Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ajax, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	126,666	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,677	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	40,275	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,488	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,900.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	66.64	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,665	61,645	65,020
0 to 14 years	23,805	12,265	11,535
0 to 4 years	7,185	3,705	3,480
5 to 9 years	8,050	4,110	3,940
10 to 14 years	8,565	4,455	4,115
15 to 64 years	86,275	41,905	44,370
15 to 19 years	8,305	4,315	3,990
20 to 24 years	8,180	4,170	4,010
25 to 29 years	8,240	4,145	4,090
30 to 34 years	8,565	4,055	4,510
35 to 39 years	9,235	4,380	4,850
40 to 44 years	8,990	4,165	4,825
45 to 49 years	8,660	4,115	4,550
50 to 54 years	8,700	4,140	4,560
55 to 59 years	9,355	4,505	4,845
60 to 64 years	8,050	3,915	4,135
65 years and over	16,585	7,480	9,105
65 to 69 years	5,675	2,720	2,955
70 to 74 years	4,490	2,085	2,405
75 to 79 years	2,890	1,335	1,550
80 to 84 years	1,785	720	1,070
85 years and over	1,745	615	1,130
85 to 89 years	1,120	420	695
90 to 94 years	495	170	335
95 to 99 years	110	20	90
100 years and over	15	5	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.9	17.7
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.0	68.2
65 years and over	13.1	12.1	14.0
85 years and over	1.4	1.0	1.7
Average age of the population	38.6	37.6	39.5
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,485	...	...
Single-detached house	25,560	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,265	...	...
Row house	6,020	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,385	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,610	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,635	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,490	...	...
1 person	5,555	...	...
2 persons	9,810	...	...
3 persons	7,925	...	...
4 persons	8,980	...	...
5 or more persons	7,220	...	...
Number of persons in private households	126,245	61,510	64,740
Average household size	3.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,860	49,385	53,480
Married or living common-law	59,825	29,860	29,965
Married	54,085	27,000	27,085
Living common-law	5,740	2,860	2,880
Living common law - Never married	4,030	2,015	2,020
Living common law - Separated	290	145	145
Living common law - Divorced	1,300	650	650
Living common law - Widowed	125	50	70
Not married and not living common-law	43,035	19,520	23,510
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,140	16,100	15,035
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,705	1,015	1,690
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,855	1,555	3,300
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,340	855	3,485
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	35,820	...	...
2 persons	13,120	...	...
3 persons	8,970	...	...
4 persons	9,470	...	...
5 or more persons	4,260	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	35,825	...	...
Total couple families	29,200	...	...
Married couples	26,330	...	...
With children⁶	18,350	...	...
Without children	7,975	...	...
Common-law couples	2,870	...	...
With children⁶	1,455	...	...
Without children	1,420	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,625	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,295	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,330	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	126,250	61,510	64,740
Total - Persons in census families	113,710	56,305	57,405
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,395	29,185	29,215
Parents in one-parent families	6,620	1,325	5,295
Children⁶	48,690	25,795	22,900
In a two-parent family	37,955	19,990	17,970
In a one-parent family	10,730	5,805	4,925
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,540	5,205	7,330
Living alone	5,555	2,235	3,315
Living with other relatives⁷	4,485	1,535	2,945
Living with non-relatives only	2,500	1,430	1,070
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,490	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,770	...	...
Couple-family households	22,615	...	...
With children⁶	15,735	...	...
Without children	6,885	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,150	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,670	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	625	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,925	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	950	...	...
One-person households	5,555	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	102,460	49,250	53,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,240	46,565	50,675
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	47,200	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,250	46,570	50,685
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,000	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,860	42,145	43,715
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,795	37,035	36,765
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	36,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,095	41,470	46,625
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,120	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,860	4,065	5,795
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,800	5,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,015	16,280	16,735
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,500	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	102,460	49,230	53,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,480	46,675	50,805
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,300	61,400	47,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,490	46,675	50,815
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	50,160	41,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,945	42,130	43,820
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,000	59,300	43,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,795	36,955	36,840
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,300	59,650	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,900	41,410	46,490
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380	8,900	11,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,645	3,845	5,800
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,570	7,460
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,325	15,700	16,630
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,880	9,910	9,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	102,460	49,230	53,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,965	20,005	16,960
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,000	76,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,200	87,400	71,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,645	12,130	14,515
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	17,400	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600	29,680	23,980
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	87.2	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.0	76.8	68.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.2	12.9	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.7	5.8	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0	5.4	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	102,460	49,250	53,205
Without total income	5,215	2,690	2,530
With total income	97,240	46,565	50,680
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,040	3,755	5,290
$10,000 to $19,999	11,405	5,195	6,205
$20,000 to $29,999	14,675	6,580	8,090
$30,000 to $39,999	11,045	4,695	6,350
$40,000 to $49,999	9,395	4,120	5,280
$50,000 to $59,999	8,325	3,655	4,670
$60,000 to $69,999	7,080	3,335	3,745
$70,000 to $79,999	5,860	2,995	2,870
$80,000 to $89,999	4,600	2,500	2,095
$90,000 to $99,999	3,865	2,170	1,695
$100,000 and over	11,940	7,555	4,380
$100,000 to $149,999	8,710	5,250	3,460
$150,000 and over	3,235	2,305	925
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	102,460	49,250	53,205
Without after-tax income	5,210	2,680	2,525
With after-tax income	97,255	46,565	50,685
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,300	3,840	5,455
$10,000 to $19,999	11,885	5,445	6,445
$20,000 to $29,999	16,480	7,405	9,080
$30,000 to $39,999	12,760	5,555	7,205
$40,000 to $49,999	11,345	4,990	6,355
$50,000 to $59,999	9,650	4,535	5,115
$60,000 to $69,999	7,460	3,820	3,640
$70,000 to $79,999	5,730	3,190	2,540
$80,000 to $89,999	4,575	2,455	2,120
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	1,660	1,065
$100,000 and over	5,340	3,675	1,665
$100,000 to $124,999	3,030	2,000	1,030
$125,000 and over	2,310	1,675	635
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	102,460	49,250	53,205
Without employment income	28,665	12,220	16,450
With employment income	73,795	37,035	36,760
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,545	5,005	5,540
$5,000 to $9,999	6,330	2,820	3,510
$10,000 to $19,999	7,825	3,585	4,245
$20,000 to $29,999	5,655	2,510	3,145
$30,000 to $39,999	5,275	2,455	2,820
$40,000 to $49,999	5,720	2,525	3,200
$50,000 to $59,999	5,685	2,665	3,020
$60,000 to $69,999	5,220	2,540	2,680
$70,000 to $79,999	4,575	2,440	2,135
$80,000 to $89,999	3,715	2,130	1,580
$90,000 to $99,999	3,460	1,915	1,545
