Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	662,248
Population, 2016¹	631,486
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.9
Total private dwellings²	328,347
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	305,336
Population density per square kilometre	5,749.9
Land area in square kilometres	115.18
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	662,250
0 to 14 years	70,570
0 to 4 years	23,840
5 to 9 years	23,070
10 to 14 years	23,660
15 to 64 years	478,960
15 to 19 years	26,315
20 to 24 years	43,290
25 to 29 years	67,155
30 to 34 years	69,225
35 to 39 years	57,330
40 to 44 years	45,075
45 to 49 years	42,045
50 to 54 years	44,840
55 to 59 years	44,360
60 to 64 years	39,320
65 years and over	112,720
65 to 69 years	34,590
70 to 74 years	30,055
75 to 79 years	18,520
80 to 84 years	13,865
85 years and over	15,695
85 to 89 years	9,425
90 to 94 years	4,685
95 to 99 years	1,350
100 years and over	235
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.7
15 to 64 years	72.3
65 years and over	17.0
85 years and over	2.4
Average age of the population	42.2
Median age of the population	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	305,335
Single-detached house	44,750
Semi-detached house	4,800
Row house	10,815
Apartment or flat in a duplex	54,305
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	95,120
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	94,815
Other single-attached house	695
Movable dwelling⁴	20
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	305,335
1 person	119,805
2 persons	100,730
3 persons	38,600
4 persons	29,140
5 or more persons	17,060
Number of persons in private households	650,380
Average household size	2.1
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	591,675
Married or living common-law	298,085
Married	230,735
Living common-law	67,350
Living common law - Never married	57,990
Living common law - Separated	1,120
Living common law - Divorced	7,740
Living common law - Widowed	500
Not married and not living common-law	293,585
Not married and not living common law - Never married	218,140
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,790
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	37,675
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	23,985
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	168,660
2 persons	96,975
3 persons	35,905
4 persons	28,165
5 or more persons	7,615
Average size of census families	2.7
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	168,660
Total couple families	142,595
Married couples	108,925
With children⁶	58,130
Without children	50,790
Common-law couples	33,675
With children⁶	5,370
Without children	28,305
Total one-parent families	26,060
in which the parent is a woman+	21,285
in which the parent is a man+	4,780
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	650,380
Total - Persons in census families	454,055
Married spouses or common-law partners	285,190
Parents in one-parent families	26,065
Children⁶	142,800
In a two-parent family	106,565
In a one-parent family	36,235
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	196,325
Living alone	119,805
Living with other relatives⁷	19,650
Living with non-relatives only	56,870
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	305,335
One-census-family households without additional persons	142,375
Couple-family households	122,210
With children⁶	53,125
Without children	69,085
One-parent-family households	20,160
Multigenerational households⁸	8,260
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,030
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,045
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,825
One-person households	119,805
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	580,010
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	563,730
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	564,040
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	508,185
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	415,915
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	454,870
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	49,505
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	170,155
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	580,010
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,600
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,910
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	508,140
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,150
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	415,915
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,700
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	454,215
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	49,585
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,180
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,610
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	580,010
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	192,635
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	173,660
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	580,010
Without total income	16,285
With total income	563,730
Under $10,000 (including loss)	55,370
$10,000 to $19,999	61,180
$20,000 to $29,999	86,405
$30,000 to $39,999	67,875
$40,000 to $49,999	55,555
$50,000 to $59,999	46,055
$60,000 to $69,999	37,150
$70,000 to $79,999	30,195
$80,000 to $89,999	24,045
$90,000 to $99,999	19,545
$100,000 and over	80,345
$100,000 to $149,999	46,155
$150,000 and over	34,195
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	580,010
Without after-tax income	15,975
With after-tax income	564,035
Under $10,000 (including loss)	57,995
$10,000 to $19,999	63,245
$20,000 to $29,999	97,585
$30,000 to $39,999	77,280
$40,000 to $49,999	63,640
$50,000 to $59,999	50,160
$60,000 to $69,999	38,210
$70,000 to $79,999	29,320
$80,000 to $89,999	21,470
$90,000 to $99,999	14,965
$100,000 and over	50,165
$100,000 to $124,999	21,515
$125,000 and over	28,645
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	580,010
Without employment income	164,095
With employment income	415,915
Under $5,000 (including loss)	51,110
$5,000 to $9,999	33,650
$10,000 to $19,999	48,115
$20,000 to $29,999	36,415
$30,000 to $39,999	34,295
$40,000 to $49,999	34,220
$50,000 to $59,999	32,385
$60,000 to $69,999	27,390
$70,000 to $79,999	22,615
$80,000 to $89,999	19,180
$90,000 to $99,999	15,870
$100,000 and over	60,670
$100,000 to $124,999	23,930
$125,000 and over	36,740
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	580,010
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	545,310
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	546,235
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,605
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	418,280
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	356,615
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	25,265
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	580,010
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	544,950
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,550
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	545,825
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	499,235
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,450
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	418,215
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	356,225
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,615
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	580,010
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	189,135
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	162,990
