Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	209,937^E	...	...
Population, 2016¹	198,309	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.9^E	...	...
Total private dwellings²	85,035	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	81,080	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,629.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	128.87	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	209,935	100,290	109,650
0 to 14 years	27,935	14,275	13,665
0 to 4 years	8,615	4,440	4,175
5 to 9 years	9,770	4,965	4,800
10 to 14 years	9,550	4,865	4,685
15 to 64 years	140,090	66,665	73,425
15 to 19 years	10,375	5,370	5,000
20 to 24 years	13,025	6,715	6,310
25 to 29 years	15,285	7,640	7,640
30 to 34 years	15,290	7,605	7,685
35 to 39 years	14,110	6,855	7,255
40 to 44 years	12,660	5,970	6,685
45 to 49 years	13,065	5,730	7,340
50 to 54 years	14,950	6,545	8,405
55 to 59 years	16,075	7,295	8,780
60 to 64 years	15,260	6,940	8,320
65 years and over	41,910	19,345	22,565
65 to 69 years	13,690	6,425	7,265
70 to 74 years	11,510	5,460	6,045
75 to 79 years	6,800	3,220	3,585
80 to 84 years	4,860	2,210	2,655
85 years and over	5,050	2,035	3,015
85 to 89 years	3,090	1,395	1,695
90 to 94 years	1,545	520	1,020
95 to 99 years	340	100	240
100 years and over	70	15	55
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.3	14.2	12.5
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.5	67.0
65 years and over	20.0	19.3	20.6
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.7
Average age of the population	43.3	42.2	44.3
Median age of the population	43.6	41.6	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	81,080	...	...
Single-detached house	24,435	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,585	...	...
Row house	15,945	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,990	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	18,590	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	15,475	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	81,080	...	...
1 person	20,340	...	...
2 persons	26,205	...	...
3 persons	15,145	...	...
4 persons	11,905	...	...
5 or more persons	7,485	...	...
Number of persons in private households	208,400	99,740	108,655
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	182,000	86,015	95,990
Married or living common-law	106,985	52,795	54,190
Married	98,060	48,345	49,720
Living common-law	8,930	4,455	4,470
Living common law - Never married	6,610	3,285	3,325
Living common law - Separated	375	200	175
Living common law - Divorced	1,790	885	900
Living common law - Widowed	155	80	75
Not married and not living common-law	75,015	33,215	41,800
Not married and not living common law - Never married	51,525	26,695	24,830
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,040	1,485	2,560
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,945	3,455	7,495
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,500	1,585	6,910
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,820	...	...
2 persons	29,455	...	...
3 persons	15,940	...	...
4 persons	12,065	...	...
5 or more persons	3,360	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,815	...	...
Total couple families	50,655	...	...
Married couples	46,185	...	...
With children⁶	26,855	...	...
Without children	19,340	...	...
Common-law couples	4,465	...	...
With children⁶	1,195	...	...
Without children	3,270	...	...
Total one-parent families	10,165	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	8,380	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,785	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	208,400	99,740	108,655
Total - Persons in census families	172,615	84,480	88,135
Married spouses or common-law partners	101,305	50,605	50,695
Parents in one-parent families	10,165	1,790	8,375
Children⁶	61,150	32,085	29,060
In a two-parent family	46,915	24,625	22,295
In a one-parent family	14,230	7,455	6,770
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,780	15,260	20,520
Living alone	20,340	8,515	11,825
Living with other relatives⁷	7,180	2,425	4,760
Living with non-relatives only	8,265	4,320	3,940
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	81,080	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	48,475	...	...
Couple-family households	40,815	...	...
With children⁶	22,720	...	...
Without children	18,095	...	...
One-parent-family households	7,660	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,490	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,030	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,075	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,665	...	...
One-person households	20,345	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	180,475	85,470	95,005
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,465	82,520	91,945
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,495	82,535	91,960
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,800	34,400	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	153,935	73,450	80,495
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,600	33,600	22,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	117,655	58,390	59,270
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,000	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,505	67,550	81,960
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700	7,850	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	14,925	6,355	8,570
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,060	25,720	28,340
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,600
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	180,475	85,420	95,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,620	82,450	92,170
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	53,150	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,645	82,460	92,180
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,840	44,280	35,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	153,795	73,175	80,620
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,840	50,880	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	117,655	58,480	59,180
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,240	52,550	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	149,795	67,435	82,360
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,370	9,790	10,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	14,715	6,250	8,470
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	5,965	6,950
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,680	25,955	28,735
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,230	10,100	10,350
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	180,475	85,420	95,055
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,420	27,845	22,575
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	66,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,400	81,900	65,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	49,995	22,590	27,405
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,600	17,400	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,940	28,200	22,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.0	85.0	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	70.2	59.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.1	15.1	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.4	7.1	9.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.9	6.0	7.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	180,475	85,470	95,005
Without total income	6,010	2,955	3,060
With total income	174,460	82,515	91,950
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,470	10,780	13,690
$10,000 to $19,999	23,615	10,585	13,035
$20,000 to $29,999	29,215	12,625	16,585
$30,000 to $39,999	22,205	9,520	12,685
$40,000 to $49,999	17,670	7,935	9,730
$50,000 to $59,999	13,645	6,400	7,245
$60,000 to $69,999	10,290	5,160	5,130
$70,000 to $79,999	7,745	4,150	3,590
$80,000 to $89,999	6,255	3,405	2,850
$90,000 to $99,999	4,630	2,615	2,010
$100,000 and over	14,725	9,340	5,390
$100,000 to $149,999	9,970	6,025	3,940
$150,000 and over	4,755	3,310	1,450
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	180,475	85,470	95,005
Without after-tax income	5,975	2,935	3,045
With after-tax income	174,500	82,535	91,960
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,085	11,025	14,055
$10,000 to $19,999	24,390	10,955	13,435
$20,000 to $29,999	32,540	14,100	18,445
$30,000 to $39,999	24,910	10,945	13,970
$40,000 to $49,999	19,480	8,865	10,615
$50,000 to $59,999	14,180	6,975	7,210
$60,000 to $69,999	10,080	5,415	4,660
$70,000 to $79,999	7,170	3,940	3,230
$80,000 to $89,999	5,195	2,985	2,210
$90,000 to $99,999	3,375	1,975	1,400
$100,000 and over	8,085	5,355	2,735
$100,000 to $124,999	4,150	2,590	1,555
$125,000 and over	3,930	2,760	1,175
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	180,475	85,470	95,005
Without employment income	62,820	27,080	35,735
With employment income	117,660	58,385	59,270
Under $5,000 (including loss)	17,965	8,110	9,855
$5,000 to $9,999	12,075	5,295	6,775
$10,000 to $19,999	15,145	6,870	8,275
$20,000 to $29,999	10,595	4,895	5,700
$30,000 to $39,999	10,440	4,895	5,550
$40,000 to $49,999	10,270	4,755	5,515
$50,000 to $59,999	9,045	4,505	4,545
$60,000 to $69,999	7,260	3,830	3,430
$70,000 to $79,999	5,550	3,115	2,440
$80,000 to $89,999	4,645	2,675	1,970
$90,000 to $99,999	3,660	2,115	1,545
$100,000 and over	11,000	7,330	3,670
$100,000 to $124,999	5,290	3,285	2,000
$125,000 and over	5,710	4,040	1,670
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	180,475	85,470	95,005