$100,000 and over	9,790	6,445	3,345
$100,000 to $124,999	5,045	3,080	1,960
$125,000 and over	4,745	3,360	1,385
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	102,460	49,250	53,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,785	45,310	49,470
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,400	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,815	45,315	49,500
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,095	41,855	43,235
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,200	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,230	37,370	36,865
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,800	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,220	38,550	43,665
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	820	3,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,470	2,425	4,045
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,320	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	102,460	49,230	53,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,975	45,295	49,680
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,050	58,700	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,010	45,295	49,715
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,960	47,840	38,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,315	41,925	43,390
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,850	59,150	44,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,250	37,325	36,920
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350	59,550	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,035	38,320	43,705
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,315	4,696	7,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,375	2,355	4,020
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	6,430	8,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	102,460	49,230	53,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,745	19,935	16,805
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	72,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,400	82,400	67,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,155	11,505	13,645
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,600	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,880	37,320	29,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	93.2	85.2
Employment income (%)	78.6	83.6	72.8
Government transfers (%)	10.5	6.8	14.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,490	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,555	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,930	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,490	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,555	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,930	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,490	...	...
Under $5,000	195	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	295	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	640	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	625	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	605	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	690	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	785	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	840	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,865	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,090	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,170	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,325	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,870	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,520	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,845	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,975	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,530	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,490	...	...
Under $5,000	210	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	110	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	325	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	665	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	715	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	685	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	815	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,000	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,000	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,330	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,585	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,705	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,950	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,400	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,405	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,005	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,985	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,490	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,135	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	19,755	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,485	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	8,055	3,670	4,385
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	49,200	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	43,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,460	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,090	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,830	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	163,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,425	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	106,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	8,060	3,765	4,295
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,350	60,400	50,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	49,160	43,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	126,245	61,510	64,740
0 to 17 years	28,855	14,900	13,950
0 to 5 years	8,780	4,530	4,255
18 to 64 years	81,110	39,205	41,905
65 years and over	16,280	7,400	8,885
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	6,915	3,215	3,700
0 to 17 years	2,085	1,085	1,000
0 to 5 years	670	340	325
18 to 64 years	3,620	1,690	1,935
65 years and over	1,210	445	765
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.5	5.2	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.2	7.3	7.2
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	7.5	7.7
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.3	4.6
65 years and over (%)	7.4	6.0	8.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	126,250	61,510	64,740
0 to 17 years	28,855	14,905	13,950
0 to 5 years	8,785	4,530	4,250
18 to 64 years	81,110	39,205	41,900
65 years and over	16,285	7,400	8,885
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,755	1,900	1,860
0 to 17 years	955	505	450
0 to 5 years	295	150	140
18 to 64 years	2,420	1,220	1,195
65 years and over	380	165	215
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.0	3.1	2.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.4	3.2
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.3
18 to 64 years (%)	3.0	3.1	2.9
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.3	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	126,245	61,510	64,740
In bottom half of the distribution	47,365	22,595	24,770
In bottom decile	6,075	2,935	3,135
In second decile	8,060	3,735	4,330
In third decile	10,005	4,780	5,230
In fourth decile	11,040	5,260	5,780
In fifth decile	12,180	5,885	6,300
In top half of the distribution	78,880	38,915	39,965
In sixth decile	13,840	6,690	7,150
In seventh decile	15,200	7,395	7,800
In eighth decile	17,195	8,465	8,730
In ninth decile	18,000	8,945	9,060
In top decile	14,655	7,425	7,235
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	126,250	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.286	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.249	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	126,415	61,565	64,845
English only	114,445	56,700	57,740
French only	100	45	60
English and French	9,420	3,935	5,490
Neither English nor French	2,450	890	1,560
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	126,415	61,565	64,845
English	121,685	59,685	62,005
French	1,595	705	885
English and French	740	320	420
Neither English nor French	2,395	860	1,535
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	126,415	61,565	64,845
Single responses	118,590	57,840	60,755
Official languages	83,320	40,945	42,375
English	81,910	40,320	41,585
French	1,410	625	785
Non-official languages	35,270	16,895	18,380
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,265	16,890	18,375
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,930	970	960
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	10
Hausa	10	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	25	10	15
Cushitic languages	90	30	60
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	15
Somali	70	25	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,805	925	880
Amharic	120	65	55
Arabic	1,540	785	755
Aramaic languages	20	15	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	35	20	20
Hebrew	5	5	5
Maltese	25	10	10
Tigrigna	50	25	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	150	165
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	300	140	160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,265	1,450	1,810
