Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Windsor WestMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	130,165	65,625	64,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20,960	10,760	10,200	16.1	16.4	15.8
0 to 4 years	6,270	3,245	3,025	4.8	4.9	4.7
5 to 9 years	6,990	3,600	3,390	5.4	5.5	5.3
10 to 14 years	7,700	3,915	3,785	5.9	6.0	5.9
15 to 64 years	87,510	44,960	42,550	67.2	68.5	65.9
15 to 19 years	8,085	4,190	3,895	6.2	6.4	6.0
20 to 24 years	10,955	6,060	4,900	8.4	9.2	7.6
25 to 29 years	11,170	6,205	4,970	8.6	9.5	7.7
30 to 34 years	8,555	4,320	4,235	6.6	6.6	6.6
35 to 39 years	7,425	3,690	3,735	5.7	5.6	5.8
40 to 44 years	7,270	3,415	3,855	5.6	5.2	6.0
45 to 49 years	8,005	3,820	4,180	6.1	5.8	6.5
50 to 54 years	8,655	4,350	4,305	6.6	6.6	6.7
55 to 59 years	9,190	4,695	4,495	7.1	7.2	7.0
60 to 64 years	8,195	4,215	3,980	6.3	6.4	6.2
65 years and over	21,690	9,905	11,790	16.7	15.1	18.3
65 to 69 years	6,620	3,245	3,375	5.1	4.9	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,385	2,565	2,820	4.1	3.9	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,715	1,715	2,000	2.9	2.6	3.1
80 to 84 years	2,755	1,145	1,605	2.1	1.7	2.5
85 years and over	3,220	1,230	1,985	2.5	1.9	3.1
85 to 89 years	1,840	795	1,045	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	1,085	355	725	0.8	0.5	1.1
95 to 99 years	260	75	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	30	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.1	16.4	15.8	16.1	16.4	15.8
15 to 64 years	67.2	68.5	65.9	67.2	68.5	65.9
65 years and over	16.7	15.1	18.3	16.7	15.1	18.3
85 years and over	2.5	1.9	3.1	2.5	1.9	3.1
Average age of the population	40.3	39.2	41.3	40.3	39.2	41.3
Median age of the population	38.4	36.8	40.4	38.4	36.8	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	31,985	...	...	61.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,275	...	...	4.4	...	...
Row house	1,735	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,505	...	...	4.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,200	...	...	12.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,060	...	...	13.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	17,005	...	...	32.8	...	...
2 persons	15,255	...	...	29.4	...	...
3 persons	7,440	...	...	14.4	...	...
4 persons	6,420	...	...	12.4	...	...
5 or more persons	5,685	...	...	11.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	128,240	64,785	63,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	109,200	54,865	54,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,845	26,445	26,400	48.4	48.2	48.6
Married	44,965	22,510	22,455	41.2	41.0	41.3
Living common-law	7,880	3,935	3,950	7.2	7.2	7.3
Living common law - Never married	5,690	2,845	2,850	5.2	5.2	5.2
Living common law - Separated	400	215	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,580	790	795	1.4	1.4	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	56,360	28,420	27,935	51.6	51.8	51.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	39,345	22,505	16,840	36.0	41.0	31.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,245	1,345	1,900	3.0	2.5	3.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,580	3,210	4,370	6.9	5.9	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,190	1,360	4,830	5.7	2.5	8.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,670	...	...	47.6	...	...
3 persons	7,095	...	...	21.6	...	...
4 persons	6,080	...	...	18.5	...	...
5 or more persons	4,055	...	...	12.3	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,390	...	...	77.2	...	...
Married couples	21,450	...	...	65.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,620	...	...	38.4	...	...
Without children	8,830	...	...	26.8	...	...
Common-law couples	3,940	...	...	12.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,420	...	...	4.3	...	...
Without children	2,525	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,500	...	...	22.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,070	...	...	18.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,435	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	128,240	64,785	63,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	99,615	48,940	50,680	77.7	75.5	79.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,780	25,395	25,385	39.6	39.2	40.0
Parents in one-parent families	7,505	1,435	6,065	5.9	2.2	9.6
Children⁶	41,330	22,110	19,220	32.2	34.1	30.3
In a two-parent family	29,045	15,500	13,540	22.6	23.9	21.3
In a one-parent family	12,285	6,605	5,680	9.6	10.2	9.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,625	15,850	12,775	22.3	24.5	20.1
Living alone	17,005	8,820	8,185	13.3	13.6	12.9
Living with other relatives⁷	3,630	1,585	2,045	2.8	2.4	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	7,990	5,435	2,555	6.2	8.4	4.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,275	...	...	54.6	...	...
Couple-family households	22,360	...	...	43.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,385	...	...	23.9	...	...
