Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ajax, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	126,666	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,677	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	40,275	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,488	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,900.6	...	...	1,900.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	66.64	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,665	61,645	65,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	23,805	12,265	11,535	18.8	19.9	17.7
0 to 4 years	7,185	3,705	3,480	5.7	6.0	5.4
5 to 9 years	8,050	4,110	3,940	6.4	6.7	6.1
10 to 14 years	8,565	4,455	4,115	6.8	7.2	6.3
15 to 64 years	86,275	41,905	44,370	68.1	68.0	68.2
15 to 19 years	8,305	4,315	3,990	6.6	7.0	6.1
20 to 24 years	8,180	4,170	4,010	6.5	6.8	6.2
25 to 29 years	8,240	4,145	4,090	6.5	6.7	6.3
30 to 34 years	8,565	4,055	4,510	6.8	6.6	6.9
35 to 39 years	9,235	4,380	4,850	7.3	7.1	7.5
40 to 44 years	8,990	4,165	4,825	7.1	6.8	7.4
45 to 49 years	8,660	4,115	4,550	6.8	6.7	7.0
50 to 54 years	8,700	4,140	4,560	6.9	6.7	7.0
55 to 59 years	9,355	4,505	4,845	7.4	7.3	7.5
60 to 64 years	8,050	3,915	4,135	6.4	6.4	6.4
65 years and over	16,585	7,480	9,105	13.1	12.1	14.0
65 to 69 years	5,675	2,720	2,955	4.5	4.4	4.5
70 to 74 years	4,490	2,085	2,405	3.5	3.4	3.7
75 to 79 years	2,890	1,335	1,550	2.3	2.2	2.4
80 to 84 years	1,785	720	1,070	1.4	1.2	1.6
85 years and over	1,745	615	1,130	1.4	1.0	1.7
85 to 89 years	1,120	420	695	0.9	0.7	1.1
90 to 94 years	495	170	335	0.4	0.3	0.5
95 to 99 years	110	20	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
100 years and over	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.9	17.7	18.8	19.9	17.7
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.0	68.2	68.1	68.0	68.2
65 years and over	13.1	12.1	14.0	13.1	12.1	14.0
85 years and over	1.4	1.0	1.7	1.4	1.0	1.7
Average age of the population	38.6	37.6	39.5	38.6	37.6	39.5
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	39.6	38.4	37.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	25,560	...	...	64.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,265	...	...	5.7	...	...
Row house	6,020	...	...	15.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,385	...	...	3.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,610	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,635	...	...	6.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	5,555	...	...	14.1	...	...
2 persons	9,810	...	...	24.8	...	...
3 persons	7,925	...	...	20.1	...	...
4 persons	8,980	...	...	22.7	...	...
5 or more persons	7,220	...	...	18.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	126,245	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,860	49,385	53,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	59,825	29,860	29,965	58.2	60.5	56.0
Married	54,085	27,000	27,085	52.6	54.7	50.6
Living common-law	5,740	2,860	2,880	5.6	5.8	5.4
Living common law - Never married	4,030	2,015	2,020	3.9	4.1	3.8
Living common law - Separated	290	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,300	650	650	1.3	1.3	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	43,035	19,520	23,510	41.8	39.5	44.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,140	16,100	15,035	30.3	32.6	28.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,705	1,015	1,690	2.6	2.1	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,855	1,555	3,300	4.7	3.1	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,340	855	3,485	4.2	1.7	6.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	35,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,120	...	...	36.6	...	...
3 persons	8,970	...	...	25.0	...	...
4 persons	9,470	...	...	26.4	...	...
5 or more persons	4,260	...	...	11.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	35,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,200	...	...	81.5	...	...
Married couples	26,330	...	...	73.5	...	...
With children⁶	18,350	...	...	51.2	...	...
Without children	7,975	...	...	22.3	...	...
Common-law couples	2,870	...	...	8.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,455	...	...	4.1	...	...
Without children	1,420	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,625	...	...	18.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,295	...	...	14.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,330	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	126,250	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	113,710	56,305	57,405	90.1	91.5	88.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,395	29,185	29,215	46.3	47.4	45.1
Parents in one-parent families	6,620	1,325	5,295	5.2	2.2	8.2
Children⁶	48,690	25,795	22,900	38.6	41.9	35.4
In a two-parent family	37,955	19,990	17,970	30.1	32.5	27.8
In a one-parent family	10,730	5,805	4,925	8.5	9.4	7.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,540	5,205	7,330	9.9	8.5	11.3
Living alone	5,555	2,235	3,315	4.4	3.6	5.1
Living with other relatives⁷	4,485	1,535	2,945	3.6	2.5	4.5
Living with non-relatives only	2,500	1,430	1,070	2.0	2.3	1.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,770	...	...	67.8	...	...
Couple-family households	22,615	...	...	57.3	...	...
With children⁶	15,735	...	...	39.8	...	...
Without children	6,885	...	...	17.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,150	...	...	10.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,670	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	625	...	...	1.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,925	...	...	4.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	950	...	...	2.4	...	...
