Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Etobicoke NorthMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	116,003	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	118,040	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.7	...	...	- 1.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	40,001	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	38,221	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,428.3	...	...	2,428.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	47.77	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,000	57,125	58,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,615	9,605	9,010	16.0	16.8	15.3
0 to 4 years	5,755	2,935	2,820	5.0	5.1	4.8
5 to 9 years	6,110	3,165	2,945	5.3	5.5	5.0
10 to 14 years	6,750	3,500	3,250	5.8	6.1	5.5
15 to 64 years	79,045	39,155	39,885	68.1	68.5	67.7
15 to 19 years	7,315	3,770	3,545	6.3	6.6	6.0
20 to 24 years	9,570	5,220	4,350	8.3	9.1	7.4
25 to 29 years	10,055	5,225	4,830	8.7	9.1	8.2
30 to 34 years	8,080	4,005	4,080	7.0	7.0	6.9
35 to 39 years	7,400	3,480	3,920	6.4	6.1	6.7
40 to 44 years	7,005	3,215	3,790	6.0	5.6	6.4
45 to 49 years	6,960	3,240	3,715	6.0	5.7	6.3
50 to 54 years	7,645	3,595	4,055	6.6	6.3	6.9
55 to 59 years	7,975	3,865	4,105	6.9	6.8	7.0
60 to 64 years	7,040	3,535	3,505	6.1	6.2	6.0
65 years and over	18,345	8,365	9,975	15.8	14.6	16.9
65 to 69 years	5,575	2,635	2,940	4.8	4.6	5.0
70 to 74 years	4,685	2,190	2,495	4.0	3.8	4.2
75 to 79 years	3,240	1,500	1,735	2.8	2.6	2.9
80 to 84 years	2,375	1,045	1,335	2.0	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	2,475	995	1,480	2.1	1.7	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,580	670	910	1.4	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	700	270	430	0.6	0.5	0.7
95 to 99 years	175	50	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.8	15.3	16.0	16.8	15.3
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.5	67.7	68.1	68.5	67.7
65 years and over	15.8	14.6	16.9	15.8	14.6	16.9
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.5	2.1	1.7	2.5
Average age of the population	39.8	38.7	40.8	39.8	38.7	40.8
Median age of the population	38.0	36.0	39.6	38.0	36.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	38,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	11,300	...	...	29.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,390	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	3,630	...	...	9.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,835	...	...	10.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,015	...	...	5.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,040	...	...	42.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	38,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	7,785	...	...	20.4	...	...
2 persons	9,655	...	...	25.3	...	...
3 persons	7,395	...	...	19.3	...	...
4 persons	6,615	...	...	17.3	...	...
5 or more persons	6,775	...	...	17.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,355	56,820	58,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	97,390	47,520	49,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	46,210	23,255	22,960	47.4	48.9	46.0
Married	42,620	21,445	21,175	43.8	45.1	42.5
Living common-law	3,590	1,810	1,785	3.7	3.8	3.6
Living common law - Never married	2,490	1,235	1,255	2.6	2.6	2.5
Living common law - Separated	225	120	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	800	430	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Living common law - Widowed	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	51,175	24,270	26,910	52.5	51.1	54.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,425	19,455	16,965	37.4	40.9	34.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,520	1,415	2,100	3.6	3.0	4.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,080	2,340	3,740	6.2	4.9	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,150	1,050	4,100	5.3	2.2	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,265	...	...	40.6	...	...
3 persons	7,715	...	...	25.6	...	...
4 persons	6,495	...	...	21.5	...	...
5 or more persons	3,710	...	...	12.3	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,600	...	...	71.5	...	...
Married couples	19,800	...	...	65.6	...	...
With children⁶	12,850	...	...	42.6	...	...
Without children	6,950	...	...	23.0	...	...
Common-law couples	1,795	...	...	5.9	...	...
With children⁶	920	...	...	3.0	...	...
Without children	880	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,590	...	...	28.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	7,220	...	...	23.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,375	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,350	56,820	58,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	94,155	45,620	48,535	81.6	80.3	82.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,195	21,590	21,600	37.4	38.0	36.9
Parents in one-parent families	8,590	1,370	7,220	7.4	2.4	12.3
Children⁶	42,370	22,655	19,710	36.7	39.9	33.7
In a two-parent family	27,020	14,500	12,520	23.4	25.5	21.4
In a one-parent family	15,345	8,160	7,190	13.3	14.4	12.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,200	11,200	10,000	18.4	19.7	17.1
Living alone	7,785	3,800	3,985	6.7	6.7	6.8
Living with other relatives⁷	5,505	2,315	3,190	4.8	4.1	5.5
Living with non-relatives only	7,910	5,085	2,820	6.9	8.9	4.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	38,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,605	...	...	56.5	...	...