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0
Employment income (%)	73.2
Government transfers (%)	7.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	305,335
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	119,805
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	185,530
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	305,335
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,900
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	119,745
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,300
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	185,595
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	148,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,200
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	305,335
Under $5,000	7,260
$5,000 to $9,999	2,990
$10,000 to $14,999	4,025
$15,000 to $19,999	8,210
$20,000 to $24,999	14,595
$25,000 to $29,999	10,570
$30,000 to $34,999	10,515
$35,000 to $39,999	11,620
$40,000 to $44,999	10,450
$45,000 to $49,999	10,315
$50,000 to $59,999	20,760
$60,000 to $69,999	19,740
$70,000 to $79,999	18,775
$80,000 to $89,999	17,225
$90,000 to $99,999	15,485
$100,000 and over	122,810
$100,000 to $124,999	31,225
$125,000 to $149,999	23,270
$150,000 to $199,999	29,850
$200,000 and over	38,465
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	305,335
Under $5,000	8,305
$5,000 to $9,999	3,055
$10,000 to $14,999	4,095
$15,000 to $19,999	8,565
$20,000 to $24,999	15,495
$25,000 to $29,999	12,065
$30,000 to $34,999	12,080
$35,000 to $39,999	13,130
$40,000 to $44,999	12,385
$45,000 to $49,999	12,390
$50,000 to $59,999	24,430
$60,000 to $69,999	22,815
$70,000 to $79,999	20,975
$80,000 to $89,999	18,315
$90,000 to $99,999	15,955
$100,000 and over	101,285
$100,000 to $124,999	31,545
$125,000 to $149,999	22,240
$150,000 and over	47,500
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	167,155
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000
Average family size of economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	72,300
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	63,570
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,830
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	176,675
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	167,290
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,225
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,400
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,625
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,690
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	176,080
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,850
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	650,380
0 to 17 years	85,590
0 to 5 years	28,350
18 to 64 years	457,950
65 years and over	106,840
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	86,125
0 to 17 years	11,150
0 to 5 years	3,325
18 to 64 years	55,890
65 years and over	19,085
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7
18 to 64 years (%)	12.2
65 years and over (%)	17.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	650,380
0 to 17 years	85,590
0 to 5 years	28,345
18 to 64 years	457,945
65 years and over	106,845
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	65,275
0 to 17 years	7,110
0 to 5 years	1,960
18 to 64 years	49,925
65 years and over	8,240
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9
65 years and over (%)	7.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	650,385
In bottom half of the distribution	303,380
In bottom decile	88,275
In second decile	59,770
In third decile	53,530
In fourth decile	50,535
In fifth decile	51,270
In top half of the distribution	347,000
In sixth decile	53,315
In seventh decile	55,165
In eighth decile	61,520
In ninth decile	70,990
In top decile	106,000
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	650,380
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.413
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.504
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.361
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	654,825
English only	555,235
French only	345
English and French	61,055
Neither English nor French	38,195
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	654,825
English	602,935
French	10,485
English and French	3,685
Neither English nor French	37,725
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	654,825
Single responses	619,175
Official languages	342,060
English	332,135
French	9,925
Non-official languages	277,105
Indigenous languages³⁹	295
Algonquian languages	155
Blackfoot	10
Cree-Innu languages	115
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	115
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	70
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	35
Northern Athabaskan languages	35
Dakelh (Carrier)	20
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	5
Kaska (Nahani)	5
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5
Michif	0
Salish languages	15
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	5
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	45
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20
Nisga'a	15
Tsimshian	10
Wakashan languages	25
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5
Non-Indigenous languages	276,815
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,930
Berber languages	30
Kabyle	15
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	5
Mina	5
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	240
Bilen	0
Oromo	95
Somali	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Semitic languages	4,655
Amharic	290
Arabic	2,965
Aramaic languages	85
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	5
Hebrew	1,105
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	190
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	230
Vietnamese	11,870
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40
Austronesian languages	24,020
Bikol	110
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225
Cebuano	655
Fijian	40
Hiligaynon	570
Ilocano	1,840
Indonesian	1,085
Kankanaey	45
Kinaray-a	50
Malagasy languages	5
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5
Malay	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	210
Pangasinan	105
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,675
Waray-Waray	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	250
Creole languages	100
Haitian Creole	20
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	5
Morisyen	35
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30
Dravidian languages	3,015
Kannada	140
Malayalam	580
Tamil	1,615
Telugu	665
Tulu	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	25
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	86,610
Albanian	170
Armenian	315
Balto-Slavic languages	14,805
Baltic languages	250
Latvian	95
Lithuanian	150
Slavic languages	14,555
Belarusian	15
Bulgarian	435
Czech	1,000
Macedonian	80
Polish	2,505
Russian	5,155
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	3,735
Bosnian	355
Croatian	1,120
Serbian	2,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80
Slovak	615
Slovene (Slovenian)	135
Ukrainian	865
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	100
Irish	45
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	7,450
Frisian	10
High German languages	5,050
German	4,725
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	220
Yiddish	100
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,530
Afrikaans	300
Dutch	1,150
Low German, n.o.s.	5
Low Saxon	10
Plautdietsch	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	40
Scandinavian languages	845
Danish	315
Icelandic	35
