Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa CentreMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,560	62,085	64,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,920	7,110	6,805	11.0	11.5	10.6
0 to 4 years	4,495	2,290	2,205	3.6	3.7	3.4
5 to 9 years	4,775	2,445	2,325	3.8	3.9	3.6
10 to 14 years	4,650	2,375	2,270	3.7	3.8	3.5
15 to 64 years	91,220	45,260	45,965	72.1	72.9	71.3
15 to 19 years	5,330	2,580	2,750	4.2	4.2	4.3
20 to 24 years	11,490	5,480	6,020	9.1	8.8	9.3
25 to 29 years	14,640	7,130	7,505	11.6	11.5	11.6
30 to 34 years	11,830	5,950	5,880	9.3	9.6	9.1
35 to 39 years	9,635	4,940	4,690	7.6	8.0	7.3
40 to 44 years	7,960	3,995	3,965	6.3	6.4	6.1
45 to 49 years	7,525	3,720	3,810	5.9	6.0	5.9
50 to 54 years	7,490	3,720	3,775	5.9	6.0	5.9
55 to 59 years	8,005	4,125	3,875	6.3	6.6	6.0
60 to 64 years	7,320	3,625	3,695	5.8	5.8	5.7
65 years and over	21,420	9,710	11,710	16.9	15.6	18.2
65 to 69 years	6,410	3,065	3,345	5.1	4.9	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,885	2,810	3,080	4.6	4.5	4.8
75 to 79 years	3,860	1,710	2,155	3.0	2.8	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,655	1,135	1,515	2.1	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	2,605	995	1,615	2.1	1.6	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,605	665	940	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	760	280	480	0.6	0.5	0.7
95 to 99 years	215	40	175	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.0	11.5	10.6	11.0	11.5	10.6
15 to 64 years	72.1	72.9	71.3	72.1	72.9	71.3
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.2	16.9	15.6	18.2
85 years and over	2.1	1.6	2.5	2.1	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	41.3	40.7	41.8	41.3	40.7	41.8
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.4	38.0	37.6	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	65,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,675	...	...	21.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,025	...	...	6.2	...	...
Row house	4,260	...	...	6.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,625	...	...	4.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,960	...	...	19.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	27,290	...	...	42.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	175	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	65,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	29,775	...	...	45.8	...	...
2 persons	21,600	...	...	33.2	...	...
3 persons	6,420	...	...	9.9	...	...
4 persons	5,155	...	...	7.9	...	...
5 or more persons	2,085	...	...	3.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	123,985	60,655	63,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	112,645	54,970	57,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,150	27,315	26,835	48.1	49.7	46.5
Married	37,995	19,080	18,915	33.7	34.7	32.8
Living common-law	16,155	8,235	7,920	14.3	15.0	13.7
Living common law - Never married	13,825	7,000	6,825	12.3	12.7	11.8
Living common law - Separated	320	205	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,850	945	900	1.6	1.7	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	58,495	27,655	30,840	51.9	50.3	53.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	44,180	22,750	21,435	39.2	41.4	37.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,840	1,295	1,545	2.5	2.4	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,165	2,755	4,405	6.4	5.0	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,310	855	3,455	3.8	1.6	6.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	18,835	...	...	61.9	...	...
3 persons	5,260	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	4,735	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	1,565	...	...	5.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,320	...	...	86.6	...	...
Married couples	18,245	...	...	60.0	...	...
With children⁶	8,895	...	...	29.3	...	...
Without children	9,345	...	...	30.7	...	...
Common-law couples	8,075	...	...	26.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,300	...	...	4.3	...	...
Without children	6,775	...	...	22.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,085	...	...	13.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,250	...	...	10.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	835	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	123,985	60,655	63,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	80,640	39,905	40,740	65.0	65.8	64.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,645	26,580	26,060	42.5	43.8	41.2
Parents in one-parent families	4,085	830	3,255	3.3	1.4	5.1
Children⁶	23,915	12,490	11,425	19.3	20.6	18.0
In a two-parent family	17,970	9,350	8,620	14.5	15.4	13.6
In a one-parent family	5,945	3,140	2,805	4.8	5.2	4.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	43,345	20,755	22,590	35.0	34.2	35.7
Living alone	29,775	13,705	16,075	24.0	22.6	25.4
Living with other relatives⁷	2,725	1,255	1,470	2.2	2.1	2.3
Living with non-relatives only	10,845	5,795	5,045	8.7	9.6	8.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	65,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,680	...	...	44.1	...	...
Couple-family households	25,105	...	...	38.6	...	...
With children⁶	9,715	...	...	14.9	...	...
Without children	15,390	...	...	23.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,575	...	...	5.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	455	...	...	0.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	850	...	...	1.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,160	...	...	7.9	...	...
One-person households	29,775	...	...	45.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,115	53,570	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,530	51,715	54,820	96.7	96.5	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,000	57,600	50,800	54,000	57,600	50,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,595	51,740	54,850	96.8	96.6	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	49,600	44,800	46,800	49,600	44,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,890	47,715	50,170	88.9	89.1	88.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,600	58,000	49,200	53,600	58,000	49,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,310	40,545	40,765	73.8	75.7	72.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,800	56,000	50,000	52,800	56,000	50,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,500	45,040	49,455	85.8	84.1	87.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	4,640	3,100	5,560	4,640	3,100	5,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,540	2,870	3,670	5.9	5.4	6.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,680	5,480	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,180	12,380	12,795	22.9	23.1	22.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	109,940	53,635	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	106,400	51,805	54,595	96.8	96.6	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	76,700	83,900	69,800	76,700	83,900	69,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	106,485	51,850	54,635	96.9	96.7	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,900	64,300	55,700	59,900	64,300	55,700
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,765	47,805	49,960	88.9	89.1	88.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	75,500	83,700	67,700	75,500	83,700	67,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,220	40,745	40,480	73.9	76.0	71.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	73,200	79,100	67,200	73,200	79,100	67,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,420	45,170	49,250	85.9	84.2	87.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,210	7,650	8,730	8,210	7,650	8,730
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,455	2,735	3,725	5.9	5.1	6.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,850	5,885	7,570	6,850	5,885	7,570
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,000	12,425	12,570	22.7	23.2	22.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,960	9,030	8,900	8,960	9,030	8,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	109,940	53,635	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,055	23,015	21,035	40.1	42.9	37.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	82,000	85,000	79,500	82,000	85,000	79,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	107,800	113,900	101,200	107,800	113,900	101,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,135	13,700	15,430	26.5	25.5	27.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	18,000	17,200	17,600	18,000	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,080	37,400	32,960	35,080	37,400	32,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.6	92.0	88.8	90.6	92.0	88.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.8	74.2	71.4	72.8	74.2	71.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	9.5	7.9	11.3	9.5	7.9	11.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.5	0.4	0.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.1	2.8	3.4	3.1	2.8	3.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	2.8	2.6	2.9	2.8	2.6	2.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,115	53,575	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,585	1,860	1,725	3.3	3.5	3.0
With total income	106,530	51,715	54,820	96.7	96.5	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,540	3,495	4,040	7.1	6.8	7.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,120	4,800	5,320	9.5	9.3	9.7
$20,000 to $29,999	13,390	6,035	7,355	12.6	11.7	13.4
$30,000 to $39,999	10,530	4,845	5,685	9.9	9.4	10.4
$40,000 to $49,999	8,605	3,970	4,635	8.1	7.7	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,890	3,545	4,350	7.4	6.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	7,750	3,560	4,185	7.3	6.9	7.6
$70,000 to $79,999	7,040	3,340	3,695	6.6	6.5	6.7
$80,000 to $89,999	6,115	3,055	3,065	5.7	5.9	5.6
$90,000 to $99,999	4,995	2,435	2,560	4.7	4.7	4.7
$100,000 and over	22,560	12,625	9,925	21.2	24.4	18.1
$100,000 to $149,999	14,050	7,420	6,635	13.2	14.3	12.1
$150,000 and over	8,510	5,210	3,295	8.0	10.1	6.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,115	53,575	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,525	1,830	1,690	3.2	3.4	3.0
With after-tax income	106,590	51,740	54,850	96.8	96.6	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,030	3,675	4,355	7.5	7.1	7.9
