4.5	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	385	180	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	1,530	785	745	1.5	1.6	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	100,155	48,370	51,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	65,185	31,510	33,675	65.1	65.1	65.0
Movers	34,975	16,860	18,115	34.9	34.9	35.0
Non-migrants	11,905	5,680	6,225	11.9	11.7	12.0
Migrants	23,070	11,180	11,890	23.0	23.1	23.0
Internal migrants	15,155	7,355	7,805	15.1	15.2	15.1
Intraprovincial migrants	13,350	6,470	6,885	13.3	13.4	13.3
Interprovincial migrants	1,805	885	920	1.8	1.8	1.8
External migrants	7,910	3,825	4,085	7.9	7.9	7.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,330	5,135	5,195	12.0	12.5	11.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,620	36,005	39,615	88.0	87.5	88.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,555	25,915	28,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,060	1,145	915	3.8	4.4	3.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,495	24,770	27,725	96.2	95.6	96.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,615	4,740	4,870	11.2	11.5	10.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,640	9,130	9,505	21.7	22.2	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,700	27,265	30,430	67.1	66.3	67.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,095	8,300	9,795	21.1	20.2	21.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,765	1,740	1,020	3.2	4.2	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,470	790	680	1.7	1.9	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,290	950	340	1.5	2.3	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,075	5,605	7,470	15.2	13.6	16.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,260	950	1,310	2.6	2.3	2.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	39,600	18,965	20,635	46.1	46.1	46.0
Bachelor's degree	24,615	11,230	13,390	28.6	27.3	29.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,655	1,245	1,405	3.1	3.0	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,030	490	540	1.2	1.2	1.2
Master's degree	10,040	5,220	4,820	11.7	12.7	10.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,265	790	475	1.5	1.9	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,560	25,915	28,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,695	940	755	3.1	3.6	2.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,740	3,935	3,805	14.2	15.2	13.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,125	21,040	24,085	82.7	81.2	84.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,885	5,995	6,885	23.6	23.1	24.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,770	1,130	640	3.2	4.4	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	900	480	420	1.6	1.9	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	865	650	215	1.6	2.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,560	4,220	5,340	17.5	16.3	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,555	650	905	2.9	2.5	3.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,245	15,040	17,195	59.1	58.0	60.0
Bachelor's degree	19,550	8,750	10,800	35.8	33.8	37.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,080	940	1,135	3.8	3.6	4.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	870	390	480	1.6	1.5	1.7
Master's degree	8,770	4,410	4,360	16.1	17.0	15.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	980	560	420	1.8	2.2	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,250	13,880	14,375	32.9	33.7	32.1
Education	2,950	485	2,465	3.4	1.2	5.5
13. Education	2,950	485	2,465	3.4	1.2	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,170	685	1,485	2.5	1.7	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,010	600	1,415	2.3	1.5	3.2
Humanities	3,500	1,015	2,495	4.1	2.5	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	420	70	350	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,010	200	810	1.2	0.5	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,040	290	745	1.2	0.7	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	105	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	405	205	195	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	170	20	150	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,660	3,265	5,390	10.1	7.9	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,040	375	660	1.2	0.9	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	770	40	735	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,315	520	795	1.5	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,270	305	965	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	4,045	1,935	2,115	4.7	4.7	4.7
Business, management and public administration	16,525	8,190	8,340	19.2	19.9	18.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	645	140	500	0.8	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,870	8,040	7,830	18.5	19.5	17.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,710	1,315	1,395	3.2	3.2	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,105	465	640	1.3	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	665	270	395	0.8	0.7	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	855	565	285	1.0	1.4	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,465	2,140	1,325	4.0	5.2	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,565	1,725	850	3.0	4.2	1.9
25. Library science	120	15	105	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	640	315	325	0.7	0.8	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135	90	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,145	7,575	1,570	10.6	18.4	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	685	440	250	0.8	1.1	0.6
14. Engineering	4,855	3,795	1,060	5.6	9.2	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,645	1,440	200	1.9	3.5	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	770	750	25	0.9	1.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	755	745	10	0.9	1.8	0.0
48. Precision production	430	405	30	0.5	1.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	720	380	340	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	225	195	0.5	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	310	160	145	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	6,150	1,470	4,675	7.2	3.6	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	770	375	390	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,095	940	4,155	5.9	2.3	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	275	150	125	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,690	740	950	2.0	1.8	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,020	220	795	1.2	0.5	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	400	275	120	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	245	225	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,555	25,920	28,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	9,435	4,875	4,560	17.3	18.8	15.9
