Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Laval, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	438,366	...	...
Population, 2016¹	422,993	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	176,115	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	169,785	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,781.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	246.13	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	438,370	213,670	224,695
0 to 14 years	75,200	38,620	36,585
0 to 4 years	21,220	10,940	10,285
5 to 9 years	25,465	13,125	12,340
10 to 14 years	28,515	14,560	13,955
15 to 64 years	281,240	138,525	142,710
15 to 19 years	26,040	13,220	12,825
20 to 24 years	25,210	12,900	12,315
25 to 29 years	24,860	12,440	12,415
30 to 34 years	24,315	11,685	12,630
35 to 39 years	26,970	12,725	14,250
40 to 44 years	29,680	14,125	15,555
45 to 49 years	30,185	14,635	15,545
50 to 54 years	31,565	15,710	15,855
55 to 59 years	32,650	16,370	16,285
60 to 64 years	29,760	14,725	15,035
65 years and over	81,925	36,520	45,405
65 to 69 years	23,420	11,120	12,300
70 to 74 years	19,240	8,935	10,305
75 to 79 years	15,375	6,770	8,600
80 to 84 years	11,565	4,855	6,705
85 years and over	12,325	4,835	7,490
85 to 89 years	7,610	3,235	4,375
90 to 94 years	3,780	1,300	2,475
95 to 99 years	830	280	555
100 years and over	110	25	85
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.2	18.1	16.3
15 to 64 years	64.2	64.8	63.5
65 years and over	18.7	17.1	20.2
85 years and over	2.8	2.3	3.3
Average age of the population	42.0	41.0	43.0
Median age of the population	42.8	42.0	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	169,785	...	...
Single-detached house	76,010	...	...
Semi-detached house	15,260	...	...
Row house	4,945	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,895	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	51,730	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,570	...	...
Other single-attached house	310	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	50	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	169,785	...	...
1 person	47,405	...	...
2 persons	52,445	...	...
3 persons	26,220	...	...
4 persons	27,550	...	...
5 or more persons	16,170	...	...
Number of persons in private households	429,555	210,435	219,115
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	363,160	175,045	188,115
Married or living common-law	204,305	102,080	102,230
Married	152,420	76,180	76,240
Living common-law	51,880	25,895	25,985
Living common law - Never married	39,585	19,635	19,945
Living common law - Separated	660	365	295
Living common law - Divorced	10,535	5,390	5,150
Living common law - Widowed	1,105	510	590
Not married and not living common-law	158,860	72,970	85,890
Not married and not living common law - Never married	108,420	57,410	51,015
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,870	2,455	3,410
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,995	8,705	15,290
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	20,575	4,405	16,170
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	120,530	...	...
2 persons	54,090	...	...
3 persons	26,100	...	...
4 persons	27,610	...	...
5 or more persons	12,725	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	120,530	...	...
Total couple families	99,825	...	...
Married couples	73,910	...	...
With children⁶	45,880	...	...
Without children	28,030	...	...
Common-law couples	25,915	...	...
With children⁶	12,110	...	...
Without children	13,810	...	...
Total one-parent families	20,700	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,145	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,560	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	429,555	210,435	219,115
Total - Persons in census families	364,335	180,445	183,890
Married spouses or common-law partners	199,655	99,790	99,865
Parents in one-parent families	20,700	4,555	16,145
Children⁶	143,985	76,100	67,880
In a two-parent family	112,115	58,885	53,230
In a one-parent family	31,865	17,210	14,650
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	65,215	29,990	35,225
Living alone	47,400	21,420	25,980
Living with other relatives⁷	9,960	3,990	5,965
Living with non-relatives only	7,860	4,580	3,275
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	169,785	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	108,710	...	...
Couple-family households	91,660	...	...
With children⁶	53,105	...	...
Without children	38,555	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,045	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,755	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	615	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,705	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,600	...	...
One-person households	47,400	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	354,415	171,835	182,580
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,775	165,705	176,070
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	43,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,870	165,755	176,115
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	306,155	151,540	154,620
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,800	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	252,600	129,335	123,265
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	39,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	283,250	129,510	153,740
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,500	10,000	12,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	39,110	19,060	20,050
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,350	60,320	54,040
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	354,415	171,830	182,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,705	165,745	175,955
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,120	56,850	45,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,775	165,780	175,995
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,880	45,320	38,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	305,790	151,480	154,310
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,400	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,605	129,395	123,210
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160	51,300	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	283,085	129,475	153,610
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,520	11,440	13,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	39,265	19,120	20,145
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,810	5,895	7,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,725	60,765	53,960
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,810	8,780	8,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	354,410	171,830	182,580
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	119,565	63,440	56,130
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,100	77,700	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	104,120	50,810	53,310
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,800	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440	29,120	23,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.2	74.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	70.4	62.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.3	15.7	25.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	6.2	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.7	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	354,415	171,835	182,580
Without total income	12,640	6,130	6,505
With total income	341,775	165,705	176,070
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,465	11,460	14,005
$10,000 to $19,999	40,270	16,970	23,300
$20,000 to $29,999	57,685	25,865	31,815
$30,000 to $39,999	45,135	21,070	24,065
$40,000 to $49,999	41,490	19,440	22,055
$50,000 to $59,999	33,110	15,445	17,665
$60,000 to $69,999	25,080	12,655	12,420
$70,000 to $79,999	18,495	9,815	8,675
$80,000 to $89,999	14,875	8,005	6,870
$90,000 to $99,999	10,510	5,775	4,735
$100,000 and over	29,670	19,210	10,460
$100,000 to $149,999	20,655	12,830	7,825
$150,000 and over	9,020	6,380	2,635
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	354,415	171,835	182,580
Without after-tax income	12,545	6,085	6,460
With after-tax income	341,875	165,750	176,120
Under $10,000 (including loss)	26,920	11,900	15,015
$10,000 to $19,999	42,675	18,220	24,455
$20,000 to $29,999	67,525	30,850	36,680
$30,000 to $39,999	55,460	26,485	28,975
$40,000 to $49,999	48,690	23,310	25,380
$50,000 to $59,999	34,360	17,165	17,190
$60,000 to $69,999	23,815	12,365	11,445
$70,000 to $79,999	15,350	8,240	7,110
$80,000 to $89,999	9,200	5,375	3,825
$90,000 to $99,999	5,615	3,465	2,155
$100,000 and over	12,260	8,380	3,880
$100,000 to $124,999	6,640	4,345	2,295
$125,000 and over	5,615	4,035	1,580
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	354,415	171,835	182,580
Without employment income	101,810	42,500	59,315
With employment income	252,600	129,335	123,270
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,630	17,735	16,900
$5,000 to $9,999	22,245	10,335	11,910
$10,000 to $19,999	30,750	14,045	16,700
$20,000 to $29,999	24,220	11,165	13,060
$30,000 to $39,999	24,285	11,825	12,460
$40,000 to $49,999	24,205	11,605	12,595
$50,000 to $59,999	20,170	10,085	10,090
$60,000 to $69,999	16,450	8,955	7,500
$70,000 to $79,999	13,140	7,335	5,800
$80,000 to $89,999	11,800	6,335	5,465
$90,000 to $99,999	7,615	4,530	3,090
$100,000 and over	23,075	15,385	7,690
$100,000 to $124,999	11,220	7,100	4,115
$125,000 and over	11,860	8,280	3,580
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	354,415	171,835	182,580
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,605	161,430	172,170
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,735	161,455	172,280
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	301,570	149,460	152,110
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	251,630	128,800	122,830
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,800	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	253,980	112,440	141,540
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,320	3,640	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,245	14,215	15,030
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	4,320	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	354,415	171,830	182,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	333,715	161,610	172,105
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,520	54,800	42,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	333,845	161,635	172,210
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,520	43,400	35,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	301,575	149,600	151,975
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,160	53,600	38,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	252,040	129,155	122,875
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,760	52,400	40,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	253,870	112,420	141,450
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,960	7,500	10,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,270	14,220	15,050
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,735	8,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	354,410	171,830	182,580
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	118,955	63,140	55,815
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,200	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	74,200	59,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	97,565	47,905	49,660
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	26,200	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,200	35,920	28,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.4	80.4
Employment income (%)	72.8	76.4	68.6
Government transfers (%)	14.0	9.5	19.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	169,785	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	47,400	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	122,380	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	169,785	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	47,390	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,150	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	122,390	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	169,785	...	...