$10,000 to $19,999	10,545	4,990	5,555	9.9	9.6	10.1
$20,000 to $29,999	15,050	6,860	8,190	14.1	13.3	14.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,165	5,655	6,510	11.4	10.9	11.9
$40,000 to $49,999	10,630	4,795	5,840	10.0	9.3	10.6
$50,000 to $59,999	10,280	4,720	5,565	9.6	9.1	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	8,855	4,230	4,625	8.3	8.2	8.4
$70,000 to $79,999	7,400	3,695	3,710	6.9	7.1	6.8
$80,000 to $89,999	6,070	3,020	3,050	5.7	5.8	5.6
$90,000 to $99,999	4,660	2,475	2,185	4.4	4.8	4.0
$100,000 and over	12,900	7,625	5,280	12.1	14.7	9.6
$100,000 to $124,999	6,250	3,480	2,775	5.9	6.7	5.1
$125,000 and over	6,650	4,145	2,505	6.2	8.0	4.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,115	53,575	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,805	13,025	15,775	26.2	24.3	27.9
With employment income	81,310	40,545	40,765	73.8	75.7	72.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,795	4,705	5,090	12.0	11.6	12.5
$5,000 to $9,999	5,495	2,540	2,955	6.8	6.3	7.2
$10,000 to $19,999	8,065	3,835	4,230	9.9	9.4	10.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,785	2,815	2,970	7.1	7.0	7.3
$30,000 to $39,999	5,075	2,525	2,550	6.2	6.2	6.3
$40,000 to $49,999	4,990	2,395	2,600	6.1	5.9	6.4
$50,000 to $59,999	5,355	2,480	2,880	6.6	6.1	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,720	2,630	3,090	7.0	6.5	7.6
$70,000 to $79,999	5,095	2,465	2,630	6.3	6.1	6.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,655	2,335	2,320	5.7	5.7	5.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,945	1,895	2,055	4.9	4.7	5.0
$100,000 and over	17,330	9,925	7,400	21.3	24.5	18.2
$100,000 to $124,999	7,125	3,745	3,375	8.8	9.2	8.3
$125,000 and over	10,205	6,180	4,030	12.6	15.2	9.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,115	53,570	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,520	50,745	53,775	94.9	94.7	95.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,200	53,200	46,400	49,200	53,200	46,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,570	50,755	53,815	95.0	94.7	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,000	41,200	43,200	46,000	41,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,415	46,980	49,435	87.6	87.7	87.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,000	54,400	46,000	50,000	54,400	46,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,760	40,200	40,565	73.3	75.0	71.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	51,600	45,200	48,000	51,600	45,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,025	42,740	46,285	80.8	79.8	81.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	930	795	1,130	930	795	1,130
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,080	1,705	2,375	3.7	3.2	4.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,520	6,600	6,160	5,520	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	109,940	53,635	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,555	50,930	53,625	95.1	95.0	95.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,500	77,600	61,800	69,500	77,600	61,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,615	50,935	53,680	95.2	95.0	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,850	59,950	50,000	54,850	59,950	50,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,535	47,210	49,330	87.8	88.0	87.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,300	79,400	61,600	70,300	79,400	61,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,005	40,525	40,480	73.7	75.6	71.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	66,800	74,100	59,550	66,800	74,100	59,550
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,005	42,925	46,075	81.0	80.0	81.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	4,768	5,985	5,400	4,768	5,985
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,140	1,650	2,495	3.8	3.1	4.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,850	6,730	8,590	7,850	6,730	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	109,940	53,635	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,675	22,785	20,895	39.7	42.5	37.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,500	79,000	72,000	75,500	79,000	72,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,900	102,000	85,200	93,900	102,000	85,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,370	12,825	14,550	24.9	23.9	25.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	22,800	20,800	21,800	22,800	20,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,080	43,160	35,520	39,080	43,160	35,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.4	94.8	91.6	93.4	94.8	91.6
Employment income (%)	74.4	76.0	72.8	74.4	76.0	72.8
Government transfers (%)	6.6	5.2	8.3	6.6	5.2	8.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	65,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	29,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	64,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,100	...	...	98,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	29,620	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,700	...	...	66,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,350	...	...	54,350	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	174,800	...	...	174,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,800	...	...	134,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	65,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,220	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	665	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,260	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,575	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,830	...	...	4.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,145	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,170	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,035	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,895	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,090	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,115	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,330	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,130	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,805	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,470	...	...	42.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,580	...	...	10.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,985	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,345	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,560	...	...	14.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	65,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,325	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	675	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,285	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,640	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,060	...	...	4.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,465	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,485	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,425	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,395	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,625	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,430	...	...	8.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,110	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,695	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,985	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,350	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,065	...	...	33.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,515	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,635	...	...	7.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,915	...	...	16.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,670	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	196,000	...	...	196,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,000	...	...	160,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,950	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	40,620	19,500	21,115	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	44,400	47,600	46,400	44,400	47,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	40,000	42,800	41,200	40,000	42,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	185,400	...	...	185,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,400	...	...	141,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,620	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	174,600	...	...	174,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	243,800	...	...	243,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	183,600	...	...	183,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...	99,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,400	...	...	82,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	40,645	19,625	21,020	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,000	58,900	59,050	59,000	58,900	59,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,760	48,360	49,120	48,760	48,360	49,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	123,985	60,655	63,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,605	8,430	8,175	13.4	13.9	12.9
0 to 5 years	5,390	2,765	2,625	4.3	4.6	4.1
18 to 64 years	87,205	42,960	44,245	70.3	70.8	69.9
65 years and over	20,175	9,270	10,905	16.3	15.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,560	7,485	8,075	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,875	965	910	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	680	340	345	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,565	5,195	5,375	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,120	1,325	1,795	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.6	12.3	12.8	12.6	12.3	12.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.3	11.4	11.1	11.3	11.4	11.1
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.2	13.0	12.6	12.2	13.0
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1
65 years and over (%)	15.5	14.3	16.4	15.5	14.3	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	123,985	60,655	63,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,605	8,430	8,175	13.4	13.9	12.9
0 to 5 years	5,390	2,765	2,625	4.3	4.6	4.1
18 to 64 years	87,200	42,960	44,245	70.3	70.8	69.9