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	85	30	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	20
Ilocano	140	55	85
Indonesian	35	15	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	30	25
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,840	1,275	1,565
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	105	60	50
Haitian Creole	20	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Dravidian languages	7,420	3,605	3,810
Kannada	45	20	25
Malayalam	545	270	280
Tamil	6,355	3,070	3,285
Telugu	465	235	225
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,635	8,980	9,650
Albanian	80	35	45
Armenian	115	55	55
Balto-Slavic languages	1,425	630	790
Baltic languages	25	15	15
Latvian	25	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	5
Slavic languages	1,400	620	775
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	35	20	15
Czech	30	10	20
Macedonian	370	170	200
Polish	420	175	240
Russian	295	125	170
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	140	70	65
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	55	30	25
Serbian	80	40	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	10
Ukrainian	65	25	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	570	235	335
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	405	155	245
German	400	155	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	55	65
Afrikaans	10	0	10
Dutch	110	50	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	40	15	20
Danish	15	0	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	15	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	390	200	190
Indo-Iranian languages	13,075	6,390	6,685
Indo-Aryan languages	10,175	4,985	5,190
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,150	570	585
Gujarati	1,515	750	770
Hindi	1,020	495	525
Kacchi	85	45	40
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	15	15
Marathi	110	50	60
Nepali	55	30	30
Oriya languages	15	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,220	615	605
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	35	15	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155
Urdu	4,620	2,260	2,365
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Iranian languages	2,900	1,410	1,490
Baluchi	40	25	20
Kurdish	35	15	20
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	420	200	220
Persian languages	2,395	1,165	1,230
Dari	1,910	920	990
Iranian Persian	260	135	130
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225	110	115
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,975	1,430	1,545
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	690	330	360
Portuguese	650	300	355
Romanian	315	150	165
Spanish	1,300	640	660
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	10	35
Korean	175	75	95
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	435	210	220
Akan (Twi)	120	55	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	25	15	10
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	10	0	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	35	20	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5
Lingala	10	10	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	0	5
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	25	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	35	20	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	0
Yoruba	70	40	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	25	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,470	1,155	1,315
Chinese languages	2,450	1,150	1,300
Hakka	80	40	45
Mandarin	1,280	605	675
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,005	465	540
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	5	15
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	10	30
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	140	65	75
Azerbaijani	10	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	95	50	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	25	10	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	215	90	125
Estonian	30	10	15
Finnish	30	10	25
Hungarian	150	70	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	7,830	3,730	4,095
English and French	595	265	325
English and non-official language(s)	6,490	3,115	3,380
French and non-official language(s)	150	75	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	95	90
Multiple non-official languages	405	185	220
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	126,415	61,565	64,845
English	83,050	40,760	42,290
French	460	200	255
Non-official language	9,275	4,320	4,955
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,275	4,320	4,955
English and French	1,530	695	835
English and non-official language(s)	30,100	14,715	15,385
French and non-official language(s)	85	40	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,170	505	665
Multiple non-official languages	750	340	415
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	126,415	61,565	64,845
Single responses	117,580	57,265	60,310
Official languages	97,305	47,535	49,770
English	96,590	47,215	49,380
French	720	325	395
Non-official languages	20,270	9,730	10,540
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,270	9,730	10,540
Afro-Asiatic languages	920	450	470
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	5
Somali	20	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	890	435	455
Amharic	40	20	20
Arabic	785	380	405
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	20	10	10
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	15	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	80	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5
Vietnamese	170	75	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,475	700	775
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Cebuano	45	15	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	5
Ilocano	45	20	20
Indonesian	15	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295	615	680
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	55	25	25
Haitian Creole	15	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Dravidian languages	5,315	2,565	2,750
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	360	175	185
Tamil	4,635	2,225	2,415
Telugu	295	155	145
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,185	4,885	5,300
Albanian	45	20	20
Armenian	50	30	25
Balto-Slavic languages	530	230	300
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	530	230	300
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	10	5
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	155	65	85
Polish	140	55	80
Russian	155	70	85
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	25
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	15	5	5
Serbian	25	10	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0
Ukrainian	5	5	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	40	20	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	35	15	20
German	35	15	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	95	40	55
Indo-Iranian languages	8,260	4,000	4,265
Indo-Aryan languages	6,450	3,145	3,310
Assamese	5	0	0
Bengali	715	345	365
Gujarati	970	470	505
Hindi	645	330	320
Kacchi	25	15	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	50	30	25
Nepali	30	15	15
Oriya languages	0	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	790	390	400
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110	50	55
Urdu	3,065	1,485	1,585
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	1,810	855	955
Baluchi	20	10	5
Kurdish	20	10	5
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	290	140	150
Persian languages	1,470	690	780
Dari	1,150	530	620
Iranian Persian	145	70	75
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	90	85
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,165	550	615
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	125	55	70
Portuguese	230	105	125
Romanian	155	75	85
Spanish	645	315	335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	5	15
Korean	100	45	50
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	140	60	75
Akan (Twi)	60	30	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	10	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	20
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,695	810	885
Chinese languages	1,685	810	875
Hakka	35	15	20
Mandarin	1,020	500	520
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	595	280	315
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	10	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	70	25	40
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	30	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	25	25
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	5	0	0
Hungarian	45	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,835	4,300	4,535
English and French	390	170	215
English and non-official language(s)	8,150	3,990	4,160
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	55	75
Multiple non-official languages	130	60	70
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	126,420	61,565	64,850
None	99,980	48,765	51,215
English	9,035	4,450	4,585
French	1,305	590	715
Non-official language	12,525	6,010	6,510
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	12,520	6,015	6,510
English and French	130	60	65
English and non-official language(s)	1,415	730	690
French and non-official language(s)	525	215	310
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,495	750	750
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	126,250	61,510	64,740