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,640	79,550	89,085
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,000	28,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,960	79,655	89,305
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	32,400	26,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	152,540	72,795	79,750
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	36,400	26,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,505	59,380	61,125
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,280	51,230	69,050
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,000	1,160	3,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,080	2,680	4,400
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,080	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	180,475	85,420	95,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,795	79,410	89,385
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,040	51,000	37,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	169,065	79,495	89,575
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,280	42,240	32,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	152,200	72,430	79,770
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,760	51,750	36,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,435	59,240	61,195
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,920	52,500	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,475	50,915	69,565
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,430	5,950	6,790
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,980	2,670	4,305
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,335	8,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,000	27,620	22,380
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	62,400	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,100	76,700	59,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	47,000	21,125	25,875
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	26,000	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	36,120	28,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.6	86.0
Employment income (%)	72.8	76.8	68.0
Government transfers (%)	10.4	7.5	14.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	81,080	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	20,345	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	60,740	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	81,080	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	20,345	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	60,735	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	81,080	...	...
Under $5,000	2,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	990	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,080	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,730	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,525	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,605	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,960	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,515	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,025	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,935	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,590	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,470	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,190	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,800	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,370	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,845	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,795	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,540	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,945	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,570	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	81,080	...	...
Under $5,000	2,665	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,000	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,095	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,825	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,685	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,915	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,265	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,900	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,370	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,375	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,420	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,365	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,170	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,585	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,670	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,890	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,110	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,670	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	58,620	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	18,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	28,100	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,070	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	28,605	12,840	15,765
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	37,600	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	58,585	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,805	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	28,175	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,950	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	28,455	12,715	15,740
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,920	49,400	43,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,960	40,520	37,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	208,395	99,740	108,660
0 to 17 years	34,010	17,435	16,580
0 to 5 years	10,525	5,440	5,080
18 to 64 years	133,700	63,370	70,340
65 years and over	40,685	18,940	21,745
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	33,225	15,200	18,020
0 to 17 years	5,730	2,980	2,750
0 to 5 years	1,805	940	865
18 to 64 years	19,585	8,840	10,750
65 years and over	7,910	3,380	4,525
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.9	15.2	16.6
0 to 17 years (%)	16.8	17.1	16.6
0 to 5 years (%)	17.2	17.3	17.0
18 to 64 years (%)	14.6	14.0	15.3
65 years and over (%)	19.4	17.9	20.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	208,400	99,740	108,655
0 to 17 years	34,010	17,435	16,575
0 to 5 years	10,520	5,440	5,080
18 to 64 years	133,705	63,365	70,335
65 years and over	40,685	18,935	21,745
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	21,725	10,280	11,440
0 to 17 years	3,530	1,895	1,635
0 to 5 years	1,060	570	490
18 to 64 years	14,650	6,840	7,810
65 years and over	3,545	1,550	1,995
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.4	10.3	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.4	10.9	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.1	10.4	9.7
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.8	11.1
65 years and over (%)	8.7	8.2	9.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	208,400	99,740	108,660
In bottom half of the distribution	109,400	51,155	58,245
In bottom decile	30,600	14,235	16,365
In second decile	21,905	10,065	11,840
In third decile	19,610	9,205	10,410
In fourth decile	18,615	8,825	9,785
In fifth decile	18,670	8,830	9,845
In top half of the distribution	98,995	48,580	50,410
In sixth decile	18,680	8,920	9,760
In seventh decile	19,475	9,515	9,955
In eighth decile	19,850	9,720	10,130
In ninth decile	20,525	10,145	10,385
In top decile	20,465	10,280	10,180
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	208,395	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.357	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.467	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	209,040	99,955	109,085
English only	177,825	86,650	91,170
French only	80	45	35
English and French	9,270	4,275	4,995
Neither English nor French	21,870	8,980	12,890
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	209,040	99,955	109,085
English	185,175	90,005	95,170
French	1,070	560	515
English and French	1,200	540	665
Neither English nor French	21,585	8,845	12,745
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	209,040	99,955	109,085
Single responses	195,280	93,455	101,830
Official languages	66,410	34,520	31,885
English	65,440	34,020	31,425
French	965	505	460
Non-official languages	128,870	58,930	69,940
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	5	5	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	128,860	58,920	69,940
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,165	1,130	1,040
Berber languages	10	5	0
Kabyle	10	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	170	80	90
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	15	10
Somali	150	65	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,985	1,040	945
Amharic	50	25	20
Arabic	1,555	820	730
Aramaic languages	90	45	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	25	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	230	120	115
Maltese	0	0	5
Tigrigna	50	25	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,110	470	645
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	20
Vietnamese	1,080	455	620
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,370	4,075	5,290
Bikol	45	20	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	85	35	45
Cebuano	280	125	160
Fijian	20	5	15
Hiligaynon	155	65	85
Ilocano	425	195	235
Indonesian	335	155	175
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	15	10	10
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	20	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	115	50	65