Norwegian	150
Swedish	350
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15
Greek	1,870
Indo-Iranian languages	33,155
Indo-Aryan languages	22,110
Assamese	15
Bengali	1,065
Gujarati	1,075
Hindi	4,355
Kacchi	185
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	50
Marathi	300
Nepali	210
Oriya languages	25
Odia	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,305
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	255
Urdu	1,125
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90
Iranian languages	11,035
Baluchi	5
Kurdish	555
Parsi	15
Pashto	140
Persian languages	10,315
Dari	420
Iranian Persian	8,900
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,000
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	28,740
Catalan	90
Italian	4,000
Portuguese	6,740
Romanian	1,150
Spanish	16,735
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	7,150
Korean	8,605
Mongolian	160
Niger-Congo languages	580
Akan (Twi)	55
Bamanankan	0
Edo	0
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	10
Ganda	25
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40
Lingala	5
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	35
Shona	45
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	140
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90
Nilo-Saharan languages	60
Dinka	5
Nuer	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	95
American Sign Language	80
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	125,120
Chinese languages	124,730
Hakka	640
Mandarin	41,695
Min Dong	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,105
Wu (Shanghainese)	850
Yue (Cantonese)	77,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	910
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	375
Burmese	255
Kuki-Chin languages	35
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tai-Kadai languages	905
Lao	85
Thai	770
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50
Turkic languages	1,755
Azerbaijani	145
Kazakh	35
Turkish	1,500
Uyghur	30
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35
Uralic languages	1,520
Estonian	90
Finnish	395
Hungarian	1,040
Other languages, n.i.e.	25
Multiple responses	35,655
English and French	2,870
English and non-official language(s)	28,165
French and non-official language(s)	605
English, French and non-official language(s)	640
Multiple non-official languages	3,370
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	654,825
English	363,455
French	2,430
Non-official language	92,070
Indigenous³⁹	45
Non-Indigenous	92,025
English and French	8,325
English and non-official language(s)	174,100
French and non-official language(s)	245
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,690
Multiple non-official languages	9,525
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	654,825
Single responses	617,450
Official languages	450,825
English	446,870
French	3,955
Non-official languages	166,620
Indigenous languages³⁹	60
Algonquian languages	25
Blackfoot	5
Cree-Innu languages	15
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5
Nisga'a	10
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	166,565
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,190
Berber languages	20
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	0
Mina	5
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	115
Bilen	0
Oromo	50
Somali	65
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	2,055
Amharic	85
Arabic	1,275
Aramaic languages	60
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	10
Hebrew	510
Maltese	0
Tigrigna	120
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,885
Khmer (Cambodian)	105
Vietnamese	7,755
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30
Austronesian languages	13,285
Bikol	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75
Cebuano	300
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	305
Ilocano	980
Indonesian	380
Kankanaey	30
Kinaray-a	35
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110
Pangasinan	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,835
Waray-Waray	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100
Creole languages	40
Haitian Creole	5
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	0
Morisyen	20
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10
Dravidian languages	1,755
Kannada	35
Malayalam	310
Tamil	1,025
Telugu	370
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	41,915
Albanian	50
Armenian	145
Balto-Slavic languages	6,070
Baltic languages	50
Latvian	10
Lithuanian	40
Slavic languages	6,025
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	175
Czech	340
Macedonian	40
Polish	720
Russian	2,570
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	1,640
Bosnian	140
Croatian	350
Serbian	1,135
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15
Slovak	235
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	265
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	10
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,080
Frisian	5
High German languages	760
German	725
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	35
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195
Afrikaans	60
Dutch	130
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	120
Danish	40
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	20
Swedish	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	745
Indo-Iranian languages	19,390
Indo-Aryan languages	12,650
Assamese	0
Bengali	560
Gujarati	400
Hindi	2,100
Kacchi	50
Kashmiri	10
Konkani	5
Marathi	115
Nepali	110
Oriya languages	5
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,505
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115
Urdu	620
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25
Iranian languages	6,735
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	340
Parsi	5
Pashto	90
Persian languages	6,305
Dari	220
Iranian Persian	5,550
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	535
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,425
Catalan	35
Italian	1,400
Portuguese	3,995
Romanian	385
Spanish	8,600
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	3,620
Korean	5,100
Mongolian	75
Niger-Congo languages	125
Akan (Twi)	10
Bamanankan	0
Edo	0
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	5
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25
Shona	5
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	40
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	25
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	165
American Sign Language	125
Quebec Sign Language	5
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	88,935
Chinese languages	88,715
Hakka	210
Mandarin	30,925
Min Dong	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,525
Wu (Shanghainese)	485
Yue (Cantonese)	54,920
Chinese, n.o.s.	610
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	210
Burmese	150
Kuki-Chin languages	20
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tai-Kadai languages	330
Lao	20
Thai	280
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30
Turkic languages	765
Azerbaijani	70
Kazakh	0
Turkish	685
Uyghur	10
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	320
Estonian	10
Finnish	95
Hungarian	220
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	37,380
English and French	1,595
English and non-official language(s)	34,170
French and non-official language(s)	105
English, French and non-official language(s)	315
Multiple non-official languages	1,205
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	654,830
None	488,985
English	57,925
French	6,335
Non-official language	80,100
Indigenous³⁹	245
Non-Indigenous	79,850
English and French	515
English and non-official language(s)	9,025