Under $5,000	1,070	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	595	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,450	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,490	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,180	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,375	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,195	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,320	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,740	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,565	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,545	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,955	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,860	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,145	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,320	...	...
$100,000 and over	68,985	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,665	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,445	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,730	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,140	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	169,785	...	...
Under $5,000	1,285	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	635	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,500	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,695	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,680	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,600	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,500	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,995	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,265	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,665	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,790	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,605	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,655	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,380	...	...
$100,000 and over	51,815	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,675	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,170	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,970	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	119,535	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	38,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	58,160	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,405	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	55,260	26,000	29,260
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	43,600	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	38,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	119,445	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	38,815	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	58,390	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,205	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	55,245	26,300	28,950
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,120	52,950	47,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,520	42,960	40,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	429,555	210,435	219,115
0 to 17 years	91,070	46,675	44,390
0 to 5 years	26,115	13,475	12,640
18 to 64 years	264,095	129,770	134,325
65 years and over	74,395	33,990	40,400
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	37,505	16,950	20,550
0 to 17 years	7,055	3,655	3,400
0 to 5 years	2,320	1,225	1,095
18 to 64 years	18,105	8,800	9,300
65 years and over	12,340	4,495	7,850
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.7	8.1	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.8	7.8	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9	9.1	8.7
18 to 64 years (%)	6.9	6.8	6.9
65 years and over (%)	16.6	13.2	19.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	429,555	210,435	219,115
0 to 17 years	91,065	46,675	44,390
0 to 5 years	26,115	13,475	12,640
18 to 64 years	264,095	129,770	134,325
65 years and over	74,390	33,990	40,400
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,445	8,940	9,505
0 to 17 years	3,330	1,725	1,600
0 to 5 years	1,065	565	495
18 to 64 years	11,220	5,830	5,390
65 years and over	3,900	1,380	2,520
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.1	4.2	3.9
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.0
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.1	6.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	429,555	210,435	219,115
In bottom half of the distribution	223,365	106,970	116,400
In bottom decile	30,235	14,035	16,200
In second decile	41,455	19,125	22,330
In third decile	49,450	23,915	25,535
In fourth decile	51,080	24,850	26,230
In fifth decile	51,150	25,040	26,110
In top half of the distribution	206,190	103,470	102,720
In sixth decile	50,425	25,020	25,410
In seventh decile	47,155	23,560	23,600
In eighth decile	42,825	21,475	21,350
In ninth decile	37,240	18,880	18,355
In top decile	28,545	14,540	14,010
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	429,555	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.308	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.435	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.261	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	434,645	212,055	222,590
English only	25,280	13,530	11,750
French only	138,210	60,720	77,495
English and French	262,055	134,245	127,810
Neither English nor French	9,100	3,570	5,535
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	434,645	212,055	222,590
English	82,675	42,305	40,375
French	299,480	143,755	155,730
English and French	43,690	22,590	21,105
Neither English nor French	8,805	3,420	5,385
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	434,645	212,055	222,590
Single responses	404,150	196,865	207,290
Official languages	260,850	127,185	133,665
English	34,175	17,685	16,490
French	226,675	109,495	117,175
Non-official languages	143,300	69,675	73,620
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	15
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	10	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	143,270	69,670	73,605
Afro-Asiatic languages	40,230	20,445	19,785
Berber languages	3,125	1,620	1,500
Kabyle	2,865	1,480	1,380
Tamazight	240	130	105
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Chadic languages	65	35	35
Hausa	20	10	15
Mina	45	20	20
Coptic	45	25	20
Cushitic languages	30	15	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	15	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	36,970	18,750	18,225
Amharic	35	15	20
Arabic	36,480	18,510	17,965
Aramaic languages	265	130	135
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	90	50	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	145	65	80
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	170	80	90
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	20	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,220	1,925	2,300
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690	770	925
Vietnamese	2,530	1,160	1,365
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	900	320	575
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	20	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	60	25	35
Indonesian	30	10	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	75	35	45
Merina	50	15	30
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	655	225	425
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Creole languages	8,275	3,565	4,710
Haitian Creole	6,880	2,945	3,935
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	250	115	135
Sango	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,065	465	600
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40
Dravidian languages	2,605	1,260	1,345
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	15	5	5
Tamil	2,545	1,225	1,325
Telugu	25	15	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	79,025	38,375	40,650
Albanian	520	260	255
Armenian	9,000	4,430	4,570
Balto-Slavic languages	4,830	2,170	2,665
Baltic languages	25	10	15
Latvian	10	0	10
Lithuanian	15	5	10
Slavic languages	4,805	2,160	2,640
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	595	295	305
Czech	80	30	55
Macedonian	25	15	10
Polish	655	265	390
Russian	2,450	1,080	1,365
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	695	350	345
Bosnian	155	85	75
Croatian	345	165	180
Serbian	170	85	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	40	20	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	30
Ukrainian	205	85	120
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	735	330	405
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	610	270	340
German	560	250	315
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	5	15
Yiddish	20	15	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	40	60
Afrikaans	5	0	5
Dutch	80	35	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	25	20	5
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	15	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Greek	12,500	6,100	6,400
Indo-Iranian languages	9,825	4,935	4,890
Indo-Aryan languages	5,345	2,680	2,665
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	635	300	335
Gujarati	485	240	250
Hindi	165	90	75
Kacchi	10	10	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	25	15	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,230	1,145	1,085
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	35
Urdu	1,690	830	860
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	4,475	2,255	2,225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	140	80	55
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	230	115	110
Persian languages	4,100	2,050	2,050
Dari	2,875	1,460	1,415
Iranian Persian	1,005	490	510