Pangasinan	40	15	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,735	3,345	4,390
Waray-Waray	30	15	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25
Creole languages	25	15	10
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	640	325	315
Kannada	30	15	10
Malayalam	225	105	115
Tamil	270	140	130
Telugu	110	60	45
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,685	8,570	9,115
Albanian	70	30	35
Armenian	85	35	50
Balto-Slavic languages	3,175	1,480	1,700
Baltic languages	30	25	10
Latvian	20	15	10
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	3,150	1,460	1,695
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	15	20
Czech	125	65	60
Macedonian	10	5	0
Polish	295	135	155
Russian	1,920	880	1,035
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	435	220	215
Bosnian	35	15	20
Croatian	185	100	90
Serbian	205	100	105
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	45	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	265	105	155
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,455	725	730
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	995	495	500
German	950	470	485
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	20	10
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	155	155
Afrikaans	40	20	20
Dutch	255	130	125
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	140	75	65
Danish	80	45	35
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	25	15	10
Swedish	35	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	215	115	100
Indo-Iranian languages	9,440	4,585	4,855
Indo-Aryan languages	8,185	3,965	4,220
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	250	135	120
Gujarati	450	205	245
Hindi	1,115	525	595
Kacchi	140	65	80
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	10
Marathi	85	40	45
Nepali	45	25	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,990	2,410	2,585
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	35	35
Urdu	975	495	480
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Iranian languages	1,250	615	635
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	75	45	35
Parsi	10	5	0
Pashto	35	15	25
Persian languages	1,130	555	575
Dari	205	95	115
Iranian Persian	820	405	410
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	3,240	1,595	1,645
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	245	130	110
Portuguese	715	355	360
Romanian	215	115	100
Spanish	2,055	985	1,075
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	2,170	775	1,400
Korean	1,485	640	845
Mongolian	65	30	40
Niger-Congo languages	140	70	75
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	10	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	5
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	10	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	45	25	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	25	10
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	93,075	42,380	50,690
Chinese languages	92,930	42,315	50,620
Hakka	325	145	180
Mandarin	44,060	19,805	24,260
Min Dong	30	20	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,360	1,065	1,305
Wu (Shanghainese)	830	345	480
Yue (Cantonese)	44,985	20,780	24,205
Chinese, n.o.s.	300	145	155
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	60	75
Burmese	110	45	65
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	215	70	145
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	175	55	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Turkic languages	480	270	210
Azerbaijani	40	20	25
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	400	225	175
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Uralic languages	170	70	100
Estonian	5	5	0
Finnish	40	10	20
Hungarian	130	55	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	13,760	6,500	7,260
English and French	400	205	195
English and non-official language(s)	11,505	5,455	6,050
French and non-official language(s)	100	55	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	70	70
Multiple non-official languages	1,610	710	905
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	209,040	99,955	109,085
English	70,895	36,210	34,690
French	215	115	100
Non-official language	54,185	24,340	29,845
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	54,185	24,340	29,845
English and French	910	455	455
English and non-official language(s)	75,010	35,465	39,545
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,365	620	750
Multiple non-official languages	6,390	2,725	3,665
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	209,040	99,955	109,085
Single responses	192,300	92,105	100,190
Official languages	96,620	48,420	48,200
English	96,275	48,240	48,040
French	345	185	165
Non-official languages	95,675	43,685	51,990
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,675	43,685	51,990
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,255	625	635
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	95	45	50
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	5
Somali	80	35	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,160	580	580
Amharic	20	5	10
Arabic	905	460	445
Aramaic languages	50	20	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	10	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Harari	10	5	5
Hebrew	135	70	70
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	235	290
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	520	230	290
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,275	2,445	2,830
Bikol	15	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Cebuano	145	70	80
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	35	25
Ilocano	215	105	115
Indonesian	115	55	55
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	25	30
Pangasinan	15	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,575	2,105	2,475
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	25	15	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	15	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	395	205	190
Kannada	15	10	5
Malayalam	125	60	70
Tamil	180	95	85
Telugu	65	35	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	9,745	4,645	5,100
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	50	20	30
Balto-Slavic languages	1,810	840	970
Baltic languages	20	15	5
Latvian	15	10	0
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	1,790	825	960
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	10	5
Czech	35	15	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	100	45	60
Russian	1,330	615	710
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	195	90	100
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	55	25	25
Serbian	115	55	65
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	95	45	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	205	95	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	155	70	85
German	155	70	75
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	20
Afrikaans	20	10	10
Dutch	20	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	85	40	45
Indo-Iranian languages	5,845	2,795	3,055
Indo-Aryan languages	5,065	2,415	2,645
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	170	80	85
Gujarati	205	90	120
Hindi	575	280	290
Kacchi	65	30	35
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	55	25	25
Nepali	25	15	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,250	1,535	1,720
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15
Urdu	680	340	340
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Iranian languages	785	375	405
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	20	20
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	20	10	10
Persian languages	715	345	370
Dari	135	60	70
Iranian Persian	515	245	265
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,720	840	880
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	35	15	20
Portuguese	445	225	225
Romanian	85	45	40
Spanish	1,155	555	595
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,110	460	650
Korean	1,000	450	550
Mongolian	40	20	20
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	60	40	25
American Sign Language	45	25	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	75,785	34,330	41,455
Chinese languages	75,690	34,285	41,410
Hakka	80	35	45
Mandarin	37,000	16,780	20,220
Min Dong	15	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,360	620	740
Wu (Shanghainese)	510	225	285
Yue (Cantonese)	36,515	16,510	20,000
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	95	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	45	45
Burmese	75	30	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	35
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	45	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Turkic languages	290	150	140
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	265	135	125
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	30	10	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	10
Hungarian	20	5	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	16,740	7,845	8,895
English and French	185	95	85
English and non-official language(s)	15,635	7,335	8,300
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
Multiple non-official languages	820	365	455
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	209,040	99,955	109,085
None	138,775	67,005	71,770
English	30,275	14,365	15,905
French	970	460	510
Non-official language	29,210	13,595	15,615
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	10
Non-Indigenous	29,200	13,595	15,610
English and French	205	100	105
English and non-official language(s)	5,475	2,550	2,930
French and non-official language(s)	705	310	395