One-person households	5,555	...	...	14.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	102,460	49,250	53,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,240	46,565	50,675	94.9	94.5	95.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	47,200	38,800	42,400	47,200	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,250	46,570	50,685	94.9	94.6	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,000	35,600	38,400	42,000	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,860	42,145	43,715	83.8	85.6	82.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	32,000	38,800	46,000	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,795	37,035	36,765	72.0	75.2	69.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	36,800	42,400	48,400	36,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,095	41,470	46,625	86.0	84.2	87.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,120	9,500	8,000	6,120	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,860	4,065	5,795	9.6	8.3	10.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,800	5,960	5,920	5,800	5,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,015	16,280	16,735	32.2	33.1	31.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,500	9,500	9,500	9,500	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	102,460	49,230	53,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,480	46,675	50,805	95.1	94.8	95.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,300	61,400	47,800	54,300	61,400	47,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,490	46,675	50,815	95.1	94.8	95.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	50,160	41,080	45,440	50,160	41,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,945	42,130	43,820	83.9	85.6	82.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,000	59,300	43,040	51,000	59,300	43,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,795	36,955	36,840	72.0	75.1	69.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,300	59,650	45,000	52,300	59,650	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,900	41,410	46,490	85.8	84.1	87.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380	8,900	11,700	10,380	8,900	11,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,645	3,845	5,800	9.4	7.8	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,570	7,460	7,100	6,570	7,460
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,325	15,700	16,630	31.5	31.9	31.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,880	9,910	9,850	9,880	9,910	9,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	102,460	49,230	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,965	20,005	16,960	36.1	40.6	31.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,000	76,000	64,500	70,000	76,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,200	87,400	71,800	80,200	87,400	71,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,645	12,130	14,515	26.0	24.6	27.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	17,400	15,700	16,200	17,400	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600	29,680	23,980	26,600	29,680	23,980
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	87.2	77.6	82.8	87.2	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.0	76.8	68.2	73.0	76.8	68.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.2	12.9	22.4	17.2	12.9	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8	1.3	0.9	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.7	5.8	7.8	6.7	5.8	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0	5.4	6.7	6.0	5.4	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	102,460	49,250	53,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,215	2,690	2,530	5.1	5.5	4.8
With total income	97,240	46,565	50,680	94.9	94.5	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,040	3,755	5,290	9.3	8.1	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,405	5,195	6,205	11.7	11.2	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,675	6,580	8,090	15.1	14.1	16.0
$30,000 to $39,999	11,045	4,695	6,350	11.4	10.1	12.5
$40,000 to $49,999	9,395	4,120	5,280	9.7	8.8	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	8,325	3,655	4,670	8.6	7.8	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	7,080	3,335	3,745	7.3	7.2	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	5,860	2,995	2,870	6.0	6.4	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,600	2,500	2,095	4.7	5.4	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,865	2,170	1,695	4.0	4.7	3.3
$100,000 and over	11,940	7,555	4,380	12.3	16.2	8.6
$100,000 to $149,999	8,710	5,250	3,460	9.0	11.3	6.8
$150,000 and over	3,235	2,305	925	3.3	5.0	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	102,460	49,250	53,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,210	2,680	2,525	5.1	5.4	4.7
With after-tax income	97,255	46,565	50,685	94.9	94.5	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,300	3,840	5,455	9.6	8.2	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	11,885	5,445	6,445	12.2	11.7	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	16,480	7,405	9,080	16.9	15.9	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,760	5,555	7,205	13.1	11.9	14.2
$40,000 to $49,999	11,345	4,990	6,355	11.7	10.7	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	9,650	4,535	5,115	9.9	9.7	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	7,460	3,820	3,640	7.7	8.2	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,730	3,190	2,540	5.9	6.9	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,575	2,455	2,120	4.7	5.3	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	1,660	1,065	2.8	3.6	2.1
$100,000 and over	5,340	3,675	1,665	5.5	7.9	3.3
$100,000 to $124,999	3,030	2,000	1,030	3.1	4.3	2.0
$125,000 and over	2,310	1,675	635	2.4	3.6	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	102,460	49,250	53,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,665	12,220	16,450	28.0	24.8	30.9
With employment income	73,795	37,035	36,760	72.0	75.2	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,545	5,005	5,540	14.3	13.5	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	6,330	2,820	3,510	8.6	7.6	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	7,825	3,585	4,245	10.6	9.7	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	5,655	2,510	3,145	7.7	6.8	8.6
$30,000 to $39,999	5,275	2,455	2,820	7.1	6.6	7.7
$40,000 to $49,999	5,720	2,525	3,200	7.8	6.8	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	5,685	2,665	3,020	7.7	7.2	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,220	2,540	2,680	7.1	6.9	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,575	2,440	2,135	6.2	6.6	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,715	2,130	1,580	5.0	5.8	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	3,460	1,915	1,545	4.7	5.2	4.2
$100,000 and over	9,790	6,445	3,345	13.3	17.4	9.1
$100,000 to $124,999	5,045	3,080	1,960	6.8	8.3	5.3
$125,000 and over	4,745	3,360	1,385	6.4	9.1	3.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	102,460	49,250	53,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,785	45,310	49,470	92.5	92.0	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,400	36,000	40,400	46,400	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,815	45,315	49,500	92.5	92.0	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,200	36,800	41,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,095	41,855	43,235	83.1	85.0	81.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,200	34,000	40,000	47,200	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,230	37,370	36,865	72.4	75.9	69.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,800	37,600	42,400	48,800	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,220	38,550	43,665	80.2	78.3	82.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	820	3,920	1,620	820	3,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,470	2,425	4,045	6.3	4.9	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,320	7,000	6,200	5,320	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	102,460	49,230	53,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,975	45,295	49,680	92.7	92.0	93.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,050	58,700	45,960	52,050	58,700	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,010	45,295	49,715	92.7	92.0	93.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,960	47,840	38,560	42,960	47,840	38,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,315	41,925	43,390	83.3	85.2	81.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,850	59,150	44,840	51,850	59,150	44,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,250	37,325	36,920	72.5	75.8	69.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350	59,550	45,000	52,350	59,550	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,035	38,320	43,705	80.1	77.8	82.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,315	4,696	7,740	6,315	4,696	7,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,375	2,355	4,020	6.2	4.8	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	6,430	8,900	7,990	6,430	8,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	102,460	49,230	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,745	19,935	16,805	35.9	40.5	31.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	72,500	60,400	66,000	72,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,400	82,400	67,100	75,400	82,400	67,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,155	11,505	13,645	24.6	23.4	25.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,600	21,400	23,600	25,600	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,880	37,320	29,160	32,880	37,320	29,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	93.2	85.2	89.6	93.2	85.2
Employment income (%)	78.6	83.6	72.8	78.6	83.6	72.8
Government transfers (%)	10.5	6.8	14.8	10.5	6.8	14.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.6	1.0	0.6	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,555	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,200	...	...	60,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,800	...	...	49,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,400	...	...	122,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	195	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	295	...	...	0.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	640	...	...	1.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	625	...	...	1.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	605	...	...	1.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	690	...	...	1.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	785	...	...	2.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	840	...	...	2.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,865	...	...	4.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,090	...	...	5.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,170	...	...	5.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,325	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,870	...	...	60.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,520	...	...	14.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,845	...	...	12.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,975	...	...	17.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,530	...	...	16.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	210	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	110	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	665	...	...	1.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	715	...	...	1.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	685	...	...	1.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	815	...	...	2.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,000	...	...	2.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,000	...	...	2.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,330	...	...	5.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,585	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,705	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,950	...	...	7.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...	7.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,400	...	...	51.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,405	...	...	16.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,005	...	...	12.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,985	...	...	22.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	19,755	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	8,055	3,670	4,385	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	49,200	43,200	45,600	49,200	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	43,200	39,200	40,800	43,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...	145,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,090	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...	98,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	163,800	...	...	163,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	106,200	...	...	106,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700	...	...	91,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	8,060	3,765	4,295	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,350	60,400	50,920	55,350	60,400	50,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	49,160	43,560	46,160	49,160	43,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	126,245	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	28,855	14,900	13,950	22.9	24.2	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,780	4,530	4,255	7.0	7.4	6.6
18 to 64 years	81,110	39,205	41,905	64.2	63.7	64.7
65 years and over	16,280	7,400	8,885	12.9	12.0	13.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	6,915	3,215	3,700	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,085	1,085	1,000	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	670	340	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,620	1,690	1,935	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,210	445	765	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.5	5.2	5.7	5.5	5.2	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.2	7.3	7.2	7.2	7.3	7.2
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	7.5	7.7	7.6	7.5	7.7
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.6
65 years and over (%)	7.4	6.0	8.6	7.4	6.0	8.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	126,250	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	28,855	14,905	13,950	22.9	24.2	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,785	4,530	4,250	7.0	7.4	6.6
18 to 64 years	81,110	39,205	41,900	64.2	63.7	64.7
65 years and over	16,285	7,400	8,885	12.9	12.0	13.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,755	1,900	1,860	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	955	505	450	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	295	150	140	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,420	1,220	1,195	...	...	...