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	220	105	120
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	41,585	20,130	21,450
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	14,545	7,220	7,320
Portuguese	4,905	2,305	2,600
Romanian	6,680	3,215	3,460
Spanish	15,425	7,370	8,050
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Japanese	70	15	60
Korean	155	50	100
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,660	800	860
Akan (Twi)	100	55	45
Bamanankan	115	60	55
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	75	35	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	155	70	80
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	160	75	85
Lingala	160	75	85
Luba-Kasai	15	10	5
Mòoré	10	10	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	55	90
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	10	10	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	175	80	95
Wojenaka	40	20	20
Wolof	205	100	105
Yoruba	20	20	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255	130	125
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
African, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Sign languages	80	40	40
American Sign Language	10	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	65	30	30
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,375	1,540	1,835
Chinese languages	3,360	1,535	1,830
Hakka	25	10	10
Mandarin	1,970	895	1,080
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	70	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,130	525	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0
Burmese	5	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	980	440	540
Lao	900	425	475
Thai	80	15	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,135	600	530
Azerbaijani	30	15	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,085	575	510
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	505	250	250
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	5	5	0
Hungarian	495	250	250
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Multiple responses	30,500	15,195	15,305
English and French	7,770	4,000	3,765
English and non-official language(s)	5,345	2,650	2,695
French and non-official language(s)	11,915	5,755	6,155
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,460	2,305	2,150
Multiple non-official languages	1,010	480	535
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	434,645	212,055	222,590
English	39,575	20,160	19,410
French	212,030	102,465	109,560
Non-official language	40,525	19,425	21,100
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous	40,510	19,415	21,095
English and French	29,555	14,970	14,585
English and non-official language(s)	20,425	10,360	10,065
French and non-official language(s)	48,350	22,885	25,460
English, French and non-official language(s)	41,650	20,600	21,050
Multiple non-official languages	2,540	1,190	1,355
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	434,645	212,055	222,590
Single responses	394,895	192,610	202,285
Official languages	317,930	155,280	162,655
English	63,505	32,135	31,370
French	254,430	123,145	131,280
Non-official languages	76,960	37,335	39,630
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	10	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	76,945	37,325	39,615
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,675	10,815	10,860
Berber languages	1,090	535	555
Kabyle	1,000	485	510
Tamazight	80	40	40
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Chadic languages	25	15	10
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	20	10	5
Coptic	25	10	10
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	20,530	10,250	10,280
Amharic	30	15	15
Arabic	20,220	10,095	10,125
Aramaic languages	205	105	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	35	35
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	50	50
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	60	35	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,695	1,250	1,440
Khmer (Cambodian)	970	435	535
Vietnamese	1,725	815	905
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	355	175	185
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	5	5	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	15	15
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10
Merina	10	0	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	260	130	135
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Creole languages	3,360	1,410	1,955
Haitian Creole	2,740	1,135	1,605
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	140	70	75
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	440	190	250
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Dravidian languages	2,005	960	1,050
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	5	0	5
Tamil	1,975	945	1,030
Telugu	15	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	42,255	20,480	21,775
Albanian	305	160	145
Armenian	7,280	3,565	3,715
Balto-Slavic languages	3,025	1,475	1,550
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	0	5	0
Lithuanian	0	0	5
Slavic languages	3,015	1,470	1,550
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	440	225	215
Czech	30	15	10
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	270	115	155
Russian	1,800	870	930
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	325	175	155
Bosnian	95	55	45
Croatian	125	65	65
Serbian	90	50	35
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Slovak	15	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	110	50	60
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	100	45	60
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	80	35	45
German	80	35	45
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	5,460	2,570	2,890
Indo-Iranian languages	7,415	3,710	3,710
Indo-Aryan languages	4,205	2,105	2,105
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	470	230	240
Gujarati	310	155	150
Hindi	105	55	45
Kacchi	10	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	15	10	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,850	940	910
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	20
Urdu	1,390	685	705
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	3,210	1,605	1,610
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	40	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	155	75	80
Persian languages	2,970	1,480	1,495
Dari	2,080	1,040	1,035
Iranian Persian	725	365	365
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	75	90
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,640	8,950	9,695
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,475	1,110	1,365
Portuguese	1,960	945	1,015
Romanian	4,530	2,235	2,295
Spanish	9,660	4,655	5,010
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Japanese	20	5	15
Korean	85	40	50
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	420	200	215
Akan (Twi)	35	20	15
Bamanankan	30	15	15
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	15	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	20	20
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	25	25
Lingala	40	20	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	20	25
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	65	30	35
Wojenaka	5	0	0
Wolof	65	30	30
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Sign languages	155	75	75
American Sign Language	25	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	90	45	45
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,335	1,130	1,200
Chinese languages	2,330	1,130	1,200
Hakka	0	5	5
Mandarin	1,545	750	790
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	40	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	655	315	345
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	545	260	285
Lao	525	250	270
Thai	20	5	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	805	415	390
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	780	400	380
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	205	95	105
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	205	100	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	39,755	19,445	20,310
English and French	10,725	5,350	5,380
English and non-official language(s)	6,310	3,085	3,225
French and non-official language(s)	16,050	7,765	8,290
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,320	3,085	3,235
Multiple non-official languages	345	165	180
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	434,650	212,055	222,595
None	321,455	156,390	165,065
English	23,975	12,215	11,760
French	25,450	12,350	13,095
Non-official language	33,610	16,125	17,480
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5
Non-Indigenous	33,595	16,115	17,475
English and French	9,430	4,770	4,665
English and non-official language(s)	9,720	4,875	4,850
French and non-official language(s)	7,955	3,875	4,080
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,225	590	635
Multiple non-official languages	1,840	875	965
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	429,555	210,440	219,115
Official languages	420,445	206,860	213,580
English	285,720	147,310	138,410
French	395,160	193,490	201,670
Non-official languages	211,240	102,660	108,580
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	25	40
Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	15	0	10
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	0	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	211,205	102,640	108,560
Afro-Asiatic languages	66,530	33,850	32,680
Berber languages	4,570	2,370	2,200
Kabyle	4,175	2,150	2,025
Tamazight	350	195	155
Berber languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55
Chadic languages	190	90	100
Hausa	60	25	35
Mina	130	65	65
Coptic	145	65	80
