Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	WillowdaleMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,220	55,935	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,355	6,900	6,455	11.3	12.3	10.4
0 to 4 years	4,575	2,325	2,255	3.9	4.2	3.6
5 to 9 years	4,460	2,355	2,115	3.8	4.2	3.4
10 to 14 years	4,315	2,220	2,090	3.6	4.0	3.4
15 to 64 years	83,605	39,930	43,670	70.7	71.4	70.1
15 to 19 years	5,025	2,580	2,450	4.3	4.6	3.9
20 to 24 years	8,115	4,110	4,005	6.9	7.3	6.4
25 to 29 years	11,525	5,495	6,030	9.7	9.8	9.7
30 to 34 years	12,090	6,050	6,040	10.2	10.8	9.7
35 to 39 years	9,495	4,775	4,725	8.0	8.5	7.6
40 to 44 years	7,830	3,595	4,235	6.6	6.4	6.8
45 to 49 years	7,350	3,285	4,065	6.2	5.9	6.5
50 to 54 years	7,625	3,435	4,195	6.4	6.1	6.7
55 to 59 years	7,655	3,505	4,145	6.5	6.3	6.7
60 to 64 years	6,885	3,095	3,790	5.8	5.5	6.1
65 years and over	21,260	9,105	12,155	18.0	16.3	19.5
65 to 69 years	6,020	2,690	3,325	5.1	4.8	5.3
70 to 74 years	5,190	2,335	2,860	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	3,545	1,545	2,000	3.0	2.8	3.2
80 to 84 years	2,960	1,210	1,745	2.5	2.2	2.8
85 years and over	3,545	1,320	2,225	3.0	2.4	3.6
85 to 89 years	2,055	785	1,265	1.7	1.4	2.0
90 to 94 years	1,180	445	735	1.0	0.8	1.2
95 to 99 years	270	80	195	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.3	12.3	10.4	11.3	12.3	10.4
15 to 64 years	70.7	71.4	70.1	70.7	71.4	70.1
65 years and over	18.0	16.3	19.5	18.0	16.3	19.5
85 years and over	3.0	2.4	3.6	3.0	2.4	3.6
Average age of the population	42.4	40.9	43.6	42.4	40.9	43.6
Median age of the population	39.6	37.6	41.6	39.6	37.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	50,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,420	...	...	24.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	875	...	...	1.7	...	...
Row house	1,745	...	...	3.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,515	...	...	3.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,270	...	...	6.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	30,715	...	...	60.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	50,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,010	...	...	31.7	...	...
2 persons	16,870	...	...	33.4	...	...
3 persons	8,645	...	...	17.1	...	...
4 persons	5,925	...	...	11.7	...	...
5 or more persons	3,110	...	...	6.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,945	55,560	61,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	104,865	49,040	55,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,945	27,705	28,240	53.3	56.5	50.6
Married	49,785	24,575	25,210	47.5	50.1	45.2
Living common-law	6,155	3,125	3,030	5.9	6.4	5.4
Living common law - Never married	5,015	2,525	2,495	4.8	5.1	4.5
Living common law - Separated	170	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	880	450	435	0.8	0.9	0.8
Living common law - Widowed	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	48,920	21,335	27,585	46.7	43.5	49.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,040	17,450	17,590	33.4	35.6	31.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,375	885	1,485	2.3	1.8	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,300	2,135	4,170	6.0	4.4	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,205	865	4,335	5.0	1.8	7.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,815	...	...	52.4	...	...
3 persons	8,300	...	...	25.9	...	...
4 persons	5,535	...	...	17.3	...	...
5 or more persons	1,425	...	...	4.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,450	...	...	82.5	...	...
Married couples	23,375	...	...	72.9	...	...
With children⁶	12,965	...	...	40.4	...	...
Without children	10,410	...	...	32.5	...	...
Common-law couples	3,075	...	...	9.6	...	...
With children⁶	530	...	...	1.7	...	...
Without children	2,545	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,625	...	...	17.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,780	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	840	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,945	55,560	61,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	88,115	42,775	45,340	75.3	77.0	73.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,895	26,500	26,400	45.2	47.7	43.0
Parents in one-parent families	5,625	845	4,780	4.8	1.5	7.8
Children⁶	29,595	15,435	14,160	25.3	27.8	23.1
In a two-parent family	21,730	11,355	10,380	18.6	20.4	16.9
In a one-parent family	7,860	4,080	3,780	6.7	7.3	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,830	12,785	16,045	24.7	23.0	26.1
Living alone	16,010	6,710	9,295	13.7	12.1	15.1
Living with other relatives⁷	4,190	1,620	2,575	3.6	2.9	4.2
Living with non-relatives only	8,635	4,450	4,175	7.4	8.0	6.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	50,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,040	...	...	53.5	...	...
Couple-family households	22,675	...	...	44.8	...	...
With children⁶	11,680	...	...	23.1	...	...
Without children	11,000	...	...	21.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,365	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,340	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	490	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,900	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,785	...	...	7.5	...	...