Official languages	123,800	60,625	63,175
English	123,690	60,565	63,125
French	9,500	3,965	5,540
Non-official languages	50,320	24,040	26,280
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,320	24,040	26,280
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,125	1,540	1,585
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	0	15
Hausa	15	0	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	70	40	30
Cushitic languages	125	30	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	35	10	30
Somali	95	30	60
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,005	1,500	1,505
Amharic	165	95	70
Arabic	2,630	1,330	1,300
Aramaic languages	45	25	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	125	55	70
Hebrew	70	30	40
Maltese	45	25	20
Tigrigna	50	30	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	145	220
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	20	10
Vietnamese	335	130	210
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,590	2,075	2,515
Bikol	25	15	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Cebuano	135	45	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	255	100	155
Indonesian	40	15	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	45	20	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	130	65	65
Pangasinan	10	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,350	1,985	2,365
Waray-Waray	20	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40
Creole languages	705	320	385
Haitian Creole	115	55	60
Jamaican English Creole	160	65	90
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	100	50	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	260	110	155
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55
Dravidian languages	10,475	5,120	5,365
Kannada	215	95	120
Malayalam	985	480	510
Tamil	9,145	4,475	4,670
Telugu	610	315	290
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,835	13,570	14,260
Albanian	120	55	65
Armenian	165	65	100
Balto-Slavic languages	1,710	770	945
Baltic languages	30	10	20
Latvian	30	10	20
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,680	755	925
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	45	15	30
Czech	35	0	30
Macedonian	480	220	260
Polish	495	210	290
Russian	395	195	205
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	225	110	110
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	110	65	45
Serbian	130	55	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	0	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	20
Ukrainian	110	45	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,015	490	520
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	755	350	405
German	750	350	400
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210	115	95
Afrikaans	45	30	20
Dutch	160	90	70
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0
Scandinavian languages	90	45	45
Danish	15	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	20	15
Swedish	50	30	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	725	385	345
Indo-Iranian languages	19,940	9,845	10,090
Indo-Aryan languages	16,855	8,350	8,510
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,780	860	920
Gujarati	2,135	1,020	1,110
Hindi	5,725	2,845	2,875
Kacchi	160	90	70
Kashmiri	15	10	10
Konkani	75	40	40
Marathi	335	145	190
Nepali	115	65	55
Oriya languages	45	20	25
Odia	35	15	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,860	1,535	1,320
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	85	60	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725	370	355
Urdu	8,040	3,975	4,065
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65
Iranian languages	3,630	1,770	1,860
Baluchi	140	80	60
Kurdish	25	10	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	625	330	290
Persian languages	3,230	1,570	1,660
Dari	2,665	1,270	1,390
Iranian Persian	320	170	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	140	130
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,580	2,220	2,360
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,070	525	545
Portuguese	955	450	505
Romanian	425	195	225
Spanish	2,315	1,125	1,190
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	170	75	85
Korean	200	95	105
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,375	690	685
Akan (Twi)	360	190	175
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	90	40	50
Éwé	25	20	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	50	20	30
Ganda	20	10	0
Gikuyu	25	20	0
Igbo	105	60	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	15
Lingala	130	60	65
Luba-Kasai	15	15	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	0	10
Ndebele	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	0	10
Shona	45	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	225	115	115
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185	90	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	30	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	175	55	115
American Sign Language	170	55	110
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,080	1,395	1,685
Chinese languages	3,055	1,380	1,675
Hakka	95	35	60
Mandarin	2,030	920	1,105
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	25	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295	590	705
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35
Lao	25	10	10
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	160	80	80
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	110	55	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	275	90	185
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	50	0	45
Hungarian	205	75	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245	61,505	64,740
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,270	595	675
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,175	565	610
First Nations (North American Indian)	700	355	345
Métis	455	200	250
Inuk (Inuit)	25	15	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	15	20
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	15	40
Non-Indigenous identity	124,975	60,915	64,065
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	126,245	61,505	64,740
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	370	170	195
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	125,875	61,335	64,540
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,490	...	...
Owner	32,960	...	...
Renter	6,525	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,490	...	...
Condominium	3,325	...	...
Not condominium	36,165	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,490	...	...
No bedrooms	105	...	...
1 bedroom	1,720	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,120	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,720	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	17,825	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,490	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,010	...	...
5 rooms	5,805	...	...
6 rooms	6,740	...	...
7 rooms	6,410	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,525	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,490	...	...
One person or fewer per room	38,180	...	...
More than one person per room	1,310	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,490	...	...
Suitable	36,645	...	...
Not suitable	2,845	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,490	...	...
1960 or before	2,765	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,345	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,530	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,630	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,900	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,710	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,425	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,180	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,490	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,175	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,315	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,490	...	...
One-maintainer household	15,470	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,370	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,645	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,490	...	...
15 to 24 years	175	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,495	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,485	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,270	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,540	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,300	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,315	...	...
85 years and over	905	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	39,390	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,665	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,725	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,055	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,490	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,860	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,875	...	...
Not suitable only	2,170	...	...
Major repairs needed only	815	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	500	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	325	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,625	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,720	...	...
In core need	4,130	...	...