Without children	9,975	...	...	19.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,910	...	...	11.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,715	...	...	3.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	265	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,470	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,080	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	17,005	...	...	32.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	107,295	54,030	53,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,350	50,965	50,390	94.5	94.3	94.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,400	34,000	37,600	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,400	50,985	50,420	94.5	94.4	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	34,800	29,800	32,000	34,800	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,910	43,320	39,590	77.3	80.2	74.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,400	32,400	22,000	27,400	32,400	22,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,570	37,775	30,790	63.9	69.9	57.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,200	30,400	23,600	27,200	30,400	23,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,110	47,650	47,455	88.6	88.2	89.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,100	12,500	10,800	9,100	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	13,200	6,750	6,445	12.3	12.5	12.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	36,840	19,200	17,640	34.3	35.5	33.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,500	8,500	8,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,580	51,085	50,495	94.5	94.3	94.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,080	49,600	38,520	44,080	49,600	38,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,650	51,120	50,525	94.5	94.3	94.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,760	43,000	34,440	38,760	43,000	34,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,295	43,515	39,775	77.5	80.3	74.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,840	46,240	32,800	39,840	46,240	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,590	37,890	30,705	63.8	69.9	57.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,400	43,880	33,920	39,400	43,880	33,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,510	47,945	47,565	88.8	88.5	89.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,140	10,850	13,440	12,140	10,850	13,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	13,275	6,955	6,320	12.3	12.8	11.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,085	6,040	6,130	6,085	6,040	6,130
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	36,900	19,460	17,445	34.3	35.9	32.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,440	9,230	9,680	9,440	9,230	9,680
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,535	14,905	10,635	23.8	27.5	19.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	61,600	51,200	56,400	61,600	51,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,200	73,700	60,400	68,200	73,700	60,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,460	15,945	14,515	28.3	29.4	27.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	19,000	14,000	16,200	19,000	14,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,920	28,240	21,280	24,920	28,240	21,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	74.2	79.4	67.2	74.2	79.4	67.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.4	65.6	53.6	60.4	65.6	53.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	25.9	20.5	32.9	25.9	20.5	32.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.7	7.7	10.1	8.7	7.7	10.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.8	7.1	8.7	7.8	7.1	8.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	107,295	54,030	53,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,940	3,070	2,875	5.5	5.7	5.4
With total income	101,350	50,965	50,390	94.5	94.3	94.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,500	4,675	5,825	10.4	9.2	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	14,985	6,980	8,010	14.8	13.7	15.9
$20,000 to $29,999	18,565	8,505	10,060	18.3	16.7	20.0
$30,000 to $39,999	14,780	6,760	8,020	14.6	13.3	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,755	6,020	5,735	11.6	11.8	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	8,540	4,390	4,145	8.4	8.6	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,855	3,220	2,635	5.8	6.3	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,150	2,440	1,710	4.1	4.8	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,945	1,855	1,090	2.9	3.6	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,200	1,310	890	2.2	2.6	1.8
$100,000 and over	7,080	4,805	2,275	7.0	9.4	4.5
$100,000 to $149,999	4,820	3,045	1,775	4.8	6.0	3.5
$150,000 and over	2,255	1,760	495	2.2	3.5	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	107,295	54,030	53,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,895	3,050	2,845	5.5	5.6	5.4
With after-tax income	101,400	50,985	50,415	94.5	94.4	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,760	4,765	5,990	10.6	9.3	11.9
$10,000 to $19,999	15,470	7,190	8,285	15.3	14.1	16.4
$20,000 to $29,999	20,855	9,660	11,195	20.6	18.9	22.2
$30,000 to $39,999	16,875	8,080	8,795	16.6	15.8	17.4
$40,000 to $49,999	12,640	6,560	6,080	12.5	12.9	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,400	4,495	3,900	8.3	8.8	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	5,190	2,995	2,190	5.1	5.9	4.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,260	2,005	1,255	3.2	3.9	2.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,515	1,370	1,145	2.5	2.7	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,455	920	535	1.4	1.8	1.1
$100,000 and over	3,985	2,935	1,050	3.9	5.8	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	1,835	1,240	595	1.8	2.4	1.2
$125,000 and over	2,150	1,695	455	2.1	3.3	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	107,295	54,030	53,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	38,730	16,255	22,475	36.1	30.1	42.2
With employment income	68,570	37,775	30,790	63.9	69.9	57.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,420	6,885	5,535	18.1	18.2	18.0
$5,000 to $9,999	7,015	3,320	3,695	10.2	8.8	12.0
$10,000 to $19,999	9,770	4,930	4,840	14.2	13.1	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	6,950	3,535	3,425	10.1	9.3	11.1
$30,000 to $39,999	6,815	3,565	3,250	9.9	9.4	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	5,530	2,955	2,575	8.1	7.8	8.4
$50,000 to $59,999	4,710	2,690	2,020	6.9	7.1	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	3,500	2,070	1,435	5.1	5.5	4.7
$70,000 to $79,999	2,670	1,720	950	3.9	4.6	3.1
$80,000 to $89,999	1,980	1,255	725	2.9	3.3	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,820	1,025	795	2.7	2.7	2.6
$100,000 and over	5,380	3,820	1,560	7.8	10.1	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,455	1,550	905	3.6	4.1	3.0
$125,000 and over	2,925	2,270	650	4.3	6.0	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	107,295	54,030	53,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,130	49,105	49,030	91.5	90.9	92.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	35,600	27,200	30,600	35,600	27,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,155	49,105	49,045	91.5	90.9	92.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	32,800	26,000	29,000	32,800	26,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,365	41,770	38,595	74.9	77.3	72.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	35,600	25,400	30,400	35,600	25,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,775	36,465	30,310	62.2	67.5	56.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	34,400	27,400	30,800	34,400	27,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,370	44,375	44,995	83.3	82.1	84.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,440	1,640	6,600	3,440	1,640	6,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,655	4,750	3,910	8.1	8.8	7.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,520	4,240	4,920	4,520	4,240	4,920
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,380	49,395	48,985	91.5	91.2	91.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,080	47,040	35,040	41,080	47,040	35,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,400	49,395	49,005	91.5	91.2	91.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,040	40,640	31,360	36,040	40,640	31,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,845	42,275	38,575	75.2	78.0	72.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,000	33,720	41,200	48,000	33,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,965	36,900	30,065	62.3	68.1	56.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,960	45,800	35,080	40,960	45,800	35,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,695	44,710	44,980	83.4	82.5	84.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,920	6,590	9,250	7,920	6,590	9,250
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,730	4,855	3,875	8.1	9.0	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,975	5,505	6,570	5,975	5,505	6,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,165	14,660	10,500	23.4	27.1	19.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	58,800	47,600	52,800	58,800	47,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,400	70,300	56,350	64,400	70,300	56,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,870	14,525	13,345	25.9	26.8	25.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	26,200	20,200	22,800	26,200	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,880	35,040	26,320	30,880	35,040	26,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.4	87.4	75.8	82.4	87.4	75.8
Employment income (%)	68.0	72.8	61.4	68.0	72.8	61.4
Government transfers (%)	17.6	12.7	24.2	17.6	12.7	24.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.2	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,000	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,800	...	...	32,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...	86,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,840	...	...	39,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,100	...	...	106,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,600	...	...	93,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	805	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	490	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,070	...	...	2.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,625	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,620	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,190	...	...	4.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,230	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,315	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,320	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,260	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,485	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,045	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,545	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,170	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,690	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,935	...	...	30.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,370	...	...	10.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,465	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,975	...	...	7.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,115	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	840	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	490	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,085	...	...	2.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,665	...	...	3.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,780	...	...	5.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,535	...	...	4.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,555	...	...	4.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,665	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,665	...	...	5.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,505	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,970	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,360	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,855	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,350	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,815	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,660	...	...	24.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,945	...	...	9.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,010	...	...	5.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,705	...	...	9.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,140	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,990	14,260	10,735	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	30,600	31,000	30,800	30,600	31,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,200	29,000	29,400	29,200	29,000	29,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...	106,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...	94,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...	81,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...	133,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...	117,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,855	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,700	...	...	66,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,995	14,160	10,835	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,800	39,720	39,960	39,800	39,720	39,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,920	34,680	35,280	34,920	34,680	35,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	128,240	64,785	63,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,690	13,235	12,460	20.0	20.4	19.6
0 to 5 years	7,590	3,935	3,650	5.9	6.1	5.8
18 to 64 years	82,060	42,040	40,025	64.0	64.9	63.1
65 years and over	20,485	9,510	10,970	16.0	14.7	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	22,700	11,245	11,455	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,935	3,055	2,885	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,960	1,015	940	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,190	6,710	6,480	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,575	1,480	2,095	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.7	17.4	18.1	17.7	17.4	18.1
0 to 17 years (%)	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1
0 to 5 years (%)	25.8	25.8	25.8	25.8	25.8	25.8
18 to 64 years (%)	16.1	16.0	16.2	16.1	16.0	16.2
65 years and over (%)	17.4	15.6	19.1	17.4	15.6	19.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	128,240	64,785	63,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,690	13,235	12,460	20.0	20.4	19.6
0 to 5 years	7,590	3,935	3,650	5.9	6.1	5.8
18 to 64 years	82,060	42,040	40,025	64.0	64.9	63.1
65 years and over	20,485	9,510	10,970	16.0	14.7	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,130	5,860	4,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,515	770	745	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	510	270	235	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,985	4,800	3,190	...	...	...
