Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hamilton, Census division (CDR)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	569,353
Population, 2016¹	536,917
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.0
Total private dwellings²	233,564
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	222,807
Population density per square kilometre	509.1
Land area in square kilometres	1,118.31
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	569,350
0 to 14 years	91,240
0 to 4 years	29,100
5 to 9 years	30,695
10 to 14 years	31,450
15 to 64 years	373,820
15 to 19 years	31,795
20 to 24 years	36,405
25 to 29 years	40,525
30 to 34 years	41,330
35 to 39 years	38,940
40 to 44 years	35,025
45 to 49 years	34,155
50 to 54 years	36,665
55 to 59 years	40,930
60 to 64 years	38,045
65 years and over	104,290
65 to 69 years	31,630
70 to 74 years	26,700
75 to 79 years	18,290
80 to 84 years	12,990
85 years and over	14,685
85 to 89 years	8,750
90 to 94 years	4,435
95 to 99 years	1,340
100 years and over	155
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0
15 to 64 years	65.7
65 years and over	18.3
85 years and over	2.6
Average age of the population	41.5
Median age of the population	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	222,810
Single-detached house	125,130
Semi-detached house	6,770
Row house	27,455
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,380
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	19,045
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	36,465
Other single-attached house	415
Movable dwelling⁴	145
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	222,810
1 person	62,110
2 persons	71,460
3 persons	35,325
4 persons	32,690
5 or more persons	21,220
Number of persons in private households	560,920
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	478,115
Married or living common-law	260,655
Married	216,485
Living common-law	44,165
Living common law - Never married	32,210
Living common law - Separated	2,405
Living common law - Divorced	8,540
Living common law - Widowed	1,010
Not married and not living common-law	217,455
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,095
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,455
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,890
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,015
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	157,120
2 persons	76,160
3 persons	34,980
4 persons	31,435
5 or more persons	14,550
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	157,125
Total couple families	126,990
Married couples	104,920
With children⁶	60,475
Without children	44,445
Common-law couples	22,070
With children⁶	8,305
Without children	13,765
Total one-parent families	30,135
in which the parent is a woman+	23,985
in which the parent is a man+	6,150
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	560,920
Total - Persons in census families	461,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	253,975
Parents in one-parent families	30,135
Children⁶	177,515
In a two-parent family	130,105
In a one-parent family	47,405
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,290
Living alone	62,110
Living with other relatives⁷	14,895
Living with non-relatives only	22,285
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	222,805
One-census-family households without additional persons	134,420
Couple-family households	111,410
With children⁶	60,520
Without children	50,885
One-parent-family households	23,015
Multigenerational households⁸	8,140
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,030
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,535
One-person households	62,110
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	469,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,655
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,895
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	394,960
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	322,360
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	411,095
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,345
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	132,175
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	469,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,700
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,940
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	394,655
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	322,360
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	411,325
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,480
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,805
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	469,795
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	151,400
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,610
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	469,795
Without total income	19,135
With total income	450,655
Under $10,000 (including loss)	36,650
$10,000 to $19,999	55,620
$20,000 to $29,999	71,615
$30,000 to $39,999	58,470
$40,000 to $49,999	50,680
$50,000 to $59,999	40,980
$60,000 to $69,999	32,600
$70,000 to $79,999	25,035
$80,000 to $89,999	18,820
$90,000 to $99,999	14,970
$100,000 and over	45,215
$100,000 to $149,999	31,605
$150,000 and over	13,605
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	469,795
Without after-tax income	18,900
With after-tax income	450,900
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,195
$10,000 to $19,999	58,005
$20,000 to $29,999	80,540
$30,000 to $39,999	68,950
$40,000 to $49,999	58,345
$50,000 to $59,999	44,640
$60,000 to $69,999	31,750
$70,000 to $79,999	22,330
$80,000 to $89,999	17,485
$90,000 to $99,999	9,580
$100,000 and over	21,090
$100,000 to $124,999	10,880
$125,000 and over	10,205
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	469,795
Without employment income	147,440
With employment income	322,360
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,495
$5,000 to $9,999	26,825
$10,000 to $19,999	37,340
$20,000 to $29,999	28,625
$30,000 to $39,999	27,935
$40,000 to $49,999	27,935
$50,000 to $59,999	25,910
$60,000 to $69,999	21,735
$70,000 to $79,999	17,190
$80,000 to $89,999	14,150
$90,000 to $99,999	12,455
$100,000 and over	34,760
$100,000 to $124,999	17,970
$125,000 and over	16,795
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	469,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,190
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,320
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	391,120
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,610
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	388,485
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,535
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	469,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,310
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,450
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	391,100
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,710
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	388,665
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,280
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	469,795
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	150,100