Not in core need	34,590	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,960	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	73.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,140	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,126	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	874,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,525	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,662	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	126,250	61,510	64,740
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	290	115	180
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	290	115	170
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	210	95	120
Métis single ancestry	75	20	50
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,295	695	600
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,260	675	585
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	960	530	430
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275	135	145
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35	20	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	124,660	60,700	63,960
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	126,250	61,510	64,735
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	116,125	56,605	59,520
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,695	14,310	13,380
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	88,430	42,290	46,145
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,120	4,905	5,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	126,250	61,510	64,735
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	72,295	35,905	36,390
Immigrants⁸¹	52,750	24,995	27,750
Before 1980	9,135	4,180	4,955
1980 to 1990	6,940	3,345	3,590
1991 to 2000	13,560	6,410	7,150
2001 to 2010	13,245	6,285	6,960
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,860	4,770	5,095
2011 to 2015	4,850	2,330	2,515
2016 to 2021	5,010	2,435	2,575
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,205	610	595
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,745	24,995	27,755
Under 5 years	4,590	2,260	2,330
5 to 14 years	9,855	4,910	4,950
15 to 24 years	11,425	4,895	6,525
25 to 44 years	22,585	11,020	11,565
45 years and over	4,285	1,905	2,385
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,745	24,995	27,755
Americas	13,695	6,125	7,570
Brazil	155	75	75
Colombia	100	55	45
El Salvador	100	50	55
Guyana	3,005	1,415	1,590
Haiti	90	50	40
Jamaica	5,065	2,120	2,945
Mexico	155	50	100
Peru	130	65	65
Trinidad and Tobago	2,160	1,000	1,155
United States of America	805	365	440
Other places of birth in Americas	1,930	880	1,050
Europe	6,255	3,000	3,255
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15
Croatia	85	55	35
France	70	35	30
Germany	330	185	150
Greece	230	125	110
Hungary	75	25	50
Italy	420	220	200
Netherlands	105	60	50
Poland	370	160	210
Portugal	395	200	195
Romania	375	165	210
Russian Federation	185	75	110
Serbia⁸⁶	65	35	30
Ukraine	90	30	55
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,650	1,235	1,420
Other places of birth in Europe	785	395	390
Africa	3,130	1,595	1,540
Algeria	10	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	145	70	75
Egypt	465	215	255
Eritrea	30	15	15
Ethiopia	185	90	95
Morocco	75	20	50
Nigeria	565	315	245
Somalia	70	20	50
South Africa, Republic of	110	55	55
Other places of birth in Africa	1,485	785	695
Asia	29,540	14,215	15,325
Afghanistan	2,010	995	1,015
Iran⁸⁸	345	195	155
Iraq	230	130	100
Lebanon	350	175	175
Syria⁸⁹	245	100	145
Turkey	50	15	35
China⁹⁰	1,600	715	890
Hong Kong⁹¹	380	165	210
Korea, South⁹²	135	80	55
Taiwan	90	30	65
Philippines	4,435	2,025	2,405
Viet Nam	310	130	180
Bangladesh	1,000	480	525
India	6,920	3,340	3,580
Pakistan	4,330	2,160	2,170
Sri Lanka	5,590	2,725	2,870
Other places of birth in Asia	1,520	760	755
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	70	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,010	2,440	2,575
Americas	620	330	290
Brazil	45	20	25
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	15	15	0
Jamaica	240	150	90
Mexico	30	20	15
United States of America	120	60	60
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	20
Other places of birth in Americas	140	60	75
Europe	215	125	85
France	20	20	0
Germany	10	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
Italy	10	0	0
Russian Federation	15	0	10
Ukraine	25	10	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	20	15
Other places of birth in Europe	100	55	40
Africa	435	220	215
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	30	10	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	45	15	25
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	10
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	190	120	70
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	115	55	65
Asia	3,710	1,745	1,965
Afghanistan	300	130	170
Bangladesh	185	100	80
China⁹⁰	265	115	150
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	0
India	1,705	810	890
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	15	10	0
Israel	25	10	15
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	15	0	15
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	15	10	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	355	150	205
Philippines	290	155	130
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15
Sri Lanka	260	125	140
Syria⁸⁹	75	35	40
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	70	35	35
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Other places of birth in Asia	50	20	30
Oceania and other⁹³	25	10	15
Australia	15	0	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	126,250	61,505	64,740
First generation¹⁰⁰	54,785	26,050	28,740
Second generation¹⁰¹	41,180	20,395	20,780
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,280	15,065	15,220
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,610	20,815	22,800
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,480	9,805	9,680
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,625	4,925	2,705
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,855	4,880	6,975
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,225	6,710	9,515
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,320	3,985	3,335
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	590	310	275
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,610	20,815	22,800
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,220	2,455	1,765
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,760	1,830	1,920
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	650	320	330
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,470	695	775
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	110	135
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,275	15,400	17,875
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	126,245	61,505	64,740
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	81,560	39,700	41,855
South Asian	33,055	16,440	16,615
Chinese	3,760	1,730	2,030
Black	21,210	10,100	11,110
Filipino	6,670	3,210	3,460
Arab	2,505	1,260	1,245
Latin American	1,695	845	855
Southeast Asian	825	390	435
West Asian	3,745	1,850	1,895
Korean	235	135	95
Japanese	245	140	105
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,570	1,685	1,880
Multiple visible minorities	4,045	1,920	2,130
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	44,690	21,805	22,885
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	126,250	61,510	64,740
Canadian	11,990	6,160	5,830
English	14,655	7,050	7,605
Irish	11,650	5,485	6,170
Scottish	11,515	5,425	6,090
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,915	1,970	1,945
German	4,220	2,000	2,215
Chinese	5,155	2,355	2,795
Italian	4,320	2,225	2,100
Indian (India)	13,180	6,455	6,730
Ukrainian	1,520	795	725
Dutch	1,755	825	930
Polish	1,920	895	1,020
Québécois	130	55	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,305	1,600	1,700
Filipino	6,890	3,325	3,570
French Canadian	930	425	505
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,115	580	535
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	490	285	205
Métis	380	170	210
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	935	435	500
Russian	645	285	355
Norwegian	255	120	135
Welsh	1,335	645	695
Portuguese	2,670	1,245	1,425
American	830	410	420
Spanish	1,725	785	935
Swedish	220	130	95
Hungarian	555	255	305
Acadian	255	140	120
Pakistani	5,780	2,910	2,875
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,925	1,895	2,030
Jewish	385	145	235
Punjabi	890	440	445
Vietnamese	510	225	285
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,070	580	490
Greek	1,560	805	755
Jamaican	7,620	3,465	4,155
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,325	660	665
