Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Brampton, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	656,480
Population, 2016¹	593,638
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.6
Total private dwellings²	189,086
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	182,472
Population density per square kilometre	2,469.0
Land area in square kilometres	265.89
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	656,480
0 to 14 years	117,660
0 to 4 years	35,770
5 to 9 years	39,580
10 to 14 years	42,305
15 to 64 years	456,990
15 to 19 years	42,890
20 to 24 years	56,715
25 to 29 years	54,010
30 to 34 years	49,020
35 to 39 years	48,645
40 to 44 years	45,850
45 to 49 years	43,525
50 to 54 years	41,900
55 to 59 years	40,550
60 to 64 years	33,890
65 years and over	81,830
65 to 69 years	27,185
70 to 74 years	22,655
75 to 79 years	14,905
80 to 84 years	9,310
85 years and over	7,780
85 to 89 years	5,065
90 to 94 years	2,085
95 to 99 years	535
100 years and over	95
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.9
15 to 64 years	69.6
65 years and over	12.5
85 years and over	1.2
Average age of the population	37.5
Median age of the population	36.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	182,475
Single-detached house	96,020
Semi-detached house	24,750
Row house	23,055
Apartment or flat in a duplex	11,960
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,045
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	18,585
Other single-attached house	35
Movable dwelling⁴	20
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	182,470
1 person	22,140
2 persons	35,990
3 persons	34,145
4 persons	42,935
5 or more persons	47,265
Number of persons in private households	650,165
Average household size	3.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	538,820
Married or living common-law	305,995
Married	288,065
Living common-law	17,930
Living common law - Never married	12,200
Living common law - Separated	1,130
Living common law - Divorced	4,230
Living common law - Widowed	370
Not married and not living common-law	232,825
Not married and not living common law - Never married	178,220
Not married and not living common law - Separated	11,700
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	20,420
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,485
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	175,190
2 persons	61,555
3 persons	43,135
4 persons	50,440
5 or more persons	20,060
Average size of census families	3.2
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	175,190
Total couple families	145,685
Married couples	136,740
With children⁶	95,185
Without children	41,550
Common-law couples	8,945
With children⁶	4,835
Without children	4,110
Total one-parent families	29,505
in which the parent is a woman+	24,045
in which the parent is a man+	5,460
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	650,165
Total - Persons in census families	560,540
Married spouses or common-law partners	291,370
Parents in one-parent families	29,505
Children⁶	239,665
In a two-parent family	190,215
In a one-parent family	49,455
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	89,620
Living alone	22,140
Living with other relatives⁷	32,630
Living with non-relatives only	34,855
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	182,470
One-census-family households without additional persons	107,805
Couple-family households	91,145
With children⁶	67,170
Without children	23,975
One-parent-family households	16,660
Multigenerational households⁸	26,070
Multiple-census-family households⁹	5,170
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	12,475
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	8,815
One-person households	22,140
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	532,540
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	500,240
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	500,560
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	432,390
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	380,545
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	461,840
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	52,630
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	192,515
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	532,540
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	500,280
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	500,575
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	432,585
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	380,545
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	461,895
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	52,810
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	192,260
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	532,545
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	171,290
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	147,580
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	532,545
Without total income	32,305
With total income	500,240
Under $10,000 (including loss)	52,380
$10,000 to $19,999	70,135
$20,000 to $29,999	84,640
$30,000 to $39,999	67,280
$40,000 to $49,999	55,705
$50,000 to $59,999	43,595
$60,000 to $69,999	32,670
$70,000 to $79,999	24,225
$80,000 to $89,999	18,875
$90,000 to $99,999	13,820
$100,000 and over	36,925
$100,000 to $149,999	28,645
$150,000 and over	8,285
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	532,545
Without after-tax income	31,985
With after-tax income	500,555
Under $10,000 (including loss)	53,445
$10,000 to $19,999	73,005
$20,000 to $29,999	95,105
$30,000 to $39,999	78,325
$40,000 to $49,999	63,045
$50,000 to $59,999	45,395
$60,000 to $69,999	31,550
$70,000 to $79,999	21,485
$80,000 to $89,999	15,585
$90,000 to $99,999	8,905
$100,000 and over	14,700
$100,000 to $124,999	8,975
$125,000 and over	5,725
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	532,545
Without employment income	152,000
With employment income	380,545
Under $5,000 (including loss)	49,180
$5,000 to $9,999	36,505
$10,000 to $19,999	50,405
$20,000 to $29,999	40,825
$30,000 to $39,999	37,570
$40,000 to $49,999	35,760
$50,000 to $59,999	30,145
$60,000 to $69,999	24,110
$70,000 to $79,999	18,790
$80,000 to $89,999	15,275
$90,000 to $99,999	11,655
$100,000 and over	30,340
$100,000 to $124,999	17,440
$125,000 and over	12,900
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	532,540
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	483,735
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	483,795
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	422,970
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	376,950
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	428,565
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,380
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	31,940
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	532,540
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	483,660
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	483,730
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	422,595
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	376,825
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	428,760
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	31,750
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,610
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	532,545