One-person households	16,010	...	...	31.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	103,605	48,670	54,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,655	45,760	51,900	94.3	94.0	94.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,000	34,800	37,200	40,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,695	45,775	51,920	94.3	94.1	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	32,400	34,000	36,800	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,020	40,960	45,055	83.0	84.2	82.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,400	33,600	39,200	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,165	33,620	34,545	65.8	69.1	62.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,800	33,200	37,600	42,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,995	41,295	47,705	85.9	84.8	86.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,200	4,600	7,650	6,200	4,600	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,915	2,745	4,170	6.7	5.6	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640	5,520	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,685	14,675	16,005	29.6	30.2	29.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,625	45,660	51,970	94.1	93.8	94.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,050	62,250	48,680	55,050	62,250	48,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,685	45,680	52,005	94.2	93.9	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	49,360	41,040	44,920	49,360	41,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,805	40,510	45,300	82.7	83.2	82.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,100	61,750	45,360	53,100	61,750	45,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,285	33,330	34,960	65.9	68.5	63.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150	62,400	46,240	54,150	62,400	46,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,855	41,095	47,755	85.7	84.4	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200	8,330	9,940	9,200	8,330	9,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,625	2,620	4,000	6.4	5.4	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,590	7,090	6,500	5,590	7,090
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,615	14,680	15,935	29.5	30.2	29.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,330	10,270	10,390	10,330	10,270	10,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,280	16,835	15,445	31.1	34.6	28.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	77,000	66,000	71,500	77,000	66,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,600	96,200	76,200	86,600	96,200	76,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,690	11,625	14,060	24.8	23.9	25.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,400	16,600	14,600	15,400	16,600	14,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,840	31,680	24,660	27,840	31,680	24,660
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	88.0	81.2	84.8	88.0	81.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	73.2	63.9	68.8	73.2	63.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.2	12.0	18.8	15.2	12.0	18.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	5.7	7.3	6.5	5.7	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.9	5.3	6.5	5.9	5.3	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	103,605	48,670	54,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,950	2,910	3,040	5.7	6.0	5.5
With total income	97,655	45,760	51,900	94.3	94.0	94.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,695	5,645	7,040	13.0	12.3	13.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,530	5,580	6,950	12.8	12.2	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,720	6,870	8,855	16.1	15.0	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	10,830	4,710	6,120	11.1	10.3	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	8,535	3,670	4,870	8.7	8.0	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,830	3,030	3,795	7.0	6.6	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	5,570	2,590	2,980	5.7	5.7	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	4,445	2,095	2,350	4.6	4.6	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,100	2,145	1,950	4.2	4.7	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,275	1,625	1,645	3.4	3.6	3.2
$100,000 and over	13,125	7,800	5,325	13.4	17.0	10.3
$100,000 to $149,999	8,295	4,655	3,640	8.5	10.2	7.0
$150,000 and over	4,830	3,150	1,685	4.9	6.9	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	103,605	48,670	54,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,910	2,895	3,015	5.7	5.9	5.5
With after-tax income	97,695	45,775	51,920	94.3	94.1	94.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,085	5,825	7,260	13.4	12.7	14.0
$10,000 to $19,999	13,110	5,885	7,225	13.4	12.9	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	17,140	7,460	9,685	17.5	16.3	18.6
$30,000 to $39,999	12,430	5,430	6,995	12.7	11.9	13.5
$40,000 to $49,999	9,745	4,275	5,470	10.0	9.3	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,625	3,560	4,065	7.8	7.8	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,100	2,910	3,185	6.2	6.4	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,760	2,450	2,310	4.9	5.4	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,920	2,020	1,900	4.0	4.4	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,580	1,435	1,145	2.6	3.1	2.2
$100,000 and over	7,200	4,520	2,685	7.4	9.9	5.2
$100,000 to $124,999	3,455	2,045	1,410	3.5	4.5	2.7
$125,000 and over	3,750	2,475	1,270	3.8	5.4	2.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	103,605	48,670	54,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	35,440	15,050	20,390	34.2	30.9	37.1
With employment income	68,165	33,620	34,545	65.8	69.1	62.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,210	4,635	5,570	15.0	13.8	16.1
$5,000 to $9,999	7,000	3,140	3,860	10.3	9.3	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	7,635	3,470	4,160	11.2	10.3	12.1
$20,000 to $29,999	5,175	2,415	2,765	7.6	7.2	8.0
$30,000 to $39,999	5,225	2,450	2,770	7.7	7.3	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	4,910	2,270	2,640	7.2	6.8	7.6
$50,000 to $59,999	4,580	2,130	2,450	6.7	6.3	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	3,875	1,935	1,950	5.7	5.7	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,430	1,655	1,780	5.0	4.9	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,255	1,805	1,450	4.8	5.4	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,655	1,355	1,300	3.9	4.0	3.8
$100,000 and over	10,210	6,360	3,850	15.0	18.9	11.1
$100,000 to $124,999	4,500	2,570	1,930	6.6	7.6	5.6
$125,000 and over	5,715	3,790	1,920	8.4	11.3	5.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	103,605	48,670	54,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,700	44,255	50,450	91.4	90.9	91.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	30,600	33,200	36,800	30,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,720	44,265	50,455	91.4	90.9	91.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	34,000	29,000	31,000	34,000	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,565	39,685	43,880	80.7	81.5	79.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,600	31,400	35,200	39,600	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,705	32,780	33,925	64.4	67.4	61.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,400	37,600	42,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,470	38,715	44,760	80.6	79.5	81.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,000	820	1,390	1,000	820	1,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,330	1,200	2,135	3.2	2.5	3.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,640	6,280	6,040	5,640	6,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,770	44,175	50,590	91.4	90.8	91.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	58,900	44,760	51,350	58,900	44,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,780	44,180	50,595	91.4	90.8	91.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,760	46,520	37,600	41,760	46,520	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,295	39,295	43,995	80.3	80.7	80.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,300	62,050	45,480	53,300	62,050	45,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,720	32,525	34,195	64.3	66.8	62.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,450	61,000	46,240	53,450	61,000	46,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,535	38,735	44,805	80.6	79.6	81.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,112	4,224	5,875	5,112	4,224	5,875
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,300	1,160	2,140	3.2	2.4	3.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	6,480	8,240	7,620	6,480	8,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,675	16,490	15,180	30.5	33.9	27.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	69,500	59,600	64,000	69,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,300	88,300	69,600	79,300	88,300	69,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,205	10,510	12,700	22.4	21.6	23.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	24,200	21,200	22,200	24,200	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,720	38,160	30,080	33,720	38,160	30,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	93.8	88.4	91.2	93.8	88.4
Employment income (%)	73.2	76.2	69.8	73.2	76.2	69.8
Government transfers (%)	8.8	6.3	11.6	8.8	6.3	11.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.8	0.5	0.3	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	50,560	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,010	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...	47,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	50,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...	86,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,050	...	...	63,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,000	...	...	51,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...	126,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,300	...	...	103,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	50,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,085	...	...	4.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	765	...	...	1.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	780	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,110	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,345	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,660	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,705	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,785	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,595	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,595	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,280	...	...	6.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,175	...	...	6.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,045	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,045	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,710	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,885	...	...	39.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,640	...	...	11.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,900	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,675	...	...	9.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,670	...	...	11.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	50,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,195	...	...	4.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	775	...	...	1.