Cushitic languages	60	35	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	60	35	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	64,355	32,665	31,690
Amharic	25	10	10
Arabic	63,660	32,360	31,310
Aramaic languages	475	240	235
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	100	55	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	30	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	315	155	165
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	650	310	340
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	70	25	45
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,795	2,655	3,135
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,350	1,095	1,260
Vietnamese	3,565	1,620	1,945
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,425	520	905
Bikol	25	20	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	40	10	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	0	15
Ilocano	130	40	85
Indonesian	20	0	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	120	70	55
Merina	65	35	30
Malagasy, n.o.s.	55	30	25
Malay	35	15	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,130	380	750
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	20	65
Creole languages	18,470	8,190	10,280
Haitian Creole	17,155	7,555	9,595
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	20
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	435	225	205
Sango	30	15	15
Creole, n.o.s.	1,660	745	915
Creole languages, n.i.e.	245	100	140
Dravidian languages	3,505	1,720	1,790
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	40	25	15
Tamil	3,450	1,700	1,750
Telugu	35	15	15
Tulu	10	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	15	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	113,870	55,405	58,465
Albanian	750	395	360
Armenian	11,180	5,605	5,570
Balto-Slavic languages	7,610	3,575	4,025
Baltic languages	30	15	15
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	20	15	15
Slavic languages	7,585	3,565	4,015
Belarusian	15	10	10
Bulgarian	715	340	380
Czech	100	30	70
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	905	400	500
Russian	5,020	2,370	2,650
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	865	435	430
Bosnian	175	105	70
Croatian	510	270	245
Serbian	225	105	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Slovak	80	35	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	40	55
Ukrainian	555	250	305
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	30	20	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Germanic languages	2,430	1,215	1,220
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,115	1,050	1,065
German	2,055	1,025	1,025
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	10	10
Yiddish	55	20	35
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210	105	105
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	180	95	80
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20
Scandinavian languages	150	85	70
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	0	10
Swedish	115	70	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Greek	17,745	8,820	8,925
Indo-Iranian languages	13,105	6,460	6,645
Indo-Aryan languages	8,255	4,015	4,240
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,035	490	545
Gujarati	680	300	385
Hindi	1,780	820	955
Kacchi	40	15	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0
Marathi	30	0	20
Nepali	65	35	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,595	1,780	1,815
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	95	115
Urdu	3,225	1,585	1,640
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Iranian languages	5,505	2,830	2,680
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	220	120	100
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	305	165	135
Persian languages	5,080	2,615	2,465
Dari	3,540	1,890	1,645
Iranian Persian	1,215	595	615
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	365	150	220
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	66,180	31,715	34,465
Catalan	35	30	0
Italian	24,840	12,380	12,460
Portuguese	6,960	3,420	3,540
Romanian	7,710	3,660	4,050
Spanish	31,365	14,440	16,925
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	130	70	55
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30
Japanese	320	130	190
Korean	295	105	190
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,980	1,910	2,070
Akan (Twi)	175	105	65
Bamanankan	240	125	120
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	190	100	90
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	385	155	225
Ga	50	25	25
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	225	120	105
Lingala	940	460	480
Luba-Kasai	85	45	30
Mòoré	55	30	25
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	85	150
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	25	0	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	485	235	250
Wojenaka	100	60	45
Wolof	570	265	305
Yoruba	70	40	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,000	475	525
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	45	70
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	45	70
African, n.o.s.	20	0	0
Sign languages	330	145	180
American Sign Language	70	40	40
Quebec Sign Language	245	110	140
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,435	2,080	2,355
Chinese languages	4,430	2,075	2,355
Hakka	10	10	0
Mandarin	2,940	1,380	1,560
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	250	120	130
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	10	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,820	840	980
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	40	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,360	630	720
Lao	1,225	590	635
Thai	325	140	185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	3,205	1,635	1,570
Azerbaijani	40	20	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	3,155	1,615	1,550
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	785	320	465
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	20	10	0
Hungarian	770	305	465
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	429,555	210,435	219,115
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,310	1,555	1,765
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,060	1,440	1,615
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,745	815	930
Métis	1,260	605	655
Inuk (Inuit)	55	25	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	90	35	55
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	165	75	90
Non-Indigenous identity	426,240	208,885	217,355
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	429,555	210,435	219,115
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	565	245	325
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	428,985	210,190	218,795
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	169,785	...	...
Owner	113,005	...	...
Renter	56,785	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	169,785	...	...
Condominium	30,885	...	...
Not condominium	138,900	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	169,785	...	...
No bedrooms	650	...	...
1 bedroom	21,050	...	...
2 bedrooms	50,725	...	...
3 bedrooms	62,515	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	34,850	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	169,785	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	57,850	...	...
5 rooms	27,000	...	...
6 rooms	21,630	...	...
7 rooms	21,025	...	...
8 or more rooms	42,280	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	169,785	...	...
One person or fewer per room	166,475	...	...
More than one person per room	3,310	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	169,785	...	...
Suitable	160,495	...	...
Not suitable	9,290	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	169,785	...	...
1960 or before	24,055	...	...
1961 to 1980	55,530	...	...
1981 to 1990	28,535	...	...
1991 to 2000	20,160	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,920	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,175	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,975	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,430	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	169,785	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	160,990	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,795	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	169,785	...	...
One-maintainer household	84,380	...	...
Two-maintainer household	78,955	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,445	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	169,785	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,355	...	...
25 to 34 years	17,850	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,365	...	...
45 to 54 years	35,600	...	...
55 to 64 years	37,245	...	...
65 to 74 years	25,700	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,790	...	...
85 years and over	5,880	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	169,240	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	139,895	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	29,340	...	...
30% to less than 100%	27,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	169,785	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	44,255	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,905	...	...
Not suitable only	7,790	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,440	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	765	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,625	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	690	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
Acceptable housing	125,535	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	167,460	...	...
In core need	10,680	...	...