65 years and over	625	290	335	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	9.1	6.7	7.9	9.1	6.7
0 to 17 years (%)	5.9	5.8	6.0	5.9	5.8	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.7	6.9	6.5	6.7	6.9	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	11.4	8.0	9.7	11.4	8.0
65 years and over (%)	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	128,240	64,785	63,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	79,195	39,755	39,445	61.8	61.4	62.2
In bottom decile	21,050	11,070	9,980	16.4	17.1	15.7
In second decile	17,685	8,585	9,100	13.8	13.3	14.3
In third decile	15,125	7,450	7,675	11.8	11.5	12.1
In fourth decile	13,540	6,775	6,765	10.6	10.5	10.7
In fifth decile	11,795	5,875	5,925	9.2	9.1	9.3
In top half of the distribution	49,040	25,030	24,015	38.2	38.6	37.8
In sixth decile	10,905	5,510	5,395	8.5	8.5	8.5
In seventh decile	10,120	5,170	4,945	7.9	8.0	7.8
In eighth decile	9,710	4,965	4,750	7.6	7.7	7.5
In ninth decile	9,465	4,845	4,620	7.4	7.5	7.3
In top decile	8,840	4,535	4,300	6.9	7.0	6.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	128,240	...	...	128,240	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.339	...	...	0.339	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.504	...	...	0.504	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.308	...	...	0.308	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	114,140	58,595	55,545	88.5	90.0	87.0
French only	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	10,370	4,705	5,660	8.0	7.2	8.9
Neither English nor French	4,245	1,745	2,505	3.3	2.7	3.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	121,665	61,930	59,740	94.3	95.1	93.6
French	2,000	940	1,060	1.6	1.4	1.7
English and French	1,150	560	590	0.9	0.9	0.9
Neither English nor French	4,145	1,690	2,455	3.2	2.6	3.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	121,705	61,400	60,305	94.4	94.3	94.5
Official languages	79,690	40,170	39,515	61.8	61.7	61.9
English	77,800	39,265	38,530	60.3	60.3	60.4
French	1,890	905	990	1.5	1.4	1.6
Non-official languages	42,015	21,235	20,785	32.6	32.6	32.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,000	21,225	20,780	32.6	32.6	32.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,545	6,740	6,805	10.5	10.4	10.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	555	255	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	505	230	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,945	6,465	6,475	10.0	9.9	10.1
Amharic	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	10,780	5,450	5,335	8.4	8.4	8.4
Aramaic languages	1,880	880	1,005	1.5	1.4	1.6
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	280	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,565	735	830	1.2	1.1	1.3
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,570	730	840	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,330	625	710	1.0	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,090	435	655	0.8	0.7	1.0
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	890	355	535	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,215	790	420	0.9	1.2	0.7
Kannada	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	315	220	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tamil	385	230	155	0.3	0.4	0.2
Telugu	460	310	150	0.4	0.5	0.2
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,095	9,350	8,745	14.0	14.4	13.7
Albanian	455	215	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Armenian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,805	1,300	1,510	2.2	2.0	2.4
Baltic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,785	1,295	1,490	2.2	2.0	2.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	815	370	440	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian	240	95	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,050	515	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bosnian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	315	145	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	580	295	290	0.4	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	570	270	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	410	190	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	400	185	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	370	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	8,505	4,835	3,670	6.6	7.4	5.7
Indo-Aryan languages	7,655	4,400	3,255	5.9	6.8	5.1
Assamese	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	715	365	345	0.6	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	1,405	1,010	395	1.1	1.6	0.6
Hindi	835	520	315	0.6	0.8	0.5
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,115	1,195	925	1.6	1.8	1.4
Rohingya	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,210	1,110	1,095	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	850	435	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	555	280	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	395	210	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,340	2,525	2,820	4.1	3.9	4.4
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,745	1,305	1,440	2.1	2.0	2.3
Portuguese	370	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	640	300	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	1,555	725	835	1.2	1.1	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	510	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,720	2,310	2,415	3.7	3.5	3.8
Chinese languages	4,540	2,220	2,320	3.5	3.4	3.6
Hakka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,125	1,515	1,615	2.4	2.3	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,245	620	620	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	105	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	355	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	340	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,255	3,715	3,535	5.6	5.7	5.5
English and French	710	325	390	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	5,505	2,905	2,605	4.3	4.5	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	630	305	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	81,460	41,295	40,165	63.2	63.4	62.9
French	415	190	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	13,305	6,505	6,805	10.3	10.0	10.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,305	6,500	6,805	10.3	10.0	10.7
English and French	1,440	665	775	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	29,345	15,085	14,265	22.8	23.2	22.3
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,440	660	775	1.1	1.0	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,445	675	765	1.1	1.0	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	120,845	61,030	59,810	93.7	93.7	93.7
Official languages	95,065	48,145	46,915	73.7	73.9	73.5
English	94,405	47,835	46,570	73.2	73.5	72.9
French	660	310	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	25,775	12,885	12,895	20.0	19.8	20.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,780	12,885	12,890	20.0	19.8	20.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,000	4,395	4,605	7.0	6.7	7.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	350	150	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	335	140	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,620	4,235	4,385	6.7	6.5	6.9
Amharic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,015	3,490	3,520	5.4	5.4	5.5
Aramaic languages	1,455	670	785	1.1	1.0	1.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	210	95	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,215	555	660	0.9	0.9	1.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,085	500	585	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	955	445	510	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	595	265	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	490	220	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	775	480	295	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	180	120	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	265	150	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	310	195	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,750	4,995	4,750	7.6	7.7	7.4
Albanian	270	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,160	550	615	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,165	550	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	480	225	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	305	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,830	3,210	2,620	4.5	4.9	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	5,230	2,925	2,305	4.1	4.5	3.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	420	220	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	860	590	270	0.7	0.9	0.4
Hindi	520	305	215	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,635	915	720	1.3	1.4	1.1
Rohingya	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,575	785	795	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	595	285	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	390	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	290	150	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,280	1,015	1,265	1.8	1.6	2.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	955	395	560	0.7	0.6	0.9
Portuguese	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	330	155	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	825	380	445	0.6	0.6	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,650	1,790	1,860	2.8	2.7	2.9
Chinese languages	3,495	1,710	1,785	2.7	2.6	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,490	1,225	1,265	1.9	1.9	2.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	900	435	470	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,120	4,085	4,030	6.3	6.3	6.3