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	805	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,180	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,490	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,755	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,910	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,060	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,865	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,990	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,970	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,865	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,620	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,470	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,910	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,705	...	...	31.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,295	...	...	10.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,555	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,860	...	...	13.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,585	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,185	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,640	11,165	13,475	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	38,000	38,800	38,400	38,000	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	35,600	35,600	34,800	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,800	...	...	126,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,200	...	...	103,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	115,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,700	...	...	93,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,600	...	...	155,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,700	...	...	124,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,150	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,600	...	...	82,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,800	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,770	11,255	13,510	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,050	55,450	51,040	53,050	55,450	51,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,680	44,680	42,880	43,680	44,680	42,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,945	55,560	61,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,075	8,265	7,810	13.7	14.9	12.7
0 to 5 years	5,435	2,780	2,655	4.6	5.0	4.3
18 to 64 years	80,690	38,490	42,200	69.0	69.3	68.7
65 years and over	20,180	8,805	11,375	17.3	15.8	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,875	9,710	11,165	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,795	1,480	1,310	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	870	465	405	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,570	6,395	7,175	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,515	1,835	2,680	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.9	17.5	18.2	17.9	17.5	18.2
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.9	16.8	17.4	17.9	16.8
0 to 5 years (%)	16.0	16.6	15.4	16.0	16.6	15.4
18 to 64 years (%)	16.8	16.6	17.0	16.8	16.6	17.0
65 years and over (%)	22.4	20.8	23.6	22.4	20.8	23.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,945	55,560	61,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,075	8,265	7,810	13.7	14.9	12.7
0 to 5 years	5,435	2,780	2,660	4.6	5.0	4.3
18 to 64 years	80,690	38,490	42,200	69.0	69.3	68.7
65 years and over	20,180	8,805	11,375	17.3	15.8	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,330	7,495	7,830	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,910	1,000	915	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	560	275	285	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,630	5,715	5,915	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,780	785	1,000	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.1	13.5	12.8	13.1	13.5	12.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	12.0	11.7	11.9	12.0	11.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.3	9.9	10.8	10.3	9.9	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	14.4	14.9	14.0	14.4	14.9	14.0
65 years and over (%)	8.8	8.9	8.8	8.8	8.9	8.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,945	55,560	61,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	61,660	28,785	32,875	52.7	51.8	53.6
In bottom decile	20,325	9,645	10,680	17.4	17.4	17.4
In second decile	11,665	5,345	6,320	10.0	9.6	10.3
In third decile	10,345	4,805	5,535	8.8	8.6	9.0
In fourth decile	9,795	4,550	5,250	8.4	8.2	8.6
In fifth decile	9,525	4,435	5,090	8.1	8.0	8.3
In top half of the distribution	55,290	26,775	28,515	47.3	48.2	46.5
In sixth decile	9,020	4,320	4,700	7.7	7.8	7.7
In seventh decile	9,340	4,395	4,950	8.0	7.9	8.1
In eighth decile	9,980	4,745	5,235	8.5	8.5	8.5
In ninth decile	11,105	5,430	5,675	9.5	9.8	9.2
In top decile	15,845	7,890	7,955	13.5	14.2	13.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,945	...	...	116,945	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.417	...	...	0.417	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.520	...	...	0.520	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.366	...	...	0.366	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	102,900	49,700	53,200	87.7	89.2	86.3
French only	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	7,585	3,325	4,260	6.5	6.0	6.9
Neither English nor French	6,800	2,660	4,145	5.8	4.8	6.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	108,240	52,020	56,220	92.2	93.3	91.2
French	1,035	480	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	1,420	615	805	1.2	1.1	1.3
Neither English nor French	6,685	2,615	4,075	5.7	4.7	6.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,255	51,850	57,405	93.1	93.0	93.1
Official languages	35,335	18,165	17,165	30.1	32.6	27.8
English	34,490	17,770	16,720	29.4	31.9	27.1
French	840	395	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	73,925	33,685	40,240	63.0	60.4	65.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	73,920	33,680	40,235	63.0	60.4	65.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,090	1,040	1,050	1.8	1.9	1.7
Berber languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,025	1,010	1,020	1.7	1.8	1.7
Amharic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,485	745	740	1.3	1.3	1.2
Aramaic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	430	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	630	280	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	615	280	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,935	1,940	2,990	4.2	3.5	4.8
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	550	205	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,720	1,480	2,240	3.2	2.7	3.6
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,175	635	535	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kannada	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	275	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	500	255	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Telugu	305	175	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,795	13,740	15,060	24.5	24.7	24.4
Albanian	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	325	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	6,445	2,960	3,490	5.5	5.3	5.7
Baltic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,370	2,925	3,445	5.4	5.2	5.6
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	360	155	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	4,735	2,150	2,580	4.0	3.9	4.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	460	225	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	340	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	370	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	650	295	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	480	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	325	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	470	205	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	15,840	7,785	8,055	13.5	14.0	13.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,415	1,775	1,645	2.9	3.2	2.7
Assamese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	615	320	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	400	230	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	1,200	620	580	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kacchi	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	495	260	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	12,425	6,010	6,410	10.6	10.8	10.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	12,190	5,880	6,310	10.4	10.6	10.2
Dari	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	10,800	5,220	5,580	9.2	9.4	9.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,195	560	635	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,925	2,270	2,660	4.2	4.1	4.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,330	600	730	1.1	1.1	1.2
Portuguese	870	420	445	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romanian	610	265	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Spanish	2,105	975	1,130	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	805	320	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Korean	9,795	4,535	5,260	8.3	8.1	8.5
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,600	10,125	13,480	20.1	18.2	21.9
Chinese languages	23,545	10,095	13,450	20.1	18.1	21.8
Hakka	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	14,495	6,200	8,295	12.3	11.1	13.5
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	570	250	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	7,860	3,365	4,495	6.7	6.0	7.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	980	540	435	0.8	1.0	0.7
Azerbaijani	295	165	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	620	350	270	0.5	0.6	0.4
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	545	250	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	415	185	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,125	3,875	4,250	6.9	7.0	6.9
English and French	330	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,705	3,230	3,470	5.7	5.8	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	815	345	465	0.7	0.6	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	39,840	20,130	19,705	33.9	36.1	32.0
French	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	27,310	12,230	15,075	23.3	21.9	24.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	27,310	12,230	15,075	23.3	21.9	24.4
English and French	785	380	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	45,895	21,425	24,470	39.1	38.4	39.7
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,235	530	705	1.1	1.0	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,045	910	1,135	1.7	1.6	1.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	107,325	51,055	56,275	91.4	91.6	91.3
Official languages	56,470	27,895	28,570	48.1	50.1	46.3
English	56,100	27,725	28,375	47.8	49.7	46.0
French	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	50,860	23,155	27,705	43.3	41.5	44.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,860	23,155	27,705	43.3	41.5	44.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,050	500	550	0.9	0.9	0.9
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,020	485	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Amharic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	755	365	395	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,490	1,450	2,045	3.0	2.6	3.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	410	175	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,730	1,130	1,595	2.3	2.0	2.6
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	735	385	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	350	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	210	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,535	8,745	9,790	15.8	15.7	15.9
Albanian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	4,000	1,800	2,200	3.4	3.2	3.6