Not in core need	156,780	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	112,950	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,374	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	451,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	56,775	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,003	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	429,550	210,435	219,120
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,415	1,080	1,330
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,395	1,075	1,320
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,070	940	1,135
Métis single ancestry	285	125	165
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	30
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,915	2,230	2,685
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,855	2,200	2,655
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,450	2,000	2,450
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	180	180
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	20	25
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	422,230	207,120	215,105
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	429,555	210,435	219,115
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	399,715	196,100	203,615
Canadian citizens aged under 18	86,035	44,005	42,030
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	313,685	152,090	161,590
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	29,835	14,335	15,495
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	429,555	210,435	219,115
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	288,925	141,900	147,030
Immigrants⁸¹	135,315	65,800	69,520
Before 1980	22,230	11,005	11,225
1980 to 1990	17,920	9,090	8,835
1991 to 2000	24,235	12,115	12,120
2001 to 2010	36,670	17,230	19,440
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,265	16,365	17,900
2011 to 2015	18,110	8,495	9,610
2016 to 2021	16,155	7,865	8,295
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,310	2,740	2,570
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	135,315	65,800	69,515
Under 5 years	12,535	6,355	6,175
5 to 14 years	23,830	11,910	11,920
15 to 24 years	26,660	11,675	14,985
25 to 44 years	62,040	31,125	30,910
45 years and over	10,260	4,730	5,530
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	135,315	65,800	69,515
Americas	26,570	11,735	14,835
Brazil	430	200	230
Colombia	2,245	1,040	1,210
El Salvador	1,620	785	830
Guyana	55	20	30
Haiti	12,770	5,465	7,310
Jamaica	220	95	120
Mexico	1,460	600	860
Peru	1,300	550	745
Trinidad and Tobago	165	65	95
United States of America	1,265	615	645
Other places of birth in Americas	5,055	2,290	2,760
Europe	29,620	14,670	14,950
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135	80	55
Croatia	190	95	95
France	3,625	1,925	1,695
Germany	495	240	255
Greece	5,600	2,755	2,845
Hungary	245	110	135
Italy	5,175	2,810	2,365
Netherlands	50	35	10
Poland	580	240	335
Portugal	2,645	1,315	1,330
Romania	4,995	2,360	2,640
Russian Federation	805	335	470
Serbia⁸⁶	115	55	65
Ukraine	625	290	330
United Kingdom⁸⁷	235	100	135
Other places of birth in Europe	4,105	1,915	2,190
Africa	31,140	15,445	15,690
Algeria	8,670	4,260	4,410
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,000	520	480
Egypt	2,905	1,465	1,445
Eritrea	25	10	20
Ethiopia	15	15	10
Morocco	9,600	4,680	4,920
Nigeria	105	45	55
Somalia	30	20	10
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	10
Other places of birth in Africa	8,755	4,415	4,340
Asia	47,955	23,930	24,020
Afghanistan	2,550	1,305	1,245
Iran⁸⁸	1,105	555	545
Iraq	760	390	365
Lebanon	13,930	7,425	6,500
Syria⁸⁹	9,445	4,800	4,645
Turkey	1,260	670	590
China⁹⁰	1,950	820	1,125
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	75	50
Korea, South⁹²	175	80	95
Taiwan	40	15	20
Philippines	1,095	360	730
Viet Nam	2,370	1,040	1,330
Bangladesh	670	320	350
India	2,310	1,130	1,180
Pakistan	1,880	975	905
Sri Lanka	1,975	960	1,015
Other places of birth in Asia	6,315	3,005	3,310
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	40	25	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	16,155	7,865	8,290
Americas	2,100	1,030	1,070
Brazil	55	30	30
Colombia	255	135	120
Haiti	865	405	465
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	180	70	115
United States of America	240	120	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	35	50
Other places of birth in Americas	420	240	175
Europe	1,395	650	745
France	515	275	245
Germany	20	15	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	55	35	20
Russian Federation	40	0	35
Ukraine	75	30	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0	10
Other places of birth in Europe	670	280	385
Africa	4,155	1,900	2,255
Algeria	945	430	520
Burundi	20	10	15
Cameroon	330	150	180
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	210	105	105
Côte d'Ivoire	175	95	85
Egypt	170	70	95
Eritrea	20	10	10
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	805	310	495
Nigeria	40	0	30
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	730	360	370
Other places of birth in Africa	695	345	355
Asia	8,490	4,275	4,210
Afghanistan	535	260	280
Bangladesh	95	45	50
China⁹⁰	285	105	180
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	480	215	270
Iran⁸⁸	140	70	70
Iraq	125	85	45
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	30	0	30
Jordan	30	20	15
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	20
Lebanon	950	510	440
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	285	150	135
Philippines	145	50	90
Saudi Arabia	145	95	50
Sri Lanka	120	65	55
Syria⁸⁹	4,385	2,275	2,110
Turkey	50	35	15
United Arab Emirates	150	85	60
Viet Nam	130	35	100
Other places of birth in Asia	335	140	190
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	429,555	210,440	219,115
First generation¹⁰⁰	144,035	70,185	73,840
Second generation¹⁰¹	101,745	51,440	50,305
Third generation or more¹⁰²	183,775	88,810	94,960
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	113,085	54,795	58,290
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	56,210	29,485	26,725
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	24,495	15,715	8,780
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,720	13,770	17,945
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,005	11,430	18,575
Refugees¹⁰⁸	25,150	13,075	12,080
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,725	805	915
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	113,085	54,795	58,290
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	10,750	5,885	4,860
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	7,260	3,930	3,330
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,870	1,045	825
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,400	1,425	975
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,210	370	840
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	89,600	42,130	47,465
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	429,555	210,440	219,115
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,275	68,880	71,390
South Asian	12,495	6,065	6,430
Chinese	4,515	1,960	2,555
Black	38,420	18,250	20,180
Filipino	1,555	585	970
Arab	49,070	25,355	23,710
Latin American	15,020	7,165	7,855
Southeast Asian	8,225	3,985	4,240
West Asian	5,745	2,975	2,770
Korean	385	205	175
Japanese	185	65	130
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,090	540	550
Multiple visible minorities	3,565	1,735	1,830
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	289,280	141,555	147,725
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	429,555	210,440	219,115
Canadian	68,880	32,695	36,185
English	4,895	2,225	2,670
Irish	11,860	5,485	6,375
Scottish	4,830	2,355	2,470
French, n.o.s.¹²²	60,915	30,380	30,535
German	4,235	2,030	2,205
Chinese	6,000	2,645	3,350
Italian	38,350	19,385	18,965
Indian (India)	3,740	1,775	1,960
Ukrainian	2,030	1,010	1,020
Dutch	695	310	380
Polish	2,790	1,325	1,465
Québécois	29,515	14,380	15,135
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	915	430	485
Filipino	1,595	630	970
French Canadian	17,460	8,430	9,030
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,960	2,020	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,370	1,490	1,870
Métis	725	345	375
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,425	1,670	1,755
Russian	2,875	1,340	1,535
Norwegian	170	80	95
Welsh	220	80	140
Portuguese	8,710	4,395	4,310
American	1,420	595	825
Spanish	4,970	2,315	2,655
Swedish	210	95	115
Hungarian	1,630	780	860
Acadian	2,425	1,150	1,275
Pakistani	2,450	1,205	1,250
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	6,345	3,145	3,195
Jewish	1,625	800	830
Punjabi	900	455	445
Vietnamese	4,175	1,990	2,190
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	15,990	8,415	7,580
Greek	20,330	10,210	10,115
Jamaican	655	330	325
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,165	605	560
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	155	90	60
Korean	385	200	190
Romanian	7,035	3,355	3,675
Lebanese	22,140	11,465	10,675
Iranian	1,180	600	580
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,075	2,485	2,595
Danish	115	55	60
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	715	295	420
Sikh	465	245	215
Austrian	630	310	325
Belgian	2,130	1,025	1,105
Haitian	21,765	9,925	11,835
Hindu	635	290	345