French and non-official language(s)	2,720
English, French and non-official language(s)	150
Multiple non-official languages	9,075
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	650,385
Official languages	612,560
English	612,215
French	60,990
Non-official languages	355,425
Indigenous languages³⁹	595
Algonquian languages	235
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	155
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	155
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15
Cree, n.o.s.	60
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	55
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	90
Northern Athabaskan languages	75
Dakelh (Carrier)	35
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	15
Tlingit	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	30
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	30
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	20
Salish languages	60
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	10
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15
Squamish	10
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	10
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tsimshian languages	55
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	30
Tsimshian	25
Wakashan languages	55
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	20
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10
Non-Indigenous languages	354,885
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,650
Berber languages	40
Kabyle	35
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	35
Hausa	25
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	385
Bilen	0
Oromo	145
Somali	240
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	8,300
Amharic	470
Arabic	4,900
Aramaic languages	70
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10
Harari	0
Hebrew	2,815
Maltese	20
Tigrigna	305
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	15,195
Khmer (Cambodian)	325
Vietnamese	14,905
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	33,950
Bikol	170
Bisaya, n.o.s.	245
Cebuano	1,060
Fijian	160
Hiligaynon	885
Ilocano	3,295
Indonesian	1,805
Kankanaey	75
Kinaray-a	70
Malagasy languages	15
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10
Malay	815
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	300
Pangasinan	230
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30,430
Waray-Waray	160
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	680
Creole languages	320
Haitian Creole	65
Jamaican English Creole	15
Krio	0
Morisyen	50
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	100
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75
Dravidian languages	4,730
Kannada	330
Malayalam	965
Tamil	2,670
Telugu	1,110
Tulu	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	40
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	129,460
Albanian	225
Armenian	355
Balto-Slavic languages	18,335
Baltic languages	295
Latvian	130
Lithuanian	165
Slavic languages	18,105
Belarusian	55
Bulgarian	510
Czech	1,435
Macedonian	105
Polish	3,085
Russian	7,620
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,660
Bosnian	875
Croatian	2,010
Serbian	2,975
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	140
Slovak	825
Slovene (Slovenian)	205
Ukrainian	1,945
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10
Celtic languages	1,255
Irish	1,035
Scottish Gaelic	35
Welsh	130
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	50
Germanic languages	15,535
Frisian	25
High German languages	11,430
German	11,050
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	330
Yiddish	240
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,895
Afrikaans	1,015
Dutch	1,860
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	70
Scandinavian languages	1,805
Danish	565
Icelandic	40
Norwegian	405
Swedish	910
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35
Greek	3,055
Indo-Iranian languages	45,935
Indo-Aryan languages	33,070
Assamese	15
Bengali	1,675
Gujarati	1,840
Hindi	15,025
Kacchi	405
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	150
Marathi	665
Nepali	325
Oriya languages	50
Odia	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,130
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	610
Urdu	2,515
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	250
Iranian languages	13,100
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	800
Parsi	50
Pashto	230
Persian languages	12,330
Dari	575
Iranian Persian	10,805
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,050
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55
Italic (Romance) languages	50,560
Catalan	280
Italian	7,740
Portuguese	8,715
Romanian	1,475
Spanish	36,500
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	95
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	100
Japanese	12,075
Korean	10,480
Mongolian	210
Niger-Congo languages	1,395
Akan (Twi)	90
Bamanankan	10
Edo	0
Éwé	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	15
Ganda	75
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	70
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70
Lingala	25
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	65
Shona	90
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	610
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	30
Yoruba	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	220
Nilo-Saharan languages	105
Dinka	15
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80
African, n.o.s.	35
Sign languages	775
American Sign Language	700
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105
Sino-Tibetan languages	148,095
Chinese languages	147,655
Hakka	970
Mandarin	74,695
Min Dong	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,810
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,270
Yue (Cantonese)	96,965
Chinese, n.o.s.	740
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibeto-Burman languages	530
Burmese	365
Kuki-Chin languages	60
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	85
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25
Tai-Kadai languages	1,545
Lao	150
Thai	1,380
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50
Turkic languages	2,785
Azerbaijani	370
Kazakh	65
Turkish	2,500
Uyghur	15
Uzbek	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50
Uralic languages	1,805
Estonian	140
Finnish	385
Hungarian	1,285
Other languages, n.i.e.	85
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,660
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,940
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,335
Métis	4,465
Inuk (Inuit)	140
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	380
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	335
Non-Indigenous identity	635,720
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,005
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	643,375
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	305,335
Owner	138,845
Renter	166,490
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	305,335
Condominium	112,105
Not condominium	193,235
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	305,335
No bedrooms	13,860
1 bedroom	111,060
2 bedrooms	84,935
3 bedrooms	42,445
4 or more bedrooms	53,045
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	305,335
1 to 4 rooms	187,470
5 rooms	37,350
6 rooms	22,780
7 rooms	16,460
8 or more rooms	41,275
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	305,335
One person or fewer per room	295,970
More than one person per room	9,370
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	305,335
Suitable	281,445
Not suitable	23,890