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	117,350
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6
Employment income (%)	71.4
Government transfers (%)	13.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	222,810
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,110
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,695
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	222,805
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,700
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,080
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,800
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,240
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	160,725
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	222,810
Under $5,000	2,495
$5,000 to $9,999	1,110
$10,000 to $14,999	2,580
$15,000 to $19,999	4,875
$20,000 to $24,999	8,145
$25,000 to $29,999	7,705
$30,000 to $34,999	7,205
$35,000 to $39,999	7,740
$40,000 to $44,999	8,290
$45,000 to $49,999	7,990
$50,000 to $59,999	15,980
$60,000 to $69,999	15,325
$70,000 to $79,999	14,495
$80,000 to $89,999	13,370
$90,000 to $99,999	12,530
$100,000 and over	92,975
$100,000 to $124,999	26,750
$125,000 to $149,999	19,745
$150,000 to $199,999	24,405
$200,000 and over	22,075
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	222,810
Under $5,000	2,695
$5,000 to $9,999	1,145
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675
$15,000 to $19,999	5,055
$20,000 to $24,999	8,680
$25,000 to $29,999	8,710
$30,000 to $34,999	8,400
$35,000 to $39,999	9,035
$40,000 to $44,999	9,505
$45,000 to $49,999	9,370
$50,000 to $59,999	18,615
$60,000 to $69,999	17,905
$70,000 to $79,999	16,515
$80,000 to $89,999	15,575
$90,000 to $99,999	13,795
$100,000 and over	75,130
$100,000 to $124,999	27,315
$125,000 to $149,999	18,455
$150,000 and over	29,365
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	154,140
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,205
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	69,200
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	27,405
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	84,400
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	153,995
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,300
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	51,910
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,600
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,325
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,200
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	27,225
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	84,250
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	560,915
0 to 17 years	109,880
0 to 5 years	35,170
18 to 64 years	352,465
65 years and over	98,575
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	60,275
0 to 17 years	14,275
0 to 5 years	4,815
18 to 64 years	34,200
65 years and over	11,805
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7
65 years and over (%)	12.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	560,920
0 to 17 years	109,875
0 to 5 years	35,170
18 to 64 years	352,465
65 years and over	98,575
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	34,935
0 to 17 years	6,555
0 to 5 years	2,260
18 to 64 years	25,185
65 years and over	3,200
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1
65 years and over (%)	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	560,915
In bottom half of the distribution	271,295
In bottom decile	54,340
In second decile	54,355
In third decile	54,115
In fourth decile	54,440
In fifth decile	54,050
In top half of the distribution	289,615
In sixth decile	56,765
In seventh decile	57,815
In eighth decile	59,610
In ninth decile	60,825
In top decile	54,610
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	560,920
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.453
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	563,820
English only	520,350
French only	410
English and French	32,630
Neither English nor French	10,435
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	563,820
English	545,085
French	6,410
English and French	2,195
Neither English nor French	10,130
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	563,820
Single responses	542,005
Official languages	408,935
English	402,740
French	6,195
Non-official languages	133,065
Indigenous languages³⁹	50
Algonquian languages	30
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	20
Cayuga	5
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,015
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,595
Berber languages	20
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	30
Hausa	30
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	1,260
Bilen	0
Oromo	50
Somali	1,215
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	16,280
Amharic	245
Arabic	12,560
Aramaic languages	3,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,535
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	385
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80
Harari	5
Hebrew	165
Maltese	90
Tigrigna	210
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,370
Khmer (Cambodian)	795
Vietnamese	3,570
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	6,145
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80
Cebuano	185
Fijian	5
Hiligaynon	75
Ilocano	385
Indonesian	105
Kankanaey	10
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65
Pangasinan	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,095
Waray-Waray	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45
Creole languages	345
Haitian Creole	150
Jamaican English Creole	25
Krio	10
Morisyen	25
Sango	10
Creole, n.o.s.	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40
Dravidian languages	2,140
Kannada	60
Malayalam	1,115
Tamil	665
Telugu	285
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	86,040
Albanian	1,310
Armenian	310
Balto-Slavic languages	22,790
Baltic languages	590
Latvian	235
Lithuanian	355
Slavic languages	22,195
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	145
Czech	745
Macedonian	415
Polish	6,665
Russian	1,650
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	10,350
Bosnian	965
Croatian	4,085
Serbian	5,195
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115
Slovak	375
Slovene (Slovenian)	440
Ukrainian	1,365
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25
Celtic languages	35
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	15
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	5,390
Frisian	60
High German languages	2,855
German	2,790
Pennsylvania German	5
Swiss German	40
Yiddish	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,260
Afrikaans	180
Dutch	2,015
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	35
Scandinavian languages	205
Danish	120
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	20
Swedish	60
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	1,360
Indo-Iranian languages	23,320
Indo-Aryan languages	18,645
Assamese	5
Bengali	1,365
Gujarati	2,970
Hindi	1,830
Kacchi	35
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	55
Marathi	145
Nepali	325
Oriya languages	10
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,280
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	105
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320