65 years and over	20,175	9,270	10,905	16.3	15.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,875	6,035	5,840	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,140	575	560	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	420	205	220	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,680	4,985	4,695	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,060	475	585	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.6	10.0	9.2	9.6	10.0	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	7.4	8.3	7.8	7.4	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	11.1	11.6	10.6	11.1	11.6	10.6
65 years and over (%)	5.2	5.1	5.3	5.2	5.1	5.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	123,985	60,655	63,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	48,670	23,395	25,280	39.3	38.6	39.9
In bottom decile	15,970	7,890	8,080	12.9	13.0	12.8
In second decile	9,445	4,460	4,985	7.6	7.4	7.9
In third decile	7,850	3,770	4,080	6.3	6.2	6.4
In fourth decile	7,515	3,570	3,945	6.1	5.9	6.2
In fifth decile	7,890	3,705	4,190	6.4	6.1	6.6
In top half of the distribution	75,315	37,265	38,045	60.7	61.4	60.1
In sixth decile	8,765	4,160	4,605	7.1	6.9	7.3
In seventh decile	9,770	4,695	5,075	7.9	7.7	8.0
In eighth decile	12,165	5,925	6,240	9.8	9.8	9.9
In ninth decile	17,000	8,485	8,510	13.7	14.0	13.4
In top decile	27,615	13,995	13,615	22.3	23.1	21.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	123,985	...	...	123,985	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.424	...	...	0.424	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.494	...	...	0.494	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.370	...	...	0.370	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	71,945	37,440	34,500	57.5	61.0	54.2
French only	910	360	545	0.7	0.6	0.9
English and French	50,435	22,925	27,515	40.3	37.4	43.2
Neither English nor French	1,755	630	1,125	1.4	1.0	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	108,345	53,790	54,550	86.6	87.7	85.6
French	12,695	5,880	6,820	10.2	9.6	10.7
English and French	2,295	1,075	1,225	1.8	1.8	1.9
Neither English nor French	1,710	610	1,095	1.4	1.0	1.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	118,290	58,190	60,105	94.6	94.8	94.4
Official languages	94,030	46,780	47,255	75.2	76.2	74.2
English	82,570	41,440	41,125	66.0	67.5	64.6
French	11,460	5,335	6,130	9.2	8.7	9.6
Non-official languages	24,260	11,410	12,850	19.4	18.6	20.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,180	11,375	12,805	19.3	18.5	20.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,875	2,035	1,840	3.1	3.3	2.9
Berber languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	485	220	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	455	200	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,340	1,790	1,550	2.7	2.9	2.4
Amharic	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	2,855	1,550	1,300	2.3	2.5	2.0
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	970	435	530	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	885	400	480	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	560	200	360	0.4	0.3	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	370	135	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	115	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	455	245	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,045	5,650	6,395	9.6	9.2	10.0
Albanian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,970	1,235	1,730	2.4	2.0	2.7
Baltic languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,900	1,215	1,690	2.3	2.0	2.7
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	685	270	415	0.5	0.4	0.7
Russian	840	330	515	0.7	0.5	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	690	315	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	160	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	265	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,265	595	670	1.0	1.0	1.1
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	780	360	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
German	730	340	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	275	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	300	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,965	1,555	1,415	2.4	2.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,730	920	805	1.4	1.5	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	410	215	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	185	105	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	375	195	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	295	155	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,240	635	605	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,160	580	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	925	455	465	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,365	2,035	2,330	3.5	3.3	3.7
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,470	700	770	1.2	1.1	1.2
Portuguese	580	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	295	120	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,995	925	1,065	1.6	1.5	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	50	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	485	190	290	0.4	0.3	0.5
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	575	265	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	85	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,095	1,845	2,255	3.3	3.0	3.5
Chinese languages	3,900	1,760	2,140	3.1	2.9	3.4
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,265	1,030	1,240	1.8	1.7	1.9
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,430	625	805	1.1	1.0	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	185	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Burmese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	315	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	265	150	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	265	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,755	3,165	3,585	5.4	5.2	5.6
English and French	2,690	1,255	1,435	2.2	2.0	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,865	1,385	1,480	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	510	230	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	145	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	355	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	86,970	43,475	43,495	69.6	70.9	68.3
French	3,940	1,830	2,110	3.2	3.0	3.3
Non-official language	5,735	2,615	3,120	4.6	4.3	4.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,725	2,610	3,115	4.6	4.3	4.9
English and French	9,770	4,540	5,230	7.8	7.4	8.2
English and non-official language(s)	14,585	7,105	7,480	11.7	11.6	11.7
French and non-official language(s)	565	245	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,945	1,320	1,625	2.4	2.2	2.6
Multiple non-official languages	540	235	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	119,515	58,730	60,785	95.6	95.7	95.4
Official languages	108,375	53,520	54,855	86.7	87.2	86.1
English	102,145	50,650	51,490	81.7	82.6	80.8
French	6,230	2,865	3,370	5.0	4.7	5.3
Non-official languages	11,140	5,205	5,930	8.9	8.5	9.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,120	5,195	5,920	8.9	8.5	9.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,010	990	1,020	1.6	1.6	1.6
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	235	90	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	220	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,760	895	865	1.4	1.5	1.4
Amharic	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,510	780	730	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	575	265	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	545	255	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	250	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	100	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,725	2,225	2,495	3.8	3.6	3.9
Albanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,045	450	590	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,030	445	585	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	345	135	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	305	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,545	795	755	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages	795	420	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	750	375	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	700	340	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	580	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,825	835	990	1.5	1.4	1.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	515	225	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	285	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	890	420	470	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	170	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,555	1,160	1,390	2.0	1.9	2.2
Chinese languages	2,410	1,105	1,300	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,520	715	800	1.2	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	805	340	465	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karenic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,535	2,630	2,905	4.4	4.3	4.6
English and French	1,970	915	1,060	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,910	1,420	1,485	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	250	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	125,045	61,355	63,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	101,070	50,025	51,045	80.8	81.5	80.1
English	5,805	2,760	3,040	4.6	4.5	4.8
French	6,610	3,100	3,505	5.3	5.1	5.5
Non-official language	7,950	3,800	4,150	6.4	6.2	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	7,880	3,780	4,100	6.3	6.2	6.4
English and French	345	150	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	750	370	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,460	635	830	1.2	1.0	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	490	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	123,830	60,670	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	122,095	60,020	62,075	98.6	98.9	98.3
English	121,265	59,665	61,595	97.9	98.3	97.5
French	50,870	22,980	27,885	41.1	37.9	44.1
Non-official languages	37,125	17,510	19,615	30.0	28.9	31.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,910	17,415	19,490	29.8	28.7	30.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,755	3,180	2,580	4.6	5.2	4.1