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	169,110
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	137,090
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	87.6
Employment income (%)	79.4
Government transfers (%)	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	182,470
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	111,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,140
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,335
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	182,475
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	124,500
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	107,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,145
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,850
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	160,325
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,600
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	182,470
Under $5,000	1,060
$5,000 to $9,999	515
$10,000 to $14,999	925
$15,000 to $19,999	1,735
$20,000 to $24,999	2,885
$25,000 to $29,999	2,920
$30,000 to $34,999	2,970
$35,000 to $39,999	3,510
$40,000 to $44,999	4,035
$45,000 to $49,999	4,295
$50,000 to $59,999	9,555
$60,000 to $69,999	10,415
$70,000 to $79,999	11,325
$80,000 to $89,999	11,330
$90,000 to $99,999	11,475
$100,000 and over	103,530
$100,000 to $124,999	26,835
$125,000 to $149,999	22,610
$150,000 to $199,999	29,720
$200,000 and over	24,365
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	182,470
Under $5,000	1,155
$5,000 to $9,999	540
$10,000 to $14,999	960
$15,000 to $19,999	1,820
$20,000 to $24,999	3,080
$25,000 to $29,999	3,250
$30,000 to $34,999	3,390
$35,000 to $39,999	4,160
$40,000 to $44,999	4,750
$45,000 to $49,999	5,135
$50,000 to $59,999	11,455
$60,000 to $69,999	13,140
$70,000 to $79,999	13,610
$80,000 to $89,999	13,845
$90,000 to $99,999	13,575
$100,000 and over	88,610
$100,000 to $124,999	29,840
$125,000 to $149,999	22,195
$150,000 and over	36,575
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	157,000
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000
Average family size of economic families	3.8
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	27,445
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	99,040
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.5
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,840
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	3.0
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	56,990
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	156,840
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,500
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	27,330
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,100
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	99,140
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,100
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,785
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,400
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	56,845
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	650,160
0 to 17 years	142,845
0 to 5 years	43,350
18 to 64 years	427,705
65 years and over	79,620
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	41,750
0 to 17 years	11,800
0 to 5 years	3,870
18 to 64 years	23,690
65 years and over	6,260
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.4
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5
65 years and over (%)	7.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	650,165
0 to 17 years	142,840
0 to 5 years	43,350
18 to 64 years	427,700
65 years and over	79,620
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	34,165
0 to 17 years	5,365
0 to 5 years	1,710
18 to 64 years	26,545
65 years and over	2,255
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2
65 years and over (%)	2.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	650,165
In bottom half of the distribution	307,665
In bottom decile	48,505
In second decile	54,415
In third decile	64,485
In fourth decile	68,060
In fifth decile	72,200
In top half of the distribution	342,500
In sixth decile	74,515
In seventh decile	75,955
In eighth decile	75,025
In ninth decile	70,110
In top decile	46,895
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	650,165
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.272
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.381
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.240
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.0
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	650,820
English only	589,185
French only	440
English and French	29,520
Neither English nor French	31,675
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	650,820
English	610,630
French	4,415
English and French	4,560
Neither English nor French	31,220
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	650,820
Single responses	594,935
Official languages	283,225
English	279,415
French	3,810
Non-official languages	311,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	5
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	311,700
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,410
Berber languages	20
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	90
Hausa	90
Mina	5
Coptic	25
Cushitic languages	775
Bilen	0
Oromo	80
Somali	695
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	7,500
Amharic	280
Arabic	4,100
Aramaic languages	2,600
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,940
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	555
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100
Harari	30
Hebrew	25
Maltese	325
Tigrigna	125
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,410
Khmer (Cambodian)	180
Vietnamese	4,230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	11,670
Bikol	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125
Cebuano	315
Fijian	5
Hiligaynon	190
Ilocano	615
Indonesian	150
Kankanaey	5
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	180
Pangasinan	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,905
Waray-Waray	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55
Creole languages	805
Haitian Creole	125
Jamaican English Creole	60
Krio	45
Morisyen	240
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	220
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105
Dravidian languages	21,560
Kannada	605
Malayalam	3,930
Tamil	14,030
Telugu	2,920
Tulu	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	252,085
Albanian	265
Armenian	150
Balto-Slavic languages	6,695
Baltic languages	55
Latvian	30
Lithuanian	30
Slavic languages	6,640
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	130
Czech	160
Macedonian	230
Polish	3,430
Russian	685
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,385
Bosnian	135
Croatian	850
Serbian	385
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10
Slovak	140
Slovene (Slovenian)	125
Ukrainian	340
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	5
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,865
Frisian	30
High German languages	1,000
German	980
Pennsylvania German	5
Swiss German	15
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	750
Afrikaans	20
Dutch	720
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	80
Danish	50
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	10