Urdu	5,150
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50
Iranian languages	4,670
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,225
Parsi	5
Pashto	320
Persian languages	3,110
Dari	1,340
Iranian Persian	1,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	355
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	31,530
Catalan	15
Italian	12,490
Portuguese	7,405
Romanian	1,605
Spanish	9,930
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	255
Korean	1,665
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,870
Akan (Twi)	265
Bamanankan	0
Edo	35
Éwé	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20
Ga	15
Ganda	45
Gikuyu	35
Igbo	105
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120
Lingala	45
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	80
Shona	185
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20
Swahili	420
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	225
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160
Nilo-Saharan languages	150
Dinka	10
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	110
American Sign Language	100
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,555
Chinese languages	8,145
Hakka	35
Mandarin	5,215
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145
Wu (Shanghainese)	30
Yue (Cantonese)	2,565
Chinese, n.o.s.	150
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	405
Burmese	85
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	295
S'gaw Karen	230
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	520
Lao	285
Thai	225
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10
Turkic languages	990
Azerbaijani	70
Kazakh	10
Turkish	835
Uyghur	25
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35
Uralic languages	2,220
Estonian	165
Finnish	60
Hungarian	1,995
Other languages, n.i.e.	25
Multiple responses	21,815
English and French	2,080
English and non-official language(s)	17,315
French and non-official language(s)	430
English, French and non-official language(s)	370
Multiple non-official languages	1,625
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	563,820
English	423,410
French	1,415
Non-official language	35,655
Indigenous³⁹	5
Non-Indigenous	35,650
English and French	4,660
English and non-official language(s)	92,975
French and non-official language(s)	270
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,735
Multiple non-official languages	2,695
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	563,820
Single responses	541,790
Official languages	471,455
English	469,285
French	2,170
Non-official languages	70,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	10
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	70,320
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,890
Berber languages	10
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	20
Hausa	20
Mina	0
Coptic	5
Cushitic languages	885
Bilen	0
Oromo	25
Somali	860
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	10,970
Amharic	100
Arabic	8,270
Aramaic languages	2,375
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,045
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55
Harari	0
Hebrew	75
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	135
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,895
Khmer (Cambodian)	460
Vietnamese	2,440
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	3,205
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35
Cebuano	100
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	20
Ilocano	205
Indonesian	35
Kankanaey	10
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50
Pangasinan	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,705
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	200
Haitian Creole	80
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	10
Morisyen	20
Sango	15
Creole, n.o.s.	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25
Dravidian languages	1,345
Kannada	25
Malayalam	715
Tamil	420
Telugu	180
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	40,985
Albanian	685
Armenian	125
Balto-Slavic languages	10,140
Baltic languages	115
Latvian	45
Lithuanian	65
Slavic languages	10,025
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	55
Czech	375
Macedonian	160
Polish	2,815
Russian	950
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,095
Bosnian	545
Croatian	1,610
Serbian	2,900
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	105
Ukrainian	355
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	20
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	445
Frisian	0
High German languages	260
German	255
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170
Afrikaans	90
Dutch	80
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	10
Danish	5
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	535
Indo-Iranian languages	15,395
Indo-Aryan languages	12,545
Assamese	0
Bengali	830
Gujarati	2,165
Hindi	1,045
Kacchi	15
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	10
Marathi	65
Nepali	225
Oriya languages	10
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,500
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	65
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175
Urdu	3,405
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30
Iranian languages	2,850
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	720
Parsi	0
Pashto	195
Persian languages	1,935
Dari	805
Iranian Persian	875
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,650
Catalan	10
Italian	3,810
Portuguese	3,275
Romanian	745
Spanish	5,795
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	100
Korean	1,150
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	670
Akan (Twi)	105
Bamanankan	0
Edo	5
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15
Ga	0
Ganda	10
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	30
Shona	65
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	205
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	70
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	75
Dinka	5
Nuer	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	235
American Sign Language	175
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,930
Chinese languages	5,650
Hakka	10
Mandarin	3,840
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,600
Chinese, n.o.s.	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	280
Burmese	60
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	210
S'gaw Karen	160
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	340
Lao	170
Thai	160
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	560
Azerbaijani	25
Kazakh	0
Turkish	510
Uyghur	10
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	725
Estonian	15
Finnish	5
Hungarian	710
Other languages, n.i.e.	5
Multiple responses	22,030
English and French	880
English and non-official language(s)	20,345
French and non-official language(s)	120
English, French and non-official language(s)	280
Multiple non-official languages	400
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	563,820
None	479,115
English	28,655
French	3,895
Non-official language	42,545
Indigenous³⁹	75
Non-Indigenous	42,465
English and French	380
English and non-official language(s)	3,880
French and non-official language(s)	1,280
English, French and non-official language(s)	75