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,975	1,790	2,180	3.4	3.2	3.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	3,330	1,485	1,845	2.8	2.7	3.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	11,525	5,555	5,975	9.8	10.0	9.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,855	960	900	1.6	1.7	1.5
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	355	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	690	365	325	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	270	140	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	9,665	4,590	5,075	8.2	8.2	8.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	9,525	4,520	5,010	8.1	8.1	8.1
Dari	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	8,480	4,025	4,455	7.2	7.2	7.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	915	425	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,555	1,185	1,370	2.2	2.1	2.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	380	150	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	560	285	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romanian	305	125	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,305	620	685	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	515	240	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	7,815	3,615	4,200	6.7	6.5	6.8
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,330	7,515	9,815	14.8	13.5	15.9
Chinese languages	17,300	7,500	9,805	14.7	13.5	15.9
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,425	5,030	6,395	9.7	9.0	10.4
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	5,220	2,180	3,040	4.4	3.9	4.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	580	310	265	0.5	0.6	0.4
Azerbaijani	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	360	195	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,055	4,680	5,380	8.6	8.4	8.7
English and French	210	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	9,480	4,440	5,035	8.1	8.0	8.2
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	245	95	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,385	55,730	61,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,635	36,325	39,310	64.4	65.2	63.8
English	18,950	8,830	10,115	16.1	15.8	16.4
French	750	360	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official language	16,435	7,605	8,830	14.0	13.6	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,430	7,605	8,830	14.0	13.6	14.3
English and French	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,625	1,210	1,415	2.2	2.2	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	555	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,145	1,040	1,105	1.8	1.9	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	117,125	55,490	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	110,250	52,730	57,520	94.1	95.0	93.3
English	110,170	52,685	57,480	94.1	94.9	93.3
French	7,565	3,265	4,300	6.5	5.9	7.0
Non-official languages	88,590	40,810	47,785	75.6	73.5	77.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	88,590	40,810	47,785	75.6	73.5	77.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,015	1,995	2,020	3.4	3.6	3.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,905	1,945	1,965	3.3	3.5	3.2
Amharic	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	2,215	1,125	1,095	1.9	2.0	1.8
Aramaic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,645	785	860	1.4	1.4	1.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	860	410	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	835	400	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,040	2,745	4,295	6.0	4.9	7.0
Bikol	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	290	100	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	1,345	535	810	1.1	1.0	1.3
Indonesian	295	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,470	2,510	3,960	5.5	4.5	6.4
Waray-Waray	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,815	955	865	1.5	1.7	1.4
Kannada	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	935	505	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Telugu	530	300	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tulu	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	37,155	18,130	19,030	31.7	32.7	30.9
Albanian	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	355	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	8,165	3,755	4,415	7.0	6.8	7.2
Baltic languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,110	3,730	4,385	6.9	6.7	7.1
Belarusian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Czech	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	180	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Polish	455	190	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	6,555	2,995	3,565	5.6	5.4	5.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	600	290	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	175	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	485	210	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	850	370	480	0.7	0.7	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,490	700	790	1.3	1.3	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,160	555	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
German	885	455	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	265	100	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swedish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	800	365	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	19,950	10,120	9,830	17.0	18.2	15.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,035	3,070	2,970	5.2	5.5	4.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	920	450	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Gujarati	825	440	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Hindi	3,925	2,035	1,890	3.4	3.7	3.1
Kacchi	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	475	245	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nepali	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Odia	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	665	360	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,145	585	560	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	14,005	7,100	6,905	12.0	12.8	11.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	240	150	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
Parsi	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	13,810	6,960	6,845	11.8	12.5	11.1
Dari	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	12,530	6,280	6,245	10.7	11.3	10.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,070	575	495	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,565	3,575	3,990	6.5	6.4	6.5
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,080	950	1,125	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	1,215	560	660	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	820	330	495	0.7	0.6	0.8
Spanish	4,045	1,985	2,065	3.5	3.6	3.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,400	650	745	1.2	1.2	1.2
Korean	11,095	5,165	5,935	9.5	9.3	9.6
Mongolian	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	515	230	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	27,310	11,815	15,490	23.3	21.3	25.1
Chinese languages	27,235	11,775	15,455	23.3	21.2	25.1
Hakka	170	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mandarin	19,540	8,285	11,260	16.7	14.9	18.3
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,135	485	645	1.0	0.9	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	315	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	10,445	4,435	6,015	8.9	8.0	9.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,795	995	800	1.5	1.8	1.3
Azerbaijani	600	320	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kazakh	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,325	740	590	1.1	1.3	1.0
Uyghur	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	730	345	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Estonian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	535	260	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,125	55,485	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	310	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	280	155	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	225	135	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Métis	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	116,820	55,315	61,500	99.7	99.7	99.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,125	55,485	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	160	100	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	116,960	55,390	61,575	99.9	99.8	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	29,340	...	...	58.0	...	...
Renter	21,215	...	...	42.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	27,655	...	...	54.7	...	...
Not condominium	22,900	...	...	45.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	645	...	...	1.3	...	...
1 bedroom	14,095	...	...	27.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,445	...	...	36.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,405	...	...	16.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,970	...	...	17.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,370	...	...	60.1	...	...
5 rooms	6,120	...	...	12.1	...	...
6 rooms	3,905	...	...	7.7	...	...
7 rooms	3,060	...	...	6.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,105	...	...	14.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,715	...	...	94.4	...	...
More than one person per room	2,840	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,375	...	...	87.8	...	...
Not suitable	6,175	...	...	12.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	6,370	...	...	12.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,235	...	...	18.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,110	...	...	10.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,180	...	...	14.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,935	...	...	15.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,410	...	...	12.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,635	...	...	11.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,675	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,325	...	...	95.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,235	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,255	...	...	53.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,670	...	...	38.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,630	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,100	...	...	4.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,915	...	...	19.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,005	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,535	...	...	16.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,390	...	...	16.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,625	...	...	13.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,060	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,920	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,850	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,675	...	...	57.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	21,175	...	...	42.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,180	...	...	32.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	50,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	26,080	...	...	51.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,960	...	...	35.5	...	...
Not suitable only	3,635	...	...	7.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,100	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,255	...	...	4.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	840	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	165	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	120	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,465	...	...	48.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,300	...	...	20.7	...	...