Berber languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	640	355	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	615	330	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,150	2,835	2,320	4.2	4.7	3.7
Amharic	405	240	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Arabic	4,225	2,340	1,885	3.4	3.9	3.0
Aramaic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	405	195	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	240	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,255	550	710	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,135	505	635	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,010	415	600	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	165	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	710	275	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
Waray-Waray	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	475	195	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Haitian Creole	345	125	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	570	325	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	265	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	210	135	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,580	10,020	11,560	17.4	16.5	18.3
Albanian	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	4,090	1,845	2,245	3.3	3.0	3.6
Baltic languages	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	80	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lithuanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,985	1,790	2,195	3.2	3.0	3.5
Belarusian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Czech	300	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Macedonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,010	420	585	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	1,500	690	805	1.2	1.1	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	935	435	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bosnian	235	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	400	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	650	310	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	415	185	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Irish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,365	1,645	1,715	2.7	2.7	2.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,565	1,255	1,310	2.1	2.1	2.1
German	2,510	1,215	1,295	2.0	2.0	2.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	495	235	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	390	205	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	190	125	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	540	300	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	4,510	2,385	2,130	3.6	3.9	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages	3,045	1,640	1,410	2.5	2.7	2.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	585	310	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	330	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hindi	1,680	890	785	1.4	1.5	1.2
Kacchi	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	575	320	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	550	340	215	0.4	0.6	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,520	790	730	1.2	1.3	1.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,410	715	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
Dari	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,150	550	595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,265	4,400	5,865	8.3	7.3	9.3
Catalan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,810	1,270	1,545	2.3	2.1	2.4
Portuguese	1,120	505	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
Romanian	325	115	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	7,050	2,995	4,055	5.7	4.9	6.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	525	275	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korean	670	275	395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,495	695	800	1.2	1.1	1.3
Akan (Twi)	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	240	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Shona	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	425	230	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	265	55	205	0.2	0.1	0.3
American Sign Language	235	40	190	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,860	2,230	2,630	3.9	3.7	4.2
Chinese languages	4,680	2,160	2,525	3.8	3.6	4.0
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,220	1,440	1,780	2.6	2.4	2.8
Min Dong	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,880	870	1,010	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Burmese	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	95	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karenic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	490	285	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
Azerbaijani	60	45	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	385	225	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Finnish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	123,835	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,055	1,475	1,580	2.5	2.4	2.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,850	1,395	1,450	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,495	670	820	1.2	1.1	1.3
Métis	1,115	605	510	0.9	1.0	0.8
Inuk (Inuit)	235	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	120,780	59,190	61,590	97.5	97.6	97.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	123,835	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	910	420	495	0.7	0.7	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	122,920	60,250	62,675	99.3	99.3	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	26,855	...	...	41.3	...	...
Renter	38,130	...	...	58.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,070	...	...	20.1	...	...
Not condominium	51,910	...	...	79.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,745	...	...	2.7	...	...
1 bedroom	23,205	...	...	35.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,845	...	...	29.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,620	...	...	19.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,575	...	...	13.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	35,430	...	...	54.5	...	...
5 rooms	7,670	...	...	11.8	...	...
6 rooms	6,150	...	...	9.5	...	...
7 rooms	5,125	...	...	7.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,610	...	...	16.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	64,135	...	...	98.7	...	...
More than one person per room	850	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	61,945	...	...	95.3	...	...
Not suitable	3,035	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	23,555	...	...	36.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,015	...	...	27.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,530	...	...	10.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,535	...	...	5.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,180	...	...	3.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,595	...	...	4.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,400	...	...	6.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,180	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	60,370	...	...	92.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,615	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	38,290	...	...	58.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,660	...	...	37.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,030	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,100	...	...	7.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	15,730	...	...	24.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,835	...	...	16.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,295	...	...	14.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,810	...	...	15.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,310	...	...	12.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,330	...	...	6.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,575	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	64,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	47,615	...	...	73.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,895	...	...	26.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,765	...	...	22.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	64,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,450	...	...	34.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,020	...	...	23.1	...	...
Not suitable only	2,140	...	...	3.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,240	...	...	5.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	680	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,150	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	42,535	...	...	65.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	62,380	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	8,470	...	...	13.6	...	...
Not in core need	53,910	...	...	86.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,855	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.7	...	...	53.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,914	...	...	1,914	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...	750,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	814,000	...	...	814,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,125	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.7	...	...	12.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.1	...	...	35.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.3	...	...	20.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,394	...	...	1,394	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	123,830	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	850	405	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	830	395	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	565	255	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,980	1,855	2,125	3.2	3.1	3.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,920	1,825	2,090	3.2	3.0	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,770	1,245	1,525	2.2	2.1	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,000	515	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	119,000	58,405	60,595	96.1	96.3	95.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	123,835	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	112,590	54,930	57,655	90.9	90.5	91.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,680	7,815	7,865	12.7	12.9	12.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	96,910	47,115	49,795	78.3	77.7	78.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,245	5,735	5,510	9.1	9.5	8.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	123,835	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	92,340	45,345	47,000	74.6	74.7	74.4