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	20	30
Multiple non-official languages	3,365	1,545	1,820
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	208,395	99,765	108,635
Official languages	186,670	90,935	95,740
English	186,595	90,900	95,695
French	9,330	4,335	5,000
Non-official languages	154,880	71,500	83,380
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	10	35
Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	154,850	71,490	83,355
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,600	1,775	1,820
Berber languages	15	10	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	0
Hausa	10	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	200	100	100
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	0	10
Somali	195	100	95
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,420	1,680	1,740
Amharic	120	55	65
Arabic	2,480	1,260	1,220
Aramaic languages	90	35	50
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	775	350	420
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	20	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,770	830	935
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	35
Vietnamese	1,690	800	890
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10
Austronesian languages	14,390	6,325	8,065
Bikol	75	35	40
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	25	55
Cebuano	550	245	315
Fijian	65	20	45
Hiligaynon	260	100	160
Ilocano	725	330	390
Indonesian	620	305	315
Kankanaey	20	10	15
Kinaray-a	35	10	25
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	320	170	160
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	265	105	165
Pangasinan	100	45	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	13,205	5,785	7,420
Waray-Waray	75	30	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	200	75	125
Creole languages	150	75	75
Haitian Creole	10	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	110	50	55
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Dravidian languages	1,015	505	510
Kannada	65	35	30
Malayalam	330	160	165
Tamil	555	280	275
Telugu	190	100	90
Tulu	15	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	45	25	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,240	12,090	13,155
Albanian	110	40	75
Armenian	135	60	75
Balto-Slavic languages	3,845	1,780	2,075
Baltic languages	45	25	20
Latvian	25	20	10
Lithuanian	20	0	10
Slavic languages	3,825	1,765	2,060
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	25	45
Czech	125	65	55
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	350	155	195
Russian	2,575	1,190	1,385
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	605	300	305
Bosnian	40	25	15
Croatian	340	165	180
Serbian	305	155	155
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Slovak	45	20	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15
Ukrainian	540	230	310
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	45	30	15
Irish	25	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	15	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,305	1,030	1,265
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,615	715	895
German	1,565	705	855
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	15
Yiddish	40	10	30
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	520	240	280
Afrikaans	185	90	90
Dutch	355	155	190
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	235	110	125
Danish	110	55	60
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	55	30	20
Swedish	85	30	60
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	365	155	210
Indo-Iranian languages	13,460	6,575	6,880
Indo-Aryan languages	11,920	5,825	6,095
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	390	190	195
Gujarati	950	410	540
Hindi	3,915	1,925	1,990
Kacchi	270	115	160
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	45	20	25
Marathi	170	90	80
Nepali	40	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,060	3,475	3,585
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	70	85
Urdu	1,905	985	925
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35
Iranian languages	1,590	780	810
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	190	85	100
Parsi	20	0	15
Pashto	45	25	15
Persian languages	1,385	690	700
Dari	290	125	165
Iranian Persian	1,050	535	520
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	5,655	2,745	2,915
Catalan	20	0	15
Italian	610	295	320
Portuguese	945	450	495
Romanian	310	185	135
Spanish	4,155	2,020	2,140
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	4,140	1,785	2,360
Korean	2,090	865	1,225
Mongolian	105	50	50
Niger-Congo languages	545	275	270
Akan (Twi)	55	15	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	10	0
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	40	10	30
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	25	0	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	325	175	145
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	35	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	155	85	70
American Sign Language	140	70	70
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	106,840	49,160	57,680
Chinese languages	106,690	49,090	57,600
Hakka	515	235	280
Mandarin	68,960	31,155	37,810
Min Dong	60	30	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,100	2,295	2,805
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,210	520	690
Yue (Cantonese)	56,900	26,000	30,895
Chinese, n.o.s.	305	135	170
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	200	90	105
Burmese	190	75	105
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	325	115	205
Lao	50	15	40
Thai	275	95	180
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Turkic languages	670	330	340
Azerbaijani	85	35	50
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	590	300	290
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Uralic languages	190	105	90
Estonian	10	10	0
Finnish	55	20	35
Hungarian	130	75	55
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	208,400	99,765	108,635
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,540	705	840
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,460	680	780
First Nations (North American Indian)	895	430	460
Métis	560	250	315
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	20	35
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	0	20
Non-Indigenous identity	206,855	99,055	107,795
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	208,400	99,765	108,635
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	635	290	350
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	207,755	99,475	108,285
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	81,080	...	...
Owner	57,800	...	...
Renter	23,275	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	81,080	...	...
Condominium	35,150	...	...
Not condominium	45,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	81,080	...	...
No bedrooms	745	...	...
1 bedroom	13,425	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,445	...	...
3 bedrooms	21,895	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	21,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	81,080	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	38,555	...	...
5 rooms	12,860	...	...
6 rooms	9,290	...	...
7 rooms	6,945	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,430	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	81,080	...	...
One person or fewer per room	77,425	...	...
More than one person per room	3,660	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	81,080	...	...
Suitable	74,845	...	...
Not suitable	6,235	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	81,080	...	...
1960 or before	2,735	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,305	...	...
1981 to 1990	13,185	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,510	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,800	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,920	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,170	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	81,080	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	77,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,975	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	81,080	...	...
One-maintainer household	40,230	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,325	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,525	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	81,080	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,095	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,910	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,520	...	...
45 to 54 years	14,930	...	...
55 to 64 years	17,415	...	...
65 to 74 years	14,010	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,515	...	...
85 years and over	2,685	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	80,740	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	52,585	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28,155	...	...
30% to less than 100%	21,490	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	81,080	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	35,360	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	25,515	...	...
Not suitable only	4,485	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,425	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,380	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,175	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	290	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
Acceptable housing	45,725	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	74,075	...	...
In core need	15,045	...	...