Not in core need	35,560	...	...	79.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,335	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.8	...	...	54.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.6	...	...	37.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.7	...	...	15.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,202	...	...	2,202	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,187,000	...	...	1,187,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,215	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	49.3	...	...	49.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.0	...	...	28.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	...	...	1,860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	...	...	1,880	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	117,125	55,490	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	335	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	330	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	280	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	116,705	55,280	61,430	99.6	99.6	99.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	117,125	55,485	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	83,470	39,670	43,800	71.3	71.5	71.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,010	6,645	6,365	11.1	12.0	10.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	70,460	33,025	37,435	60.2	59.5	60.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	33,650	15,815	17,830	28.7	28.5	28.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	117,125	55,485	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	35,140	17,875	17,265	30.0	32.2	28.0
Immigrants⁸¹	70,530	31,915	38,615	60.2	57.5	62.7
Before 1980	7,725	3,355	4,370	6.6	6.0	7.1
1980 to 1990	6,540	2,890	3,650	5.6	5.2	5.9
1991 to 2000	14,165	6,495	7,670	12.1	11.7	12.4
2001 to 2010	17,955	8,215	9,745	15.3	14.8	15.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,145	10,970	13,180	20.6	19.8	21.4
2011 to 2015	10,285	4,645	5,640	8.8	8.4	9.2
2016 to 2021	13,855	6,320	7,535	11.8	11.4	12.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	11,450	5,700	5,755	9.8	10.3	9.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	70,535	31,915	38,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,180	1,895	2,290	5.9	5.9	5.9
5 to 14 years	10,560	5,360	5,195	15.0	16.8	13.5
15 to 24 years	11,200	5,350	5,850	15.9	16.8	15.1
25 to 44 years	34,150	14,610	19,540	48.4	45.8	50.6
45 years and over	10,445	4,700	5,745	14.8	14.7	14.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	70,535	31,915	38,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,145	1,965	2,180	5.9	6.2	5.6
Brazil	340	165	170	0.5	0.5	0.4
Colombia	280	115	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	110	75	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyana	285	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	440	180	255	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mexico	365	190	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
Peru	110	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	355	165	190	0.5	0.5	0.5
United States of America	805	405	400	1.1	1.3	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,040	455	580	1.5	1.4	1.5
Europe	9,905	4,420	5,490	14.0	13.8	14.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	105	50	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	280	160	120	0.4	0.5	0.3
Greece	395	170	225	0.6	0.5	0.6
Hungary	300	140	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	860	405	455	1.2	1.3	1.2
Netherlands	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	330	155	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portugal	180	75	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romania	715	295	430	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian Federation	2,130	885	1,250	3.0	2.8	3.2
Serbia⁸⁶	235	95	140	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	1,320	550	770	1.9	1.7	2.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	910	430	485	1.3	1.3	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,870	880	990	2.7	2.8	2.6
Africa	2,095	1,040	1,050	3.0	3.3	2.7
Algeria	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Egypt	575	330	240	0.8	1.0	0.6
Eritrea	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	80	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Morocco	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	230	125	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Somalia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	345	185	160	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	680	290	395	1.0	0.9	1.0
Asia	54,270	24,440	29,835	76.9	76.6	77.3
Afghanistan	180	100	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	10,705	5,280	5,420	15.2	16.5	14.0
Iraq	200	110	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	300	140	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	195	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	285	145	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	12,300	5,135	7,175	17.4	16.1	18.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,295	1,760	2,530	6.1	5.5	6.6
Korea, South⁹²	7,930	3,740	4,190	11.2	11.7	10.8
Taiwan	1,660	665	995	2.4	2.1	2.6
Philippines	6,340	2,450	3,890	9.0	7.7	10.1
Viet Nam	650	280	370	0.9	0.9	1.0
Bangladesh	440	195	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
India	3,850	1,975	1,875	5.5	6.2	4.9
Pakistan	655	345	310	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sri Lanka	235	110	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	4,050	1,905	2,145	5.7	6.0	5.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,855	6,325	7,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	815	385	430	5.9	6.1	5.7
Brazil	175	80	90	1.3	1.3	1.2
Colombia	25	25	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Mexico	90	60	30	0.6	0.9	0.4
United States of America	230	95	130	1.7	1.5	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	55	50	0.8	0.9	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	160	50	110	1.2	0.8	1.5
Europe	865	385	475	6.2	6.1	6.3
France	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	10	0.3	0.3	0.1
Italy	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	320	125	190	2.3	2.0	2.5
Ukraine	145	70	75	1.0	1.1	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	275	130	145	2.0	2.1	1.9
Africa	490	250	245	3.5	4.0	3.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	35	10	30	0.3	0.2	0.4
Egypt	105	55	50	0.8	0.9	0.7
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopia	30	25	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	150	85	70	1.1	1.3	0.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	25	30	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	70	35	35	0.5	0.6	0.5
Asia	11,655	5,280	6,370	84.1	83.5	84.5
Afghanistan	35	25	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bangladesh	145	70	75	1.0	1.1	1.0
China⁹⁰	3,045	1,185	1,865	22.0	18.7	24.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	115	30	90	0.8	0.5	1.2
India	2,280	1,165	1,110	16.5	18.4	14.7
Iran⁸⁸	1,770	890	875	12.8	14.1	11.6
Iraq	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Israel	25	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	70	30	45	0.5	0.5	0.6
Jordan	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	865	370	490	6.2	5.8	6.5
Lebanon	60	30	25	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nepal	40	25	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Pakistan	185	105	80	1.3	1.7	1.1
Philippines	1,910	845	1,065	13.8	13.4	14.1
Saudi Arabia	75	45	30	0.5	0.7	0.4
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	30	25	0.4	0.5	0.3
Turkey	110	60	50	0.8	0.9	0.7
United Arab Emirates	70	30	35	0.5	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	130	40	90	0.9	0.6	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	630	270	360	4.5	4.3	4.8
Oceania and other⁹³	30	10	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	20	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	117,125	55,485	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	83,145	38,195	44,950	71.0	68.8	72.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,220	11,815	11,405	19.8	21.3	18.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	10,760	5,475	5,280	9.2	9.9	8.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	62,810	28,560	34,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	46,225	21,600	24,625	73.6	75.6	71.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	19,605	10,415	9,185	31.2	36.5	26.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	26,615	11,180	15,440	42.4	39.1	45.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,545	4,485	7,060	18.4	15.7	20.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,305	2,185	2,125	6.9	7.7	6.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	730	300	430	1.2	1.1	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	62,810	28,560	34,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,925	1,435	1,490	4.7	5.0	4.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,925	1,660	3,270	7.8	5.8	9.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,955	1,570	1,385	4.7	5.5	4.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,120	2,430	3,690	9.7	8.5	10.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	45,735	21,415	24,320	72.8	75.0	71.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	117,125	55,490	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	83,215	38,895	44,315	71.0	70.1	71.9
South Asian	8,870	4,465	4,400	7.6	8.0	7.1
Chinese	29,655	13,170	16,485	25.3	23.7	26.7
Black	2,860	1,330	1,535	2.4	2.4	2.5
Filipino	7,590	3,145	4,445	6.5	5.7	7.2
Arab	1,690	870	820	1.4	1.6	1.3
Latin American	2,285	1,185	1,105	2.0	2.1	1.8
Southeast Asian	1,540	710	835	1.3	1.3	1.4
West Asian	12,865	6,460	6,405	11.0	11.6	10.4
Korean	11,550	5,455	6,095	9.9	9.8	9.9
Japanese	900	385	515	0.8	0.7	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	815	430	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	2,590	1,295	1,295	2.2	2.3	2.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	33,910	16,590	17,320	29.0	29.9	28.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	117,125	55,490	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	3,750	1,955	1,795	3.2	3.5	2.9