Immigrants⁸¹	26,360	12,665	13,690	21.3	20.9	21.7
Before 1980	6,065	3,010	3,055	4.9	5.0	4.8
1980 to 1990	3,265	1,520	1,750	2.6	2.5	2.8
1991 to 2000	5,020	2,255	2,765	4.1	3.7	4.4
2001 to 2010	5,465	2,475	2,990	4.4	4.1	4.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,545	3,415	3,125	5.3	5.6	4.9
2011 to 2015	2,260	1,140	1,120	1.8	1.9	1.8
2016 to 2021	4,285	2,275	2,010	3.5	3.8	3.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,130	2,655	2,475	4.1	4.4	3.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,360	12,670	13,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,815	1,430	1,390	10.7	11.3	10.2
5 to 14 years	4,895	2,505	2,390	18.6	19.8	17.5
15 to 24 years	4,765	2,220	2,545	18.1	17.5	18.6
25 to 44 years	11,390	5,530	5,860	43.2	43.6	42.8
45 years and over	2,500	990	1,515	9.5	7.8	11.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,360	12,670	13,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,200	1,945	2,260	15.9	15.4	16.5
Brazil	230	115	115	0.9	0.9	0.8
Colombia	240	105	135	0.9	0.8	1.0
El Salvador	115	50	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
Guyana	105	50	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	285	110	180	1.1	0.9	1.3
Jamaica	260	95	165	1.0	0.7	1.2
Mexico	260	135	130	1.0	1.1	0.9
Peru	95	30	65	0.4	0.2	0.5
Trinidad and Tobago	120	65	55	0.5	0.5	0.4
United States of America	1,585	780	800	6.0	6.2	5.8
Other places of birth in Americas	905	410	495	3.4	3.2	3.6
Europe	8,380	4,000	4,380	31.8	31.6	32.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	290	135	155	1.1	1.1	1.1
Croatia	140	50	85	0.5	0.4	0.6
France	460	195	265	1.7	1.5	1.9
Germany	465	220	240	1.8	1.7	1.8
Greece	150	70	80	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hungary	95	60	30	0.4	0.5	0.2
Italy	890	415	475	3.4	3.3	3.5
Netherlands	210	95	110	0.8	0.7	0.8
Poland	525	190	335	2.0	1.5	2.4
Portugal	160	70	95	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romania	315	115	200	1.2	0.9	1.5
Russian Federation	375	160	220	1.4	1.3	1.6
Serbia⁸⁶	205	90	110	0.8	0.7	0.8
Ukraine	260	100	165	1.0	0.8	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,455	1,380	1,075	9.3	10.9	7.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,380	640	740	5.2	5.1	5.4
Africa	3,275	1,720	1,550	12.4	13.6	11.3
Algeria	140	80	60	0.5	0.6	0.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	195	70	125	0.7	0.6	0.9
Egypt	270	160	110	1.0	1.3	0.8
Eritrea	140	80	60	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	355	215	140	1.3	1.7	1.0
Morocco	280	150	125	1.1	1.2	0.9
Nigeria	185	100	80	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	280	130	150	1.1	1.0	1.1
South Africa, Republic of	130	70	60	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	1,305	675	635	5.0	5.3	4.6
Asia	10,265	4,875	5,395	38.9	38.5	39.4
Afghanistan	160	80	75	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	760	365	395	2.9	2.9	2.9
Iraq	345	190	155	1.3	1.5	1.1
Lebanon	655	355	305	2.5	2.8	2.2
Syria⁸⁹	445	230	215	1.7	1.8	1.6
Turkey	160	105	55	0.6	0.8	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,765	695	1,075	6.7	5.5	7.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	350	150	200	1.3	1.2	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	420	175	240	1.6	1.4	1.8
Taiwan	125	60	70	0.5	0.5	0.5
Philippines	715	270	450	2.7	2.1	3.3
Viet Nam	835	370	465	3.2	2.9	3.4
Bangladesh	230	125	105	0.9	1.0	0.8
India	1,155	605	545	4.4	4.8	4.0
Pakistan	285	170	115	1.1	1.3	0.8
Sri Lanka	200	110	85	0.8	0.9	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,660	810	850	6.3	6.4	6.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	235	130	110	0.9	1.0	0.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,285	2,275	2,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	710	405	305	16.6	17.8	15.2
Brazil	110	65	40	2.6	2.9	2.0
Colombia	45	20	25	1.1	0.9	1.2
Haiti	60	15	45	1.4	0.7	2.2
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mexico	65	30	30	1.5	1.3	1.5
United States of America	270	165	100	6.3	7.3	5.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	135	80	50	3.2	3.5	2.5
Europe	605	330	270	14.1	14.5	13.4
France	95	50	45	2.2	2.2	2.2
Germany	45	30	15	1.1	1.3	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Italy	15	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	55	25	30	1.3	1.1	1.5
Ukraine	25	10	15	0.6	0.4	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	135	90	50	3.2	4.0	2.5
Other places of birth in Europe	215	115	100	5.0	5.1	5.0
Africa	880	460	415	20.5	20.2	20.6
Algeria	55	20	35	1.3	0.9	1.7
Burundi	30	10	20	0.7	0.4	1.0
Cameroon	25	20	10	0.6	0.9	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	15	25	0.9	0.7	1.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	20	20	0.9	0.9	1.0
Eritrea	60	30	25	1.4	1.3	1.2
Ethiopia	55	35	25	1.3	1.5	1.2
Morocco	155	85	65	3.6	3.7	3.2
Nigeria	100	65	35	2.3	2.9	1.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Tunisia	40	20	20	0.9	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	220	110	110	5.1	4.8	5.5
Asia	2,045	1,065	985	47.7	46.8	49.0
Afghanistan	75	40	30	1.8	1.8	1.5
Bangladesh	65	30	35	1.5	1.3	1.7
China⁹⁰	135	35	105	3.2	1.5	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	385	225	165	9.0	9.9	8.2
Iran⁸⁸	105	55	50	2.5	2.4	2.5
Iraq	100	60	35	2.3	2.6	1.7
Israel	15	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Jordan	35	20	15	0.8	0.9	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	70	35	35	1.6	1.5	1.7
Lebanon	85	50	40	2.0	2.2	2.0
Nepal	20	10	10	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pakistan	65	30	35	1.5	1.3	1.7
Philippines	170	65	110	4.0	2.9	5.5
Saudi Arabia	55	40	20	1.3	1.8	1.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	310	170	145	7.2	7.5	7.2
Turkey	70	40	30	1.6	1.8	1.5
United Arab Emirates	55	30	25	1.3	1.3	1.2
Viet Nam	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	165	90	70	3.9	4.0	3.5
Oceania and other⁹³	50	15	30	1.2	0.7	1.5
Australia	30	10	15	0.7	0.4	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	0	15	0.5	0.0	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	123,835	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	34,110	16,675	17,430	27.5	27.5	27.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,710	13,160	13,545	21.6	21.7	21.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	63,015	30,825	32,190	50.9	50.8	51.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	20,290	9,660	10,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	10,060	5,065	4,995	49.6	52.4	47.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,575	2,620	1,960	22.5	27.1	18.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,480	2,445	3,035	27.0	25.3	28.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,535	2,145	3,385	27.3	22.2	31.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,460	2,390	2,075	22.0	24.7	19.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	65	180	1.2	0.7	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	20,290	9,660	10,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,545	810	735	7.6	8.4	6.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,170	1,120	1,055	10.7	11.6	9.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	975	450	530	4.8	4.7	5.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,850	895	955	9.1	9.3	9.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	120	45	80	0.6	0.5	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,625	6,340	7,280	67.2	65.6	68.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	123,830	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	29,895	14,560	15,335	24.1	24.0	24.3
South Asian	5,060	2,685	2,370	4.1	4.4	3.8
Chinese	5,590	2,515	3,075	4.5	4.1	4.9
Black	6,745	3,375	3,375	5.4	5.6	5.3
Filipino	1,020	410	615	0.8	0.7	1.0
Arab	3,520	1,930	1,595	2.8	3.2	2.5
Latin American	1,810	895	920	1.5	1.5	1.5
Southeast Asian	2,060	970	1,095	1.7	1.6	1.7
West Asian	1,405	690	715	1.1	1.1	1.1
Korean	715	285	430	0.6	0.5	0.7
Japanese	430	190	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	365	125	245	0.3	0.2	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,160	490	665	0.9	0.8	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	93,935	46,105	47,830	75.9	76.0	75.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	123,830	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	10,950	5,615	5,335	8.8	9.3	8.4
English	24,700	12,265	12,430	19.9	20.2	19.7
Irish	28,700	13,615	15,085	23.2	22.4	23.9
Scottish	25,490	12,355	13,135	20.6	20.4	20.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,605	8,500	9,110	14.2	14.0	14.4
German	11,990	5,855	6,135	9.7	9.7	9.7
Chinese	5,945	2,685	3,260	4.8	4.4	5.2
Italian	7,055	3,370	3,685	5.7	5.6	5.8
Indian (India)	3,540	1,865	1,680	2.9	3.1	2.7
Ukrainian	3,955	1,875	2,080	3.2	3.1	3.3
Dutch	3,980	1,885	2,095	3.2	3.1	3.3
Polish	4,875	2,295	2,580	3.9	3.8	4.1
Québécois	1,070	550	515	0.9	0.9	0.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,580	3,190	3,385	5.3	5.3	5.4
Filipino	1,050	430	620	0.8	0.7	1.0
French Canadian	3,745	1,885	1,860	3.0	3.1	2.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,855	1,355	1,500	2.3	2.2	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,195	540	655	1.0	0.9	1.0
Métis	1,225	640	585	1.0	1.1	0.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,685	1,340	1,345	2.2	2.2	2.1
Russian	2,340	1,100	1,245	1.9	1.8	2.0
Norwegian	1,280	630	650	1.0	1.0	1.0
Welsh	2,695	1,340	1,355	2.2	2.2	2.1
Portuguese	1,055	505	555	0.9	0.8	0.9
American	2,050	1,025	1,025	1.7	1.7	1.6
Spanish	1,485	680	805	1.2	1.1	1.3
Swedish	1,265	630	635	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hungarian	1,240	615	620	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	1,120	560	565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pakistani	520	305	210	0.4	0.5	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,210	605	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jewish	2,545	1,245	1,300	2.1	2.1	2.1