English and French	325	140	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,370	3,765	3,605	5.7	5.8	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	128,960	65,120	63,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	101,750	51,275	50,475	78.9	78.7	79.1
English	9,615	4,940	4,675	7.5	7.6	7.3
French	1,375	635	740	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official language	12,585	6,370	6,215	9.8	9.8	9.7
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,565	6,360	6,200	9.7	9.8	9.7
English and French	225	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,550	805	745	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	575	255	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,245	710	535	1.0	1.1	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	128,400	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	124,240	63,355	60,885	96.8	97.5	96.0
English	124,000	63,275	60,725	96.6	97.4	95.8
French	10,675	4,915	5,755	8.3	7.6	9.1
Non-official languages	55,250	28,450	26,800	43.0	43.8	42.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,215	28,430	26,790	43.0	43.7	42.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,445	9,340	9,110	14.4	14.4	14.4
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	785	375	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	705	330	375	0.5	0.5	0.6
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	17,800	9,035	8,770	13.9	13.9	13.8
Amharic	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	16,420	8,305	8,110	12.8	12.8	12.8
Aramaic languages	2,755	1,375	1,380	2.1	2.1	2.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	400	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,340	1,170	1,175	1.8	1.8	1.9
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	270	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,185	1,105	1,075	1.7	1.7	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	1,840	945	900	1.4	1.5	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,520	590	925	1.2	0.9	1.5
Bikol	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,330	500	835	1.0	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,755	1,170	585	1.4	1.8	0.9
Kannada	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	320	220	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	730	475	255	0.6	0.7	0.4
Telugu	830	550	285	0.6	0.8	0.4
Tulu	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	24,770	13,220	11,550	19.3	20.3	18.2
Albanian	620	280	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
Armenian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,585	1,760	1,820	2.8	2.7	2.9
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,565	1,750	1,815	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	385	190	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	895	415	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Russian	420	200	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,595	820	775	1.2	1.3	1.2
Bosnian	235	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	565	285	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	1,005	530	475	0.8	0.8	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	220	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	220	90	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,130	645	485	0.9	1.0	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	870	480	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
German	845	460	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	220	145	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afrikaans	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	125	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Danish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	605	325	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	11,485	6,685	4,800	8.9	10.3	7.6
Indo-Aryan languages	10,390	6,145	4,245	8.1	9.5	6.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	840	470	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	1,810	1,295	510	1.4	2.0	0.8
Hindi	4,105	2,605	1,505	3.2	4.0	2.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	175	110	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nepali	140	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,250	1,865	1,385	2.5	2.9	2.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	3,480	1,825	1,660	2.7	2.8	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	1,190	575	610	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	370	185	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	740	370	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	585	315	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,905	3,870	4,035	6.2	6.0	6.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,995	1,990	2,000	3.1	3.1	3.2
Portuguese	575	300	275	0.4	0.5	0.4
Romanian	880	410	470	0.7	0.6	0.7
Spanish	2,670	1,285	1,390	2.1	2.0	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	280	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,200	600	600	0.9	0.9	0.9
Akan (Twi)	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	170	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	230	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	345	160	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sign languages	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	115	30	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,450	2,685	2,770	4.2	4.1	4.4
Chinese languages	5,205	2,570	2,635	4.1	4.0	4.2
Hakka	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,985	1,915	2,070	3.1	2.9	3.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,745	895	850	1.4	1.4	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	220	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	515	300	215	0.4	0.5	0.3
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	485	280	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	560	255	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	530	245	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	128,405	64,990	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,380	1,585	1,795	2.6	2.4	2.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,250	1,550	1,705	2.5	2.4	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,705	745	960	1.3	1.1	1.5
Métis	1,535	795	740	1.2	1.2	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	125,020	63,400	61,620	97.4	97.6	97.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	128,405	64,990	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	870	405	465	0.7	0.6	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	127,535	64,585	62,950	99.3	99.4	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,795	...	...	59.4	...	...
Renter	21,040	...	...	40.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,125	...	...	6.0	...	...
Not condominium	48,710	...	...	94.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	540	...	...	1.0	...	...
1 bedroom	8,430	...	...	16.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,385	...	...	23.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,275	...	...	35.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,195	...	...	23.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,105	...	...	31.1	...	...
5 rooms	8,115	...	...	15.7	...	...
6 rooms	7,870	...	...	15.2	...	...
7 rooms	6,720	...	...	13.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,015	...	...	25.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	49,970	...	...	96.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,860	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,945	...	...	92.5	...	...
Not suitable	3,885	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	21,115	...	...	40.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,850	...	...	24.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,685	...	...	7.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,200	...	...	13.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,490	...	...	6.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,340	...	...	2.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	940	...	...	1.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,200	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,090	...	...	92.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,740	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	30,290	...	...	58.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,460	...	...	35.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,080	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,120	...	...	4.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,780	...	...	15.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,635	...	...	14.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,690	...	...	18.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,085	...	...	21.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,435	...	...	14.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,130	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,955	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,990	...	...	77.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,580	...	...	22.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,400	...	...	20.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,120	...	...	33.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,815	...	...	18.9	...	...
Not suitable only	2,885	...	...	5.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,415	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	685	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,010	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,710	...	...	67.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	50,385	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,915	...	...	11.7	...	...