English	4,620	2,220	2,410	3.9	4.0	3.9
Irish	3,940	1,910	2,030	3.4	3.4	3.3
Scottish	3,505	1,710	1,795	3.0	3.1	2.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,350	680	665	1.2	1.2	1.1
German	2,390	1,235	1,150	2.0	2.2	1.9
Chinese	26,835	11,975	14,860	22.9	21.6	24.1
Italian	4,145	2,015	2,125	3.5	3.6	3.4
Indian (India)	5,625	2,895	2,730	4.8	5.2	4.4
Ukrainian	2,235	1,050	1,185	1.9	1.9	1.9
Dutch	755	310	445	0.6	0.6	0.7
Polish	2,320	1,145	1,175	2.0	2.1	1.9
Québécois	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,420	685	735	1.2	1.2	1.2
Filipino	6,905	2,925	3,975	5.9	5.3	6.4
French Canadian	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	955	485	470	0.8	0.9	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	860	420	440	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian	4,455	1,985	2,465	3.8	3.6	4.0
Norwegian	155	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Welsh	530	245	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	905	445	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	350	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,350	605	750	1.2	1.1	1.2
Swedish	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	915	475	440	0.8	0.9	0.7
Acadian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	835	415	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	605	280	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	3,790	1,830	1,965	3.2	3.3	3.2
Punjabi	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Vietnamese	1,040	500	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	720	370	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Greek	1,215	630	585	1.0	1.1	0.9
Jamaican	810	405	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,990	1,330	1,655	2.6	2.4	2.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	11,055	5,255	5,795	9.4	9.5	9.4
Romanian	1,020	485	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Lebanese	400	200	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian	10,370	5,235	5,140	8.9	9.4	8.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	590	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	120	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sikh	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austrian	400	215	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Belgian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	730	390	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexican	570	270	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	295	105	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	285	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatian	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	1,135	530	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	705	350	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	115	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	550	300	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	740	385	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	370	195	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	360	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	190	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Syrian	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	320	185	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Afghan	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	180	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	425	220	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ojibway	55	50	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,705	710	995	1.5	1.3	1.6
Ontarian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	3,695	1,890	1,805	3.2	3.4	2.9
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	315	185	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkish	695	380	320	0.6	0.7	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	440	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	515	250	265	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigerian	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	490	255	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Slovak	145	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	470	200	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somali	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	1,670	730	940	1.4	1.3	1.5
Iraqi	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,065	490	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	540	250	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	250	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	130	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	225	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	265	140	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Slovenian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	435	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	275	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Cuban	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	285	115	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Laotian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	565	235	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Northern Irish	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	150	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	195	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	255	160	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
Fijian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	190	120	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	245	90	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	465	225	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	117,125	55,490	61,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,920	1,260	1,660	2.5	2.3	2.7
Christian	45,135	20,170	24,960	38.5	36.3	40.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,635	4,710	5,925	9.1	8.5	9.6
Anabaptist	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,540	620	915	1.3	1.1	1.5
Baptist	945	415	530	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	20,545	9,235	11,305	17.5	16.6	18.3
Christian Orthodox	4,555	2,085	2,465	3.9	3.8	4.0
Jehovah's Witness	155	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latter Day Saints	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lutheran	460	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	820	400	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Presbyterian	2,355	1,115	1,235	2.0	2.0	2.0
Reformed	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	1,190	455	730	1.0	0.8	1.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,575	680	895	1.3	1.2	1.5
Hindu	4,630	2,320	2,310	4.0	4.2	3.7
Jewish	5,290	2,400	2,890	4.5	4.3	4.7
Muslim	12,720	6,265	6,455	10.9	11.3	10.5
Sikh	280	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	930	435	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	45,195	22,495	22,700	38.6	40.5	36.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	116,210	55,055	61,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	95,595	44,940	50,650	82.3	81.6	82.8
Movers	20,625	10,115	10,505	17.7	18.4	17.2
Non-migrants	13,840	6,735	7,105	11.9	12.2	11.6
Migrants	6,780	3,380	3,405	5.8	6.1	5.6
Internal migrants	3,215	1,590	1,625	2.8	2.9	2.7
Intraprovincial migrants	2,630	1,315	1,315	2.3	2.4	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	590	275	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	3,560	1,785	1,780	3.1	3.2	2.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,600	53,270	59,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	61,285	28,255	33,030	54.4	53.0	55.7
Movers	51,310	25,020	26,300	45.6	47.0	44.3
Non-migrants	23,095	11,205	11,895	20.5	21.0	20.0
Migrants	28,215	13,815	14,405	25.1	25.9	24.3
Internal migrants	10,860	5,230	5,630	9.6	9.8	9.5
Intraprovincial migrants	8,655	4,190	4,470	7.7	7.9	7.5
Interprovincial migrants	2,200	1,040	1,160	2.0	2.0	2.0
External migrants	17,360	8,585	8,775	15.4	16.1	14.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,695	48,670	55,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,375	3,940	4,435	8.1	8.1	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	95,325	44,730	50,595	91.9	91.9	91.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,425	33,220	37,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,325	1,250	1,080	3.3	3.8	2.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,095	31,970	36,125	96.7	96.2	97.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,870	3,665	4,200	7.6	7.5	7.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,435	9,955	10,475	19.7	20.5	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	75,395	35,040	40,345	72.7	72.0	73.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,365	8,075	10,290	17.7	16.6	18.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,270	1,285	985	2.2	2.6	1.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,315	655	655	1.3	1.3	1.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	960	630	330	0.9	1.3	0.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,640	5,335	7,305	12.2	11.0	13.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,450	1,450	1,995	3.3	3.0	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	57,030	26,970	30,065	55.0	55.4	54.6
Bachelor's degree	35,040	15,985	19,050	33.8	32.8	34.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,290	1,470	1,820	3.2	3.0	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,880	960	920	1.8	2.0	1.7
Master's degree	14,510	7,180	7,335	14.0	14.8	13.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,315	1,380	935	2.2	2.8	1.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,425	33,220	37,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,125	1,150	975	3.0	3.5	2.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,315	4,855	4,465	13.2	14.6	12.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	58,980	27,220	31,760	83.7	81.9	85.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,620	5,620	7,000	17.9	16.9	18.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,285	755	530	1.8	2.3	1.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	740	395	345	1.1	1.2	0.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	545	360	185	0.8	1.1	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,925	3,895	5,035	12.7	11.7	13.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,405	970	1,435	3.4	2.9	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	46,365	21,595	24,770	65.8	65.0	66.6