Education	2,005	275	1,730	3.7	1.1	6.0
13. Education	2,005	275	1,730	3.7	1.1	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,665	550	1,115	3.1	2.1	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	65	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,545	480	1,060	2.8	1.9	3.7
Humanities	2,475	695	1,780	4.5	2.7	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	330	55	275	0.6	0.2	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	720	150	580	1.3	0.6	2.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	730	225	510	1.3	0.9	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	35	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
54. History	295	150	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	125	10	120	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,940	2,480	4,455	12.7	9.6	15.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	830	265	560	1.5	1.0	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	605	25	575	1.1	0.1	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,090	385	695	2.0	1.5	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,030	235	795	1.9	0.9	2.8
45. Social sciences	3,225	1,495	1,735	5.9	5.8	6.1
Business, management and public administration	13,580	6,655	6,925	24.9	25.7	24.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	475	95	375	0.9	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,095	6,560	6,535	24.0	25.3	22.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,020	940	1,085	3.7	3.6	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	885	375	510	1.6	1.4	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	500	195	305	0.9	0.8	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	575	360	215	1.1	1.4	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,970	1,860	1,110	5.4	7.2	3.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,285	1,540	745	4.2	5.9	2.6
25. Library science	80	10	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	505	235	270	0.9	0.9	0.9
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	70	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,935	5,560	1,370	12.7	21.5	4.8
04. Architecture and related services	525	320	210	1.0	1.2	0.7
14. Engineering	3,895	2,935	960	7.1	11.3	3.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,160	990	175	2.1	3.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	555	535	15	1.0	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	515	505	0	0.9	1.9	0.0
48. Precision production	290	280	10	0.5	1.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	615	315	300	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	175	160	0.6	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	275	135	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	4,605	1,140	3,465	8.4	4.4	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	560	265	300	1.0	1.0	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,800	760	3,040	7.0	2.9	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	230	120	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,325	570	755	2.4	2.2	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	815	170	635	1.5	0.7	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	315	225	90	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	175	160	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,555	25,920	28,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	9,435	4,875	4,560	17.3	18.8	15.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,125	21,040	24,085	82.7	81.2	84.1
Location of study inside Canada	28,970	13,650	15,320	53.1	52.7	53.5
Same as province or territory of residence	25,810	12,125	13,685	47.3	46.8	47.8
Different than province or territory of residence	3,160	1,530	1,630	5.8	5.9	5.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,155	7,390	8,765	29.6	28.5	30.6
Americas	3,645	1,710	1,940	6.7	6.6	6.8
United States of America	2,235	1,135	1,105	4.1	4.4	3.9
Mexico	230	100	135	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	220	90	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
Colombia	170	50	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Peru	175	70	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	245	105	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Americas	280	110	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
Europe	3,475	1,775	1,700	6.4	6.8	5.9
Belgium	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	70	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Netherlands	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	235	100	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romania	265	130	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	240	120	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	230	90	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	85	55	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,335	730	605	2.4	2.8	2.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	25	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	560	270	290	1.0	1.0	1.0
Africa	1,330	665	665	2.4	2.6	2.3
Nigeria	160	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	680	325	350	1.2	1.3	1.2
South Africa, Republic of	335	185	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other locations of study in Africa	110	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	7,410	3,095	4,315	13.6	11.9	15.1
Iran⁸⁸	170	55	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Iraq	225	105	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Israel	80	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	105	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	150	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	165	80	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	2,060	910	1,155	3.8	3.5	4.0
Taiwan	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	85	20	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	460	150	315	0.8	0.6	1.1
Philippines	805	205	600	1.5	0.8	2.1
Viet Nam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	25	15	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,830	855	980	3.4	3.3	3.4
Pakistan	585	250	340	1.1	1.0	1.2
Other locations of study in Asia	495	240	255	0.9	0.9	0.9
Oceania	290	150	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	255	135	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	85,950	41,145	44,810	...	...	...
In the labour force	55,605	28,520	27,085	...	...	...