Not in core need	59,025	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	57,755	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,794	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	990,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,178,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,275	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	44.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,672	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	208,400	99,760	108,635
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	360	170	190
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	345	160	180
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	290	145	145
Métis single ancestry	45	15	30
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,300	605	690
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,245	580	670
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	910	420	485
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	340	155	180
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	206,740	98,985	107,750
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	208,395	99,760	108,630
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	168,880	81,665	87,220
Canadian citizens aged under 18	30,390	15,660	14,730
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	138,490	66,000	72,490
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,520	18,105	21,415
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	208,395	99,760	108,630
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	73,835	38,280	35,550
Immigrants⁸¹	125,600	57,170	68,425
Before 1980	12,470	6,065	6,405
1980 to 1990	15,400	7,195	8,210
1991 to 2000	39,305	17,980	21,325
2001 to 2010	30,760	13,760	16,995
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,665	12,170	15,490
2011 to 2015	13,955	6,140	7,815
2016 to 2021	13,705	6,030	7,680
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,965	4,310	4,655
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	125,600	57,170	68,425
Under 5 years	8,940	4,790	4,155
5 to 14 years	18,740	9,750	8,985
15 to 24 years	20,325	9,390	10,930
25 to 44 years	59,470	25,075	34,400
45 years and over	18,125	8,165	9,960
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	125,600	57,170	68,425
Americas	4,185	2,065	2,125
Brazil	345	155	190
Colombia	155	75	80
El Salvador	170	80	95
Guyana	50	15	35
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	115	60	60
Mexico	415	170	245
Peru	260	100	165
Trinidad and Tobago	160	85	75
United States of America	1,600	870	730
Other places of birth in Americas	900	450	450
Europe	7,365	3,685	3,680
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	35	30
Croatia	145	65	80
France	205	120	85
Germany	545	295	250
Greece	155	90	60
Hungary	90	50	40
Italy	140	85	60
Netherlands	210	115	100
Poland	270	110	155
Portugal	150	70	80
Romania	285	155	135
Russian Federation	765	360	410
Serbia⁸⁶	185	105	75
Ukraine	790	365	425
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,210	1,145	1,070
Other places of birth in Europe	1,155	525	625
Africa	2,655	1,285	1,370
Algeria	75	45	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	25	35
Egypt	305	150	155
Eritrea	25	10	15
Ethiopia	95	45	55
Morocco	80	35	50
Nigeria	105	55	50
Somalia	115	50	60
South Africa, Republic of	445	205	240
Other places of birth in Africa	1,350	665	685
Asia	110,470	49,725	60,740
Afghanistan	260	120	145
Iran⁸⁸	865	430	435
Iraq	450	220	230
Lebanon	55	30	20
Syria⁸⁹	215	120	95
Turkey	225	105	120
China⁹⁰	46,490	20,130	26,360
Hong Kong⁹¹	24,340	11,510	12,825
Korea, South⁹²	1,225	505	725
Taiwan	7,745	3,520	4,225
Philippines	13,570	6,015	7,550
Viet Nam	1,510	670	840
Bangladesh	200	100	100
India	5,380	2,590	2,790
Pakistan	990	500	490
Sri Lanka	380	165	215
Other places of birth in Asia	6,565	2,995	3,570
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	920	410	515
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,705	6,030	7,680
Americas	720	380	340
Brazil	195	100	95
Colombia	25	10	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Mexico	90	40	50
United States of America	275	160	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	120	65	55
Europe	455	220	230
France	65	30	40
Germany	25	15	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	10	10	0
Russian Federation	75	40	35
Ukraine	50	10	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	50	20
Other places of birth in Europe	145	60	85
Africa	345	180	170
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	10	15
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	65	30	35
Eritrea	20	10	10
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	15	0	15
Nigeria	60	30	30
Somalia	30	20	15
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	20	15	0
Other places of birth in Africa	70	35	30
Asia	12,130	5,210	6,920
Afghanistan	20	0	15
Bangladesh	50	30	25
China⁹⁰	7,090	2,860	4,225
Hong Kong⁹¹	820	405	415
India	955	495	455
Iran⁸⁸	115	60	60
Iraq	80	30	45
Israel	15	15	0
Japan	95	15	80
Jordan	10	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	215	60	155
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	15	0	10
Pakistan	85	40	40
Philippines	1,585	720	865
Saudi Arabia	25	20	10
Sri Lanka	25	15	15
Syria⁸⁹	125	70	50
Turkey	50	20	30
United Arab Emirates	40	20	15
Viet Nam	110	45	70
Other places of birth in Asia	595	260	335
Oceania and other⁹³	55	35	25
Australia	20	15	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	20	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	208,395	99,765	108,635
First generation¹⁰⁰	137,435	63,015	74,425
Second generation¹⁰¹	46,190	23,935	22,250
Third generation or more¹⁰²	24,770	12,810	11,955
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	113,125	51,105	62,025
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	77,725	36,910	40,815
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	28,605	16,445	12,160
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	49,115	20,465	28,650
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	28,485	10,875	17,605
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,115	2,155	1,960
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,805	1,160	1,645
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	113,125	51,105	62,025
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,770	960	805
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	7,180	2,630	4,550
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,950	2,525	2,430
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,340	3,170	4,165
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	285	140	140
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	91,610	41,680	49,935
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	208,400	99,765	108,635
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	167,395	78,970	88,425
South Asian	15,370	7,620	7,750
Chinese	113,060	52,840	60,225
Black	1,775	925	850
Filipino	15,130	7,020	8,115
Arab	2,205	1,140	1,060
Latin American	2,155	1,070	1,085
Southeast Asian	3,305	1,570	1,735
West Asian	1,670	830	840
Korean	2,035	900	1,135
Japanese	3,885	1,720	2,160
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	705	320	390
Multiple visible minorities	6,095	3,015	3,080
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	41,005	20,795	20,210
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	208,395	99,765	108,635
Canadian	8,280	4,470	3,805
English	12,185	6,220	5,960
Irish	7,720	3,660	4,060
Scottish	9,750	4,860	4,895
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,210	1,580	1,630
German	6,305	3,130	3,175
Chinese	99,780	46,615	53,165
Italian	2,135	1,125	1,005
Indian (India)	9,330	4,650	4,680
Ukrainian	3,195	1,400	1,790
Dutch	1,805	890	920
Polish	2,030	955	1,075
Québécois	105	70	35
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,905	1,555	1,350
Filipino	15,905	7,480	8,430
French Canadian	585	310	270
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,215	635	580
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	645	310	330
Métis	440	210	235
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,485	765	720
Russian	3,055	1,450	1,605
Norwegian	1,355	685	665
Welsh	1,175	530	645
Portuguese	920	410	515
American	935	475	460
Spanish	2,485	1,185	1,300
Swedish	1,135	520	620
Hungarian	770	400	370
Acadian	85	35	45
Pakistani	1,235	620	620
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	575	280	295
Jewish	2,195	1,065	1,130
Punjabi	1,895	910	985
Vietnamese	2,300	1,140	1,160
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	950	480	470
Greek	745	375	370
Jamaican	220	120	100
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	6,230	2,795	3,435
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	135	75	65
Korean	2,230	1,020	1,215
Romanian	595	340	255
Lebanese	190	125	65