Not in core need	44,470	...	...	88.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,790	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.0	...	...	56.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.7	...	...	12.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	990	...	...	990	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,171	...	...	1,171	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	422,400	...	...	422,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,040	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	19.3	...	...	19.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.8	...	...	36.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.8	...	...	22.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	...	...	950	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,041	...	...	1,041	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	128,400	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,065	545	520	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,035	525	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	850	420	430	0.7	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,635	1,830	1,810	2.8	2.8	2.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,565	1,810	1,760	2.8	2.8	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,550	1,280	1,265	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,005	520	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	123,700	62,610	61,090	96.3	96.3	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	128,405	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	110,370	55,055	55,310	86.0	84.7	87.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,695	11,680	11,010	17.7	18.0	17.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,670	43,375	44,300	68.3	66.7	69.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,035	9,930	8,105	14.0	15.3	12.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	128,405	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	80,670	40,390	40,280	62.8	62.2	63.5
Immigrants⁸¹	41,180	20,300	20,880	32.1	31.2	32.9
Before 1980	6,525	3,165	3,360	5.1	4.9	5.3
1980 to 1990	3,730	1,980	1,750	2.9	3.0	2.8
1991 to 2000	8,020	3,935	4,085	6.2	6.1	6.4
2001 to 2010	9,030	4,300	4,735	7.0	6.6	7.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,875	6,930	6,945	10.8	10.7	11.0
2011 to 2015	5,295	2,520	2,770	4.1	3.9	4.4
2016 to 2021	8,575	4,405	4,175	6.7	6.8	6.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,555	4,300	2,255	5.1	6.6	3.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,175	20,300	20,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,040	2,150	1,890	9.8	10.6	9.1
5 to 14 years	7,280	3,645	3,630	17.7	18.0	17.4
15 to 24 years	7,990	3,850	4,140	19.4	19.0	19.8
25 to 44 years	17,390	8,575	8,815	42.2	42.2	42.2
45 years and over	4,480	2,080	2,400	10.9	10.2	11.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,175	20,300	20,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,425	2,035	2,390	10.7	10.0	11.4
Brazil	70	45	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Colombia	100	55	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
El Salvador	355	210	155	0.9	1.0	0.7
Guyana	45	40	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Haiti	145	55	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jamaica	360	175	180	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexico	255	115	135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Peru	25	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	140	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	2,265	995	1,265	5.5	4.9	6.1
Other places of birth in Americas	660	270	390	1.6	1.3	1.9
Europe	8,055	3,980	4,075	19.6	19.6	19.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	410	230	180	1.0	1.1	0.9
Croatia	325	165	160	0.8	0.8	0.8
France	65	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	265	110	150	0.6	0.5	0.7
Greece	370	195	175	0.9	1.0	0.8
Hungary	225	105	125	0.5	0.5	0.6
Italy	2,050	1,005	1,045	5.0	5.0	5.0
Netherlands	90	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	675	335	345	1.6	1.7	1.7
Portugal	190	90	105	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romania	725	365	365	1.8	1.8	1.7
Russian Federation	65	30	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	455	225	230	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ukraine	90	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,005	500	505	2.4	2.5	2.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,045	505	540	2.5	2.5	2.6
Africa	3,280	1,640	1,645	8.0	8.1	7.9
Algeria	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	145	70	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
Egypt	310	185	130	0.8	0.9	0.6
Eritrea	195	105	90	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ethiopia	185	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.5
Morocco	50	35	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	395	205	190	1.0	1.0	0.9
Somalia	500	225	280	1.2	1.1	1.3
South Africa, Republic of	95	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,345	660	680	3.3	3.3	3.3
Asia	25,365	12,630	12,730	61.6	62.2	61.0
Afghanistan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	365	165	205	0.9	0.8	1.0
Iraq	4,340	2,195	2,150	10.5	10.8	10.3
Lebanon	2,720	1,310	1,410	6.6	6.5	6.8
Syria⁸⁹	2,530	1,270	1,260	6.1	6.3	6.0
Turkey	165	85	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	2,820	1,265	1,555	6.8	6.2	7.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	325	205	120	0.8	1.0	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	180	80	100	0.4	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	145	65	80	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	1,330	530	800	3.2	2.6	3.8
Viet Nam	1,355	660	690	3.3	3.3	3.3
Bangladesh	560	290	265	1.4	1.4	1.3
India	3,415	1,895	1,520	8.3	9.3	7.3
Pakistan	1,955	990	955	4.7	4.9	4.6
Sri Lanka	160	85	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,980	1,530	1,450	7.2	7.5	6.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,580	4,405	4,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	655	325	330	7.6	7.4	7.9
Brazil	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Haiti	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jamaica	60	25	35	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mexico	55	20	35	0.6	0.5	0.8
United States of America	410	215	195	4.8	4.9	4.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	65	35	30	0.8	0.8	0.7
Europe	240	105	135	2.8	2.4	3.2
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	20	15	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	140	65	75	1.6	1.5	1.8
Africa	1,055	555	505	12.3	12.6	12.1
Algeria	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Burundi	65	25	35	0.8	0.6	0.8
Cameroon	35	15	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	15	25	0.4	0.3	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	50	30	25	0.6	0.7	0.6
Eritrea	110	65	40	1.3	1.5	1.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Morocco	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Nigeria	170	95	75	2.0	2.2	1.8
Somalia	205	120	90	2.4	2.7	2.2
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	40	25	15	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	295	135	160	3.4	3.1	3.8
Asia	6,630	3,430	3,200	77.3	77.9	76.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	95	65	25	1.1	1.5	0.6
China⁹⁰	485	185	305	5.7	4.2	7.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,310	800	505	15.3	18.2	12.1
Iran⁸⁸	45	15	30	0.5	0.3	0.7
Iraq	1,155	640	515	13.5	14.5	12.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	115	45	70	1.3	1.0	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	50	20	30	0.6	0.5	0.7
Lebanon	315	130	180	3.7	3.0	4.3
Nepal	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Pakistan	350	190	165	4.1	4.3	4.0
Philippines	180	55	115	2.1	1.2	2.8
Saudi Arabia	245	135	105	2.9	3.1	2.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	1,775	905	870	20.7	20.5	20.8
Turkey	40	25	20	0.5	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	85	55	30	1.0	1.2	0.7
Viet Nam	80	35	50	0.9	0.8	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	260	100	160	3.0	2.3	3.8
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	128,405	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	49,370	25,460	23,910	38.4	39.2	37.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,460	14,315	14,145	22.2	22.0	22.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	50,570	25,205	25,365	39.4	38.8	40.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	34,655	17,135	17,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	11,480	6,225	5,255	33.1	36.3	30.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,990	3,490	1,495	14.4	20.4	8.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,495	2,730	3,760	18.7	15.9	21.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,815	3,415	5,405	25.4	19.9	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	13,625	7,145	6,480	39.3	41.7	37.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	730	350	380	2.1	2.0	2.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	34,655	17,135	17,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,810	1,975	1,825	11.0	11.5	10.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,600	775	825	4.6	4.5	4.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	660	350	310	1.9	2.0	1.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,510	950	560	4.4	5.5	3.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	265	110	150	0.8	0.6	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,820	12,980	13,840	77.4	75.8	79.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	128,400	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	53,125	27,735	25,390	41.4	42.7	40.0
South Asian	12,785	7,535	5,250	10.0	11.6	8.3
Chinese	5,665	2,855	2,815	4.4	4.4	4.4
Black	8,020	3,945	4,070	6.2	6.1	6.4
Filipino	1,800	765	1,030	1.4	1.2	1.6
Arab	15,535	7,965	7,570	12.1	12.3	11.9
Latin American	1,950	990	965	1.5	1.5	1.5
Southeast Asian	2,990	1,515	1,475	2.3	2.3	2.3
West Asian	2,010	1,010	1,000	1.6	1.6	1.6