Multiple non-official languages	3,985
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	560,915
Official languages	550,630
English	550,185
French	32,885
Non-official languages	177,580
Indigenous languages³⁹	250
Algonquian languages	80
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	65
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	60
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	130
Cayuga	45
Mohawk	95
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20
Non-Indigenous languages	177,370
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,420
Berber languages	70
Kabyle	50
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	125
Hausa	125
Mina	0
Coptic	45
Cushitic languages	1,930
Bilen	0
Oromo	160
Somali	1,815
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	22,525
Amharic	375
Arabic	19,205
Aramaic languages	3,975
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,295
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	555
Aramaic, n.o.s.	180
Harari	10
Hebrew	640
Maltese	145
Tigrigna	260
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,560
Khmer (Cambodian)	970
Vietnamese	4,635
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	8,810
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75
Cebuano	365
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	80
Ilocano	740
Indonesian	120
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120
Pangasinan	75
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,370
Waray-Waray	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295
Creole languages	1,180
Haitian Creole	345
Jamaican English Creole	175
Krio	40
Morisyen	45
Sango	75
Creole, n.o.s.	350
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220
Dravidian languages	3,160
Kannada	210
Malayalam	1,365
Tamil	1,310
Telugu	640
Tulu	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	116,085
Albanian	1,775
Armenian	410
Balto-Slavic languages	28,630
Baltic languages	675
Latvian	265
Lithuanian	410
Slavic languages	28,010
Belarusian	50
Bulgarian	190
Czech	1,035
Macedonian	590
Polish	8,515
Russian	2,970
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	13,130
Bosnian	1,680
Croatian	6,050
Serbian	7,040
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	155
Slovak	515
Slovene (Slovenian)	630
Ukrainian	2,175
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	45
Celtic languages	150
Irish	80
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30
Germanic languages	9,005
Frisian	145
High German languages	5,570
German	5,500
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	60
Yiddish	40
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,115
Afrikaans	430
Dutch	2,585
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	75
Scandinavian languages	410
Danish	205
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	90
Swedish	170
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	2,445
Indo-Iranian languages	31,905
Indo-Aryan languages	26,500
Assamese	15
Bengali	1,980
Gujarati	3,860
Hindi	9,930
Kacchi	130
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	75
Marathi	310
Nepali	395
Oriya languages	30
Odia	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,420
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	190
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	455
Urdu	8,655
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170
Iranian languages	5,890
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,715
Parsi	0
Pashto	495
Persian languages	3,950
Dari	1,810
Iranian Persian	1,885
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	350
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65
Italic (Romance) languages	44,765
Catalan	30
Italian	18,250
Portuguese	9,945
Romanian	2,215
Spanish	15,850
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40
Japanese	930
Korean	2,015
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	4,870
Akan (Twi)	530
Bamanankan	0
Edo	95
Éwé	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55
Ga	90
Ganda	145
Gikuyu	60
Igbo	415
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200
Lingala	350
Luba-Kasai	30
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	80
Rundi (Kirundi)	225
Shona	345
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40
Swahili	1,230
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	20
Yoruba	1,130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	565
Nilo-Saharan languages	215
Dinka	0
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	190
African, n.o.s.	45
Sign languages	855
American Sign Language	720
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	170
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,240
Chinese languages	9,745
Hakka	70
Mandarin	6,825
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215
Wu (Shanghainese)	25
Yue (Cantonese)	3,745
Chinese, n.o.s.	80
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	500
Burmese	105
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	350
S'gaw Karen	305
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibetan	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	745
Lao	485
Thai	315
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	1,690
Azerbaijani	145
Kazakh	20
Turkish	1,485
Uyghur	65
Uzbek	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45
Uralic languages	2,780
Estonian	155
Finnish	105
Hungarian	2,515
Other languages, n.i.e.	60
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,520
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,875
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,555
Métis	3,205
Inuk (Inuit)	120
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	460
Non-Indigenous identity	548,395
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,630
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	556,285
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	222,805
Owner	146,410
Renter	76,400
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	222,805
Condominium	24,715
Not condominium	198,090
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	222,805
No bedrooms	1,710
1 bedroom	32,400
2 bedrooms	46,450
3 bedrooms	87,970
4 or more bedrooms	54,285
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	222,805
1 to 4 rooms	59,720
5 rooms	32,115
6 rooms	33,885
7 rooms	29,990
8 or more rooms	67,090
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	222,805
One person or fewer per room	217,400
More than one person per room	5,410
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	222,805
Suitable	208,980
Not suitable	13,825
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	222,805
1960 or before	73,110
1961 to 1980	62,560
1981 to 1990	24,990
1991 to 2000	21,365
2001 to 2005	10,395
2006 to 2010	9,470
2011 to 2015	10,035
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,880
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	222,805
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	208,115
Major repairs needed	14,690
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	222,805
One-maintainer household	111,335
Two-maintainer household	100,050
Three-or-more-maintainer household	11,425
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	222,805
15 to 24 years	5,070
25 to 34 years	31,165
35 to 44 years	37,845
45 to 54 years	39,770
55 to 64 years	45,975