65 years and over	380	165	215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.0	3.1	2.9	3.0	3.1	2.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.3
18 to 64 years (%)	3.0	3.1	2.9	3.0	3.1	2.9
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	126,245	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	47,365	22,595	24,770	37.5	36.7	38.3
In bottom decile	6,075	2,935	3,135	4.8	4.8	4.8
In second decile	8,060	3,735	4,330	6.4	6.1	6.7
In third decile	10,005	4,780	5,230	7.9	7.8	8.1
In fourth decile	11,040	5,260	5,780	8.7	8.6	8.9
In fifth decile	12,180	5,885	6,300	9.6	9.6	9.7
In top half of the distribution	78,880	38,915	39,965	62.5	63.3	61.7
In sixth decile	13,840	6,690	7,150	11.0	10.9	11.0
In seventh decile	15,200	7,395	7,800	12.0	12.0	12.0
In eighth decile	17,195	8,465	8,730	13.6	13.8	13.5
In ninth decile	18,000	8,945	9,060	14.3	14.5	14.0
In top decile	14,655	7,425	7,235	11.6	12.1	11.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	126,250	...	...	126,250	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.286	...	...	0.286	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.390	...	...	0.390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.249	...	...	0.249	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	126,415	61,565	64,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	114,445	56,700	57,740	90.5	92.1	89.0
French only	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	9,420	3,935	5,490	7.5	6.4	8.5
Neither English nor French	2,450	890	1,560	1.9	1.4	2.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	126,415	61,565	64,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	121,685	59,685	62,005	96.3	96.9	95.6
French	1,595	705	885	1.3	1.1	1.4
English and French	740	320	420	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	2,395	860	1,535	1.9	1.4	2.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	126,415	61,565	64,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	118,590	57,840	60,755	93.8	93.9	93.7
Official languages	83,320	40,945	42,375	65.9	66.5	65.3
English	81,910	40,320	41,585	64.8	65.5	64.1
French	1,410	625	785	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	35,270	16,895	18,380	27.9	27.4	28.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,265	16,890	18,375	27.9	27.4	28.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,930	970	960	1.5	1.6	1.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,805	925	880	1.4	1.5	1.4
Amharic	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,540	785	755	1.2	1.3	1.2
Aramaic languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	300	140	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,265	1,450	1,810	2.6	2.4	2.8
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,840	1,275	1,565	2.2	2.1	2.4
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	7,420	3,605	3,810	5.9	5.9	5.9
Kannada	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	545	270	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	6,355	3,070	3,285	5.0	5.0	5.1
Telugu	465	235	225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,635	8,980	9,650	14.7	14.6	14.9
Albanian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,425	630	790	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,400	620	775	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	420	175	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	295	125	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	570	235	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	405	155	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
German	400	155	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	390	200	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	13,075	6,390	6,685	10.3	10.4	10.3
Indo-Aryan languages	10,175	4,985	5,190	8.0	8.1	8.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,150	570	585	0.9	0.9	0.9
Gujarati	1,515	750	770	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hindi	1,020	495	525	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kacchi	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,220	615	605	1.0	1.0	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	4,620	2,260	2,365	3.7	3.7	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,900	1,410	1,490	2.3	2.3	2.3
Baluchi	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	420	200	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	2,395	1,165	1,230	1.9	1.9	1.9
Dari	1,910	920	990	1.5	1.5	1.5
Iranian Persian	260	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,975	1,430	1,545	2.4	2.3	2.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	690	330	360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	650	300	355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	315	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,300	640	660	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	435	210	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,470	1,155	1,315	2.0	1.9	2.0
Chinese languages	2,450	1,150	1,300	1.9	1.9	2.0
Hakka	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	1,280	605	675	1.0	1.0	1.0
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,005	465	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	215	90	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,830	3,730	4,095	6.2	6.1	6.3
English and French	595	265	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,490	3,115	3,380	5.1	5.1	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	95	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	405	185	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	126,415	61,565	64,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	83,050	40,760	42,290	65.7	66.2	65.2
French	460	200	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	9,275	4,320	4,955	7.3	7.0	7.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,275	4,320	4,955	7.3	7.0	7.6
English and French	1,530	695	835	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	30,100	14,715	15,385	23.8	23.9	23.7
French and non-official language(s)	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,170	505	665	0.9	0.8	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	750	340	415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	126,415	61,565	64,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	117,580	57,265	60,310	93.0	93.0	93.0
Official languages	97,305	47,535	49,770	77.0	77.2	76.8
English	96,590	47,215	49,380	76.4	76.7	76.2
French	720	325	395	0.6	0.5	0.6
Non-official languages	20,270	9,730	10,540	16.0	15.8	16.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,270	9,730	10,540	16.0	15.8	16.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	920	450	470	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	890	435	455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	785	380	405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,475	700	775	1.2	1.1	1.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295	615	680	1.0	1.0	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	5,315	2,565	2,750	4.2	4.2	4.2
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	4,635	2,225	2,415	3.7	3.6	3.7
Telugu	295	155	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,185	4,885	5,300	8.1	7.9	8.2
Albanian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	530	230	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	530	230	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,260	4,000	4,265	6.5	6.5	6.6
Indo-Aryan languages	6,450	3,145	3,310	5.1	5.1	5.1
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	715	345	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	970	470	505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hindi	645	330	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	790	390	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	3,065	1,485	1,585	2.4	2.4	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,810	855	955	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baluchi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,470	690	780	1.2	1.1	1.2
Dari	1,150	530	620	0.9	0.9	1.0
Iranian Persian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,165	550	615	0.9	0.9	0.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	645	315	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,695	810	885	1.3	1.3	1.4
Chinese languages	1,685	810	875	1.3	1.3	1.3
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,020	500	520	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	595	280	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,835	4,300	4,535	7.0	7.0	7.0
English and French	390	170	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,150	3,990	4,160	6.4	6.5	6.4