Mexican	2,480	1,130	1,350
Mennonite	0	0	0
Swiss	715	320	395
Finnish	110	55	50
Sri Lankan	2,130	1,060	1,070
Croatian	610	315	295
Japanese	345	135	210
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	355	175	180
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	380	170	215
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	105	50	60
Muslim	2,160	1,080	1,080
Egyptian	3,970	1,965	2,005
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,605	1,335	1,275
Tamil	1,260	635	625
Icelandic	10	10	0
Colombian	2,865	1,345	1,515
Moroccan	10,835	5,380	5,460
Czech	230	95	140
Syrian	8,640	4,415	4,225
Guyanese	150	60	95
Afghan	3,320	1,745	1,575
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,190	560	630
Serbian	330	165	165
Ojibway	10	0	0
Newfoundlander	40	30	15
Hong Konger	15	0	10
Ontarian	150	55	90
Persian	380	185	200
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	180	70	110
Turkish	2,230	1,165	1,060
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	85	35	55
Bangladeshi	730	370	360
Algerian	7,190	3,550	3,640
Brazilian	695	345	345
Nigerian	65	35	35
Armenian	12,485	6,340	6,145
Slovak	240	100	145
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	365	160	210
Somali	100	55	45
Taiwanese	105	50	55
Iraqi	645	350	300
Salvadorean	2,445	1,255	1,185
African Caribbean	1,060	540	515
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	335	135	205
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	585	360	230
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	715	305	405
Algonquin	525	225	300
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	150	75	70
Lithuanian	145	65	80
South African	50	35	15
Australian	20	15	0
Palestinian	890	490	400
Chilean	1,320	610	710
Congolese	1,350	670	680
Nova Scotian	40	30	10
Ethiopian	25	15	15
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	510	230	275
Peruvian	1,920	895	1,015
Yoruba	110	50	65
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,090	1,445	1,645
Berber	4,365	2,325	2,035
Albanian	785	400	385
Maltese	25	15	15
Macedonian	35	10	25
Slovenian	285	130	155
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	175	95	75
New Brunswicker	220	80	145
Gujarati	75	30	45
Eritrean	30	15	15
African Canadian	275	125	150
Israeli	350	155	200
Mohawk	190	85	105
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	25	40
Bulgarian	875	440	435
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	355	205	155
Barbadian	290	150	140
African American	90	55	35
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	50	35
Tunisian	2,870	1,520	1,345
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	35	80
Cuban	755	380	375
Bosnian	150	90	60
Venezuelan	630	310	325
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	265	115	140
Latvian	35	10	20
Bengali	260	110	145
Cameroonian	1,130	565	570
Guatemalan	1,200	540	670
Indonesian	70	35	35
Laotian	1,425	690	735
Ilocano	40	0	40
Northern Irish	55	20	30
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	10	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	260	130	130
Franco Ontarian	75	55	20
Argentinian	530	245	290
Estonian	25	10	15
Kurdish	245	135	115
Fijian	10	0	0
Jatt	50	20	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	200	100	100
Coptic	670	335	340
Thai	275	110	160
Dominican	1,125	480	645
Nepali	60	35	20
Kabyle	2,505	1,335	1,170
Assyrian	275	155	120
Igbo	40	20	20
Byelorussian	135	45	85
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0
Abenaki	500	195	305
Moldovan	1,315	625	690
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	225	115	110
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	10	0	10
Breton	565	275	285
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	75	30	50
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,035	530	505
Huron (Wendat)	285	150	135
Saskatchewanian	20	15	0
Buddhist	150	65	80
Gaspesian	455	205	245
Norman	295	150	150
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	535	280	260
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	285	120	165
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	165	85	85
Mauritian	330	170	165
Kenyan	40	10	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	110	55	50
Jordanian	150	85	65
Manitoban	15	0	10
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	275	150	130
Grenadian	50	15	35
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	140	75	70
Sinhalese	30	15	10
Mayan	415	225	190
Honduran	445	220	230
Cherokee	25	10	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	20
Flemish	70	30	45
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	450	210	240
Azerbaijani	45	25	20
Sicilian	210	135	70
Pashtun	80	40	40
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	190	105	85
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	20	15	0
Mongolian	25	15	10
Azorean	315	155	165
Atikamekw	60	35	25
Bamileke	350	180	170
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	45	25	20
Yemeni	35	15	20
Central African	365	195	165
Libyan	75	25	50
Basque	170	80	100
Uruguayan	200	100	100
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	40	15
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	55	55
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	405	150	260
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	460	220	245
St. Lucian	30	10	15
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	30	10	20
Beninese	195	100	85
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	50	20	35
Costa Rican	100	45	55
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	170	65	105
Kashmiri	10	10	0
Singaporean	25	10	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	25	10	10
Tajik	180	65	115
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	25	0	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	429,555	210,435	219,115
Buddhist	5,940	2,675	3,265
Christian	280,720	133,695	147,030
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	33,600	16,540	17,060
Anabaptist	100	40	60
Anglican	730	335	390
Baptist	2,720	1,220	1,495
Catholic	192,665	91,110	101,555
Christian Orthodox	37,565	18,480	19,085
Jehovah's Witness	1,540	645	900
Latter Day Saints	240	100	140
Lutheran	255	125	130
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	180	95	85
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,970	1,295	1,675
Presbyterian	200	105	100
Reformed	35	25	10
United Church	250	95	155
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,660	3,475	4,180
Hindu	4,140	1,995	2,145
Jewish	2,435	1,135	1,300
Muslim	55,620	28,280	27,345
Sikh	2,235	1,105	1,125
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	10	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,280	630	655
No religion and secular perspectives	77,165	40,930	36,240
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	425,740	208,405	217,335
Non-movers	388,795	190,360	198,440
Movers	36,945	18,050	18,900
Non-migrants	21,180	10,445	10,735
Migrants	15,770	7,605	8,165
Internal migrants	13,335	6,420	6,910
Intraprovincial migrants	12,495	5,970	6,525
Interprovincial migrants	840	455	390
External migrants	2,435	1,180	1,250
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	408,335	199,435	208,900
Non-movers	268,195	131,130	137,065
Movers	140,140	68,310	71,835
Non-migrants	60,165	29,015	31,145
Migrants	79,975	39,285	40,690
Internal migrants	63,670	31,330	32,345
Intraprovincial migrants	61,420	30,180	31,235
Interprovincial migrants	2,250	1,145	1,105
External migrants	16,305	7,960	8,345
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	354,410	171,830	182,580
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	69,915	35,730	34,180
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	284,505	136,100	148,400
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	228,815	111,890	116,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	29,675	16,615	13,065
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	199,145	95,285	103,860
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	354,415	171,830	182,585
No certificate, diploma or degree	62,995	31,485	31,515
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	78,405	38,400	40,010
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	213,015	101,950	111,060
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	124,905	61,485	63,420
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	45,560	26,195	19,365
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	32,700	16,700	16,000
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,860	9,495	3,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	63,250	28,425	34,825
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,100	6,865	9,225
Bachelor's degree or higher	88,110	40,465	47,645
Bachelor's degree	57,440	25,400	32,045
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,620	4,405	5,215
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,200	1,035	1,160
Master's degree	16,400	8,135	8,260
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,455	1,485	965
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	228,815	111,895	116,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,970	13,865	11,110
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	40,040	20,670	19,370
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	163,805	77,360	86,440
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	90,045	44,380	45,670