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	305,335
1960 or before	62,225
1961 to 1980	69,110
1981 to 1990	35,990
1991 to 2000	47,170
2001 to 2005	19,415
2006 to 2010	22,755
2011 to 2015	20,935
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	27,740
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	305,335
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	286,035
Major repairs needed	19,300
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	305,335
One-maintainer household	171,540
Two-maintainer household	115,355
Three-or-more-maintainer household	18,440
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	305,335
15 to 24 years	11,910
25 to 34 years	65,870
35 to 44 years	56,605
45 to 54 years	51,270
55 to 64 years	50,645
65 to 74 years	40,465
75 to 84 years	19,715
85 years and over	8,870
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	303,725
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	202,070
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	101,655
30% to less than 100%	82,575
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	305,335
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	131,005
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	89,520
Not suitable only	16,295
Major repairs needed only	11,715
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	5,895
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,880
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,345
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	360
Acceptable housing	174,335
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	284,650
In core need	54,210
Not in core need	230,435
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,850
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	50.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.3
% in core housing need⁶³	11.2
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,460
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,084
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,450,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,728,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	166,485
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.4
% in core housing need⁶³	25.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,570
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	650,380
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,460
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,375
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,710
Métis single ancestry	615
Inuit single ancestry	50
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	85
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	85
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,270
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,880
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,925
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,865
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	390
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	375
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	633,655
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	650,380
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	537,810
Canadian citizens aged under 18	78,320
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	459,495
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	112,570
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	650,380
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	333,190
Immigrants⁸¹	274,360
Before 1980	45,435
1980 to 1990	39,525
1991 to 2000	65,920
2001 to 2010	54,215
2011 to 2021⁸²	69,270
2011 to 2015	27,910
2016 to 2021	41,355
Non-permanent residents⁸³	42,830
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	274,365
Under 5 years	19,460
5 to 14 years	40,820
15 to 24 years	49,865
25 to 44 years	132,610
45 years and over	31,610
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	274,365
Americas	24,375
Brazil	2,530
Colombia	1,040
El Salvador	1,030
Guyana	215
Haiti	75
Jamaica	455
Mexico	3,870
Peru	890
Trinidad and Tobago	510
United States of America	9,790
Other places of birth in Americas	3,965
Europe	43,955
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,145
Croatia	835
France	2,220
Germany	2,800
Greece	1,070
Hungary	725
Italy	2,805
Netherlands	770
Poland	1,995
Portugal	1,290
Romania	1,250
Russian Federation	2,395
Serbia⁸⁶	1,250
Ukraine	1,785
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,895
Other places of birth in Europe	8,725
Africa	7,195
Algeria	145
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75
Egypt	550
Eritrea	205
Ethiopia	430
Morocco	320
Nigeria	240
Somalia	100
South Africa, Republic of	2,290
Other places of birth in Africa	2,835
Asia	193,325
Afghanistan	395
Iran⁸⁸	8,780
Iraq	595
Lebanon	485
Syria⁸⁹	740
Turkey	960
China⁹⁰	63,270
Hong Kong⁹¹	25,485
Korea, South⁹²	6,495
Taiwan	9,865
Philippines	29,925
Viet Nam	12,115
Bangladesh	800
India	14,640
Pakistan	1,085
Sri Lanka	1,605
Other places of birth in Asia	16,080
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	5,520
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	41,360
Americas	6,735
Brazil	1,820
Colombia	290
Haiti	0
Jamaica	25
Mexico	1,215
United States of America	2,295
Venezuela⁹⁵	220
Other places of birth in Americas	865
Europe	9,075
France	920
Germany	455
Ireland⁹⁶	1,690
Italy	320
Russian Federation	645
Ukraine	495
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,415
Other places of birth in Europe	2,135
Africa	1,165
Algeria	40
Burundi	20
Cameroon	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0
Côte d'Ivoire	15
Egypt	110
Eritrea	35
Ethiopia	55
Morocco	85
Nigeria	115
Somalia	0
South Africa, Republic of	350
Sudan⁹⁷	35
Tunisia	25
Other places of birth in Africa	240
Asia	23,045
Afghanistan	105
Bangladesh	155
China⁹⁰	5,930
Hong Kong⁹¹	615
India	3,680
Iran⁸⁸	1,220
Iraq	125
Israel	245
Japan	815
Jordan	45
Korea, South⁹²	1,250
Lebanon	80
Nepal	65
Pakistan	255
Philippines	4,445
Saudi Arabia	140
Sri Lanka	250
Syria⁸⁹	565
Turkey	375
United Arab Emirates	105
Viet Nam	995
Other places of birth in Asia	1,590
Oceania and other⁹³	1,340
Australia	1,010
Other places of birth⁹⁸	330
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	650,380
First generation¹⁰⁰	327,870
Second generation¹⁰¹	160,910
Third generation or more¹⁰²	161,595
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	228,925
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	140,320
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	62,775
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	77,545
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	66,960
Refugees¹⁰⁸	17,530
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,120
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	228,925
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,935
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	33,310
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,645
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,150
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	750
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	163,140
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	650,380
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	354,615
South Asian	44,850
Chinese	168,385
Black	8,515
Filipino	38,605
Arab	3,785
Latin American	18,080
Southeast Asian	20,585
West Asian	12,100
Korean	10,895
Japanese	10,990
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,240
Multiple visible minorities	14,585
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	295,770
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	650,385
Canadian	33,685
English	84,370