Korean	335	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	85	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	485	220	265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,460	730	730	1.1	1.1	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	75,275	37,250	38,020	58.6	57.3	60.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	128,400	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,665	6,425	6,240	9.9	9.9	9.8
English	16,635	8,040	8,590	13.0	12.4	13.5
Irish	15,195	7,200	7,995	11.8	11.1	12.6
Scottish	12,275	6,150	6,125	9.6	9.5	9.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,255	8,565	8,690	13.4	13.2	13.7
German	8,195	3,940	4,255	6.4	6.1	6.7
Chinese	5,580	2,750	2,830	4.3	4.2	4.5
Italian	10,965	5,420	5,540	8.5	8.3	8.7
Indian (India)	6,295	3,890	2,405	4.9	6.0	3.8
Ukrainian	2,555	1,230	1,330	2.0	1.9	2.1
Dutch	2,180	980	1,195	1.7	1.5	1.9
Polish	3,705	1,685	2,015	2.9	2.6	3.2
Québécois	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,145	1,040	1,100	1.7	1.6	1.7
Filipino	1,790	775	1,020	1.4	1.2	1.6
French Canadian	2,555	1,245	1,305	2.0	1.9	2.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,160	1,035	1,130	1.7	1.6	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,395	645	750	1.1	1.0	1.2
Métis	1,275	650	625	1.0	1.0	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,320	660	665	1.0	1.0	1.0
Russian	1,005	455	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
Norwegian	295	155	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	1,085	475	610	0.8	0.7	1.0
Portuguese	1,020	555	465	0.8	0.9	0.7
American	1,480	680	800	1.2	1.0	1.3
Spanish	1,005	520	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Swedish	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	2,115	1,025	1,095	1.6	1.6	1.7
Acadian	195	90	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	2,470	1,290	1,180	1.9	2.0	1.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,615	730	885	1.3	1.1	1.4
Jewish	415	190	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Punjabi	990	575	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
Vietnamese	2,100	1,070	1,030	1.6	1.6	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,745	2,445	2,305	3.7	3.8	3.6
Greek	1,015	545	470	0.8	0.8	0.7
Jamaican	825	405	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,170	685	485	0.9	1.1	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	300	140	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romanian	1,605	760	840	1.3	1.2	1.3
Lebanese	5,095	2,575	2,520	4.0	4.0	4.0
Iranian	565	295	270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	810	400	405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Danish	255	90	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,020	555	470	0.8	0.9	0.7
Sikh	595	325	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
Austrian	500	230	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	565	270	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindu	965	595	370	0.8	0.9	0.6
Mexican	525	210	315	0.4	0.3	0.5
Mennonite	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	315	145	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	195	120	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatian	880	475	405	0.7	0.7	0.6
Japanese	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	660	360	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	1,270	655	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
Egyptian	425	260	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	330	155	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	190	110	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	50	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	2,040	1,025	1,015	1.6	1.6	1.6
Guyanese	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	880	415	460	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbian	1,220	630	595	1.0	1.0	0.9
Ojibway	190	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ontarian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	240	95	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	300	135	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkish	440	230	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	555	285	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigerian	670	340	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Armenian	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	630	350	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	795	375	425	0.6	0.6	0.7
Taiwanese	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	2,985	1,455	1,535	2.3	2.2	2.4
Salvadorean	350	215	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
African Caribbean	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	305	165	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,460	745	710	1.1	1.1	1.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	1,160	615	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chilean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	250	100	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	475	230	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	750	375	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Maltese	385	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	570	275	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Slovenian	190	100	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	330	250	85	0.3	0.4	0.1
Eritrean	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Canadian	600	315	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Israeli	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	575	310	270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	255	145	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	200	140	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	75	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Laotian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	50	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	355	205	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	355	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Igbo	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	170	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	65	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	265	170	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Manitoban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	1,700	880	820	1.3	1.4	1.3
Sinhalese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	180	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	180	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Basque	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	70	60	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	128,400	64,985	63,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,705	825	880	1.3	1.3	1.4
Christian	64,170	30,785	33,385	50.0	47.4	52.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,545	4,715	4,835	7.4	7.3	7.6
Anabaptist	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	3,530	1,605	1,935	2.7	2.5	3.1
Baptist	1,630	795	830	1.3	1.2	1.3
Catholic	37,570	18,085	19,485	29.3	27.8	30.7
Christian Orthodox	3,290	1,655	1,635	2.6	2.5	2.6
Jehovah's Witness	365	155	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	645	315	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	180	65	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,670	745	925	1.3	1.1	1.5
Presbyterian	1,085	495	585	0.8	0.8	0.9
Reformed	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	2,000	885	1,115	1.6	1.4	1.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,365	1,145	1,220	1.8	1.8	1.9
Hindu	4,915	3,265	1,645	3.8	5.0	2.6
Jewish	420	205	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	20,580	10,410	10,170	16.0	16.0	16.0
Sikh	2,035	1,135	905	1.6	1.7	1.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	705	285	420	0.5	0.4	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	33,835	18,065	15,770	26.4	27.8	24.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	127,235	64,390	62,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	110,085	55,030	55,060	86.5	85.5	87.6
Movers	17,145	9,360	7,785	13.5	14.5	12.4
Non-migrants	11,335	6,085	5,245	8.9	9.5	8.3
Migrants	5,815	3,275	2,540	4.6	5.1	4.0
Internal migrants	3,720	1,875	1,840	2.9	2.9	2.9
Intraprovincial migrants	3,180	1,590	1,585	2.5	2.5	2.5
Interprovincial migrants	540	285	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	2,095	1,395	700	1.6	2.2	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	122,155	61,850	60,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	72,235	35,570	36,665	59.1	57.5	60.8
Movers	49,920	26,275	23,640	40.9	42.5	39.2
Non-migrants	24,915	12,770	12,145	20.4	20.6	20.1
Migrants	25,000	13,505	11,500	20.5	21.8	19.1
Internal migrants	13,075	6,550	6,520	10.7	10.6	10.8
Intraprovincial migrants	10,625	5,325	5,300	8.7	8.6	8.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,445	1,230	1,215	2.0	2.0	2.0
External migrants	11,935	6,950	4,980	9.8	11.2	8.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,445	10,005	10,435	19.0	18.5	19.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,065	44,185	42,885	81.0	81.5	80.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,000	34,470	33,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,690	4,420	4,275	12.8	12.8	12.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	59,305	30,055	29,250	87.2	87.2	87.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	107,505	54,185	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,225	9,245	9,985	17.9	17.1	18.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,020	16,730	16,290	30.7	30.9	30.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,260	28,210	27,050	51.4	52.1	50.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,100	13,530	13,570	25.2	25.0	25.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,075	3,685	1,395	4.7	6.8	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,440	1,560	880	2.3	2.9	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,635	2,120	520	2.5	3.9	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,905	8,870	11,035	18.5	16.4	20.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,115	980	1,135	2.0	1.8	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,160	14,685	13,475	26.2	27.1	25.3