65 to 74 years	35,140
75 to 84 years	19,640
85 years and over	8,210
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	221,115
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	169,815
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	51,305
30% to less than 100%	46,570
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	222,805
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	72,120
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	44,970
Not suitable only	10,135
Major repairs needed only	9,570
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,755
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,115
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250
Acceptable housing	150,685
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	216,390
In core need	28,055
Not in core need	188,335
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	145,955
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.4
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	752,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,345
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.5
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,233
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	560,915
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,280
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,205
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,650
Métis single ancestry	545
Inuit single ancestry	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	12,685
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,305
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,965
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,285
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	380
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	345
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	543,950
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	560,920
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	515,585
Canadian citizens aged under 18	103,540
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	412,045
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	45,335
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	560,920
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	402,725
Immigrants⁸¹	145,550
Before 1980	40,080
1980 to 1990	17,010
1991 to 2000	25,760
2001 to 2010	28,030
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,665
2011 to 2015	14,520
2016 to 2021	20,145
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,640
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	145,545
Under 5 years	15,455
5 to 14 years	29,435
15 to 24 years	31,895
25 to 44 years	57,530
45 years and over	11,230
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	145,545
Americas	19,750
Brazil	480
Colombia	1,935
El Salvador	1,810
Guyana	1,425
Haiti	285
Jamaica	3,355
Mexico	760
Peru	250
Trinidad and Tobago	1,345
United States of America	4,040
Other places of birth in Americas	4,075
Europe	56,750
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,575
Croatia	4,040
France	415
Germany	2,630
Greece	1,105
Hungary	1,150
Italy	8,900
Netherlands	2,080
Poland	5,395
Portugal	5,480
Romania	1,830
Russian Federation	735
Serbia⁸⁶	2,015
Ukraine	855
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,200
Other places of birth in Europe	5,335
Africa	11,325
Algeria	150
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	715
Egypt	1,155
Eritrea	200
Ethiopia	500
Morocco	210
Nigeria	1,755
Somalia	960
South Africa, Republic of	895
Other places of birth in Africa	4,790
Asia	57,220
Afghanistan	1,320
Iran⁸⁸	1,445
Iraq	5,715
Lebanon	1,185
Syria⁸⁹	3,565
Turkey	655
China⁹⁰	4,100
Hong Kong⁹¹	750
Korea, South⁹²	1,245
Taiwan	275
Philippines	8,255
Viet Nam	3,375
Bangladesh	1,185
India	10,930
Pakistan	5,295
Sri Lanka	755
Other places of birth in Asia	7,160
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	505
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	20,145
Americas	2,560
Brazil	185
Colombia	325
Haiti	35
Jamaica	520
Mexico	120
United States of America	615
Venezuela⁹⁵	90
Other places of birth in Americas	675
Europe	1,815
France	90
Germany	50
Ireland⁹⁶	60
Italy	25
Russian Federation	75
Ukraine	110
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060
Africa	3,175
Algeria	70
Burundi	120
Cameroon	70
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	260
Côte d'Ivoire	30
Egypt	250
Eritrea	75
Ethiopia	100
Morocco	45
Nigeria	915
Somalia	230
South Africa, Republic of	145
Sudan⁹⁷	285
Tunisia	30
Other places of birth in Africa	560
Asia	12,530
Afghanistan	220
Bangladesh	165
China⁹⁰	580
Hong Kong⁹¹	25
India	3,205
Iran⁸⁸	125
Iraq	905
Israel	25
Japan	15
Jordan	215
Korea, South⁹²	145
Lebanon	175
Nepal	70
Pakistan	665
Philippines	1,790
Saudi Arabia	250
Sri Lanka	55
Syria⁸⁹	2,645
Turkey	170
United Arab Emirates	225
Viet Nam	250
Other places of birth in Asia	615
Oceania and other⁹³	60
Australia	35
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	560,915
First generation¹⁰⁰	162,645
Second generation¹⁰¹	139,670
Third generation or more¹⁰²	258,600
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	105,470
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	41,900
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	16,650
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,250
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,555
Refugees¹⁰⁸	31,240
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,775
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	105,470
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	9,635
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,575
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,420
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,795
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	755
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	79,290
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	560,915
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,950
South Asian	34,790
Chinese	10,945
Black	28,415
Filipino	11,730
Arab	15,490
Latin American	11,145
Southeast Asian	8,445
West Asian	7,365
Korean	2,365
Japanese	1,160
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,270
Multiple visible minorities	5,825
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	419,965
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	560,915
Canadian	70,105
English	111,305
Irish	84,385
Scottish	90,565
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,355
German	44,145
Chinese	12,475
Italian	61,195
Indian (India)	19,105
Ukrainian	17,025
Dutch	25,080
Polish	27,100
Québécois	695
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,210
Filipino	11,500
French Canadian	7,095
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,645
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,990
Métis	3,245
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,105
Russian	5,575
Norwegian	2,475
Welsh	9,035
Portuguese	16,070
American	5,350
Spanish	5,930
Swedish	2,825
Hungarian	10,095
Acadian	1,410
Pakistani	6,770
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,380
Jewish	3,355
Punjabi	2,795
Vietnamese	5,640
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,855
Greek	5,190
Jamaican	7,750
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,475