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25
Korean	320	165	155
Romanian	615	300	315
Lebanese	665	335	325
Iranian	445	215	220
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	610	335	275
Danish	260	140	120
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	260	135	120
Sikh	305	165	135
Austrian	305	140	165
Belgian	145	70	80
Haitian	175	95	80
Hindu	2,190	1,060	1,125
Mexican	295	125	170
Mennonite	30	15	15
Swiss	145	60	85
Finnish	325	140	190
Sri Lankan	5,260	2,535	2,720
Croatian	350	175	170
Japanese	345	195	155
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,095	1,025	1,070
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	105	70
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	70	65
Muslim	1,165	630	530
Egyptian	740	305	435
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	590	295	300
Tamil	4,445	2,290	2,155
Icelandic	115	55	65
Colombian	110	70	40
Moroccan	125	45	80
Czech	125	45	80
Syrian	430	210	215
Guyanese	3,665	1,755	1,915
Afghan	3,275	1,590	1,685
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,020	955	1,060
Serbian	150	90	65
Ojibway	70	15	60
Newfoundlander	305	130	175
Hong Konger	155	65	90
Ontarian	420	190	225
Persian	205	115	85
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,730	1,245	1,490
Turkish	255	130	120
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	15	20
Bangladeshi	1,110	540	570
Algerian	10	10	0
Brazilian	215	80	130
Nigerian	520	255	270
Armenian	295	150	145
Slovak	120	55	65
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	110	65	50
Somali	185	75	110
Taiwanese	80	25	60
Iraqi	220	130	85
Salvadorean	145	80	70
African Caribbean	2,155	1,000	1,155
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	450	205	245
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	295	165	135
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,495	680	810
Algonquin	55	25	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,615	755	860
Lithuanian	115	55	65
South African	150	90	65
Australian	100	40	60
Palestinian	335	175	165
Chilean	145	95	50
Congolese	190	80	110
Nova Scotian	140	90	50
Ethiopian	320	160	160
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	55	45
Peruvian	135	65	65
Yoruba	285	150	135
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	35	35
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	155	65	85
Maltese	235	95	135
Macedonian	735	335	405
Slovenian	195	95	100
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	50	60
New Brunswicker	60	35	30
Gujarati	580	260	325
Eritrean	50	30	25
African Canadian	955	435	520
Israeli	90	40	50
Mohawk	100	55	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	10	25
Bulgarian	55	20	35
Albertan	10	10	0
Ghanaian	315	155	155
Barbadian	805	430	375
African American	420	200	220
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	40	55
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	75	40	35
Cuban	190	85	105
Bosnian	15	10	0
Venezuelan	225	100	125
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	10
Latvian	115	50	60
Bengali	235	115	120
Cameroonian	85	50	35
Guatemalan	25	20	10
Indonesian	95	40	65
Laotian	30	10	20
Ilocano	160	75	85
Northern Irish	140	75	65
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	25	55
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	120	75	40
Franco Ontarian	50	20	30
Argentinian	110	55	55
Estonian	130	65	60
Kurdish	55	20	30
Fijian	15	0	15
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	20	10
Coptic	345	170	180
Thai	75	35	45
Dominican	175	80	100
Nepali	100	60	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	70	50	20
Igbo	115	55	60
Byelorussian	35	20	15
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	40	25	15
Sudanese	50	25	25
Breton	10	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	25	25
Malaysian	75	40	40
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	25	0	20
Buddhist	55	25	30
Gaspesian	15	0	15
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	235	115	120
Ivorian	60	35	25
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	70	20	50
Mauritian	30	20	10
Kenyan	70	35	35
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	375	180	195
Jordanian	65	30	30
Manitoban	20	15	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	470	260	210
Malayali	170	75	100
Chaldean	20	0	15
Sinhalese	230	95	130
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	25	15	10
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	495	220	275
Flemish	10	0	10
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	45	25	15
Sicilian	40	25	10
Pashtun	170	75	90
Malay	80	50	30
Goan	195	85	100
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	50	30	20
Burmese	55	15	40
Mongolian	85	45	40
Azorean	25	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	40	30	10
Indo-Guyanese	335	155	180
Ugandan	110	50	60
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	95	60	35
Yemeni	45	20	25
Central African	45	25	20
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	110	70	35
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135	50	85
Igorot	30	0	25
Fulani	25	10	15
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	255	135	120
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	80	45	35
Roma	10	0	10
Costa Rican	35	25	0
African Nova Scotian	40	15	25
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	80	45	35
Singaporean	50	10	45
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	160	80	75
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	126,245	61,505	64,740
Buddhist	815	335	480
Christian	64,165	29,745	34,420
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,830	6,440	7,390
Anabaptist	0	0	0
Anglican	4,425	2,020	2,405
Baptist	1,605	735	865
Catholic	28,085	13,425	14,655
Christian Orthodox	3,195	1,495	1,700
Jehovah's Witness	420	175	250
Latter Day Saints	45	10	35
Lutheran	495	200	300
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	285	140	145
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,670	2,030	2,645
Presbyterian	1,340	535	805
Reformed	50	15	35
United Church	2,685	1,175	1,505
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,030	1,350	1,680
Hindu	14,675	7,155	7,515
Jewish	280	145	135
Muslim	17,770	8,925	8,845
Sikh	1,640	835	805
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	660	290	375
No religion and secular perspectives	26,225	14,075	12,155
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	124,980	60,850	64,125
Non-movers	113,205	54,985	58,215
Movers	11,770	5,865	5,910
Non-migrants	4,435	2,175	2,265
Migrants	7,335	3,690	3,640
Internal migrants	6,665	3,415	3,250
Intraprovincial migrants	6,440	3,275	3,165
Interprovincial migrants	225	140	85
External migrants	670	280	390
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	119,035	57,850	61,185
Non-movers	80,005	38,645	41,360
Movers	39,030	19,205	19,820
Non-migrants	9,065	4,360	4,710
Migrants	29,960	14,845	15,115
Internal migrants	25,510	12,720	12,785
Intraprovincial migrants	24,440	12,150	12,285
Interprovincial migrants	1,070	570	500
External migrants	4,455	2,125	2,330
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,460	49,230	53,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,900	7,455	7,445
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,555	41,775	45,780
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,705	33,455	36,255
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,825	3,170	2,655
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,885	30,280	33,600
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	102,455	49,235	53,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,840	6,845	6,995
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,155	14,600	14,555
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	59,470	27,790	31,675
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,260	13,935	15,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,320	3,155	1,160
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,265	1,450	810
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,055	1,700	355
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,130	9,705	12,425
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,810	1,070	1,745
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,210	13,865	16,345
Bachelor's degree	21,210	9,480	11,730
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,735	855	880
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	260	355
Master's degree	6,170	2,970	3,190
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	470	290	180
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,710	33,450	36,255
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,115	2,750	2,360