Punjabi	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,435	675	760	1.2	1.1	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,195	650	550	1.0	1.1	0.9
Greek	1,265	680	585	1.0	1.1	0.9
Jamaican	695	320	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	490	205	290	0.4	0.3	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	250	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	740	300	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
Romanian	865	365	505	0.7	0.6	0.8
Lebanese	1,785	925	860	1.4	1.5	1.4
Iranian	1,075	500	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	600	290	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	940	445	495	0.8	0.7	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	470	200	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Sikh	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	810	435	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Belgian	695	365	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Haitian	535	230	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hindu	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	500	240	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	315	150	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Swiss	770	365	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	660	335	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sri Lankan	275	165	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatian	555	240	310	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	595	260	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	300	165	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	295	125	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	610	290	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	310	180	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Egyptian	575	295	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	420	205	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	315	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombian	295	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	260	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	630	290	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	620	315	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	185	100	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	620	295	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ojibway	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hong Konger	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	575	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	500	275	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	295	105	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkish	490	265	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	330	175	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algerian	185	105	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Brazilian	310	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	310	150	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Armenian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	400	170	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	590	255	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
Somali	640	350	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Taiwanese	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	360	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	380	240	140	0.3	0.4	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	185	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	400	160	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
South African	235	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	310	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chilean	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	390	165	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nova Scotian	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopian	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	175	105	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Berber	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	155	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	125	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	430	220	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
New Brunswicker	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	270	160	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
African Canadian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	230	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	305	150	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	290	110	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuban	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	90	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	300	150	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	530	265	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Argentinian	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	195	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	125	95	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	85	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ivorian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	90	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mayan	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Honduran	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central African	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Libyan	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igorot	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	123,830	60,665	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,535	665	870	1.2	1.1	1.4
Christian	53,365	24,305	29,065	43.1	40.1	46.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,185	2,795	3,390	5.0	4.6	5.4
Anabaptist	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Anglican	5,190	2,330	2,860	4.2	3.8	4.5
Baptist	580	290	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catholic	29,065	13,380	15,685	23.5	22.1	24.8
Christian Orthodox	2,635	1,250	1,385	2.1	2.1	2.2
Jehovah's Witness	200	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latter Day Saints	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	765	355	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	630	240	390	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	1,250	545	705	1.0	0.9	1.1
Reformed	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Church	4,230	1,810	2,420	3.4	3.0	3.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,185	1,040	1,145	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hindu	1,710	860	855	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jewish	2,305	1,155	1,150	1.9	1.9	1.8
Muslim	6,045	3,275	2,770	4.9	5.4	4.4
Sikh	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,385	535	850	1.1	0.9	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	57,065	29,670	27,390	46.1	48.9	43.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	122,960	60,245	62,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,855	48,575	50,275	80.4	80.6	80.2
Movers	24,110	11,665	12,440	19.6	19.4	19.8
Non-migrants	17,175	8,285	8,885	14.0	13.8	14.2
Migrants	6,935	3,385	3,555	5.6	5.6	5.7
Internal migrants	5,085	2,420	2,665	4.1	4.0	4.2
Intraprovincial migrants	3,100	1,475	1,620	2.5	2.4	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,985	945	1,045	1.6	1.6	1.7
External migrants	1,855	960	890	1.5	1.6	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	119,330	58,370	60,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,930	29,160	30,775	50.2	50.0	50.5
Movers	59,400	29,210	30,190	49.8	50.0	49.5
Non-migrants	32,240	16,065	16,170	27.0	27.5	26.5
Migrants	27,155	13,145	14,010	22.8	22.5	23.0
Internal migrants	19,290	9,190	10,100	16.2	15.7	16.6
Intraprovincial migrants	11,775	5,620	6,160	9.9	9.6	10.1
Interprovincial migrants	7,510	3,570	3,935	6.3	6.1	6.5
External migrants	7,865	3,955	3,920	6.6	6.8	6.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	109,940	53,635	56,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,525	4,765	4,760	8.7	8.9	8.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	100,415	48,870	51,545	91.3	91.1	91.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,345	36,430	36,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,340	1,890	1,450	4.6	5.2	3.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	70,010	34,540	35,470	95.5	94.8	96.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	109,940	53,630	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,650	4,275	4,370	7.9	8.0	7.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,800	10,280	9,520	18.0	19.2	16.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	81,490	39,075	42,415	74.1	72.9	75.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,220	9,000	9,220	16.6	16.8	16.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,405	1,495	915	2.2	2.8	1.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,380	755	625	1.3	1.4	1.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,030	735	295	0.9	1.4	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,195	6,755	7,440	12.9	12.6	13.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,615	750	865	1.5	1.4	1.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	63,270	30,075	33,195	57.5	56.1	59.0
Bachelor's degree	34,310	16,245	18,065	31.2	30.3	32.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,965	1,280	1,685	2.7	2.4	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,750	875	870	1.6	1.6	1.5
Master's degree	19,970	9,185	10,780	18.2	17.1	19.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,275	2,485	1,785	3.9	4.6	3.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,345	36,425	36,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,800	1,610	1,195	3.8	4.4	3.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,105	5,275	3,830	12.4	14.5	10.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,440	29,540	31,905	83.8	81.1	86.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,795	6,705	6,085	17.4	18.4	16.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,600	1,030	570	2.2	2.8	1.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	890	515	380	1.2	1.4	1.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	710	515	195	1.0	1.4	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,225	5,150	5,065	13.9	14.1	13.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	965	520	450	1.3	1.4	1.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	48,650	22,835	25,815	66.3	62.7	69.9