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	420
Korean	2,325
Romanian	4,620
Lebanese	2,265
Iranian	1,790
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,090
Danish	2,020
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,840
Sikh	1,780
Austrian	3,095
Belgian	1,660
Haitian	440
Hindu	1,990
Mexican	1,725
Mennonite	580
Swiss	1,715
Finnish	1,910
Sri Lankan	1,005
Croatian	9,145
Japanese	1,560
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,530
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	825
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,380
Muslim	2,390
Egyptian	1,765
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,155
Tamil	440
Icelandic	530
Colombian	2,145
Moroccan	305
Czech	2,200
Syrian	2,775
Guyanese	2,170
Afghan	2,195
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,695
Serbian	7,990
Ojibway	990
Newfoundlander	1,005
Hong Konger	340
Ontarian	2,240
Persian	935
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,760
Turkish	1,470
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	125
Bangladeshi	1,215
Algerian	140
Brazilian	960
Nigerian	1,540
Armenian	1,030
Slovak	1,910
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,340
Somali	1,840
Taiwanese	300
Iraqi	3,230
Salvadorean	2,175
African Caribbean	970
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	655
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,970
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	900
Algonquin	325
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	815
Lithuanian	2,115
South African	920
Australian	670
Palestinian	1,835
Chilean	480
Congolese	710
Nova Scotian	535
Ethiopian	700
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,010
Peruvian	325
Yoruba	880
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,395
Berber	140
Albanian	1,430
Maltese	1,160
Macedonian	1,020
Slovenian	2,095
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	480
New Brunswicker	250
Gujarati	600
Eritrean	85
African Canadian	745
Israeli	310
Mohawk	1,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	615
Bulgarian	440
Albertan	50
Ghanaian	815
Barbadian	760
African American	925
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060
Tunisian	115
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	610
Cuban	835
Bosnian	2,095
Venezuelan	405
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10
Latvian	770
Bengali	420
Cameroonian	190
Guatemalan	565
Indonesian	230
Laotian	630
Ilocano	245
Northern Irish	670
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	390
British Columbian	10
Ecuadorian	345
Franco Ontarian	210
Argentinian	560
Estonian	775
Kurdish	1,640
Fijian	85
Jatt	170
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	215
Coptic	420
Thai	510
Dominican	420
Nepali	285
Kabyle	60
Assyrian	2,825
Igbo	510
Byelorussian	260
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115
Abenaki	20
Moldovan	30
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	395
New Zealander	235
Sudanese	785
Breton	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	625
Malaysian	180
Plains Cree	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	165
Huron (Wendat)	20
Saskatchewanian	60
Buddhist	165
Gaspesian	30
Norman	70
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	345
Ivorian	60
Saulteaux	20
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135
Burundian	165
Tigrinya	55
Nicaraguan	280
Mauritian	70
Kenyan	290
Oji-Cree	20
Vincentian	180
Jordanian	675
Manitoban	25
Cape Bretoner	145
Rwandan	115
Grenadian	300
Malayali	225
Chaldean	525
Sinhalese	200
Mayan	265
Honduran	335
Cherokee	225
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55
Indo-Caribbean	150
Flemish	165
United Empire Loyalist	405
Senegalese	20
Azerbaijani	160
Sicilian	690
Pashtun	195
Malay	70
Goan	130
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80
Tibetan	45
Zimbabwean	415
Burmese	310
Mongolian	70
Azorean	370
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	35
Indo-Guyanese	75
Ugandan	220
Oromo	95
Tanzanian	155
Yemeni	300
Central African	220
Libyan	185
Basque	35
Uruguayan	115
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	175
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105
Igorot	145
Fulani	20
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	55
St. Lucian	120
Prince Edward Islander	105
Maliseet	65
Beninese	20
Telugu	50
Roma	350
Costa Rican	65
African Nova Scotian	40
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	180
Singaporean	35
Karen	330
Edo	75
Tajik	150
Amhara	25
Paraguayan	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	560,915
Buddhist	4,765
Christian	309,780
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	41,245
Anabaptist	840
Anglican	21,295
Baptist	7,200
Catholic	162,525
Christian Orthodox	16,415
Jehovah's Witness	2,270
Latter Day Saints	710
Lutheran	3,160
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,010
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,480
Presbyterian	9,640
Reformed	4,760
United Church	19,525
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,700
Hindu	10,200
Jewish	3,045
Muslim	37,980
Sikh	7,270
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	375
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,535
No religion and secular perspectives	183,965
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	555,450
Non-movers	495,370
Movers	60,080
Non-migrants	35,395
Migrants	24,685
Internal migrants	21,580
Intraprovincial migrants	20,000
Interprovincial migrants	1,580
External migrants	3,105
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	531,870
Non-movers	341,760
Movers	190,115
Non-migrants	96,295
Migrants	93,820
Internal migrants	69,700
Intraprovincial migrants	62,530
Interprovincial migrants	7,165
External migrants	24,125
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	88,770
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	381,025
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,410
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,835
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	267,570
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,780
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	131,010
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	258,000
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	139,515
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,335
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,585
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,745
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	103,665
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,515
Bachelor's degree or higher	118,490
Bachelor's degree	78,510
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,210
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,750
Master's degree	24,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,875
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,405
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,520
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	74,815
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	197,070
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	103,130
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,895
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,190