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	34,510	19,440	15,070
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	24,910	12,425	12,480
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,605	7,010	2,595
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	43,545	19,695	23,855
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,995	5,250	6,745
Bachelor's degree or higher	73,755	32,980	40,775
Bachelor's degree	48,035	20,930	27,105
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,070	3,530	4,540
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,720	735	985
Master's degree	13,935	6,650	7,285
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,995	1,135	860
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	354,415	171,830	182,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	141,400	69,880	71,520
Education	13,220	2,630	10,590
13. Education	13,220	2,630	10,590
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,320	3,320	3,995
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,225	910	310
50. Visual and performing arts	6,095	2,405	3,685
Humanities	11,810	4,345	7,460
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,910	420	1,490
23. English language and literature/letters	1,015	270	745
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,865	2,390	3,470
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	35	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	350	230	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	360	195	160
54. History	665	380	285
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,560	425	1,135
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,625	7,935	15,690
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	225	55	170
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,315	805	1,510
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,275	375	3,900
22. Legal professions and studies	4,570	1,750	2,830
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	495	130	365
42. Psychology	3,180	775	2,405
45. Social sciences	8,560	4,045	4,520
Business, management and public administration	55,355	22,240	33,115
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	30	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,915	455	1,460
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,375	21,760	31,615
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,090	4,925	5,165
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,395	1,330	2,065
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,780	890	890
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,740	810	930
40. Physical sciences	2,715	1,695	1,020
41. Science technologies/technicians	455	195	260
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,505	7,490	3,010
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,920	6,710	2,210
25. Library science	515	125	395
27. Mathematics and statistics	925	555	365
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	150	110	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,335	36,585	4,745
04. Architecture and related services	1,775	1,065	710
14. Engineering	12,740	10,275	2,465
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,955	7,000	955
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	7,770	7,450	320
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,755	7,580	170
48. Precision production	3,340	3,220	120
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,250	1,155	1,100
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,810	880	930
03. Natural resources and conservation	440	270	170
Health and related fields	24,995	4,835	20,160
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,175	625	555
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,215	3,935	19,275
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	575	270	310
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,505	6,485	6,020
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,130	1,990	5,140
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	45	0
43. Security and protective services	2,430	1,835	590
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,885	2,605	280
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	228,815	111,895	116,920
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	65,010	34,535	30,480
Education	9,485	1,765	7,715
13. Education	9,485	1,765	7,715
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,600	2,475	3,125
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	890	635	255
50. Visual and performing arts	4,720	1,840	2,870
Humanities	7,620	2,760	4,860
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,490	305	1,185
23. English language and literature/letters	835	220	620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,135	1,355	1,775
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	20	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	145	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	230	120	110
54. History	480	300	180
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,140	300	845
Social and behavioural sciences and law	18,145	5,735	12,410
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	55	125
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,875	630	1,245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,410	245	3,165
22. Legal professions and studies	3,580	1,285	2,300
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	100	240
42. Psychology	2,330	495	1,835
45. Social sciences	6,430	2,935	3,500
Business, management and public administration	44,355	17,235	27,125
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	25	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,455	300	1,155
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	42,860	16,910	25,950
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,490	3,035	3,445
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,815	1,090	1,725
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,005	470	535
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	355	185	175
40. Physical sciences	2,035	1,165	870
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	125	150
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,095	6,540	2,555
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,950	5,985	1,965
25. Library science	385	95	290
27. Mathematics and statistics	675	400	275
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	32,425	28,280	4,135
04. Architecture and related services	1,390	795	590
14. Engineering	11,045	8,780	2,265
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,050	5,290	760
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	5,840	5,580	260
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,795	5,635	155
48. Precision production	2,300	2,200	105
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,795	865	930
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,470	675	790
03. Natural resources and conservation	320	190	135
Health and related fields	19,150	3,620	15,530
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	880	455	420
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	17,795	2,985	14,805
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	455	175	280
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,640	5,025	4,610
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,375	1,445	3,930
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	1,860	1,435	425
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,365	2,115	250
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	228,815	111,895	116,920
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,010	34,535	30,480
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	163,800	77,360	86,445
Location of study inside Canada	131,735	61,255	70,475
Same as province or territory of residence	129,045	59,975	69,075
Different than province or territory of residence	2,685	1,285	1,400
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	32,065	16,100	15,965
Americas	5,495	2,690	2,805
United States of America	995	600	395
Mexico	665	265	395
Cuba	235	115	120
Haiti	1,170	570	600
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	355	155	195
Colombia	920	435	490
Peru	220	85	135
Venezuela⁹⁵	205	80	115
Other locations of study in Americas	725	370	355
Europe	8,145	4,460	3,680
Belgium	155	90	65
France	2,625	1,555	1,070
Germany	110	65	40
Netherlands	25	15	10
Switzerland	100	65	35
Hungary	15	10	10
Moldova¹⁸³	725	350	370
Poland	110	50	55
Romania	2,085	1,090	990
Russian Federation	415	195	220
Ukraine	305	165	135
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	280	150	130
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	20	10
Italy	190	130	70
Serbia⁸⁶	35	15	10
Other locations of study in Europe	950	490	460
Africa	9,285	4,805	4,475
Nigeria	60	35	25
Algeria	3,380	1,735	1,650
Morocco	2,570	1,325	1,245
Tunisia	1,205	640	565
Egypt	855	425	430
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,205	640	555
Asia	9,085	4,110	4,980
Iran⁸⁸	305	135	165
Iraq	170	85	85
Israel	60	35	25
Lebanon	3,160	1,520	1,645
Syria⁸⁹	1,920	900	1,020
Turkey	85	55	30
China⁹⁰	765	320	450
Taiwan	15	0	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0
Japan	40	10	35
Korea, South⁹²	55	20	40
Philippines	390	100	290