Irish	65,695
Scottish	69,200
French, n.o.s.¹²²	30,625
German	45,215
Chinese	159,080
Italian	21,155
Indian (India)	27,765
Ukrainian	20,000
Dutch	13,330
Polish	15,900
Québécois	925
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,545
Filipino	38,885
French Canadian	4,070
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,105
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,665
Métis	3,945
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,990
Russian	14,135
Norwegian	10,125
Welsh	9,255
Portuguese	6,535
American	7,565
Spanish	11,605
Swedish	8,270
Hungarian	5,615
Acadian	835
Pakistani	1,825
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,660
Jewish	11,555
Punjabi	6,100
Vietnamese	17,450
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,800
Greek	5,475
Jamaican	1,375
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	11,330
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,705
Korean	11,470
Romanian	3,370
Lebanese	1,780
Iranian	9,440
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,695
Danish	4,890
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,715
Sikh	3,225
Austrian	4,710
Belgian	2,160
Haitian	190
Hindu	2,685
Mexican	7,855
Mennonite	1,860
Swiss	2,790
Finnish	2,775
Sri Lankan	1,865
Croatian	3,580
Japanese	13,320
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,460
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	430
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,840
Muslim	885
Egyptian	1,125
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,830
Tamil	1,040
Icelandic	2,525
Colombian	1,735
Moroccan	545
Czech	2,820
Syrian	770
Guyanese	460
Afghan	655
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	695
Serbian	2,930
Ojibway	440
Newfoundlander	355
Hong Konger	8,560
Ontarian	360
Persian	3,510
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	770
Turkish	2,350
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	145
Bangladeshi	935
Algerian	250
Brazilian	3,785
Nigerian	430
Armenian	760
Slovak	1,710
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,065
Somali	300
Taiwanese	9,355
Iraqi	475
Salvadorean	1,035
African Caribbean	320
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,395
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,025
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	385
Algonquin	125
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	345
Lithuanian	1,445
South African	1,885
Australian	2,805
Palestinian	475
Chilean	1,325
Congolese	205
Nova Scotian	210
Ethiopian	405
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,135
Peruvian	1,015
Yoruba	125
Cambodian (Khmer)	615
Berber	175
Albanian	320
Maltese	355
Macedonian	275
Slovenian	760
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,095
New Brunswicker	105
Gujarati	375
Eritrean	220
African Canadian	220
Israeli	1,285
Mohawk	210
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	470
Bulgarian	720
Albertan	200
Ghanaian	315
Barbadian	230
African American	795
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	720
Tunisian	150
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,075
Cuban	335
Bosnian	810
Venezuelan	515
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35
Latvian	815
Bengali	445
Cameroonian	40
Guatemalan	325
Indonesian	1,670
Laotian	255
Ilocano	1,140
Northern Irish	665
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,055
British Columbian	1,345
Ecuadorian	360
Franco Ontarian	70
Argentinian	505
Estonian	730
Kurdish	735
Fijian	1,860
Jatt	325
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	210
Coptic	50
Thai	1,360
Dominican	180
Nepali	320
Kabyle	30
Assyrian	40
Igbo	60
Byelorussian	425
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	145
Abenaki	40
Moldovan	215
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100
New Zealander	1,225
Sudanese	165
Breton	115
Pennsylvania Dutch	135
Malaysian	1,290
Plains Cree	130
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	160
Huron (Wendat)	60
Saskatchewanian	190
Buddhist	1,045
Gaspesian	15
Norman	110
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	280
Ivorian	15
Saulteaux	110
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	110
Burundian	80
Tigrinya	105
Nicaraguan	395
Mauritian	135
Kenyan	355
Oji-Cree	25
Vincentian	40
Jordanian	120
Manitoban	180
Cape Bretoner	45
Rwandan	135
Grenadian	25
Malayali	155
Chaldean	70
Sinhalese	180
Mayan	455
Honduran	265
Cherokee	180
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15
Indo-Caribbean	95
Flemish	240
United Empire Loyalist	115
Senegalese	30
Azerbaijani	245
Sicilian	150
Pashtun	105
Malay	590
Goan	200
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25
Tibetan	100
Zimbabwean	160
Burmese	460
Mongolian	360
Azorean	60
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	0
Ugandan	200
Oromo	180
Tanzanian	190
Yemeni	85
Central African	0
Libyan	145
Basque	320
Uruguayan	130
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135
Igorot	320
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	10
Guinean	35
St. Lucian	25
Prince Edward Islander	25
Maliseet	20
Beninese	30
Telugu	105
Roma	125
Costa Rican	250
African Nova Scotian	15
Malagasy	30
Kashmiri	50
Singaporean	735
Karen	0
Edo	10
Tajik	55
Amhara	35
Paraguayan	90
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	650,380
Buddhist	26,245
Christian	194,365
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	44,395
Anabaptist	1,425
Anglican	11,970
Baptist	4,705
Catholic	94,425
Christian Orthodox	8,970
Jehovah's Witness	2,050
Latter Day Saints	495
Lutheran	3,060
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	500
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,465
Presbyterian	2,390
Reformed	305
United Church	8,575
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,650
Hindu	12,585
Jewish	11,675
Muslim	17,910
Sikh	16,535
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	480
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,665
No religion and secular perspectives	362,925
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	645,400
Non-movers	531,810
Movers	113,585
Non-migrants	74,590
Migrants	39,000
Internal migrants	23,805
Intraprovincial migrants	14,460
Interprovincial migrants	9,345
External migrants	15,190
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	626,725
Non-movers	345,375
Movers	281,350
Non-migrants	129,275
Migrants	152,085
Internal migrants	86,030
Intraprovincial migrants	56,025
Interprovincial migrants	30,010
External migrants	66,055
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,905
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	514,110
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,010
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	378,960
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,930
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	134,790
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	384,290
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	124,050
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,410
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,940
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,465
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	78,400
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,240
Bachelor's degree or higher	260,240
Bachelor's degree	164,040
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	16,270
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,125
Master's degree	60,335
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,475
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,915
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	75,550
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	306,505