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,705
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	79,495
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,740
Bachelor's degree or higher	93,940
Bachelor's degree	61,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,690
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,970
Master's degree	20,065
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,820
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	469,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	211,795
Education	14,205
13. Education	14,205
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,910
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055
50. Visual and performing arts	8,855
Humanities	15,570
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250
23. English language and literature/letters	4,085
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,985
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	540
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,335
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,310
54. History	2,420
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650
Social and behavioural sciences and law	34,295
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,285
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,010
22. Legal professions and studies	4,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,090
42. Psychology	4,755
45. Social sciences	13,335
Business, management and public administration	49,115
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,240
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	43,800
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,610
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,280
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,420
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	235
40. Physical sciences	3,060
41. Science technologies/technicians	615
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,070
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,700
25. Library science	610
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,540
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	220
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	51,030
04. Architecture and related services	2,415
14. Engineering	12,430
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,765
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	8,745
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,830
48. Precision production	5,845
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,980
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,740
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,235
Health and related fields	43,720
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,775
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	38,625
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,225
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,370
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,595
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50
43. Security and protective services	4,580
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,110
Other¹⁷⁹	120
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	303,405
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,335
Education	10,150
13. Education	10,150
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,810
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	770
50. Visual and performing arts	7,035
Humanities	11,580
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	960
23. English language and literature/letters	3,020
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390
38. Philosophy and religious studies	965
39. Theology and religious vocations	905
54. History	1,825
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	455
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,985
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	345
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,745
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600
22. Legal professions and studies	3,540
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	835
42. Psychology	3,605
45. Social sciences	10,320
Business, management and public administration	38,790
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,305
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,420
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,695
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,060
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,845
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205
40. Physical sciences	2,175
41. Science technologies/technicians	405
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,040
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,415
25. Library science	380
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,050
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,860
04. Architecture and related services	1,920
14. Engineering	9,745
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,410
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	5,725
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,275
48. Precision production	3,780
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,020
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,045
03. Natural resources and conservation	975
Health and related fields	33,790
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,085
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,720
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	890
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,285
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,855
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45
43. Security and protective services	3,750
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,615
Other¹⁷⁹	70
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	303,405
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,335
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	197,070
Location of study inside Canada	161,210
Same as province or territory of residence	153,930
Different than province or territory of residence	7,280
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	35,865
Americas	8,210
United States of America	5,125
Mexico	375
Cuba	250
Haiti	40
Jamaica	325
Brazil	375
Colombia	740
Peru	85
Venezuela⁹⁵	130
Other locations of study in Americas	765
Europe	7,800
Belgium	45
France	200
Germany	265
Netherlands	120
Switzerland	65
Hungary	120
Moldova¹⁸³	15
Poland	935
Romania	545
Russian Federation	325
Ukraine	350
Ireland⁹⁶	185
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,580
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315
Italy	135
Serbia⁸⁶	380
Other locations of study in Europe	1,225
Africa	2,655
Nigeria	740
Algeria	65
Morocco	50
Tunisia	25
Egypt	605
South Africa, Republic of	290
Other locations of study in Africa	885
Asia	16,480
Iran⁸⁸	505
Iraq	1,010
Israel	100
Lebanon	255
Syria⁸⁹	445
Turkey	195
China⁹⁰	1,435
Taiwan	85
Hong Kong⁹¹	40
Japan	115
Korea, South⁹²	455
Philippines	3,280
Viet Nam	185
Bangladesh	305
Sri Lanka	125
India	5,065
Pakistan	1,615
Other locations of study in Asia	1,265
Oceania	710
Australia	615
New Zealand	75