Iranian	920	465	455
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	665	330	335
Danish	710	365	345
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	165	70	90
Sikh	1,440	705	740
Austrian	725	370	355
Belgian	290	130	160
Haitian	20	10	15
Hindu	500	230	280
Mexican	730	380	350
Mennonite	160	70	90
Swiss	330	155	175
Finnish	360	145	215
Sri Lankan	325	145	180
Croatian	540	240	300
Japanese	4,820	2,180	2,635
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,025	565	460
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	40	20	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	430	175	250
Muslim	615	315	305
Egyptian	505	285	220
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	400	220	180
Tamil	265	135	135
Icelandic	430	235	200
Colombian	245	115	130
Moroccan	140	50	85
Czech	315	155	160
Syrian	205	110	100
Guyanese	85	45	45
Afghan	385	180	205
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	30	60
Serbian	355	195	160
Ojibway	15	10	0
Newfoundlander	70	50	20
Hong Konger	9,760	4,745	5,015
Ontarian	25	20	0
Persian	425	205	220
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	75	50
Turkish	595	330	270
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10
Bangladeshi	250	130	120
Algerian	120	70	50
Brazilian	360	185	175
Nigerian	100	55	40
Armenian	240	120	125
Slovak	145	70	75
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	305	155	155
Somali	260	155	110
Taiwanese	6,715	3,155	3,560
Iraqi	385	190	195
Salvadorean	205	105	95
African Caribbean	30	20	10
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	955	430	525
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	345	170	175
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	50	30	20
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	65	30	30
Lithuanian	85	20	60
South African	330	155	170
Australian	210	120	95
Palestinian	135	65	70
Chilean	280	150	130
Congolese	60	30	30
Nova Scotian	40	10	25
Ethiopian	180	100	80
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	180	100	85
Peruvian	295	135	165
Yoruba	55	30	30
Cambodian (Khmer)	190	80	110
Berber	80	50	35
Albanian	95	30	60
Maltese	35	30	0
Macedonian	35	15	20
Slovenian	115	60	60
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	120	45	75
New Brunswicker	15	0	10
Gujarati	140	85	55
Eritrean	20	15	10
African Canadian	45	35	0
Israeli	355	165	190
Mohawk	10	0	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	45	20
Bulgarian	105	40	70
Albertan	50	40	15
Ghanaian	30	15	10
Barbadian	90	30	60
African American	85	55	30
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	30	45
Tunisian	20	15	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	80	75
Cuban	35	20	15
Bosnian	40	30	15
Venezuelan	35	20	20
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	75	40	35
Bengali	55	20	35
Cameroonian	15	15	0
Guatemalan	60	45	15
Indonesian	505	230	275
Laotian	90	45	45
Ilocano	275	135	145
Northern Irish	80	30	55
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15
British Columbian	340	165	175
Ecuadorian	45	20	25
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	65	40	25
Estonian	45	20	20
Kurdish	110	55	55
Fijian	510	235	275
Jatt	145	70	70
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	15	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	300	95	200
Dominican	25	15	10
Nepali	50	20	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	20	15	0
Byelorussian	110	70	40
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	45	20	25
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	105	65	45
Sudanese	45	15	30
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	25	25
Malaysian	585	280	300
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	90	30	55
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	30	20	10
Buddhist	440	190	245
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	190	75	105
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	35	10	30
Nicaraguan	45	30	15
Mauritian	110	50	60
Kenyan	35	20	15
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	35	10	25
Jordanian	65	30	35
Manitoban	25	10	20
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	30	0	30
Malayali	85	40	40
Chaldean	30	15	15
Sinhalese	40	20	25
Mayan	50	35	15
Honduran	60	40	20
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	10	10	0
Flemish	20	10	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	75	25	40
Sicilian	30	30	0
Pashtun	35	10	20
Malay	185	80	110
Goan	125	65	65
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	195	75	120
Mongolian	180	80	100
Azorean	30	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	85	30	55
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	30	10	20
Yemeni	45	25	25
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	105	50	55
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	10	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	95	45	50
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	20	10	10
Roma	30	20	10
Costa Rican	60	15	40
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	40	10	30
Singaporean	235	120	115
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	20	20	0
Amhara	20	10	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	208,400	99,765	108,635
Buddhist	11,590	4,615	6,975
Christian	64,405	29,125	35,280
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	20,000	8,935	11,065
Anabaptist	490	240	255
Anglican	2,630	1,170	1,450
Baptist	2,420	1,045	1,370
Catholic	27,865	12,835	15,030
Christian Orthodox	1,730	830	895
Jehovah's Witness	480	190	295
Latter Day Saints	110	35	70
Lutheran	900	350	555
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	245	125	125
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	890	395	495
Presbyterian	590	295	295
Reformed	365	165	200
United Church	2,505	1,050	1,450
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,185	1,455	1,725
Hindu	2,605	1,285	1,325
Jewish	2,515	1,185	1,335
Muslim	7,630	3,770	3,860
Sikh	6,985	3,445	3,540
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	30	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,490	660	830
No religion and secular perspectives	111,140	55,655	55,480
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	206,970	99,030	107,940
Non-movers	179,845	85,835	94,010
Movers	27,120	13,200	13,925
Non-migrants	14,960	7,250	7,705
Migrants	12,160	5,945	6,220
Internal migrants	7,265	3,595	3,675
Intraprovincial migrants	5,505	2,680	2,825
Interprovincial migrants	1,760	915	850
External migrants	4,895	2,350	2,540
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	199,940	95,490	104,450
Non-movers	121,930	57,640	64,280
Movers	78,015	37,845	40,165
Non-migrants	36,005	17,185	18,820
Migrants	42,010	20,665	21,345
Internal migrants	25,670	12,800	12,870
Intraprovincial migrants	20,130	9,960	10,170
Interprovincial migrants	5,540	2,840	2,700
External migrants	16,330	7,865	8,475
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,475	85,420	95,050
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,675	10,455	12,220
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	157,795	74,965	82,835
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,285	54,450	61,835
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,720	3,710	4,010
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	108,560	50,740	57,820
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,470	9,705	11,770
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,785	25,010	26,780
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	107,215	50,710	56,505
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	40,755	19,220	21,535
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,125	4,820	2,295
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,645	2,110	1,540
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,470	2,715	765
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,940	10,540	14,400
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,700	3,860	4,830
Bachelor's degree or higher	66,460	31,480	34,975
Bachelor's degree	46,740	21,510	25,235
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,970	1,755	2,210
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,285	710	575
Master's degree	12,830	6,435	6,395
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,630	1,075	555
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,285	54,450	61,835
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,100	3,345	3,750
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,795	13,205	13,590
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	82,395	37,900	44,495
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,920	13,320	15,595
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,555	3,070	1,490
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,360	1,380	980
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,195	1,685	515