Swedish	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	535
Indo-Iranian languages	217,795
Indo-Aryan languages	213,610
Assamese	15
Bengali	3,060
Gujarati	22,000
Hindi	19,645
Kacchi	185
Kashmiri	70
Konkani	255
Marathi	1,155
Nepali	1,945
Oriya languages	160
Odia	105
Oriya, n.o.s.	60
Punjabi (Panjabi)	141,005
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	370
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,555
Urdu	21,945
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	235
Iranian languages	4,175
Baluchi	15
Kurdish	100
Parsi	5
Pashto	885
Persian languages	3,160
Dari	2,305
Iranian Persian	510
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	350
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	24,760
Catalan	0
Italian	5,430
Portuguese	8,640
Romanian	490
Spanish	10,185
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20
Japanese	125
Korean	340
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	5,085
Akan (Twi)	2,530
Bamanankan	0
Edo	170
Éwé	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	100
Ganda	40
Gikuyu	35
Igbo	285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60
Lingala	15
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	60
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	25
Shona	80
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	295
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	15
Yoruba	1,000
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	290
Nilo-Saharan languages	40
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	100
American Sign Language	85
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,555
Chinese languages	5,370
Hakka	130
Mandarin	2,195
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195
Wu (Shanghainese)	35
Yue (Cantonese)	2,775
Chinese, n.o.s.	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	180
Burmese	65
Kuki-Chin languages	10
Karenic languages	10
S'gaw Karen	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tai-Kadai languages	425
Lao	360
Thai	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	485
Azerbaijani	15
Kazakh	0
Turkish	460
Uyghur	5
Uzbek	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	580
Estonian	25
Finnish	50
Hungarian	510
Other languages, n.i.e.	25
Multiple responses	55,890
English and French	1,715
English and non-official language(s)	48,855
French and non-official language(s)	450
English, French and non-official language(s)	895
Multiple non-official languages	3,970
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	650,820
English	278,785
French	1,250
Non-official language	106,895
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	106,885
English and French	4,005
English and non-official language(s)	241,585
French and non-official language(s)	385
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,155
Multiple non-official languages	11,760
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	650,820
Single responses	579,760
Official languages	359,800
English	357,675
French	2,125
Non-official languages	219,955
Indigenous languages³⁹	10
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	219,950
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,860
Berber languages	10
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	55
Hausa	55
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	350
Bilen	0
Oromo	35
Somali	315
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	4,435
Amharic	140
Arabic	2,245
Aramaic languages	1,910
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	425
Aramaic, n.o.s.	65
Harari	15
Hebrew	5
Maltese	75
Tigrigna	45
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	85
Vietnamese	3,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	6,260
Bikol	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50
Cebuano	170
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	80
Ilocano	260
Indonesian	45
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,505
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25
Creole languages	485
Haitian Creole	60
Jamaican English Creole	35
Krio	15
Morisyen	175
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65
Dravidian languages	15,685
Kannada	365
Malayalam	2,500
Tamil	10,790
Telugu	1,990
Tulu	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	182,510
Albanian	95
Armenian	65
Balto-Slavic languages	3,300
Baltic languages	10
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	5
Slavic languages	3,295
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	55
Czech	60
Macedonian	90
Polish	1,840
Russian	420
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	605
Bosnian	65
Croatian	360
Serbian	175
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	20
Ukrainian	150
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	5
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	175
Frisian	10
High German languages	75
German	75
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	90
Afrikaans	5
Dutch	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	5
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	160
Indo-Iranian languages	167,395
Indo-Aryan languages	164,810
Assamese	0
Bengali	1,920
Gujarati	16,195
Hindi	13,560
Kacchi	100
Kashmiri	15
Konkani	90
Marathi	710
Nepali	1,355
Oriya languages	85
Odia	65
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	114,145
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	205
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	865
Urdu	15,405
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	155
Iranian languages	2,570
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	60
Parsi	0
Pashto	615
Persian languages	1,880
Dari	1,360
Iranian Persian	270
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	250
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15
Italic (Romance) languages	11,300
Catalan	0
Italian	1,450
Portuguese	3,710
Romanian	205
Spanish	5,940
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15
Japanese	60
Korean	220
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,050
Akan (Twi)	1,175
Bamanankan	0
Edo	35
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	40
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	15
Ndebele	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	30
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	90
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	20
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	200
American Sign Language	165
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,740
Chinese languages	3,660
Hakka	45
Mandarin	1,565
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	100
Wu (Shanghainese)	30
Yue (Cantonese)	1,895
Chinese, n.o.s.	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75
Burmese	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	5
S'gaw Karen	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	225
Lao	200
Thai	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	290
Azerbaijani	10
Kazakh	0
Turkish	270
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	205
Estonian	0
Finnish	5
Hungarian	200
Other languages, n.i.e.	15
Multiple responses	71,065
English and French	1,080
English and non-official language(s)	67,835
French and non-official language(s)	165
English, French and non-official language(s)	680
Multiple non-official languages	1,310
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	650,825
None	440,225
English	80,760
French	4,160