Employed	49,015	25,655	23,360	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,590	2,865	3,725	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,345	12,620	17,730	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.7	69.3	60.4	64.7	69.3	60.4
Employment rate	57.0	62.4	52.1	57.0	62.4	52.1
Unemployment rate	11.9	10.0	13.8	11.9	10.0	13.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	85,950	41,140	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,650	12,760	17,895	35.7	31.0	39.9
Worked	55,295	28,380	26,920	64.3	69.0	60.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,140	17,410	13,725	36.2	42.3	30.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	24,160	10,970	13,185	28.1	26.7	29.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	42.1	40.2	41.2	42.1	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	55,605	28,525	27,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	810	890	3.1	2.8	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,905	27,710	26,195	96.9	97.1	96.7
Employee	44,080	21,755	22,320	79.3	76.3	82.4
Permanent position	36,865	18,585	18,275	66.3	65.2	67.5
Temporary position	7,220	3,170	4,050	13.0	11.1	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,190	880	1,310	3.9	3.1	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,030	2,290	2,735	9.0	8.0	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,825	5,955	3,870	17.7	20.9	14.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	55,605	28,525	27,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	810	890	3.1	2.8	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,905	27,710	26,195	96.9	97.1	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,695	1,275	425	3.0	4.5	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,325	5,315	8,010	24.0	18.6	29.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,860	5,030	1,835	12.3	17.6	6.8
3 Health occupations	3,700	975	2,720	6.7	3.4	10.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,070	1,950	4,125	10.9	6.8	15.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,900	820	1,080	3.4	2.9	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	13,250	6,365	6,890	23.8	22.3	25.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,205	4,625	585	9.4	16.2	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	435	315	120	0.8	1.1	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,455	1,045	405	2.6	3.7	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	55,605	28,525	27,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	810	890	3.1	2.8	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	53,905	27,710	26,195	96.9	97.1	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	135	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	240	175	70	0.4	0.6	0.3
22 Utilities	365	285	80	0.7	1.0	0.3
23 Construction	2,830	2,400	435	5.1	8.4	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	3,710	2,485	1,225	6.7	8.7	4.5
41 Wholesale trade	2,795	1,710	1,085	5.0	6.0	4.0
44-45 Retail trade	5,855	2,900	2,955	10.5	10.2	10.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,950	1,340	615	3.5	4.7	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,540	970	570	2.8	3.4	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	5,880	3,255	2,625	10.6	11.4	9.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,620	820	800	2.9	2.9	3.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,805	4,595	3,215	14.0	16.1	11.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	565	245	320	1.0	0.9	1.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,865	1,010	855	3.4	3.5	3.2
61 Educational services	3,880	1,010	2,870	7.0	3.5	10.6
62 Health care and social assistance	5,330	1,195	4,135	9.6	4.2	15.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,080	505	580	1.9	1.8	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	2,700	1,160	1,540	4.9	4.1	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,750	675	1,075	3.1	2.4	4.0
91 Public administration	2,005	925	1,080	3.6	3.2	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	59,150	30,305	28,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	54,860	28,315	26,550	92.7	93.4	92.0
French	155	25	125	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official language	470	275	190	0.8	0.9	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	470	275	190	0.8	0.9	0.7
English and French	1,285	505	775	2.2	1.7	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,270	1,135	1,135	3.8	3.7	3.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	59,150	30,305	28,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	58,560	30,055	28,505	99.0	99.2	98.8
Official languages	57,695	29,615	28,075	97.5	97.7	97.3
English	57,400	29,565	27,835	97.0	97.6	96.5
French	290	50	245	0.5	0.2	0.8
Non-official languages	870	440	430	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	865	440	430	1.5	1.5	1.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	260	125	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
Albanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	145	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	110	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	465	255	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Chinese languages	465	255	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	455	250	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	595	250	345	1.0	0.8	1.2
English and French	170	45	130	0.3	0.1	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	425	205	220	0.7	0.7	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	59,150	30,305	28,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	56,035	28,845	27,190	94.7	95.2	94.2
English	495	165	325	0.8	0.5	1.1
French	1,000	445	550	1.7	1.5	1.9
Non-official language	1,355	700	655	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,355	700	655	2.3	2.3	2.3
English and French	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	155	95	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,020	25,655	23,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	21,630	10,790	10,845	44.1	42.1	46.4
Worked outside Canada	380	275	105	0.8	1.1	0.4
No fixed workplace address	3,860	2,790	1,065	7.9	10.9	4.6
Usual place of work	23,150	11,800	11,345	47.2	46.0	48.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	23,150	11,800	11,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,330	5,175	6,155	48.9	43.9	54.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,060	1,505	1,555	13.2	12.8	13.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,680	5,085	3,590	37.5	43.1	31.6
Commute to a different province or territory	75	40	40	0.3	0.3	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	27,005	14,590	12,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	22,970	12,640	10,330	85.1	86.6	83.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	21,005	11,895	9,110	77.8	81.5	73.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,965	740	1,220	7.3	5.1	9.8
Public transit	1,940	960	980	7.2	6.6	7.9
Walked	1,035	480	560	3.8	3.3	4.5
Bicycle	115	90	25	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other method	945	425	520	3.5	2.9	4.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	27,005	14,590	12,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,750	3,635	4,120	28.7	24.9	33.2
15 to 29 minutes	8,465	4,180	4,290	31.3	28.6	34.6
30 to 44 minutes	5,640	3,605	2,035	20.9	24.7	16.4
45 to 59 minutes	2,680	1,560	1,120	9.9	10.7	9.0
60 minutes and over	2,475	1,615	860	9.2	11.1	6.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	27,005	14,590	12,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,160	890	270	4.3	6.1	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,630	2,350	1,275	13.4	16.1	10.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,750	3,700	3,050	25.0	25.4	24.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,020	3,360	3,660	26.0	23.0	29.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,655	2,265	2,390	17.2	15.5	19.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,785	2,020	1,765	14.0	13.8	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	24,270	12,355	11,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,395	1,200	1,195	9.9	9.7	10.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,875	11,155	10,720	90.1	90.3	89.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,720	10,005	9,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,055	1,020	1,040	10.4	10.2	10.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,225	590	630	6.2	5.9	6.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	830	420	410	4.2	4.2	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,665	8,990	8,670	89.6	89.9	89.2

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 10, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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