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	93,190
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,550
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,330
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,220
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	59,610
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,030
Bachelor's degree or higher	213,315
Bachelor's degree	133,975
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,095
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,155
Master's degree	51,525
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,575
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	580,015
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	195,725
Education	18,520
13. Education	18,520
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	31,525
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,890
50. Visual and performing arts	27,630
Humanities	26,645
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,580
23. English language and literature/letters	8,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	575
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,530
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,305
54. History	3,360
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	755
Social and behavioural sciences and law	61,760
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,480
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,400
22. Legal professions and studies	10,175
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,580
42. Psychology	11,250
45. Social sciences	24,175
Business, management and public administration	82,545
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,780
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	78,690
Physical and life sciences and technologies	21,960
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,100
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,670
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	470
40. Physical sciences	6,350
41. Science technologies/technicians	370
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	22,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,345
25. Library science	1,405
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	840
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,810
04. Architecture and related services	6,100
14. Engineering	24,930
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,295
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25
46. Construction trades	6,475
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,855
48. Precision production	2,135
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,965
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,150
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,815
Health and related fields	47,020
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,125
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	39,720
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	165
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,000
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,000
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,910
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35
43. Security and protective services	1,075
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,940
Other¹⁷⁹	160
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	403,970
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	97,465
Education	12,580
13. Education	12,580
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	26,570
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,380
50. Visual and performing arts	23,190
Humanities	20,375
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,770
23. English language and literature/letters	6,200
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,740
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	395
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,180
39. Theology and religious vocations	950
54. History	2,630
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	510
Social and behavioural sciences and law	50,310
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,240
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,760
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,350
22. Legal professions and studies	8,335
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,250
42. Psychology	8,865
45. Social sciences	19,510
Business, management and public administration	68,135
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,855
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,210
Physical and life sciences and technologies	17,025
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,055
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,540
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	400
40. Physical sciences	4,785
41. Science technologies/technicians	240
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,835
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,215
25. Library science	905
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,020
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	690
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,315
04. Architecture and related services	5,005
14. Engineering	20,215
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,280
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15
46. Construction trades	5,010
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,395
48. Precision production	1,385
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,775
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,545
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,225
Health and related fields	36,380
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,330
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,720
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,195
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,075
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,655
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0
43. Security and protective services	885
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,490
Other¹⁷⁹	135
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	403,970
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	97,465
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	306,505
Location of study inside Canada	205,815
Same as province or territory of residence	155,970
Different than province or territory of residence	49,840
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	100,695
Americas	23,285
United States of America	14,145
Mexico	3,490
Cuba	60
Haiti	0
Jamaica	40
Brazil	3,170
Colombia	685
Peru	215
Venezuela⁹⁵	225
Other locations of study in Americas	1,255
Europe	25,945
Belgium	250
France	2,330
Germany	1,175
Netherlands	455
Switzerland	410
Hungary	180
Moldova¹⁸³	45
Poland	580
Romania	420
Russian Federation	1,230
Ukraine	825
Ireland⁹⁶	3,755
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,140
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245
Italy	635
Serbia⁸⁶	525
Other locations of study in Europe	2,740
Africa	1,570
Nigeria	60
Algeria	20
Morocco	90
Tunisia	20
Egypt	250
South Africa, Republic of	885
Other locations of study in Africa	245
Asia	45,510
Iran⁸⁸	2,835
Iraq	115
Israel	500
Lebanon	125
Syria⁸⁹	105
Turkey	670
China⁹⁰	11,420
Taiwan	1,960
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,850
Japan	2,885
Korea, South⁹²	2,940
Philippines	11,535
Viet Nam	765
Bangladesh	320
Sri Lanka	185
India	4,865
Pakistan	315
Other locations of study in Asia	2,110
Oceania	4,385