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	126,420	61,565	64,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	99,980	48,765	51,215	79.1	79.2	79.0
English	9,035	4,450	4,585	7.1	7.2	7.1
French	1,305	590	715	1.0	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	12,525	6,010	6,510	9.9	9.8	10.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,520	6,015	6,510	9.9	9.8	10.0
English and French	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,415	730	690	1.1	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	525	215	310	0.4	0.3	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,495	750	750	1.2	1.2	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	126,250	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	123,800	60,625	63,175	98.1	98.6	97.6
English	123,690	60,565	63,125	98.0	98.5	97.5
French	9,500	3,965	5,540	7.5	6.4	8.6
Non-official languages	50,320	24,040	26,280	39.9	39.1	40.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,320	24,040	26,280	39.9	39.1	40.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,125	1,540	1,585	2.5	2.5	2.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages	125	30	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	95	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,005	1,500	1,505	2.4	2.4	2.3
Amharic	165	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arabic	2,630	1,330	1,300	2.1	2.2	2.0
Aramaic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hebrew	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	145	220	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	335	130	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,590	2,075	2,515	3.6	3.4	3.9
Bikol	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	135	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	255	100	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,350	1,985	2,365	3.4	3.2	3.7
Waray-Waray	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	705	320	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian Creole	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	260	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	10,475	5,120	5,365	8.3	8.3	8.3
Kannada	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	985	480	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamil	9,145	4,475	4,670	7.2	7.3	7.2
Telugu	610	315	290	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,835	13,570	14,260	22.0	22.1	22.0
Albanian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	1,710	770	945	1.4	1.3	1.5
Baltic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,680	755	925	1.3	1.2	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	480	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	495	210	290	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	395	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,015	490	520	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	755	350	405	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	750	350	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afrikaans	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	725	385	345	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	19,940	9,845	10,090	15.8	16.0	15.6
Indo-Aryan languages	16,855	8,350	8,510	13.4	13.6	13.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,780	860	920	1.4	1.4	1.4
Gujarati	2,135	1,020	1,110	1.7	1.7	1.7
Hindi	5,725	2,845	2,875	4.5	4.6	4.4
Kacchi	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	335	145	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nepali	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,860	1,535	1,320	2.3	2.5	2.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725	370	355	0.6	0.6	0.5
Urdu	8,040	3,975	4,065	6.4	6.5	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	3,630	1,770	1,860	2.9	2.9	2.9
Baluchi	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	625	330	290	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian languages	3,230	1,570	1,660	2.6	2.6	2.6
Dari	2,665	1,270	1,390	2.1	2.1	2.1
Iranian Persian	320	170	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,580	2,220	2,360	3.6	3.6	3.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,070	525	545	0.8	0.9	0.8
Portuguese	955	450	505	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	425	195	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	2,315	1,125	1,190	1.8	1.8	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,375	690	685	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	360	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	175	55	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	170	55	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,080	1,395	1,685	2.4	2.3	2.6
Chinese languages	3,055	1,380	1,675	2.4	2.2	2.6
Hakka	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	2,030	920	1,105	1.6	1.5	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295	590	705	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	275	90	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	205	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245	61,505	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,270	595	675	1.0	1.0	1.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,175	565	610	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	700	355	345	0.6	0.6	0.5
Métis	455	200	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	124,975	60,915	64,065	99.0	99.0	99.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245	61,505	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	370	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	125,875	61,335	64,540	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	32,960	...	...	83.5	...	...
Renter	6,525	...	...	16.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,325	...	...	8.4	...	...
Not condominium	36,165	...	...	91.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	105	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	1,720	...	...	4.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,120	...	...	10.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,720	...	...	39.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	17,825	...	...	45.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,010	...	...	15.2	...	...
5 rooms	5,805	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	6,740	...	...	17.1	...	...
7 rooms	6,410	...	...	16.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,525	...	...	36.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	38,180	...	...	96.7	...	...
More than one person per room	1,310	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	36,645	...	...	92.8	...	...
Not suitable	2,845	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,765	...	...	7.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,345	...	...	16.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,530	...	...	21.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,630	...	...	14.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,900	...	...	12.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,710	...	...	14.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,425	...	...	8.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,180	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,175	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,315	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	15,470	...	...	39.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,370	...	...	51.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,645	...	...	9.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,495	...	...	8.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,485	...	...	21.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,270	...	...	23.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,540	...	...	24.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,300	...	...	13.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,315	...	...	5.9	...	...
85 years and over	905	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	39,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,665	...	...	75.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,725	...	...	24.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,055	...	...	23.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,860	...	...	32.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,875	...	...	22.5	...	...
Not suitable only	2,170	...	...	5.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	815	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	500	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,625	...	...	67.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,130	...	...	10.7	...	...