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,980	8,840	8,140
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,615	21,860	25,755
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,440	10,510	11,930
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,990	2,170	825
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,575	1,000	580
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,420	1,170	245
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,260	7,525	9,735
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,185	820	1,370
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,170	11,345	13,825
Bachelor's degree	17,340	7,635	9,700
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,455	705	750
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	520	200	325
Master's degree	5,465	2,590	2,875
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	395	220	180
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	102,460	49,235	53,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,995	21,440	21,550
Education	2,620	505	2,115
13. Education	2,620	505	2,115
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,965	915	1,050
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275	195	85
50. Visual and performing arts	1,690	720	970
Humanities	3,020	885	2,140
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220	30	185
23. English language and literature/letters	620	125	495
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,225	290	935
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	75	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	135	110
54. History	370	190	180
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	15	140
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,850	2,210	5,640
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	20	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	915	320	595
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,280	100	1,185
22. Legal professions and studies	1,400	295	1,105
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160	40	115
42. Psychology	1,225	220	1,000
45. Social sciences	2,780	1,210	1,570
Business, management and public administration	15,285	6,500	8,780
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	20	50
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,345	265	1,085
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,865	6,220	7,645
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,950	1,210	1,740
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255	435	815
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	865	300	565
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	30	75
40. Physical sciences	600	390	210
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	55	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,115	2,850	1,270
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,490	2,510	975
25. Library science	100	10	95
27. Mathematics and statistics	405	235	175
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120	95	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,455	9,340	1,110
04. Architecture and related services	465	320	140
14. Engineering	3,540	2,880	660
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,475	2,210	260
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,600	1,585	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,675	1,665	15
48. Precision production	695	675	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	695	320	370
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475	195	280
03. Natural resources and conservation	215	125	90
Health and related fields	7,850	1,625	6,225
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	685	365	315
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,030	1,170	5,860
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	130	80	50
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,650	1,430	1,220
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,220	360	865
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	970	640	330
49. Transportation and materials moving	450	420	30
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	69,710	33,455	36,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,095	11,590	10,500
Education	1,985	385	1,600
13. Education	1,985	385	1,600
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,515	730	780
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	135	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,325	600	730
Humanities	2,305	595	1,710
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	140	10	130
23. English language and literature/letters	470	85	385
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	950	180	765
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	55	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	100	75
54. History	285	140	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	0	125
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,500	1,745	4,755
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	20	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	785	290	495
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,045	55	985
22. Legal professions and studies	1,235	225	1,010
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	35	100
42. Psychology	985	170	815
45. Social sciences	2,250	950	1,300
Business, management and public administration	12,770	5,385	7,385
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	20	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,120	235	890
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,585	5,135	6,450
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,270	905	1,365
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	935	330	610
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	695	255	445
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	25	65
40. Physical sciences	455	270	185
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	30	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,680	2,570	1,105
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,180	2,310	870
25. Library science	65	10	55
27. Mathematics and statistics	345	190	160
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	60	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,975	7,025	955
04. Architecture and related services	355	250	105
14. Engineering	2,855	2,280	580
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,925	1,700	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,175	1,160	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,210	1,205	0
48. Precision production	450	440	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	505	230	275
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	125	215
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	100	65
Health and related fields	6,150	1,240	4,915
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	495	270	225
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,555	910	4,645
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	50	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,935	1,045	890
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	255	655
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	705	480	225
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	300	10
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	69,710	33,455	36,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,095	11,590	10,500
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,610	21,860	25,755
Location of study inside Canada	34,535	15,670	18,865
Same as province or territory of residence	32,985	14,925	18,060
Different than province or territory of residence	1,550	745	800
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,080	6,185	6,890
Americas	2,220	1,125	1,095
United States of America	1,180	630	550
Mexico	75	20	55
Cuba	55	25	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	315	145	165
Brazil	75	30	45
Colombia	45	25	20
Peru	30	15	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	405	215	195
Europe	1,395	730	665
Belgium	10	0	10
France	55	30	30
Germany	60	50	15
Netherlands	20	10	10
Switzerland	10	10	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	90	40	50
Romania	170	90	85
Russian Federation	95	35	60
Ukraine	55	25	30
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	660	350	305
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	15	0	10
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	140	70	65
Africa	695	350	345
Nigeria	225	115	115
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	35	20	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	210	110	95
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Africa	210	95	115