Bachelor's degree	17,400	8,570	8,830	16.2	15.8	16.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,775	840	935	1.7	1.6	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	700	410	290	0.7	0.8	0.5
Master's degree	7,020	3,965	3,055	6.5	7.3	5.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,265	900	370	1.2	1.7	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,995	34,470	33,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,065	4,080	3,990	11.9	11.8	11.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,295	10,245	9,045	28.4	29.7	27.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,640	20,145	20,490	59.8	58.4	61.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,505	9,455	10,050	28.7	27.4	30.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,365	2,395	970	4.9	6.9	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,595	1,010	590	2.3	2.9	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,770	1,390	375	2.6	4.0	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,665	6,340	8,325	21.6	18.4	24.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,475	720	755	2.2	2.1	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,135	10,690	10,445	31.1	31.0	31.2
Bachelor's degree	12,485	5,965	6,520	18.4	17.3	19.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,340	580	760	2.0	1.7	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	560	305	255	0.8	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	5,730	3,150	2,585	8.4	9.1	7.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,025	695	325	1.5	2.0	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	52,250	25,980	26,275	48.6	47.9	49.3
Education	2,960	760	2,205	2.8	1.4	4.1
13. Education	2,960	760	2,205	2.8	1.4	4.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,345	530	820	1.3	1.0	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,275	485	790	1.2	0.9	1.5
Humanities	2,590	925	1,665	2.4	1.7	3.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	340	75	265	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	680	175	505	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	665	225	440	0.6	0.4	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	390	215	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	15	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,360	2,245	4,115	5.9	4.1	7.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	10	85	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	900	420	485	0.8	0.8	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,145	140	1,010	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	985	370	615	0.9	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	30	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,095	295	800	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,010	985	1,020	1.9	1.8	1.9
Business, management and public administration	10,145	4,640	5,505	9.4	8.6	10.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,020	220	800	0.9	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,100	4,415	4,685	8.5	8.1	8.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,430	1,155	1,275	2.3	2.1	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,185	480	705	1.1	0.9	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	430	175	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	640	435	200	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,145	2,115	1,030	2.9	3.9	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,650	1,825	820	2.5	3.4	1.5
25. Library science	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	230	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,470	11,925	1,550	12.5	22.0	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	435	305	130	0.4	0.6	0.2
14. Engineering	5,700	4,750	950	5.3	8.8	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,385	2,130	255	2.2	3.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,550	1,490	55	1.4	2.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,430	1,400	30	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	1,980	1,850	135	1.8	3.4	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	625	330	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	480	240	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	9,000	2,100	6,905	8.4	3.9	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	590	310	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,185	1,650	6,530	7.6	3.0	12.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	185	130	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,150	1,475	1,680	2.9	2.7	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,925	515	1,410	1.8	1.0	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	845	620	225	0.8	1.1	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	370	325	50	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,000	34,470	33,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,360	14,325	13,035	40.2	41.6	38.9
Education	2,080	495	1,585	3.1	1.4	4.7
13. Education	2,080	495	1,585	3.1	1.4	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,040	395	650	1.5	1.1	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	985	365	620	1.4	1.1	1.8
Humanities	1,815	585	1,225	2.7	1.7	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	235	25	210	0.3	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	500	120	380	0.7	0.3	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	470	140	330	0.7	0.4	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	80	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	245	125	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,725	1,585	3,140	6.9	4.6	9.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	705	310	395	1.0	0.9	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	835	85	750	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	750	240	500	1.1	0.7	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	840	240	605	1.2	0.7	1.8
45. Social sciences	1,435	680	750	2.1	2.0	2.2
Business, management and public administration	7,565	3,255	4,310	11.1	9.4	12.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	800	160	640	1.2	0.5	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,750	3,090	3,660	9.9	9.0	10.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,770	885	885	2.6	2.6	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	830	365	465	1.2	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	325	145	180	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	495	330	160	0.7	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,380	1,590	785	3.5	4.6	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,015	1,395	620	3.0	4.0	1.8
25. Library science	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	260	150	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,580	8,390	1,190	14.1	24.3	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	365	255	105	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	4,135	3,400	735	6.1	9.9	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,760	1,565	190	2.6	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,025	990	35	1.5	2.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	880	860	20	1.3	2.5	0.1
48. Precision production	1,415	1,320	95	2.1	3.8	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	465	250	215	0.7	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	170	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	125	80	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	6,780	1,610	5,170	10.0	4.7	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	400	220	180	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,200	1,285	4,915	9.1	3.7	14.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	105	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,440	1,105	1,335	3.6	3.2	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,485	380	1,100	2.2	1.1	3.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	655	465	190	1.0	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	250	45	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	68,000	34,470	33,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,360	14,325	13,035	40.2	41.6	38.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,635	20,150	20,490	59.8	58.5	61.1
Location of study inside Canada	29,640	14,545	15,100	43.6	42.2	45.0
Same as province or territory of residence	28,600	14,000	14,595	42.1	40.6	43.5
Different than province or territory of residence	1,045	540	500	1.5	1.6	1.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,995	5,605	5,390	16.2	16.3	16.1
Americas	2,780	1,555	1,225	4.1	4.5	3.7
United States of America	2,325	1,335	990	3.4	3.9	3.0
Mexico	135	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	65	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,195	640	560	1.8	1.9	1.7
Belgium	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	45	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	105	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	205	120	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	155	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	185	85	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Africa	725	365	365	1.1	1.1	1.1
Nigeria	180	80	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algeria	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	165	90	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	270	135	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asia	6,245	3,020	3,225	9.2	8.8	9.6
Iran⁸⁸	205	120	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	675	390	280	1.0	1.1	0.8
Israel	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	340	145	195	0.5	0.4	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	250	120	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Turkey	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	875	415	455	1.3	1.2	1.4
Taiwan	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	450	160	290	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,840	935	905	2.7	2.7	2.7
Pakistan	670	290	380	1.0	0.8	1.1
Other locations of study in Asia	450	220	235	0.7	0.6	0.7
Oceania	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	107,510	54,190	53,320	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,750	33,790	26,960	...	...	...