Not in core need	34,590	...	...	89.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,960	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	73.9	...	...	73.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.1	...	...	22.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7	...	...	7.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,140	...	...	2,140	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,126	...	...	2,126	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	874,000	...	...	874,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,525	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.8	...	...	37.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.1	...	...	26.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,662	...	...	1,662	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	126,250	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	290	115	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	290	115	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	210	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,295	695	600	1.0	1.1	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,260	675	585	1.0	1.1	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	960	530	430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	124,660	60,700	63,960	98.7	98.7	98.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	126,250	61,510	64,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	116,125	56,605	59,520	92.0	92.0	91.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,695	14,310	13,380	21.9	23.3	20.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	88,430	42,290	46,145	70.0	68.8	71.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,120	4,905	5,215	8.0	8.0	8.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	126,250	61,510	64,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	72,295	35,905	36,390	57.3	58.4	56.2
Immigrants⁸¹	52,750	24,995	27,750	41.8	40.6	42.9
Before 1980	9,135	4,180	4,955	7.2	6.8	7.7
1980 to 1990	6,940	3,345	3,590	5.5	5.4	5.5
1991 to 2000	13,560	6,410	7,150	10.7	10.4	11.0
2001 to 2010	13,245	6,285	6,960	10.5	10.2	10.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,860	4,770	5,095	7.8	7.8	7.9
2011 to 2015	4,850	2,330	2,515	3.8	3.8	3.9
2016 to 2021	5,010	2,435	2,575	4.0	4.0	4.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,205	610	595	1.0	1.0	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,745	24,995	27,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,590	2,260	2,330	8.7	9.0	8.4
5 to 14 years	9,855	4,910	4,950	18.7	19.6	17.8
15 to 24 years	11,425	4,895	6,525	21.7	19.6	23.5
25 to 44 years	22,585	11,020	11,565	42.8	44.1	41.7
45 years and over	4,285	1,905	2,385	8.1	7.6	8.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,745	24,995	27,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	13,695	6,125	7,570	26.0	24.5	27.3
Brazil	155	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	100	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	3,005	1,415	1,590	5.7	5.7	5.7
Haiti	90	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	5,065	2,120	2,945	9.6	8.5	10.6
Mexico	155	50	100	0.3	0.2	0.4
Peru	130	65	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	2,160	1,000	1,155	4.1	4.0	4.2
United States of America	805	365	440	1.5	1.5	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	1,930	880	1,050	3.7	3.5	3.8
Europe	6,255	3,000	3,255	11.9	12.0	11.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatia	85	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
France	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	330	185	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
Greece	230	125	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hungary	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italy	420	220	200	0.8	0.9	0.7
Netherlands	105	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	370	160	210	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portugal	395	200	195	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romania	375	165	210	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian Federation	185	75	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	90	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,650	1,235	1,420	5.0	4.9	5.1
Other places of birth in Europe	785	395	390	1.5	1.6	1.4
Africa	3,130	1,595	1,540	5.9	6.4	5.5
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	145	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egypt	465	215	255	0.9	0.9	0.9
Eritrea	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	185	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
Morocco	75	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	565	315	245	1.1	1.3	0.9
Somalia	70	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,485	785	695	2.8	3.1	2.5
Asia	29,540	14,215	15,325	56.0	56.9	55.2
Afghanistan	2,010	995	1,015	3.8	4.0	3.7
Iran⁸⁸	345	195	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
Iraq	230	130	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
Lebanon	350	175	175	0.7	0.7	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	245	100	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Turkey	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,600	715	890	3.0	2.9	3.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	380	165	210	0.7	0.7	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	135	80	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Taiwan	90	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	4,435	2,025	2,405	8.4	8.1	8.7
Viet Nam	310	130	180	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	1,000	480	525	1.9	1.9	1.9
India	6,920	3,340	3,580	13.1	13.4	12.9
Pakistan	4,330	2,160	2,170	8.2	8.6	7.8
Sri Lanka	5,590	2,725	2,870	10.6	10.9	10.3
Other places of birth in Asia	1,520	760	755	2.9	3.0	2.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	70	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,010	2,440	2,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	620	330	290	12.4	13.5	11.3
Brazil	45	20	25	0.9	0.8	1.0
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Jamaica	240	150	90	4.8	6.1	3.5
Mexico	30	20	15	0.6	0.8	0.6
United States of America	120	60	60	2.4	2.5	2.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	140	60	75	2.8	2.5	2.9
Europe	215	125	85	4.3	5.1	3.3
France	20	20	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Ukraine	25	10	10	0.5	0.4	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	20	15	0.7	0.8	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	100	55	40	2.0	2.3	1.6
Africa	435	220	215	8.7	9.0	8.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	30	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	45	15	25	0.9	0.6	1.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Morocco	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Nigeria	190	120	70	3.8	4.9	2.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	115	55	65	2.3	2.3	2.5
Asia	3,710	1,745	1,965	74.1	71.5	76.3
Afghanistan	300	130	170	6.0	5.3	6.6
Bangladesh	185	100	80	3.7	4.1	3.1
China⁹⁰	265	115	150	5.3	4.7	5.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
India	1,705	810	890	34.0	33.2	34.6
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Israel	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Japan	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Jordan	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	355	150	205	7.1	6.1	8.0
Philippines	290	155	130	5.8	6.4	5.0
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Sri Lanka	260	125	140	5.2	5.1	5.4
Syria⁸⁹	75	35	40	1.5	1.4	1.6
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	70	35	35	1.4	1.4	1.4
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	50	20	30	1.0	0.8	1.2
Oceania and other⁹³	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Australia	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	126,250	61,505	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	54,785	26,050	28,740	43.4	42.4	44.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	41,180	20,395	20,780	32.6	33.2	32.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,280	15,065	15,220	24.0	24.5	23.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,610	20,815	22,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,480	9,805	9,680	44.7	47.1	42.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,625	4,925	2,705	17.5	23.7	11.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,855	4,880	6,975	27.2	23.4	30.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,225	6,710	9,515	37.2	32.2	41.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,320	3,985	3,335	16.8	19.1	14.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	590	310	275	1.4	1.5	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,610	20,815	22,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,220	2,455	1,765	9.7	11.8	7.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,760	1,830	1,920	8.6	8.8	8.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	650	320	330	1.5	1.5	1.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,470	695	775	3.4	3.3	3.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	110	135	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,275	15,400	17,875	76.3	74.0	78.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	126,245	61,505	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	81,560	39,700	41,855	64.6	64.5	64.7
South Asian	33,055	16,440	16,615	26.2	26.7	25.7
Chinese	3,760	1,730	2,030	3.0	2.8	3.1
Black	21,210	10,100	11,110	16.8	16.4	17.2
Filipino	6,670	3,210	3,460	5.3	5.2	5.3
Arab	2,505	1,260	1,245	2.0	2.0	1.9
Latin American	1,695	845	855	1.3	1.4	1.3
Southeast Asian	825	390	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
West Asian	3,745	1,850	1,895	3.0	3.0	2.9
Korean	235	135	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japanese	245	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,570	1,685	1,880	2.8	2.7	2.9
Multiple visible minorities	4,045	1,920	2,130	3.2	3.1	3.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	44,690	21,805	22,885	35.4	35.5	35.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	126,250	61,510	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,990	6,160	5,830	9.5	10.0	9.0
English	14,655	7,050	7,605	11.6	11.5	11.7
Irish	11,650	5,485	6,170	9.2	8.9	9.5