Other locations of study in Oceania	15
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	469,795
In the labour force	290,990
Employed	255,075
Unemployed	35,915
Not in the labour force	178,805
Participation rate	61.9
Employment rate	54.3
Unemployment rate	12.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	469,795
Did not work¹⁸⁶	181,575
Worked	288,215
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	155,525
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	132,695
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	290,990
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	282,910
Employee	245,920
Permanent position	209,045
Temporary position	36,875
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,005
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,870
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,990
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	290,990
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080
All occupations¹⁹¹	282,910
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,910
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,445
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	21,440
3 Health occupations	26,740
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,650
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,770
6 Sales and service occupations	72,160
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	49,190
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,665
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	16,945
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	290,990
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080
All industries¹⁹¹	282,910
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,875
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	420
22 Utilities	1,620
23 Construction	21,760
31-33 Manufacturing	31,280
41 Wholesale trade	10,205
44-45 Retail trade	32,750
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,910
51 Information and cultural industries	5,520
52 Finance and insurance	11,280
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,290
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,155
55 Management of companies and enterprises	660
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,730
61 Educational services	24,850
62 Health care and social assistance	41,515
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,060
72 Accommodation and food services	15,865
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,910
91 Public administration	12,245
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	310,145
English	297,295
French	675
Non-official language	1,315
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,315
English and French	3,570
English and non-official language(s)	6,965
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245
Multiple non-official languages	85
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	310,145
Single responses	308,370
Official languages	305,955
English	304,775
French	1,185
Non-official languages	2,410
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,405
Afro-Asiatic languages	250
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	250
Amharic	0
Arabic	180
Aramaic languages	55
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170
Khmer (Cambodian)	15
Vietnamese	160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	50
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	25
Kannada	0
Malayalam	15
Tamil	15
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	1,255
Albanian	25
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	245
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	245
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	65
Russian	35
Serbo-Croatian	125
Bosnian	25
Croatian	30
Serbian	75
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	15
Frisian	0
High German languages	15
German	15
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	330
Indo-Aryan languages	250
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	10
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	80
Kurdish	20
Pashto	0
Persian languages	60
Dari	25
Iranian Persian	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	635
Catalan	0
Italian	25
Portuguese	140
Romanian	20
Spanish	450
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	15
Korean	70
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	10
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	10
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	30
American Sign Language	30
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	445
Chinese languages	430
Hakka	0
Mandarin	285
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	150
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	15
S'gaw Karen	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40
Lao	0
Thai	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	30
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	15
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	1,785
English and French	515
English and non-official language(s)	1,230
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	310,145
None	300,900
English	1,435
French	2,595
Non-official language	4,285
Indigenous³⁹	25
Non-Indigenous	4,255
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	100
French and non-official language(s)	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	650
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	255,075
Worked at home	64,135
Worked outside Canada	670
No fixed workplace address	30,845
Usual place of work	159,435
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	159,435
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	111,255
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	47,935
Commute to a different province or territory	245
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	190,280
Car, truck or van	162,485
Car, truck or van - as a driver	147,235
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,240
Public transit	14,055
Walked	8,685
Bicycle	1,240
Other method	3,815
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	190,280
Less than 15 minutes	47,920
15 to 29 minutes	76,225
30 to 44 minutes	34,950
45 to 59 minutes	14,965
60 minutes and over	16,215
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	190,280
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,670
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	35,380
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,020
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,440
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,955
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,810
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	112,075
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,095
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,975
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	80,925
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,010
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,430
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,575
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,915

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 26, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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