Non-official language	87,925
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	87,915
English and French	890
English and non-official language(s)	21,365
French and non-official language(s)	2,455
English, French and non-official language(s)	245
Multiple non-official languages	12,800
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	650,160
Official languages	618,515
English	618,060
French	30,010
Non-official languages	412,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	40
Algonquian languages	30
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	10
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	412,605
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,625
Berber languages	40
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20
Chadic languages	315
Hausa	305
Mina	10
Coptic	65
Cushitic languages	1,395
Bilen	0
Oromo	160
Somali	1,245
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	11,095
Amharic	395
Arabic	8,475
Aramaic languages	3,415
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,440
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	890
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110
Harari	55
Hebrew	120
Maltese	485
Tigrigna	125
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,210
Khmer (Cambodian)	250
Vietnamese	6,030
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	15,770
Bikol	55
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45
Cebuano	490
Fijian	20
Hiligaynon	305
Ilocano	1,130
Indonesian	225
Kankanaey	10
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	305
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	240
Pangasinan	180
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	14,925
Waray-Waray	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285
Creole languages	3,135
Haitian Creole	350
Jamaican English Creole	415
Krio	95
Morisyen	760
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	400
Dravidian languages	32,435
Kannada	1,805
Malayalam	6,090
Tamil	21,475
Telugu	5,540
Tulu	160
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	332,320
Albanian	195
Armenian	155
Balto-Slavic languages	8,750
Baltic languages	115
Latvian	65
Lithuanian	55
Slavic languages	8,660
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	160
Czech	215
Macedonian	405
Polish	4,155
Russian	1,490
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,015
Bosnian	275
Croatian	1,290
Serbian	755
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10
Slovak	235
Slovene (Slovenian)	155
Ukrainian	625
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	55
Irish	25
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	3,090
Frisian	60
High German languages	1,800
German	1,760
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	35
Yiddish	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,125
Afrikaans	125
Dutch	985
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	210
Danish	90
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	50
Swedish	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	825
Indo-Iranian languages	285,780
Indo-Aryan languages	281,505
Assamese	40
Bengali	5,080
Gujarati	30,310
Hindi	113,515
Kacchi	330
Kashmiri	155
Konkani	660
Marathi	3,185
Nepali	2,355
Oriya languages	325
Odia	150
Oriya, n.o.s.	185
Punjabi (Panjabi)	189,235
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	665
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,540
Urdu	38,725
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	900
Iranian languages	5,470
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	270
Parsi	15
Pashto	1,355
Persian languages	4,365
Dari	3,350
Iranian Persian	815
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	325
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170
Italic (Romance) languages	35,300
Catalan	0
Italian	8,900
Portuguese	11,765
Romanian	650
Spanish	15,395
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	85
Japanese	385
Korean	450
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	11,765
Akan (Twi)	4,555
Bamanankan	10
Edo	500
Éwé	195
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20
Ga	370
Ganda	125
Gikuyu	65
Igbo	1,085
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	85
Lingala	260
Luba-Kasai	40
Mòoré	0
Mwani	70
Ndebele	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	40
Shona	180
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15
Swahili	1,045
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	40
Yoruba	3,050
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	995
Nilo-Saharan languages	95
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90
African, n.o.s.	45
Sign languages	420
American Sign Language	355
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	95
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,005
Chinese languages	6,755
Hakka	175
Mandarin	3,660
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	410
Wu (Shanghainese)	25
Yue (Cantonese)	3,680
Chinese, n.o.s.	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	240
Burmese	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	35
S'gaw Karen	30
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	85
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tai-Kadai languages	740
Lao	600
Thai	165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15
Turkic languages	1,030
Azerbaijani	80
Kazakh	0
Turkish	925
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15
Uralic languages	715
Estonian	35
Finnish	80
Hungarian	605
Other languages, n.i.e.	120
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,165
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,255
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,980
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,960
Métis	965
Inuk (Inuit)	60
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	170
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	105
Non-Indigenous identity	646,910
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,165
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	815
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	649,345
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	182,475
Owner	142,480
Renter	39,990
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	182,475
Condominium	19,415
Not condominium	163,060
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	182,475
No bedrooms	1,000
1 bedroom	12,240
2 bedrooms	21,570
3 bedrooms	57,720
4 or more bedrooms	89,940
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	182,475
1 to 4 rooms	39,170
5 rooms	28,815
6 rooms	31,115
7 rooms	26,710
8 or more rooms	56,660
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	182,475
One person or fewer per room	168,325
More than one person per room	14,145
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	182,475
Suitable	158,385
Not suitable	24,085
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	182,475
1960 or before	7,600
1961 to 1980	35,165
1981 to 1990	25,285
1991 to 2000	26,260
2001 to 2005	28,550
2006 to 2010	21,420
2011 to 2015	20,910
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	17,285
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	182,475
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	176,400
Major repairs needed	6,070
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	182,475
One-maintainer household	66,515
Two-maintainer household	88,340
Three-or-more-maintainer household	27,610