Bachelor's degree	27,940	12,695	15,250	39.7	38.2	41.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,475	1,075	1,400	3.5	3.2	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,465	680	790	2.1	2.0	2.1
Master's degree	12,690	6,160	6,530	18.0	18.5	17.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,790	995	800	2.5	3.0	2.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,305	13,625	14,675	27.3	28.0	26.7
Education	3,220	525	2,695	3.1	1.1	4.9
13. Education	3,220	525	2,695	3.1	1.1	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,405	1,075	2,330	3.3	2.2	4.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	245	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,155	930	2,225	3.0	1.9	4.0
Humanities	4,485	1,415	3,075	4.3	2.9	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	945	200	745	0.9	0.4	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1,275	330	945	1.2	0.7	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	985	255	730	0.9	0.5	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	255	160	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	340	205	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	450	215	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	20	130	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,845	3,700	6,145	9.5	7.6	11.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	25	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,025	380	650	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,000	130	875	1.0	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,525	690	835	1.5	1.4	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	200	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,350	300	1,055	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	4,595	2,105	2,495	4.4	4.3	4.5
Business, management and public administration	19,195	8,515	10,680	18.5	17.5	19.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	735	185	545	0.7	0.4	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,450	8,325	10,125	17.8	17.1	18.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,200	1,955	2,245	4.1	4.0	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,885	730	1,150	1.8	1.5	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	840	385	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	125	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,255	750	500	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,815	4,080	2,735	6.6	8.4	5.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,970	3,200	1,765	4.8	6.6	3.2
25. Library science	175	25	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,395	715	675	1.3	1.5	1.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	275	145	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,215	10,070	3,145	12.7	20.7	5.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,055	595	460	1.0	1.2	0.8
14. Engineering	9,035	6,730	2,305	8.7	13.8	4.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,640	1,320	325	1.6	2.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	640	635	10	0.6	1.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	615	600	15	0.6	1.2	0.0
48. Precision production	225	200	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	890	365	525	0.9	0.8	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	565	250	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	325	115	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Health and related fields	8,335	2,440	5,895	8.0	5.0	10.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	470	260	210	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,360	1,925	5,435	7.1	4.0	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	245	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,770	905	870	1.7	1.9	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,215	480	740	1.2	1.0	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	230	165	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	280	215	65	0.3	0.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,420	33,220	37,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,445	6,000	5,440	16.3	18.1	14.6
Education	2,075	385	1,690	2.9	1.2	4.5
13. Education	2,075	385	1,690	2.9	1.2	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,695	850	1,845	3.8	2.6	5.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,520	765	1,750	3.6	2.3	4.7
Humanities	3,270	1,025	2,250	4.6	3.1	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	705	115	590	1.0	0.3	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	890	230	670	1.3	0.7	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	215	550	1.1	0.6	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	130	50	0.3	0.4	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	250	165	85	0.4	0.5	0.2
54. History	345	150	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	20	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,675	2,850	4,820	10.9	8.6	13.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	15	105	0.2	0.0	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	855	320	540	1.2	1.0	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	735	85	660	1.0	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,220	505	715	1.7	1.5	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,060	245	805	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	3,535	1,615	1,920	5.0	4.9	5.2
Business, management and public administration	15,840	6,905	8,940	22.5	20.8	24.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	555	140	410	0.8	0.4	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,280	6,770	8,515	21.7	20.4	22.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,965	1,370	1,595	4.2	4.1	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,455	585	865	2.1	1.8	2.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	535	245	290	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	835	480	355	1.2	1.4	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,940	3,595	2,350	8.4	10.8	6.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,525	2,925	1,600	6.4	8.8	4.3
25. Library science	120	20	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,075	525	550	1.5	1.6	1.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	120	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,150	7,495	2,655	14.4	22.6	7.1
04. Architecture and related services	825	405	420	1.2	1.2	1.1
14. Engineering	7,195	5,225	1,980	10.2	15.7	5.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,165	945	220	1.7	2.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	445	435	10	0.6	1.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	395	385	10	0.6	1.2	0.0
48. Precision production	115	105	10	0.2	0.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	685	260	420	1.0	0.8	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	180	225	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	280	85	195	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	6,385	1,815	4,570	9.1	5.5	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	330	175	160	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,665	1,465	4,200	8.0	4.4	11.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	365	165	205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,280	675	605	1.8	2.0	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	915	385	535	1.3	1.2	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	155	120	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	150	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,420	33,220	37,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,445	6,000	5,440	16.3	18.1	14.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	58,985	27,220	31,765	83.8	81.9	85.4
Location of study inside Canada	32,550	15,560	16,990	46.2	46.8	45.7
Same as province or territory of residence	30,080	14,385	15,695	42.7	43.3	42.2
Different than province or territory of residence	2,465	1,170	1,295	3.5	3.5	3.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	26,430	11,660	14,775	37.5	35.1	39.7
Americas	3,200	1,730	1,470	4.5	5.2	4.0
United States of America	2,090	1,210	880	3.0	3.6	2.4
Mexico	195	80	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Brazil	410	210	200	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	175	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	3,830	1,785	2,045	5.4	5.4	5.5
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	150	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	50	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	255	120	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	915	365	555	1.3	1.1	1.5
Ukraine	510	220	295	0.7	0.7	0.8
Ireland⁹⁶	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,100	560	540	1.6	1.7	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	445	220	215	0.6	0.7	0.6
Africa	540	255	285	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nigeria	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	210	100	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	18,620	7,760	10,865	26.4	23.4	29.2
Iran⁸⁸	4,510	2,015	2,500	6.4	6.1	6.7
Iraq	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	215	125	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	2,995	1,240	1,750	4.3	3.7	4.7
Taiwan	320	95	225	0.5	0.3	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	360	120	240	0.5	0.4	0.6
Japan	345	120	225	0.5	0.4	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	2,520	960	1,560	3.6	2.9	4.2
Philippines	2,975	975	2,000	4.2	2.9	5.4
Viet Nam	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	125	45	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
India	2,660	1,350	1,310	3.8	4.1	3.5
Pakistan	205	90	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	960	440	520	1.4	1.3	1.4
Oceania	235	130	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Australia	195	115	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	103,695	48,665	55,025	...	...	...