Viet Nam	130	35	100
Bangladesh	170	90	80
Sri Lanka	145	75	65
India	500	225	275
Pakistan	280	105	170
Other locations of study in Asia	875	390	480
Oceania	60	35	30
Australia	45	20	20
New Zealand	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	354,415	171,830	182,585
In the labour force	232,550	119,490	113,060
Employed	212,515	109,010	103,505
Unemployed	20,035	10,485	9,550
Not in the labour force	121,865	52,340	69,525
Participation rate	65.6	69.5	61.9
Employment rate	60.0	63.4	56.7
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.8	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	354,415	171,830	182,585
Did not work¹⁸⁶	122,885	52,790	70,095
Worked	231,530	119,040	112,485
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	122,025	65,145	56,875
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	109,510	53,900	55,615
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.2	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	232,545	119,495	113,055
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245
Employee	198,190	97,035	101,155
Permanent position	170,475	84,480	85,995
Temporary position	27,715	12,555	15,155
Fixed term (1 year or more)	10,345	4,495	5,855
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	17,365	8,060	9,300
Self-employed¹⁹²	29,000	19,915	9,090
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	232,545	119,495	113,055
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810
All occupations¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,375	3,330	1,045
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	46,570	15,700	30,870
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	20,770	16,015	4,755
3 Health occupations	17,625	3,425	14,200
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,755	6,670	19,085
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,950	2,900	3,050
6 Sales and service occupations	62,970	31,510	31,465
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	33,050	30,260	2,790
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,395	1,140	250
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,735	5,995	2,740
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	232,545	119,495	113,055
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810
All industries¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	790	485	305
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	230	155	75
22 Utilities	1,515	990	525
23 Construction	13,825	11,370	2,455
31-33 Manufacturing	21,950	14,675	7,275
41 Wholesale trade	11,150	6,625	4,520
44-45 Retail trade	30,670	15,375	15,295
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,200	11,110	3,090
51 Information and cultural industries	4,930	3,150	1,780
52 Finance and insurance	11,640	5,135	6,510
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,755	2,075	1,675
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	19,430	11,135	8,290
55 Management of companies and enterprises	500	215	295
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,215	6,130	4,085
61 Educational services	16,640	4,590	12,055
62 Health care and social assistance	30,675	5,980	24,695
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,620	1,525	1,095
72 Accommodation and food services	12,285	6,570	5,710
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,365	4,600	4,760
91 Public administration	10,805	5,055	5,750
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	246,815	126,760	120,050
English	18,850	10,565	8,285
French	118,320	58,140	60,185
Non-official language	1,085	565	520
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,085	565	520
English and French	98,825	52,240	46,585
English and non-official language(s)	1,570	950	620
French and non-official language(s)	1,670	770	905
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,450	3,510	2,940
Multiple non-official languages	45	35	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	246,815	126,760	120,050
Single responses	219,820	112,490	107,325
Official languages	217,570	111,220	106,355
English	43,085	23,325	19,760
French	174,485	87,895	86,590
Non-official languages	2,250	1,275	970
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,250	1,275	970
Afro-Asiatic languages	580	360	220
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	580	360	220
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	580	360	220
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	45	85
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	20
Vietnamese	105	35	65
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	30	20	10
Haitian Creole	30	20	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	60	30	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	60	30	30
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,135	675	460
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	210	130	75
Balto-Slavic languages	60	30	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	60	30	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	40	25	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	15
German	20	0	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	175	90	85
Indo-Iranian languages	260	145	115
Indo-Aryan languages	200	105	90
Bengali	15	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	150	90	65
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	30	10	20
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	60	35	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	60	35	20
Dari	60	35	20
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	395	265	130
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	55	35	15
Portuguese	20	15	10
Romanian	45	35	15
Spanish	275	185	90
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	15	0	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	15	20
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	225	125	105
Chinese languages	225	125	105
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	125	55	70
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	65	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	25	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	27,000	14,270	12,730
English and French	24,845	13,115	11,735
English and non-official language(s)	590	320	270
French and non-official language(s)	660	275	380
English, French and non-official language(s)	885	550	335
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	246,815	126,760	120,050
None	163,220	82,475	80,745
English	53,675	28,570	25,100
French	22,925	11,950	10,975
Non-official language	2,915	1,555	1,360
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,915	1,555	1,360
English and French	310	175	135
English and non-official language(s)	2,275	1,180	1,095
French and non-official language(s)	1,120	660	455
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	35	0
Multiple non-official languages	345	170	175
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	212,515	109,005	103,505
Worked at home	48,390	23,365	25,030
Worked outside Canada	410	300	105
No fixed workplace address	22,815	17,035	5,780
Usual place of work	140,900	68,310	72,590
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	140,900	68,310	72,590
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	64,590	28,250	36,340
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	76,110	39,915	36,195
Commute to a different province or territory	205	150	55
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	163,715	85,345	78,370
Car, truck or van	137,570	74,570	63,000
Car, truck or van - as a driver	128,855	71,545	57,310
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,720	3,030	5,690
Public transit	18,555	7,365	11,190
Walked	4,365	1,695	2,665
Bicycle	785	590	195
Other method	2,435	1,115	1,315
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	163,715	85,345	78,370
Less than 15 minutes	33,175	15,225	17,945
15 to 29 minutes	62,485	32,310	30,170
30 to 44 minutes	40,375	23,540	16,835
45 to 59 minutes	14,920	7,755	7,170
60 minutes and over	12,760	6,510	6,250
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	163,715	85,345	78,370
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	12,495	9,905	2,585
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	28,375	16,630	11,740
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	41,610	19,205	22,405
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	33,525	14,740	18,785
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	22,280	10,290	11,995
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,435	14,575	10,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	92,860	47,585	45,275
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,940	11,350	10,595
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	70,925	36,240	34,685
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	69,965	35,785	34,180
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,270	8,925	8,340
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,325	6,955	6,370
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,945	1,975	1,970
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	52,695	26,860	25,835

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 27, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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