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,875	7,435	10,440
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,485	2,820	3,665
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,475	24,575	28,900
Bachelor's degree	37,395	16,755	20,645
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,045	1,335	1,710
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	910	450	455
Master's degree	10,850	5,245	5,605
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,270	790	480
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	180,475	85,420	95,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	73,260	34,715	38,550
Education	5,110	1,070	4,035
13. Education	5,110	1,070	4,035
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,870	1,945	2,925
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	495	315	185
50. Visual and performing arts	4,375	1,630	2,745
Humanities	6,865	2,415	4,450
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,230	300	930
23. English language and literature/letters	1,650	425	1,225
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,550	895	1,655
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	155	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	355	230	130
54. History	595	335	260
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	50	140
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,515	5,425	9,090
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	275	80	200
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,460	535	930
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,635	200	1,435
22. Legal professions and studies	1,685	645	1,040
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	210	65	145
42. Psychology	2,440	665	1,775
45. Social sciences	6,805	3,245	3,560
Business, management and public administration	29,705	12,495	17,210
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	645	175	465
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	29,045	12,320	16,725
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,370	2,770	2,600
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,025	945	1,075
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,465	665	800
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	35	75
40. Physical sciences	1,705	1,095	615
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	25	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,090	4,700	2,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,535	3,940	1,595
25. Library science	200	35	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,145	600	550
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	210	135	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,775	14,050	2,725
04. Architecture and related services	750	485	265
14. Engineering	8,470	6,640	1,835
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,135	2,680	455
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,520	1,470	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,235	2,160	75
48. Precision production	665	620	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,475	755	720
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	920	430	485
03. Natural resources and conservation	555	325	240
Health and related fields	11,580	3,040	8,535
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	930	500	435
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,360	2,350	8,010
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	265	185	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,835	2,035	1,805
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,725	1,130	1,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	290	235	55
49. Transportation and materials moving	780	625	155
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	116,285	54,450	61,835
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,885	16,545	17,340
Education	3,415	715	2,700
13. Education	3,415	715	2,700
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,720	1,415	2,305
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	345	200	150
50. Visual and performing arts	3,375	1,215	2,155
Humanities	5,135	1,715	3,420
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	925	175	755
23. English language and literature/letters	1,235	310	925
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,970	670	1,305
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	20	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	125	60
39. Theology and religious vocations	260	160	95
54. History	395	220	170
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	45	95
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,655	4,155	7,495
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	240	70	170
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,245	450	800
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,225	110	1,115
22. Legal professions and studies	1,350	445	905
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	40	135
42. Psychology	1,960	495	1,465
45. Social sciences	5,455	2,545	2,910
Business, management and public administration	24,005	9,900	14,105
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	445	150	290
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	23,550	9,755	13,800
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,005	1,960	2,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,595	750	840
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,140	500	640
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	25	70
40. Physical sciences	1,135	665	475
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,010	4,000	2,010
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,865	3,450	1,420
25. Library science	120	20	100
27. Mathematics and statistics	855	420	435
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	105	60
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,990	9,735	2,255
04. Architecture and related services	570	350	225
14. Engineering	6,410	4,860	1,545
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,135	1,760	375
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	950	925	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,520	1,470	50
48. Precision production	400	360	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,140	560	575
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	710	335	375
03. Natural resources and conservation	430	225	205
Health and related fields	8,520	2,300	6,220
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	690	370	320
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,635	1,825	5,805
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	175	105	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,780	1,440	1,340
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,005	835	1,170
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	195	150	45
49. Transportation and materials moving	560	435	120
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	116,285	54,450	61,835
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	33,885	16,545	17,340
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	82,400	37,905	44,495
Location of study inside Canada	48,110	23,150	24,960
Same as province or territory of residence	40,380	19,210	21,170
Different than province or territory of residence	7,730	3,940	3,790
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	34,285	14,750	19,535
Americas	3,730	1,840	1,890
United States of America	2,895	1,435	1,455
Mexico	200	90	110
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	305	160	150
Colombia	60	35	25
Peru	75	30	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15
Other locations of study in Americas	165	80	90
Europe	3,235	1,660	1,570
Belgium	60	45	15
France	195	100	95
Germany	135	70	65
Netherlands	50	25	25
Switzerland	60	30	30
Hungary	10	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10
Poland	45	15	30
Romania	135	70	65
Russian Federation	370	155	210
Ukraine	310	150	160
Ireland⁹⁶	75	35	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,470	795	675
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0
Italy	15	0	10
Serbia⁸⁶	65	25	40
Other locations of study in Europe	230	140	90
Africa	515	240	280
Nigeria	65	35	30
Algeria	15	10	15
Morocco	15	10	0
Tunisia	15	10	0
Egypt	155	60	100
South Africa, Republic of	115	50	55
Other locations of study in Africa	140	65	70
Asia	26,100	10,665	15,440
Iran⁸⁸	240	85	155
Iraq	115	55	55
Israel	140	80	65
Lebanon	20	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	20	15	10
Turkey	80	45	30
China⁹⁰	11,995	5,035	6,960
Taiwan	1,610	590	1,020
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,200	845	1,360
Japan	765	215	550
Korea, South⁹²	520	175	345
Philippines	5,465	2,210	3,255
Viet Nam	50	15	35
Bangladesh	50	15	35
Sri Lanka	45	20	25
India	1,645	755	885