In the labour force	64,835	32,355	32,475	...	...	...
Employed	56,595	28,495	28,095	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,240	3,860	4,380	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	38,860	16,310	22,550	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.5	66.5	59.0	62.5	66.5	59.0
Employment rate	54.6	58.6	51.1	54.6	58.6	51.1
Unemployment rate	12.7	11.9	13.5	12.7	11.9	13.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	103,695	48,665	55,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,485	17,835	23,650	40.0	36.6	43.0
Worked	62,210	30,830	31,380	60.0	63.4	57.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,870	17,805	16,065	32.7	36.6	29.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,340	13,030	15,315	27.3	26.8	27.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.1	39.4	40.2	41.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	64,835	32,360	32,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	1,150	1,290	3.8	3.6	4.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	62,395	31,205	31,185	96.2	96.4	96.0
Employee	50,765	24,125	26,640	78.3	74.6	82.0
Permanent position	41,670	20,135	21,535	64.3	62.2	66.3
Temporary position	9,100	3,995	5,105	14.0	12.3	15.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,090	1,810	2,285	6.3	5.6	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,010	2,185	2,820	7.7	6.8	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,630	7,075	4,550	17.9	21.9	14.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	64,835	32,360	32,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	1,150	1,290	3.8	3.6	4.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	62,395	31,205	31,185	96.2	96.4	96.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	935	680	255	1.4	2.1	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	15,050	5,555	9,495	23.2	17.2	29.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,820	7,475	3,350	16.7	23.1	10.3
3 Health occupations	4,860	1,400	3,460	7.5	4.3	10.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,970	2,530	4,440	10.8	7.8	13.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,710	1,325	1,385	4.2	4.1	4.3
6 Sales and service occupations	13,970	6,285	7,685	21.5	19.4	23.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,320	4,730	590	8.2	14.6	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	220	165	55	0.3	0.5	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,535	1,055	485	2.4	3.3	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	64,835	32,360	32,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,440	1,150	1,290	3.8	3.6	4.0
All industries¹⁹¹	62,395	31,205	31,185	96.2	96.4	96.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	115	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	65	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	270	160	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,910	2,360	550	4.5	7.3	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	3,520	2,220	1,305	5.4	6.9	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	2,090	1,225	870	3.2	3.8	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	5,675	2,435	3,235	8.8	7.5	10.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,230	1,625	610	3.4	5.0	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	2,035	1,225	810	3.1	3.8	2.5
52 Finance and insurance	7,035	3,485	3,550	10.9	10.8	10.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,240	1,170	1,075	3.5	3.6	3.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,920	6,215	4,700	16.8	19.2	14.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	495	260	235	0.8	0.8	0.7
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,265	1,160	1,105	3.5	3.6	3.4
61 Educational services	4,495	1,550	2,950	6.9	4.8	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	6,830	1,800	5,035	10.5	5.6	15.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,065	575	495	1.6	1.8	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	3,490	1,665	1,820	5.4	5.1	5.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,305	835	1,465	3.6	2.6	4.5
91 Public administration	2,320	1,120	1,205	3.6	3.5	3.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	68,390	33,885	34,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	57,730	28,870	28,860	84.4	85.2	83.6
French	90	20	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	2,000	1,030	970	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,000	1,030	970	2.9	3.0	2.8
English and French	895	345	550	1.3	1.0	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	7,445	3,520	3,930	10.9	10.4	11.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	50	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	68,390	33,885	34,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	66,690	33,040	33,655	97.5	97.5	97.5
Official languages	62,850	31,135	31,720	91.9	91.9	91.9
English	62,605	31,070	31,540	91.5	91.7	91.4
French	245	65	180	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	3,840	1,905	1,935	5.6	5.6	5.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,840	1,905	1,935	5.6	5.6	5.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	955	500	460	1.4	1.5	1.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	195	115	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	195	115	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	185	110	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	605	300	305	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	590	290	295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	590	290	295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	530	260	280	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	980	465	515	1.4	1.4	1.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,620	770	845	2.4	2.3	2.4
Chinese languages	1,620	770	845	2.4	2.3	2.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,345	660	685	2.0	1.9	2.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	260	105	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,700	850	855	2.5	2.5	2.5
English and French	175	55	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,490	780	710	2.2	2.3	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	68,390	33,885	34,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	61,340	30,700	30,645	89.7	90.6	88.8
English	1,710	780	935	2.5	2.3	2.7
French	590	250	345	0.9	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	3,885	1,795	2,090	5.7	5.3	6.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,885	1,795	2,090	5.7	5.3	6.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	215	100	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	550	220	330	0.8	0.6	1.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,595	28,495	28,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	24,725	12,215	12,515	43.7	42.9	44.5
Worked outside Canada	595	405	190	1.1	1.4	0.7
No fixed workplace address	5,000	3,530	1,470	8.8	12.4	5.2
Usual place of work	26,275	12,345	13,925	46.4	43.3	49.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,275	12,345	13,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,650	8,200	10,455	71.0	66.4	75.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,550	4,125	3,420	28.7	33.4	24.6
Commute to a different province or territory	75	30	45	0.3	0.2	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,270	15,880	15,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	18,675	10,830	7,845	59.7	68.2	51.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,700	10,245	6,455	53.4	64.5	41.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,975	585	1,385	6.3	3.7	9.0
Public transit	9,570	3,780	5,795	30.6	23.8	37.6
Walked	2,105	860	1,245	6.7	5.4	8.1
Bicycle	160	85	75	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other method	755	315	440	2.4	2.0	2.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,270	15,880	15,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	4,550	2,000	2,545	14.6	12.6	16.5
15 to 29 minutes	9,445	4,815	4,630	30.2	30.3	30.1
30 to 44 minutes	9,760	5,390	4,370	31.2	33.9	28.4
45 to 59 minutes	4,025	2,025	2,000	12.9	12.8	13.0
60 minutes and over	3,490	1,640	1,855	11.2	10.3	12.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,270	15,880	15,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	920	630	290	2.9	4.0	1.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,305	1,930	1,375	10.6	12.2	8.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,270	3,155	3,115	20.1	19.9	20.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,560	4,150	4,410	27.4	26.1	28.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,915	3,855	4,065	25.3	24.3	26.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,295	2,160	2,140	13.7	13.6	13.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,420	8,455	7,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,330	655	675	8.1	7.7	8.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,090	7,800	7,290	91.9	92.3	91.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,545	5,985	5,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,025	510	525	8.9	8.5	9.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	705	340	370	6.1	5.7	6.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	320	165	155	2.8	2.8	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,520	5,480	5,040	91.1	91.6	90.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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