Bachelor's degree	25,195	12,010	13,185	34.4	33.0	35.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,230	910	1,325	3.0	2.5	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,390	615	775	1.9	1.7	2.1
Master's degree	16,605	7,525	9,080	22.6	20.7	24.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,225	1,775	1,450	4.4	4.9	3.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	109,940	53,630	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,455	14,560	13,890	25.9	27.1	24.7
Education	3,360	805	2,555	3.1	1.5	4.5
13. Education	3,360	805	2,555	3.1	1.5	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,495	1,525	1,970	3.2	2.8	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	340	230	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,155	1,290	1,865	2.9	2.4	3.3
Humanities	7,300	3,060	4,245	6.6	5.7	7.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,195	310	890	1.1	0.6	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	2,070	725	1,340	1.9	1.4	2.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	935	375	560	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	805	540	265	0.7	1.0	0.5
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,460	805	655	1.3	1.5	1.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	375	80	300	0.3	0.1	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	20,670	8,535	12,135	18.8	15.9	21.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	475	135	340	0.4	0.3	0.6
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,650	950	1,700	2.4	1.8	3.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,005	135	870	0.9	0.3	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	3,275	1,460	1,810	3.0	2.7	3.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	845	395	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
42. Psychology	2,560	705	1,865	2.3	1.3	3.3
45. Social sciences	9,850	4,760	5,095	9.0	8.9	9.0
Business, management and public administration	14,485	6,945	7,540	13.2	12.9	13.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,690	955	1,735	2.4	1.8	3.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,795	5,990	5,805	10.7	11.2	10.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,095	2,590	2,505	4.6	4.8	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,675	1,145	1,535	2.4	2.1	2.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	635	305	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	20	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,610	1,100	510	1.5	2.1	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,980	3,335	1,640	4.5	6.2	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,430	2,615	815	3.1	4.9	1.4
25. Library science	560	150	415	0.5	0.3	0.7
27. Mathematics and statistics	810	460	355	0.7	0.9	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	175	120	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,275	8,075	2,200	9.3	15.1	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,225	665	560	1.1	1.2	1.0
14. Engineering	6,030	4,680	1,350	5.5	8.7	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,595	1,390	205	1.5	2.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	680	660	15	0.6	1.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	460	440	25	0.4	0.8	0.0
48. Precision production	255	245	20	0.2	0.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,275	545	735	1.2	1.0	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	420	195	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	855	350	505	0.8	0.7	0.9
Health and related fields	8,420	2,420	6,000	7.7	4.5	10.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	880	440	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,860	1,645	5,220	6.2	3.1	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	340	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,115	1,230	885	1.9	2.3	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,270	580	695	1.2	1.1	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	115	100	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	480	305	170	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	215	215	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,350	36,425	36,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,910	6,890	5,020	16.2	18.9	13.6
Education	2,260	570	1,690	3.1	1.6	4.6
13. Education	2,260	570	1,690	3.1	1.6	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,710	1,230	1,475	3.7	3.4	4.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	195	80	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,430	1,040	1,390	3.3	2.9	3.8
Humanities	5,140	2,125	3,015	7.0	5.8	8.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	850	220	630	1.2	0.6	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,450	510	940	2.0	1.4	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	665	285	385	0.9	0.8	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	155	60	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
38. Philosophy and religious studies	605	415	190	0.8	1.1	0.5
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,020	525	490	1.4	1.4	1.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	255	40	215	0.3	0.1	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	16,100	6,640	9,455	21.9	18.2	25.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405	105	305	0.6	0.3	0.8
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,205	795	1,405	3.0	2.2	3.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	690	105	585	0.9	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	2,630	1,075	1,550	3.6	3.0	4.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	635	315	325	0.9	0.9	0.9
42. Psychology	1,855	520	1,340	2.5	1.4	3.6
45. Social sciences	7,670	3,725	3,945	10.5	10.2	10.7
Business, management and public administration	11,130	5,415	5,725	15.2	14.9	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,175	815	1,360	3.0	2.2	3.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,955	4,600	4,360	12.2	12.6	11.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,895	1,930	1,965	5.3	5.3	5.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,130	880	1,245	2.9	2.4	3.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	435	215	220	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	20	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,195	805	390	1.6	2.2	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,905	2,680	1,225	5.3	7.4	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,855	2,195	665	3.9	6.0	1.8
25. Library science	355	95	260	0.5	0.3	0.7
27. Mathematics and statistics	590	320	270	0.8	0.9	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	70	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,540	5,810	1,730	10.3	16.0	4.7
04. Architecture and related services	870	445	425	1.2	1.2	1.2
14. Engineering	4,625	3,535	1,090	6.3	9.7	3.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,095	940	145	1.5	2.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
46. Construction trades	455	445	10	0.6	1.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	315	300	15	0.4	0.8	0.0
48. Precision production	155	140	15	0.2	0.4	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,000	390	605	1.4	1.1	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	270	100	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	730	295	430	1.0	0.8	1.2
Health and related fields	6,080	1,745	4,335	8.3	4.8	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	640	310	330	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,940	1,210	3,730	6.7	3.3	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	490	225	265	0.7	0.6	0.7
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,670	995	675	2.3	2.7	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	985	475	515	1.3	1.3	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	85	70	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	405	255	150	0.6	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	170	170	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	73,350	36,425	36,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,910	6,890	5,020	16.2	18.9	13.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	61,440	29,540	31,900	83.8	81.1	86.4
Location of study inside Canada	51,835	24,830	27,005	70.7	68.2	73.1
Same as province or territory of residence	40,850	19,590	21,260	55.7	53.8	57.6
Different than province or territory of residence	10,990	5,245	5,745	15.0	14.4	15.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,605	4,710	4,895	13.1	12.9	13.3
Americas	2,695	1,420	1,265	3.7	3.9	3.4
United States of America	1,985	1,080	905	2.7	3.0	2.5
Mexico	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	200	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	185	85	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Europe	3,465	1,780	1,685	4.7	4.9	4.6
Belgium	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	460	220	240	0.6	0.6	0.7
Germany	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Switzerland	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,550	835	715	2.1	2.3	1.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	450	245	205	0.6	0.7	0.6
Africa	745	365	375	1.0	1.0	1.0
Nigeria	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algeria	90	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Morocco	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	335	180	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
Asia	2,385	985	1,400	3.3	2.7	3.8
Iran⁸⁸	255	95	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	355	130	220	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	65	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	140	50	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	275	80	190	0.4	0.2	0.5
Viet Nam	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	480	235	245	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pakistan	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	260	110	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	320	145	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
Australia	225	110	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	109,940	53,635	56,310	...	...	...