Scottish	11,515	5,425	6,090	9.1	8.8	9.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,915	1,970	1,945	3.1	3.2	3.0
German	4,220	2,000	2,215	3.3	3.3	3.4
Chinese	5,155	2,355	2,795	4.1	3.8	4.3
Italian	4,320	2,225	2,100	3.4	3.6	3.2
Indian (India)	13,180	6,455	6,730	10.4	10.5	10.4
Ukrainian	1,520	795	725	1.2	1.3	1.1
Dutch	1,755	825	930	1.4	1.3	1.4
Polish	1,920	895	1,020	1.5	1.5	1.6
Québécois	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,305	1,600	1,700	2.6	2.6	2.6
Filipino	6,890	3,325	3,570	5.5	5.4	5.5
French Canadian	930	425	505	0.7	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,115	580	535	0.9	0.9	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	490	285	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
Métis	380	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	935	435	500	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian	645	285	355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Norwegian	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	1,335	645	695	1.1	1.0	1.1
Portuguese	2,670	1,245	1,425	2.1	2.0	2.2
American	830	410	420	0.7	0.7	0.6
Spanish	1,725	785	935	1.4	1.3	1.4
Swedish	220	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungarian	555	255	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Acadian	255	140	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	5,780	2,910	2,875	4.6	4.7	4.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,925	1,895	2,030	3.1	3.1	3.1
Jewish	385	145	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
Punjabi	890	440	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Vietnamese	510	225	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,070	580	490	0.8	0.9	0.8
Greek	1,560	805	755	1.2	1.3	1.2
Jamaican	7,620	3,465	4,155	6.0	5.6	6.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,325	660	665	1.0	1.1	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	320	165	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	615	300	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	665	335	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	445	215	220	0.4	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	610	335	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Danish	260	140	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	260	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	305	165	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Austrian	305	140	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Belgian	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	175	95	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindu	2,190	1,060	1,125	1.7	1.7	1.7
Mexican	295	125	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mennonite	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	325	140	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	5,260	2,535	2,720	4.2	4.1	4.2
Croatian	350	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	345	195	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,095	1,025	1,070	1.7	1.7	1.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	105	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	1,165	630	530	0.9	1.0	0.8
Egyptian	740	305	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	590	295	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	4,445	2,290	2,155	3.5	3.7	3.3
Icelandic	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	430	210	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	3,665	1,755	1,915	2.9	2.9	3.0
Afghan	3,275	1,590	1,685	2.6	2.6	2.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,020	955	1,060	1.6	1.6	1.6
Serbian	150	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	70	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	305	130	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hong Konger	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	420	190	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian	205	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,730	1,245	1,490	2.2	2.0	2.3
Turkish	255	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,110	540	570	0.9	0.9	0.9
Algerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	215	80	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigerian	520	255	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	295	150	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwanese	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	220	130	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	145	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	2,155	1,000	1,155	1.7	1.6	1.8
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	450	205	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	295	165	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,495	680	810	1.2	1.1	1.3
Algonquin	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,615	755	860	1.3	1.2	1.3
Lithuanian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	150	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	335	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	145	95	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	190	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nova Scotian	140	90	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	285	150	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	235	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	735	335	405	0.6	0.5	0.6
Slovenian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	60	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	580	260	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Eritrean	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	955	435	520	0.8	0.7	0.8
Israeli	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Albertan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	315	155	155	0.2	0.3	0.2
Barbadian	805	430	375	0.6	0.7	0.6
African American	420	200	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	95	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Thai	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	175	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nepali	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igbo	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ivorian	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jordanian	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	470	260	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Malayali	170	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chaldean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	230	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	495	220	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Goan	195	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ugandan	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	110	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	126,245	61,505	64,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	815	335	480	0.6	0.5	0.7
Christian	64,165	29,745	34,420	50.8	48.4	53.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,830	6,440	7,390	11.0	10.5	11.4
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	4,425	2,020	2,405	3.5	3.3	3.7
Baptist	1,605	735	865	1.3	1.2	1.3
Catholic	28,085	13,425	14,655	22.2	21.8	22.6
Christian Orthodox	3,195	1,495	1,700	2.5	2.4	2.6
Jehovah's Witness	420	175	250	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	495	200	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	285	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,670	2,030	2,645	3.7	3.3	4.1
Presbyterian	1,340	535	805	1.1	0.9	1.2
Reformed	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Church	2,685	1,175	1,505	2.1	1.9	2.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,030	1,350	1,680	2.4	2.2	2.6
Hindu	14,675	7,155	7,515	11.6	11.6	11.6
Jewish	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	17,770	8,925	8,845	14.1	14.5	13.7
Sikh	1,640	835	805	1.3	1.4	1.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	660	290	375	0.5	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	26,225	14,075	12,155	20.8	22.9	18.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	124,980	60,850	64,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	113,205	54,985	58,215	90.6	90.4	90.8
Movers	11,770	5,865	5,910	9.4	9.6	9.2
Non-migrants	4,435	2,175	2,265	3.5	3.6	3.5
Migrants	7,335	3,690	3,640	5.9	6.1	5.7
Internal migrants	6,665	3,415	3,250	5.3	5.6	5.1
Intraprovincial migrants	6,440	3,275	3,165	5.2	5.4	4.9
Interprovincial migrants	225	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
External migrants	670	280	390	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	119,035	57,850	61,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	80,005	38,645	41,360	67.2	66.8	67.6
Movers	39,030	19,205	19,820	32.8	33.2	32.4
Non-migrants	9,065	4,360	4,710	7.6	7.5	7.7
Migrants	29,960	14,845	15,115	25.2	25.7	24.7
Internal migrants	25,510	12,720	12,785	21.4	22.0	20.9
Intraprovincial migrants	24,440	12,150	12,285	20.5	21.0	20.1
Interprovincial migrants	1,070	570	500	0.9	1.0	0.8
External migrants	4,455	2,125	2,330	3.7	3.7	3.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,460	49,230	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,900	7,455	7,445	14.5	15.1	14.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,555	41,775	45,780	85.5	84.9	86.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,705	33,455	36,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,825	3,170	2,655	8.4	9.5	7.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,885	30,280	33,600	91.7	90.5	92.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,455	49,235	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,840	6,845	6,995	13.5	13.9	13.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,155	14,600	14,555	28.5	29.7	27.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	59,470	27,790	31,675	58.0	56.4	59.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,260	13,935	15,335	28.6	28.3	28.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,320	3,155	1,160	4.2	6.4	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,265	1,450	810	2.2	2.9	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,055	1,700	355	2.0	3.5	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,130	9,705	12,425	21.6	19.7	23.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,810	1,070	1,745	2.7	2.2	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,210	13,865	16,345	29.5	28.2	30.7