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	182,475
15 to 24 years	3,555
25 to 34 years	21,540
35 to 44 years	40,090
45 to 54 years	43,705
55 to 64 years	38,265
65 to 74 years	22,280
75 to 84 years	9,845
85 years and over	3,190
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	181,930
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	125,575
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	56,355
30% to less than 100%	52,650
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	182,470
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	78,340
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	49,190
Not suitable only	17,835
Major repairs needed only	3,350
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	5,240
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,710
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	805
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205
Acceptable housing	104,130
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	178,225
In core need	22,925
Not in core need	155,300
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	142,470
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	77.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.3
% in core housing need⁶³	9.1
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,300
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,304
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	967,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,990
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.0
% in core housing need⁶³	26.6
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,520
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,628
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	650,165
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	950
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	940
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	690
Métis single ancestry	240
Inuit single ancestry	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,595
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,455
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,725
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	655
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	645,615
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	650,160
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	513,120
Canadian citizens aged under 18	130,235
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	382,890
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	137,040
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	650,160
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	266,465
Immigrants⁸¹	343,690
Before 1980	38,125
1980 to 1990	37,385
1991 to 2000	74,700
2001 to 2010	98,615
2011 to 2021⁸²	94,870
2011 to 2015	44,775
2016 to 2021	50,095
Non-permanent residents⁸³	40,005
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	343,690
Under 5 years	24,535
5 to 14 years	49,965
15 to 24 years	77,875
25 to 44 years	150,845
45 years and over	40,475
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	343,690
Americas	59,680
Brazil	385
Colombia	1,050
El Salvador	1,430
Guyana	13,920
Haiti	290
Jamaica	22,210
Mexico	590
Peru	570
Trinidad and Tobago	7,345
United States of America	3,245
Other places of birth in Americas	8,640
Europe	29,110
Bosnia and Herzegovina	425
Croatia	645
France	165
Germany	975
Greece	465
Hungary	280
Italy	4,210
Netherlands	755
Poland	2,995
Portugal	7,125
Romania	580
Russian Federation	380
Serbia⁸⁶	355
Ukraine	445
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,830
Other places of birth in Europe	2,475
Africa	17,815
Algeria	55
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	390
Egypt	860
Eritrea	85
Ethiopia	540
Morocco	120
Nigeria	5,385
Somalia	640
South Africa, Republic of	360
Other places of birth in Africa	9,380
Asia	236,120
Afghanistan	2,910
Iran⁸⁸	650
Iraq	4,050
Lebanon	505
Syria⁸⁹	590
Turkey	490
China⁹⁰	2,525
Hong Kong⁹¹	705
Korea, South⁹²	315
Taiwan	150
Philippines	15,305
Viet Nam	4,950
Bangladesh	2,550
India	159,585
Pakistan	20,400
Sri Lanka	12,325
Other places of birth in Asia	8,120
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	965
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	50,090
Americas	4,395
Brazil	60
Colombia	150
Haiti	30
Jamaica	1,990
Mexico	45
United States of America	800
Venezuela⁹⁵	40
Other places of birth in Americas	1,290
Europe	850
France	0
Germany	45
Ireland⁹⁶	10
Italy	160
Russian Federation	15
Ukraine	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160
Other places of birth in Europe	390
Africa	2,680
Algeria	10
Burundi	20
Cameroon	65
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40
Côte d'Ivoire	35
Egypt	125
Eritrea	10
Ethiopia	35
Morocco	20
Nigeria	1,570
Somalia	45
South Africa, Republic of	20
Sudan⁹⁷	25
Tunisia	20
Other places of birth in Africa	640
Asia	42,095
Afghanistan	365
Bangladesh	250
China⁹⁰	180
Hong Kong⁹¹	10
India	34,020
Iran⁸⁸	25
Iraq	695
Israel	25
Japan	15
Jordan	60
Korea, South⁹²	15
Lebanon	25
Nepal	455
Pakistan	2,610
Philippines	1,635
Saudi Arabia	110
Sri Lanka	580
Syria⁸⁹	255
Turkey	90
United Arab Emirates	135
Viet Nam	210
Other places of birth in Asia	320
Oceania and other⁹³	65
Australia	25
Other places of birth⁹⁸	45
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	650,165
First generation¹⁰⁰	387,180
Second generation¹⁰¹	193,900
Third generation or more¹⁰²	69,085
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	305,565
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	132,975
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	57,665
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	75,310
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	136,525
Refugees¹⁰⁸	32,355
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,710
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	305,565
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	18,755
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	21,300
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,935
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	15,120
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,465
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	245,995
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	650,165
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	523,850
South Asian	340,815
Chinese	7,135
Black	85,310
Filipino	21,055
Arab	6,675
Latin American	13,490
Southeast Asian	9,100
West Asian	7,040
Korean	470
Japanese	395
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	20,555
Multiple visible minorities	11,815
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	126,315
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	650,160
Canadian	40,080
English	27,135
Irish	21,960
Scottish	21,115
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,885
German	9,670
Chinese	11,030
Italian	20,535
Indian (India)	180,300
Ukrainian	3,670
Dutch	4,230
Polish	7,505
Québécois	315
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,825
Filipino	20,825
French Canadian	1,565
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,050
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,290
Métis	995
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,870
Russian	1,545
Norwegian	495
Welsh	1,870
Portuguese	18,700
American	2,015
Spanish	6,280
Swedish	525
Hungarian	1,835