In the labour force	76,530	38,735	37,800	...	...	...
Employed	68,870	34,980	33,885	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,660	3,750	3,910	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,410	14,905	18,510	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.6	72.2	67.1	69.6	72.2	67.1
Employment rate	62.6	65.2	60.2	62.6	65.2	60.2
Unemployment rate	10.0	9.7	10.3	10.0	9.7	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	109,940	53,635	56,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,210	14,895	18,310	30.2	27.8	32.5
Worked	76,730	38,735	38,000	69.8	72.2	67.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	45,220	23,720	21,505	41.1	44.2	38.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,515	15,015	16,495	28.7	28.0	29.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.3	42.8	41.9	42.3	42.8	41.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	76,530	38,730	37,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	905	815	2.2	2.3	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	74,810	37,825	36,985	97.8	97.7	97.8
Employee	65,560	32,490	33,075	85.7	83.9	87.5
Permanent position	52,065	26,240	25,820	68.0	67.8	68.3
Temporary position	13,500	6,245	7,250	17.6	16.1	19.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,805	2,730	3,075	7.6	7.0	8.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,695	3,520	4,175	10.1	9.1	11.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,245	5,340	3,910	12.1	13.8	10.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	76,530	38,730	37,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	905	815	2.2	2.3	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	74,810	37,825	36,985	97.8	97.7	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,715	1,075	645	2.2	2.8	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	15,295	6,050	9,250	20.0	15.6	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,045	7,825	3,220	14.4	20.2	8.5
3 Health occupations	5,290	1,655	3,635	6.9	4.3	9.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	18,325	7,595	10,730	23.9	19.6	28.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,240	1,930	2,315	5.5	5.0	6.1
6 Sales and service occupations	13,225	6,825	6,405	17.3	17.6	16.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,660	4,125	535	6.1	10.7	1.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	450	345	100	0.6	0.9	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	560	400	160	0.7	1.0	0.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	76,530	38,730	37,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	905	815	2.2	2.3	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	74,810	37,825	36,985	97.8	97.7	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	145	105	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
23 Construction	2,485	2,055	425	3.2	5.3	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	1,625	1,170	450	2.1	3.0	1.2
41 Wholesale trade	885	645	240	1.2	1.7	0.6
44-45 Retail trade	5,520	2,710	2,815	7.2	7.0	7.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,630	1,325	305	2.1	3.4	0.8
51 Information and cultural industries	2,405	1,415	985	3.1	3.7	2.6
52 Finance and insurance	2,445	1,440	1,005	3.2	3.7	2.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,465	870	595	1.9	2.2	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,190	6,050	4,140	13.3	15.6	11.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,430	1,505	930	3.2	3.9	2.5
61 Educational services	6,435	2,470	3,965	8.4	6.4	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	8,175	2,365	5,810	10.7	6.1	15.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,720	860	850	2.2	2.2	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	4,195	2,185	2,010	5.5	5.6	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,115	1,225	1,890	4.1	3.2	5.0
91 Public administration	19,590	9,225	10,360	25.6	23.8	27.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	81,020	40,840	40,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,190	31,555	28,635	74.3	77.3	71.3
French	970	390	580	1.2	1.0	1.4
Non-official language	280	125	155	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	280	125	155	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and French	17,745	7,910	9,830	21.9	19.4	24.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,345	635	710	1.7	1.6	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	460	205	255	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	81,020	40,840	40,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	78,680	39,825	38,855	97.1	97.5	96.7
Official languages	78,150	39,600	38,550	96.5	97.0	95.9
English	75,755	38,635	37,120	93.5	94.6	92.4
French	2,400	970	1,425	3.0	2.4	3.5
Non-official languages	530	225	305	0.7	0.6	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	530	225	305	0.7	0.6	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	55	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	55	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	50	40	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	225	80	145	0.3	0.2	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	55	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	145	55	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,335	1,010	1,325	2.9	2.5	3.3
English and French	2,025	885	1,140	2.5	2.2	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	255	100	155	0.3	0.2	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	81,020	40,840	40,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	63,685	33,035	30,650	78.6	80.9	76.3
English	1,615	640	975	2.0	1.6	2.4
French	14,370	6,500	7,865	17.7	15.9	19.6
Non-official language	925	480	445	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous	885	460	425	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	305	125	180	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	68,870	34,985	33,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	37,390	18,080	19,310	54.3	51.7	57.0
Worked outside Canada	275	185	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
No fixed workplace address	3,720	2,715	1,010	5.4	7.8	3.0
Usual place of work	27,485	14,015	13,475	39.9	40.1	39.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,485	14,010	13,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,785	13,010	12,770	93.8	92.9	94.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	630	405	225	2.3	2.9	1.7
Commute to a different province or territory	1,075	595	480	3.9	4.2	3.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,205	16,720	14,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,090	9,745	7,345	54.8	58.3	50.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,165	9,005	6,160	48.6	53.9	42.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,925	745	1,180	6.2	4.5	8.1
Public transit	4,815	2,280	2,535	15.4	13.6	17.5
Walked	6,580	3,125	3,455	21.1	18.7	23.9
Bicycle	1,530	1,010	520	4.9	6.0	3.6
Other method	1,195	555	635	3.8	3.3	4.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,205	16,720	14,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,385	5,460	4,925	33.3	32.7	34.0
15 to 29 minutes	13,650	7,355	6,295	43.7	44.0	43.5
30 to 44 minutes	4,685	2,555	2,130	15.0	15.3	14.7
45 to 59 minutes	1,220	615	605	3.9	3.7	4.2
60 minutes and over	1,270	730	530	4.1	4.4	3.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,205	16,720	14,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,145	845	305	3.7	5.1	2.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,200	2,485	1,715	13.5	14.9	11.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,670	3,980	3,690	24.6	23.8	25.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,850	4,365	4,485	28.4	26.1	31.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,080	2,690	2,395	16.3	16.1	16.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,255	2,355	1,900	13.6	14.1	13.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,935	8,600	8,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,345	2,640	2,705	31.6	30.7	32.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,595	5,960	5,635	68.5	69.3	67.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,115	6,150	5,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,800	1,845	1,950	31.4	30.0	32.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,580	1,210	1,370	21.3	19.7	23.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,215	635	580	10.0	10.3	9.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,315	4,300	4,010	68.6	69.9	67.2

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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