Bachelor's degree	21,210	9,480	11,730	20.7	19.3	22.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,735	855	880	1.7	1.7	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	260	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	6,170	2,970	3,190	6.0	6.0	6.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	470	290	180	0.5	0.6	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,710	33,450	36,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,115	2,750	2,360	7.3	8.2	6.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,980	8,840	8,140	24.4	26.4	22.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,615	21,860	25,755	68.3	65.4	71.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,440	10,510	11,930	32.2	31.4	32.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,990	2,170	825	4.3	6.5	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,575	1,000	580	2.3	3.0	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,420	1,170	245	2.0	3.5	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,260	7,525	9,735	24.8	22.5	26.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,185	820	1,370	3.1	2.5	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,170	11,345	13,825	36.1	33.9	38.1
Bachelor's degree	17,340	7,635	9,700	24.9	22.8	26.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,455	705	750	2.1	2.1	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	520	200	325	0.7	0.6	0.9
Master's degree	5,465	2,590	2,875	7.8	7.7	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	395	220	180	0.6	0.7	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	102,460	49,235	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,995	21,440	21,550	42.0	43.5	40.5
Education	2,620	505	2,115	2.6	1.0	4.0
13. Education	2,620	505	2,115	2.6	1.0	4.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,965	915	1,050	1.9	1.9	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275	195	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,690	720	970	1.6	1.5	1.8
Humanities	3,020	885	2,140	2.9	1.8	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220	30	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	620	125	495	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,225	290	935	1.2	0.6	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	75	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	370	190	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	15	140	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,850	2,210	5,640	7.7	4.5	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	915	320	595	0.9	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,280	100	1,185	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,400	295	1,105	1.4	0.6	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,225	220	1,000	1.2	0.4	1.9
45. Social sciences	2,780	1,210	1,570	2.7	2.5	2.9
Business, management and public administration	15,285	6,500	8,780	14.9	13.2	16.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,345	265	1,085	1.3	0.5	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,865	6,220	7,645	13.5	12.6	14.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,950	1,210	1,740	2.9	2.5	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255	435	815	1.2	0.9	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	865	300	565	0.8	0.6	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	600	390	210	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,115	2,850	1,270	4.0	5.8	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,490	2,510	975	3.4	5.1	1.8
25. Library science	100	10	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	405	235	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120	95	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,455	9,340	1,110	10.2	19.0	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	465	320	140	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	3,540	2,880	660	3.5	5.8	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,475	2,210	260	2.4	4.5	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,600	1,585	15	1.6	3.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,675	1,665	15	1.6	3.4	0.0
48. Precision production	695	675	25	0.7	1.4	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	695	320	370	0.7	0.6	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475	195	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	215	125	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	7,850	1,625	6,225	7.7	3.3	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	685	365	315	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,030	1,170	5,860	6.9	2.4	11.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,650	1,430	1,220	2.6	2.9	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,220	360	865	1.2	0.7	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	970	640	330	0.9	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	450	420	30	0.4	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	69,710	33,455	36,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,095	11,590	10,500	31.7	34.6	29.0
Education	1,985	385	1,600	2.8	1.2	4.4
13. Education	1,985	385	1,600	2.8	1.2	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,515	730	780	2.2	2.2	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	135	50	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,325	600	730	1.9	1.8	2.0
Humanities	2,305	595	1,710	3.3	1.8	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	140	10	130	0.2	0.0	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	470	85	385	0.7	0.3	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	950	180	765	1.4	0.5	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	100	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	285	140	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	0	125	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,500	1,745	4,755	9.3	5.2	13.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	785	290	495	1.1	0.9	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,045	55	985	1.5	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,235	225	1,010	1.8	0.7	2.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	35	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	985	170	815	1.4	0.5	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,250	950	1,300	3.2	2.8	3.6
Business, management and public administration	12,770	5,385	7,385	18.3	16.1	20.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,120	235	890	1.6	0.7	2.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,585	5,135	6,450	16.6	15.3	17.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,270	905	1,365	3.3	2.7	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	935	330	610	1.3	1.0	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	695	255	445	1.0	0.8	1.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	455	270	185	0.7	0.8	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,680	2,570	1,105	5.3	7.7	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,180	2,310	870	4.6	6.9	2.4
25. Library science	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	345	190	160	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,975	7,025	955	11.4	21.0	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	355	250	105	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	2,855	2,280	580	4.1	6.8	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,925	1,700	225	2.8	5.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,175	1,160	15	1.7	3.5	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,210	1,205	0	1.7	3.6	0.0
48. Precision production	450	440	15	0.6	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	505	230	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	125	215	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	100	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	6,150	1,240	4,915	8.8	3.7	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	495	270	225	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,555	910	4,645	8.0	2.7	12.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,935	1,045	890	2.8	3.1	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	255	655	1.3	0.8	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	705	480	225	1.0	1.4	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	300	10	0.5	0.9	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	69,710	33,455	36,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,095	11,590	10,500	31.7	34.6	29.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,610	21,860	25,755	68.3	65.3	71.0
Location of study inside Canada	34,535	15,670	18,865	49.5	46.8	52.0
Same as province or territory of residence	32,985	14,925	18,060	47.3	44.6	49.8
Different than province or territory of residence	1,550	745	800	2.2	2.2	2.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,080	6,185	6,890	18.8	18.5	19.0
Americas	2,220	1,125	1,095	3.2	3.4	3.0
United States of America	1,180	630	550	1.7	1.9	1.5
Mexico	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	315	145	165	0.5	0.4	0.5
Brazil	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	405	215	195	0.6	0.6	0.5
Europe	1,395	730	665	2.0	2.2	1.8
Belgium	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	60	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	170	90	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	660	350	305	0.9	1.0	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	140	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	695	350	345	1.0	1.0	1.0
Nigeria	225	115	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	210	110	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	210	95	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	8,635	3,930	4,705	12.4	11.7	13.0
Iran⁸⁸	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	70	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	445	185	255	0.6	0.6	0.7
Taiwan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	1,590	640	950	2.3	1.9	2.6
Viet Nam	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	380	175	205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lanka	460	220	245	0.7	0.7	0.7
India	3,445	1,600	1,845	4.9	4.8	5.1
Pakistan	1,610	765	850	2.3	2.3	2.3
Other locations of study in Asia	340	185	150	0.5	0.6	0.4
Oceania	135	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	102,460	49,235	53,225	...	...	...