Pakistan	355	160	195
Other locations of study in Asia	780	340	440
Oceania	700	345	355
Australia	560	260	295
New Zealand	120	70	50
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	15	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	180,475	85,420	95,055
In the labour force	108,470	55,070	53,400
Employed	96,785	49,565	47,220
Unemployed	11,685	5,505	6,180
Not in the labour force	72,005	30,350	41,655
Participation rate	60.1	64.5	56.2
Employment rate	53.6	58.0	49.7
Unemployment rate	10.8	10.0	11.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055
Did not work¹⁸⁶	73,890	31,610	42,275
Worked	106,585	53,805	52,780
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	52,565	29,130	23,435
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	54,020	24,675	29,340
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.6	40.6	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	108,470	55,070	53,400
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660
Employee	86,205	42,010	44,190
Permanent position	70,835	35,160	35,675
Temporary position	15,370	6,855	8,515
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,450	2,755	3,700
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,915	4,095	4,815
Self-employed¹⁹²	18,940	11,470	7,475
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	108,470	55,070	53,400
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740
All occupations¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,195	910	285
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	23,010	8,200	14,815
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,200	7,800	2,405
3 Health occupations	6,610	1,820	4,790
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,615	3,410	7,205
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,055	1,915	2,145
6 Sales and service occupations	31,785	14,840	16,940
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,405	11,845	1,560
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,045	755	290
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,225	1,985	1,235
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	108,470	55,070	53,400
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740
All industries¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	775	435	335
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	210	110	105
22 Utilities	370	240	135
23 Construction	5,290	4,415	870
31-33 Manufacturing	6,060	3,905	2,155
41 Wholesale trade	5,200	3,140	2,055
44-45 Retail trade	13,675	6,530	7,150
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,640	5,390	2,255
51 Information and cultural industries	2,885	1,785	1,100
52 Finance and insurance	6,435	2,965	3,470
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,565	1,880	1,685
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,250	6,275	4,980
55 Management of companies and enterprises	320	130	185
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,965	2,215	1,755
61 Educational services	7,700	2,585	5,120
62 Health care and social assistance	10,790	2,530	8,260
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,020	1,065	960
72 Accommodation and food services	8,895	4,285	4,610
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,170	1,750	2,415
91 Public administration	3,925	1,870	2,060
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	116,050	58,510	57,535
English	86,370	44,400	41,975
French	95	35	60
Non-official language	7,775	3,965	3,815
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	7,775	3,965	3,815
English and French	620	215	400
English and non-official language(s)	19,815	9,235	10,580
French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85
Multiple non-official languages	1,215	590	630
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	116,050	58,510	57,535
Single responses	111,145	56,185	54,960
Official languages	96,265	48,960	47,305
English	96,075	48,915	47,160
French	195	50	145
Non-official languages	14,880	7,225	7,650
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,880	7,225	7,650
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	15	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	15	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	20	15	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	45	65
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	110	45	65
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	85	40	50
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	20	10	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	20	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	440	210	235
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	100	35	65
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	100	35	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	80	30	50
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	25	0	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	25	0	20
German	25	0	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	270	155	120
Indo-Aryan languages	270	155	120
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	245	140	105
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	55	20	30
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	40	20	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	245	100	145
Korean	145	70	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,800	6,730	7,065
Chinese languages	13,800	6,730	7,065
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	8,150	3,875	4,270
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,595	2,830	2,765
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,900	2,325	2,575
English and French	115	30	90
English and non-official language(s)	4,500	2,145	2,360
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	275	150	120
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	116,050	58,510	57,535
None	97,960	50,220	47,740
English	4,810	2,245	2,565
French	425	190	235
Non-official language	8,765	4,160	4,600
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	8,765	4,160	4,600
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	1,435	575	860
French and non-official language(s)	120	50	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,530	1,060	1,475
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	96,790	49,565	47,215
Worked at home	25,420	12,425	12,995
Worked outside Canada	1,175	750	420
No fixed workplace address	10,385	7,525	2,860
Usual place of work	59,815	28,870	30,945
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	59,810	28,870	30,945
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	36,330	16,915	19,415
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	23,050	11,685	11,365
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	255	160	95
Commute to a different province or territory	165	105	70
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	70,195	36,395	33,805
Car, truck or van	55,485	30,450	25,035
Car, truck or van - as a driver	49,815	28,870	20,940
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,670	1,580	4,090
Public transit	9,185	3,540	5,650
Walked	3,515	1,265	2,255
Bicycle	835	605	225
Other method	1,180	540	640
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	70,195	36,395	33,805
Less than 15 minutes	17,170	7,900	9,265
15 to 29 minutes	26,775	14,090	12,690
30 to 44 minutes	16,890	9,340	7,550
45 to 59 minutes	5,250	2,925	2,320
60 minutes and over	4,110	2,135	1,970
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	70,195	36,395	33,805
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,105	2,070	1,030
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,620	4,610	3,005
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,070	6,530	6,540
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,160	7,790	8,370
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	19,225	9,420	9,805
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,020	5,975	5,050
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	34,710	17,790	16,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,640	830	805
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	33,070	16,955	16,115
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	25,455	13,020	12,435
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,365	705	660
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	870	435	435
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	265	225
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,085	12,310	11,780

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^E
use with caution. Refer to the 2021 population and dwelling count amendments or the 2016 population and dwelling count amendments for further information.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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