Acadian	375
Pakistani	25,985
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,390
Jewish	655
Punjabi	57,075
Vietnamese	6,710
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,270
Greek	1,920
Jamaican	30,960
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	8,640
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	185
Korean	520
Romanian	1,020
Lebanese	1,120
Iranian	820
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,260
Danish	515
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	470
Sikh	43,940
Austrian	840
Belgian	445
Haitian	400
Hindu	26,895
Mexican	915
Mennonite	35
Swiss	465
Finnish	355
Sri Lankan	10,955
Croatian	1,930
Japanese	730
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	14,970
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	850
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	305
Muslim	5,125
Egyptian	1,200
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,270
Tamil	9,375
Icelandic	90
Colombian	1,220
Moroccan	215
Czech	560
Syrian	1,175
Guyanese	14,020
Afghan	4,485
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	6,770
Serbian	800
Ojibway	245
Newfoundlander	855
Hong Konger	285
Ontarian	1,280
Persian	655
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	6,840
Turkish	1,015
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	130
Bangladeshi	2,815
Algerian	60
Brazilian	695
Nigerian	4,170
Armenian	310
Slovak	515
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	295
Somali	1,485
Taiwanese	85
Iraqi	2,365
Salvadorean	1,705
African Caribbean	5,935
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,540
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,280
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	5,160
Algonquin	60
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	6,940
Lithuanian	265
South African	345
Australian	150
Palestinian	655
Chilean	890
Congolese	565
Nova Scotian	155
Ethiopian	605
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,510
Peruvian	870
Yoruba	2,540
Cambodian (Khmer)	430
Berber	35
Albanian	275
Maltese	1,600
Macedonian	600
Slovenian	485
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	205
New Brunswicker	85
Gujarati	6,080
Eritrean	185
African Canadian	2,445
Israeli	200
Mohawk	120
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	100
Bulgarian	235
Albertan	0
Ghanaian	4,525
Barbadian	1,615
African American	1,340
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	195
Tunisian	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	360
Cuban	730
Bosnian	290
Venezuelan	305
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35
Latvian	220
Bengali	820
Cameroonian	385
Guatemalan	755
Indonesian	280
Laotian	800
Ilocano	540
Northern Irish	405
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80
British Columbian	10
Ecuadorian	1,570
Franco Ontarian	45
Argentinian	650
Estonian	135
Kurdish	230
Fijian	485
Jatt	4,965
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	260
Coptic	500
Thai	205
Dominican	475
Nepali	1,800
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	1,690
Igbo	1,255
Byelorussian	100
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20
Abenaki	45
Moldovan	35
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55
New Zealander	50
Sudanese	35
Breton	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50
Malaysian	335
Plains Cree	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45
Huron (Wendat)	0
Saskatchewanian	20
Buddhist	410
Gaspesian	0
Norman	20
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	485
Ivorian	80
Saulteaux	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35
Burundian	75
Tigrinya	20
Nicaraguan	190
Mauritian	520
Kenyan	615
Oji-Cree	0
Vincentian	1,045
Jordanian	230
Manitoban	15
Cape Bretoner	65
Rwandan	45
Grenadian	920
Malayali	1,410
Chaldean	835
Sinhalese	1,160
Mayan	190
Honduran	175
Cherokee	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	130
Indo-Caribbean	1,365
Flemish	15
United Empire Loyalist	30
Senegalese	55
Azerbaijani	110
Sicilian	70
Pashtun	475
Malay	230
Goan	825
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	195
Tibetan	65
Zimbabwean	190
Burmese	140
Mongolian	30
Azorean	590
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	35
Indo-Guyanese	1,475
Ugandan	260
Oromo	120
Tanzanian	230
Yemeni	180
Central African	100
Libyan	30
Basque	25
Uruguayan	430
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	945
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	390
Igorot	75
Fulani	50
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	15
St. Lucian	390
Prince Edward Islander	40
Maliseet	0
Beninese	85
Telugu	825
Roma	25
Costa Rican	95
African Nova Scotian	70
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	500
Singaporean	85
Karen	40
Edo	545
Tajik	115
Amhara	15
Paraguayan	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	650,165
Buddhist	7,105
Christian	232,220
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	57,680
Anabaptist	95
Anglican	9,330
Baptist	4,670
Catholic	112,745
Christian Orthodox	5,305
Jehovah's Witness	2,345
Latter Day Saints	565
Lutheran	1,085
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	975
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,490
Presbyterian	3,385
Reformed	745
United Church	6,650
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	10,140
Hindu	117,395
Jewish	535
Muslim	59,445
Sikh	163,260
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,925
No religion and secular perspectives	67,265
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	643,245
Non-movers	566,850
Movers	76,400
Non-migrants	50,735
Migrants	25,660
Internal migrants	16,450
Intraprovincial migrants	14,515
Interprovincial migrants	1,935
External migrants	9,210
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	614,135
Non-movers	369,425
Movers	244,710
Non-migrants	111,745
Migrants	132,960
Internal migrants	67,050
Intraprovincial migrants	59,850
Interprovincial migrants	7,200
External migrants	65,915
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	532,545
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	94,285
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	438,255
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,435
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	40,560
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	312,875
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	532,540
No certificate, diploma or degree	89,500
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	152,685
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	290,355
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	128,955
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,545
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,945
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,600
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	92,770
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,640
Bachelor's degree or higher	161,400
Bachelor's degree	106,370
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,245
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,635
Master's degree	39,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,100
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,430
No certificate, diploma or degree	37,460
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	86,925
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	229,035