Employed	49,505	27,675	21,825	...	...	...
Unemployed	11,245	6,110	5,130	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	46,760	20,400	26,360	...	...	...
Participation rate	56.5	62.4	50.6	56.5	62.4	50.6
Employment rate	46.0	51.1	40.9	46.0	51.1	40.9
Unemployment rate	18.5	18.1	19.0	18.5	18.1	19.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	107,510	54,190	53,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	48,930	21,910	27,020	45.5	40.4	50.7
Worked	58,580	32,280	26,305	54.5	59.6	49.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	26,350	15,425	10,930	24.5	28.5	20.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,235	16,855	15,375	30.0	31.1	28.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.9	39.6	38.2	38.9	39.6	38.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,745	33,785	26,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,575	1,470	1,105	4.2	4.4	4.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,170	32,315	25,855	95.8	95.6	95.9
Employee	51,850	28,160	23,685	85.4	83.4	87.9
Permanent position	44,040	24,095	19,945	72.5	71.3	74.0
Temporary position	7,810	4,065	3,740	12.9	12.0	13.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,765	1,395	1,370	4.6	4.1	5.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,040	2,665	2,375	8.3	7.9	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,320	4,155	2,165	10.4	12.3	8.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,745	33,785	26,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,575	1,470	1,105	4.2	4.4	4.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,170	32,315	25,855	95.8	95.6	95.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	330	210	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	6,905	2,405	4,495	11.4	7.1	16.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,695	4,590	1,105	9.4	13.6	4.1
3 Health occupations	5,185	1,165	4,020	8.5	3.4	14.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,860	2,075	3,785	9.6	6.1	14.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,145	560	590	1.9	1.7	2.2
6 Sales and service occupations	16,100	7,390	8,705	26.5	21.9	32.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,845	8,970	875	16.2	26.6	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	810	590	215	1.3	1.7	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,300	4,360	1,940	10.4	12.9	7.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,745	33,785	26,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,575	1,470	1,105	4.2	4.4	4.1
All industries¹⁹¹	58,170	32,315	25,855	95.8	95.6	95.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	775	425	350	1.3	1.3	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	85	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	240	185	60	0.4	0.5	0.2
23 Construction	3,525	3,135	395	5.8	9.3	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	10,855	8,280	2,580	17.9	24.5	9.6
41 Wholesale trade	1,395	930	460	2.3	2.8	1.7
44-45 Retail trade	6,685	3,340	3,345	11.0	9.9	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,920	2,260	665	4.8	6.7	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	590	380	210	1.0	1.1	0.8
52 Finance and insurance	1,825	815	1,010	3.0	2.4	3.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	875	530	350	1.4	1.6	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,675	2,210	1,465	6.0	6.5	5.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	95	45	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,135	1,855	1,290	5.2	5.5	4.8
61 Educational services	4,250	1,540	2,710	7.0	4.6	10.1
62 Health care and social assistance	7,480	1,590	5,895	12.3	4.7	21.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,190	610	575	2.0	1.8	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	4,515	2,150	2,365	7.4	6.4	8.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,400	1,085	1,310	4.0	3.2	4.9
91 Public administration	1,640	870	770	2.7	2.6	2.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	64,495	35,440	29,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,755	33,600	27,155	94.2	94.8	93.5
French	335	125	200	0.5	0.4	0.7
Non-official language	515	315	205	0.8	0.9	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	515	315	205	0.8	0.9	0.7
English and French	800	295	505	1.2	0.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,960	1,030	935	3.0	2.9	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	64,495	35,440	29,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	63,930	35,145	28,785	99.1	99.2	99.1
Official languages	63,030	34,645	28,385	97.7	97.8	97.7
English	62,520	34,460	28,055	96.9	97.2	96.6
French	515	185	330	0.8	0.5	1.1
Non-official languages	900	500	395	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	900	500	395	1.4	1.4	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	165	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	240	155	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	220	135	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	245	125	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	180	100	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	175	100	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	135	85	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280	155	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	265	145	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	150	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	565	290	270	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and French	160	55	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	395	230	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	64,495	35,440	29,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	62,070	34,265	27,805	96.2	96.7	95.7
English	485	200	285	0.8	0.6	1.0
French	490	210	280	0.8	0.6	1.0
Non-official language	1,235	650	580	1.9	1.8	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,230	650	575	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,505	27,675	21,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	8,880	4,530	4,355	17.9	16.4	19.9
Worked outside Canada	1,975	1,210	765	4.0	4.4	3.5
No fixed workplace address	5,945	4,470	1,470	12.0	16.2	6.7
Usual place of work	32,705	17,465	15,240	66.1	63.1	69.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,705	17,465	15,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,020	12,075	11,945	73.4	69.1	78.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,895	4,885	3,010	24.1	28.0	19.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	690	445	245	2.1	2.5	1.6
Commute to a different province or territory	95	55	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,645	21,935	16,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	34,430	19,580	14,850	89.1	89.3	88.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,780	17,995	12,785	79.6	82.0	76.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,650	1,585	2,065	9.4	7.2	12.4
Public transit	1,805	1,035	770	4.7	4.7	4.6
Walked	1,275	635	640	3.3	2.9	3.8
Bicycle	370	300	75	1.0	1.4	0.4
Other method	765	385	380	2.0	1.8	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,645	21,935	16,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	16,260	8,630	7,630	42.1	39.3	45.7
15 to 29 minutes	16,205	9,460	6,740	41.9	43.1	40.3
30 to 44 minutes	3,715	2,345	1,365	9.6	10.7	8.2
45 to 59 minutes	1,390	800	585	3.6	3.6	3.5
60 minutes and over	1,075	695	380	2.8	3.2	2.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,645	21,935	16,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,950	1,900	1,050	7.6	8.7	6.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,880	4,790	2,090	17.8	21.8	12.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,640	4,275	3,365	19.8	19.5	20.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,740	3,805	3,935	20.0	17.3	23.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,615	2,805	2,805	14.5	12.8	16.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,820	4,355	3,465	20.2	19.9	20.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,275	13,540	12,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,660	1,895	1,765	13.9	14.0	13.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,615	11,640	10,975	86.1	86.0	86.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,550	10,055	9,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,800	1,445	1,355	14.3	14.4	14.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,925	980	950	9.8	9.7	10.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	875	470	405	4.5	4.7	4.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,750	8,610	8,140	85.7	85.6	85.7

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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