In the labour force	68,525	34,925	33,600	...	...	...
Employed	59,365	30,645	28,715	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,165	4,280	4,880	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,930	14,305	19,625	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.9	70.9	63.1	66.9	70.9	63.1
Employment rate	57.9	62.2	54.0	57.9	62.2	54.0
Unemployment rate	13.4	12.3	14.5	13.4	12.3	14.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	102,460	49,235	53,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,065	15,510	20,555	35.2	31.5	38.6
Worked	66,395	33,725	32,670	64.8	68.5	61.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,865	20,595	17,270	37.0	41.8	32.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,525	13,135	15,400	27.8	26.7	28.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.2	40.4	41.3	42.2	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	68,525	34,930	33,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290	3.5	3.2	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305	96.5	96.8	96.1
Employee	57,765	28,240	29,530	84.3	80.8	87.9
Permanent position	49,590	24,515	25,080	72.4	70.2	74.6
Temporary position	8,170	3,730	4,445	11.9	10.7	13.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,865	1,325	1,540	4.2	3.8	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,300	2,400	2,905	7.7	6.9	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,345	5,565	2,780	12.2	15.9	8.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	68,525	34,930	33,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290	3.5	3.2	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305	96.5	96.8	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	605	395	210	0.9	1.1	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,495	5,010	9,490	21.2	14.3	28.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,195	5,355	1,840	10.5	15.3	5.5
3 Health occupations	4,730	760	3,975	6.9	2.2	11.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,565	2,155	5,410	11.0	6.2	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,855	875	980	2.7	2.5	2.9
6 Sales and service occupations	16,230	7,760	8,470	23.7	22.2	25.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,215	9,220	1,000	14.9	26.4	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	485	390	100	0.7	1.1	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,735	1,900	835	4.0	5.4	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	68,525	34,930	33,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290	3.5	3.2	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305	96.5	96.8	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	80	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	1,010	735	275	1.5	2.1	0.8
23 Construction	4,365	3,675	690	6.4	10.5	2.1
31-33 Manufacturing	4,750	3,305	1,445	6.9	9.5	4.3
41 Wholesale trade	2,175	1,405	765	3.2	4.0	2.3
44-45 Retail trade	7,420	3,760	3,665	10.8	10.8	10.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,760	3,000	755	5.5	8.6	2.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,030	1,320	705	3.0	3.8	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	6,400	2,860	3,540	9.3	8.2	10.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,440	720	720	2.1	2.1	2.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,475	3,530	2,945	9.4	10.1	8.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	350	165	185	0.5	0.5	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,040	1,735	1,305	4.4	5.0	3.9
61 Educational services	4,410	1,335	3,065	6.4	3.8	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	7,930	1,385	6,545	11.6	4.0	19.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,035	570	460	1.5	1.6	1.4
72 Accommodation and food services	3,590	1,635	1,950	5.2	4.7	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,325	1,045	1,280	3.4	3.0	3.8
91 Public administration	3,350	1,475	1,875	4.9	4.2	5.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,685	36,390	35,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	68,110	34,860	33,245	95.0	95.8	94.2
French	220	45	170	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official language	425	180	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	425	180	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
English and French	1,060	335	725	1.5	0.9	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,795	925	870	2.5	2.5	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,685	36,390	35,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	71,190	36,175	35,010	99.3	99.4	99.2
Official languages	70,485	35,865	34,620	98.3	98.6	98.1
English	70,125	35,790	34,335	97.8	98.4	97.3
French	365	75	290	0.5	0.2	0.8
Non-official languages	700	310	390	1.0	0.9	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	700	310	390	1.0	0.9	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	210	95	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dari	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	300	150	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	300	150	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	185	90	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	120	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	495	215	280	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and French	175	45	130	0.2	0.1	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	290	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,685	36,390	35,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	69,220	35,285	33,935	96.6	97.0	96.2
English	395	160	235	0.6	0.4	0.7
French	750	260	490	1.0	0.7	1.4
Non-official language	1,060	510	545	1.5	1.4	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,060	510	545	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	200	140	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,365	30,645	28,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	19,465	8,720	10,745	32.8	28.5	37.4
Worked outside Canada	150	115	40	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	7,240	5,500	1,735	12.2	17.9	6.0
Usual place of work	32,510	16,315	16,195	54.8	53.2	56.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,510	16,315	16,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,825	3,635	5,190	27.1	22.3	32.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,215	3,485	3,725	22.2	21.4	23.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,420	9,165	7,255	50.5	56.2	44.8
Commute to a different province or territory	55	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,745	21,815	17,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	34,535	19,725	14,805	86.9	90.4	82.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,385	18,640	12,745	79.0	85.4	71.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,150	1,090	2,060	7.9	5.0	11.5
Public transit	3,170	1,265	1,905	8.0	5.8	10.6
Walked	980	415	565	2.5	1.9	3.2
Bicycle	115	75	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other method	950	330	620	2.4	1.5	3.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,745	21,815	17,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,600	4,090	4,505	21.6	18.7	25.1
15 to 29 minutes	10,405	5,325	5,080	26.2	24.4	28.3
30 to 44 minutes	9,325	5,415	3,910	23.5	24.8	21.8
45 to 59 minutes	5,430	3,395	2,035	13.7	15.6	11.3
60 minutes and over	5,985	3,585	2,395	15.1	16.4	13.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,745	21,815	17,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,145	2,235	915	7.9	10.2	5.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,835	4,090	2,750	17.2	18.7	15.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,670	4,485	4,180	21.8	20.6	23.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,530	3,495	4,030	18.9	16.0	22.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,365	3,130	3,230	16.0	14.3	18.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,205	4,380	2,825	18.1	20.1	15.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,395	15,175	14,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,690	1,355	1,335	9.2	8.9	9.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,705	13,825	12,885	90.8	91.1	90.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,655	11,190	10,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,165	1,075	1,085	10.0	9.6	10.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,385	640	745	6.4	5.7	7.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775	435	340	3.6	3.9	3.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,495	10,115	9,380	90.0	90.4	89.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 6, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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