Australia	3,330
New Zealand	975
Other locations of study in Oceania	75
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	580,010
In the labour force	394,670
Employed	359,280
Unemployed	35,390
Not in the labour force	185,345
Participation rate	68.0
Employment rate	61.9
Unemployment rate	9.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	580,015
Did not work¹⁸⁶	191,360
Worked	388,655
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	200,890
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	187,760
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	394,670
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	386,760
Employee	316,775
Permanent position	257,520
Temporary position	59,255
Fixed term (1 year or more)	24,150
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	35,105
Self-employed¹⁹²	69,980
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	394,670
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915
All occupations¹⁹¹	386,760
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,520
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	76,280
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	43,880
3 Health occupations	29,825
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	50,680
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	32,435
6 Sales and service occupations	95,630
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	39,750
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,475
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,285
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	394,670
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915
All industries¹⁹¹	386,760
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,840
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,250
22 Utilities	1,665
23 Construction	20,765
31-33 Manufacturing	16,305
41 Wholesale trade	11,445
44-45 Retail trade	38,470
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,565
51 Information and cultural industries	22,390
52 Finance and insurance	18,710
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,855
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	58,070
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,225
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	14,660
61 Educational services	34,035
62 Health care and social assistance	45,910
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	11,100
72 Accommodation and food services	30,480
81 Other services (except public administration)	16,780
91 Public administration	15,240
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	419,270
English	370,305
French	575
Non-official language	11,825
Indigenous³⁹	20
Non-Indigenous	11,810
English and French	4,925
English and non-official language(s)	29,720
French and non-official language(s)	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	755
Multiple non-official languages	1,140
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	419,270
Single responses	412,635
Official languages	393,010
English	391,745
French	1,265
Non-official languages	19,630
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	10
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	65
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	65
Amharic	0
Arabic	35
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	30
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	745
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	225
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	15
Indonesian	45
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	155
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	30
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	30
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	2,225
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	175
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	170
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	15
Russian	125
Serbo-Croatian	10
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	75
Frisian	0
High German languages	50
German	40
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	20
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	20
Indo-Iranian languages	915
Indo-Aryan languages	570
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	15
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	350
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	350
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	330
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,030
Catalan	0
Italian	55
Portuguese	200
Romanian	0
Spanish	780
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	870
Korean	800
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	25
American Sign Language	25
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,500
Chinese languages	14,500
Hakka	0
Mandarin	5,760
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	10
Yue (Cantonese)	8,640
Chinese, n.o.s.	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80
Lao	0
Thai	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	35
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	35
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	6,635
English and French	580
English and non-official language(s)	5,820
French and non-official language(s)	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	30
Multiple non-official languages	200
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	419,270
None	388,115
English	6,265
French	3,760
Non-official language	16,115
Indigenous³⁹	40
Non-Indigenous	16,075
English and French	15
English and non-official language(s)	1,260
French and non-official language(s)	620
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	3,115
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	359,280
Worked at home	123,110
Worked outside Canada	2,210
No fixed workplace address	39,640
Usual place of work	194,315
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	194,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	130,595
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	61,420
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,605
Commute to a different province or territory	685
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	233,960
Car, truck or van	131,425
Car, truck or van - as a driver	118,815
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,610
Public transit	53,515
Walked	30,630
Bicycle	12,325
Other method	6,060
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	233,960
Less than 15 minutes	46,865
15 to 29 minutes	93,750
30 to 44 minutes	61,575
45 to 59 minutes	18,595
60 minutes and over	13,175
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	233,960
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,095
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	29,670
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	51,440
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	59,050
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,095
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,615
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,415
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,870
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,540
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,020
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,095
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,295
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,805
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	56,925

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 14, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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