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	93,985
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	13,975
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,790
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,180
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	68,125
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,890
Bachelor's degree or higher	135,055
Bachelor's degree	85,950
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,535
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,165
Master's degree	35,635
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	532,540
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	242,185
Education	11,345
13. Education	11,345
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,285
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	710
50. Visual and performing arts	5,580
Humanities	21,755
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,645
23. English language and literature/letters	3,155
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	13,600
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	230
38. Philosophy and religious studies	655
39. Theology and religious vocations	615
54. History	1,585
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265
Social and behavioural sciences and law	30,675
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,575
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,200
22. Legal professions and studies	5,995
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	585
42. Psychology	3,765
45. Social sciences	11,255
Business, management and public administration	76,520
30.16 Accounting and computer science	115
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,155
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	72,250
Physical and life sciences and technologies	16,335
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,810
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,735
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	195
40. Physical sciences	3,820
41. Science technologies/technicians	775
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,115
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,460
25. Library science	255
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,065
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	335
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	54,525
04. Architecture and related services	1,635
14. Engineering	23,165
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,040
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	5,275
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,650
48. Precision production	3,750
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,960
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,305
03. Natural resources and conservation	655
Health and related fields	35,120
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,110
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	32,490
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	475
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,680
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,855
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45
43. Security and protective services	3,970
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,800
Other¹⁷⁹	50
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	353,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	124,390
Education	8,285
13. Education	8,285
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,660
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	470
50. Visual and performing arts	4,180
Humanities	17,280
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,320
23. English language and literature/letters	2,565
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,810
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	180
38. Philosophy and religious studies	505
39. Theology and religious vocations	455
54. History	1,245
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200
Social and behavioural sciences and law	24,250
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	250
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,980
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,510
22. Legal professions and studies	5,010
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	450
42. Psychology	3,015
45. Social sciences	9,045
Business, management and public administration	61,280
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,430
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	57,750
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,130
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,290
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,200
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130
40. Physical sciences	2,970
41. Science technologies/technicians	540
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,370
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,150
25. Library science	195
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,750
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	42,095
04. Architecture and related services	1,255
14. Engineering	19,555
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,395
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	3,820
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,520
48. Precision production	2,550
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,300
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,770
03. Natural resources and conservation	530
Health and related fields	28,465
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,455
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,645
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,890
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,585
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10
43. Security and protective services	2,935
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,350
Other¹⁷⁹	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	353,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	124,390
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	229,040
Location of study inside Canada	121,460
Same as province or territory of residence	115,950
Different than province or territory of residence	5,515
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	107,575
Americas	10,115
United States of America	4,395
Mexico	225
Cuba	105
Haiti	40
Jamaica	2,015
Brazil	155
Colombia	240
Peru	85
Venezuela⁹⁵	105
Other locations of study in Americas	2,745
Europe	5,540
Belgium	45
France	150
Germany	175
Netherlands	70
Switzerland	40
Hungary	75
Moldova¹⁸³	10
Poland	600
Romania	200
Russian Federation	245
Ukraine	260
Ireland⁹⁶	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,830
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30
Italy	60
Serbia⁸⁶	60
Other locations of study in Europe	600
Africa	3,690
Nigeria	1,925
Algeria	20
Morocco	55
Tunisia	15
Egypt	365
South Africa, Republic of	90
Other locations of study in Africa	1,225
Asia	87,475
Iran⁸⁸	155
Iraq	685
Israel	15
Lebanon	125
Syria⁸⁹	145
Turkey	90
China⁹⁰	935
Taiwan	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	50
Japan	85
Korea, South⁹²	50
Philippines	6,215
Viet Nam	195
Bangladesh	850
Sri Lanka	1,180
India	68,910
Pakistan	6,260
Other locations of study in Asia	1,490
Oceania	760