Asia	8,635	3,930	4,705
Iran⁸⁸	50	15	30
Iraq	70	20	50
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	70	45	20
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	30
Turkey	10	10	0
China⁹⁰	445	185	255
Taiwan	15	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0
Japan	20	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	10
Philippines	1,590	640	950
Viet Nam	30	0	30
Bangladesh	380	175	205
Sri Lanka	460	220	245
India	3,445	1,600	1,845
Pakistan	1,610	765	850
Other locations of study in Asia	340	185	150
Oceania	135	60	80
Australia	120	60	60
New Zealand	15	0	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	102,460	49,235	53,225
In the labour force	68,525	34,925	33,600
Employed	59,365	30,645	28,715
Unemployed	9,165	4,280	4,880
Not in the labour force	33,930	14,305	19,625
Participation rate	66.9	70.9	63.1
Employment rate	57.9	62.2	54.0
Unemployment rate	13.4	12.3	14.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	102,460	49,235	53,225
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,065	15,510	20,555
Worked	66,395	33,725	32,670
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,865	20,595	17,270
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,525	13,135	15,400
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.2	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	68,525	34,930	33,600
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305
Employee	57,765	28,240	29,530
Permanent position	49,590	24,515	25,080
Temporary position	8,170	3,730	4,445
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,865	1,325	1,540
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,300	2,400	2,905
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,345	5,565	2,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	68,525	34,930	33,600
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290
All occupations¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	605	395	210
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,495	5,010	9,490
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,195	5,355	1,840
3 Health occupations	4,730	760	3,975
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,565	2,155	5,410
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,855	875	980
6 Sales and service occupations	16,230	7,760	8,470
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,215	9,220	1,000
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	485	390	100
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,735	1,900	835
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	68,525	34,930	33,600
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,415	1,120	1,290
All industries¹⁹¹	66,110	33,805	32,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	80	100
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	50	25
22 Utilities	1,010	735	275
23 Construction	4,365	3,675	690
31-33 Manufacturing	4,750	3,305	1,445
41 Wholesale trade	2,175	1,405	765
44-45 Retail trade	7,420	3,760	3,665
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,760	3,000	755
51 Information and cultural industries	2,030	1,320	705
52 Finance and insurance	6,400	2,860	3,540
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,440	720	720
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,475	3,530	2,945
55 Management of companies and enterprises	350	165	185
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,040	1,735	1,305
61 Educational services	4,410	1,335	3,065
62 Health care and social assistance	7,930	1,385	6,545
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,035	570	460
72 Accommodation and food services	3,590	1,635	1,950
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,325	1,045	1,280
91 Public administration	3,350	1,475	1,875
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,685	36,390	35,290
English	68,110	34,860	33,245
French	220	45	170
Non-official language	425	180	245
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	425	180	245
English and French	1,060	335	725
English and non-official language(s)	1,795	925	870
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,685	36,390	35,290
Single responses	71,190	36,175	35,010
Official languages	70,485	35,865	34,620
English	70,125	35,790	34,335
French	365	75	290
Non-official languages	700	310	390
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	700	310	390
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	15	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	15	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	25	15	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	35	10	25
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	0	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	100	40	60
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	100	40	60
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	210	95	115
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	10	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	10	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	45	75
Indo-Aryan languages	80	20	60
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	30	0	20
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	55	10	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	45	30	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	40	30	10
Dari	15	10	10
Iranian Persian	10	10	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	35	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	15	0	10
Spanish	45	20	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	300	150	150
Chinese languages	300	150	150
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	185	90	90
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	120	60	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	495	215	280
English and French	175	45	130
English and non-official language(s)	290	140	145
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	25	25	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,685	36,390	35,290
None	69,220	35,285	33,935
English	395	160	235
French	750	260	490
Non-official language	1,060	510	545
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,060	510	545
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
French and non-official language(s)	35	25	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	200	140	65
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,365	30,645	28,715
Worked at home	19,465	8,720	10,745
Worked outside Canada	150	115	40
No fixed workplace address	7,240	5,500	1,735
Usual place of work	32,510	16,315	16,195
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,510	16,315	16,195
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,825	3,635	5,190
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,215	3,485	3,725
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,420	9,165	7,255
Commute to a different province or territory	55	30	25
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,745	21,815	17,930
Car, truck or van	34,535	19,725	14,805
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,385	18,640	12,745
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,150	1,090	2,060
Public transit	3,170	1,265	1,905
Walked	980	415	565
Bicycle	115	75	35
Other method	950	330	620
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,745	21,815	17,930
Less than 15 minutes	8,600	4,090	4,505
15 to 29 minutes	10,405	5,325	5,080
30 to 44 minutes	9,325	5,415	3,910
45 to 59 minutes	5,430	3,395	2,035
60 minutes and over	5,985	3,585	2,395
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,745	21,815	17,930
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,145	2,235	915
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,835	4,090	2,750
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,670	4,485	4,180
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,530	3,495	4,030
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,365	3,130	3,230
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,205	4,380	2,825
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,395	15,175	14,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,690	1,355	1,335
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,705	13,825	12,885
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,655	11,190	10,460
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,165	1,075	1,085
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,385	640	745
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775	435	340
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,495	10,115	9,380

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 11, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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