Australia	610
New Zealand	105
Other locations of study in Oceania	40
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	532,540
In the labour force	355,755
Employed	308,360
Unemployed	47,405
Not in the labour force	176,785
Participation rate	66.8
Employment rate	57.9
Unemployment rate	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	532,540
Did not work¹⁸⁶	197,955
Worked	334,585
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	176,705
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	157,880
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	355,755
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	12,845
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	342,915
Employee	290,480
Permanent position	243,020
Temporary position	47,465
Fixed term (1 year or more)	14,895
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	32,570
Self-employed¹⁹²	52,435
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	355,755
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	12,845
All occupations¹⁹¹	342,915
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,200
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	66,260
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	33,705
3 Health occupations	20,225
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,670
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,980
6 Sales and service occupations	79,315
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	80,200
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,765
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	28,595
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	355,755
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	12,845
All industries¹⁹¹	342,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	755
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	225
22 Utilities	1,150
23 Construction	20,310
31-33 Manufacturing	42,495
41 Wholesale trade	15,330
44-45 Retail trade	40,350
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	54,860
51 Information and cultural industries	6,700
52 Finance and insurance	19,185
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,395
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	28,080
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,255
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	18,310
61 Educational services	16,125
62 Health care and social assistance	30,440
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,050
72 Accommodation and food services	16,260
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,970
91 Public administration	9,670
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	372,955
English	334,280
French	480
Non-official language	4,795
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	4,795
English and French	3,410
English and non-official language(s)	29,515
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245
Multiple non-official languages	235
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	372,955
Single responses	365,685
Official languages	356,120
English	355,280
French	845
Non-official languages	9,565
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,565
Afro-Asiatic languages	90
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	90
Amharic	0
Arabic	65
Aramaic languages	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	45
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	180
Kannada	0
Malayalam	20
Tamil	145
Telugu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	8,775
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	130
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	130
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	95
Russian	10
Serbo-Croatian	20
Bosnian	0
Croatian	20
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	10
Frisian	0
High German languages	10
German	10
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	8,025
Indo-Aryan languages	7,980
Bengali	25
Gujarati	285
Hindi	430
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,885
Sindhi	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10
Urdu	315
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	45
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	40
Dari	35
Iranian Persian	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	605
Catalan	0
Italian	25
Portuguese	225
Romanian	0
Spanish	355
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	0
Korean	10
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	0
American Sign Language	0
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280
Chinese languages	280
Hakka	0
Mandarin	155
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	110
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	15
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	15
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	15
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	7,270
English and French	925
English and non-official language(s)	6,250
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30
Multiple non-official languages	60
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	372,955
None	345,595
English	4,375
French	2,165
Non-official language	15,710
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	15,710
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	570
French and non-official language(s)	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	4,370
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	308,355
Worked at home	68,735
Worked outside Canada	1,610
No fixed workplace address	48,970
Usual place of work	189,045
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	189,045
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	77,185
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	56,160
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	55,390
Commute to a different province or territory	315
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	238,010
Car, truck or van	204,435
Car, truck or van - as a driver	183,185
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	21,250
Public transit	24,600
Walked	3,350
Bicycle	350
Other method	5,280
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	238,010
Less than 15 minutes	34,355
15 to 29 minutes	87,895
30 to 44 minutes	67,240
45 to 59 minutes	22,910
60 minutes and over	25,620
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	238,010
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	20,405
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	40,840
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	47,450
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	40,900
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	35,000
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	53,420
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	145,610
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,390
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	134,220
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	107,345
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,480
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,755
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,725
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	97,865

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 26, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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