Couple-family households	15,790	...	...	41.3	...	...
With children⁶	10,420	...	...	27.3	...	...
Without children	5,375	...	...	14.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,810	...	...	15.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,930	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	670	...	...	1.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,455	...	...	6.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,775	...	...	7.3	...	...
One-person households	7,785	...	...	20.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	96,750	47,230	49,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,225	44,445	46,785	94.3	94.1	94.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	34,000	31,400	32,400	34,000	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,280	44,470	46,805	94.3	94.2	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	31,800	29,800	30,600	31,800	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,415	37,845	36,570	76.9	80.1	73.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	25,200	29,000	21,800	25,200	29,000	21,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,685	32,845	29,840	64.8	69.5	60.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,400	31,400	25,400	28,400	31,400	25,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,185	41,690	44,495	89.1	88.3	89.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	8,900	12,800	11,100	8,900	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,935	4,930	6,010	11.3	10.4	12.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,800	5,480	5,560	5,800	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	36,990	18,820	18,165	38.2	39.8	36.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	96,620	47,215	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,340	44,510	46,835	94.5	94.3	94.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,760	42,240	37,360	39,760	42,240	37,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,400	44,530	46,870	94.6	94.3	94.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,160	36,840	33,600	35,160	36,840	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,390	37,920	36,465	77.0	80.3	73.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,560	37,720	31,240	34,560	37,720	31,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,600	32,790	29,810	64.8	69.4	60.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,960	38,640	33,000	35,960	38,640	33,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,225	41,725	44,505	89.2	88.4	90.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,300	10,810	13,680	12,300	10,810	13,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,725	4,845	5,885	11.1	10.3	11.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,195	6,015	6,345	6,195	6,015	6,345
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	36,935	18,885	18,045	38.2	40.0	36.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,850	9,910	9,780	9,850	9,910	9,780
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	96,620	47,215	49,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,915	14,020	10,900	25.8	29.7	22.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	53,600	50,000	52,000	53,600	50,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,700	59,400	55,550	57,700	59,400	55,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,795	12,705	13,085	26.7	26.9	26.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,400	16,200	17,200	18,400	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,540	25,200	21,920	23,540	25,200	21,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	70.8	76.0	65.2	70.8	76.0	65.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.0	67.4	56.2	62.0	67.4	56.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	29.2	24.0	34.8	29.2	24.0	34.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	2.1	1.8	1.6	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	11.1	10.7	11.6	11.1	10.7	11.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	10.0	9.9	10.1	10.0	9.9	10.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	96,750	47,225	49,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,525	2,785	2,740	5.7	5.9	5.5
With total income	91,230	44,445	46,785	94.3	94.1	94.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,155	4,145	5,010	10.0	9.3	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	13,765	6,270	7,500	15.1	14.1	16.0
$20,000 to $29,999	18,700	9,000	9,700	20.5	20.2	20.7
$30,000 to $39,999	13,805	6,305	7,505	15.1	14.2	16.0
$40,000 to $49,999	10,745	5,050	5,690	11.8	11.4	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,940	3,830	4,105	8.7	8.6	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	5,460	2,860	2,600	6.0	6.4	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,630	2,025	1,605	4.0	4.6	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,485	1,475	1,015	2.7	3.3	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,705	1,040	670	1.9	2.3	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,830	2,450	1,385	4.2	5.5	3.0
$100,000 to $149,999	3,055	1,920	1,135	3.3	4.3	2.4
$150,000 and over	780	530	245	0.9	1.2	0.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	96,750	47,225	49,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,470	2,755	2,720	5.7	5.8	5.5
With after-tax income	91,280	44,475	46,805	94.3	94.2	94.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,350	4,235	5,115	10.2	9.5	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	14,335	6,605	7,725	15.7	14.9	16.5
$20,000 to $29,999	20,740	9,950	10,790	22.7	22.4	23.1
$30,000 to $39,999	15,765	7,320	8,445	17.3	16.5	18.0
$40,000 to $49,999	11,695	5,735	5,965	12.8	12.9	12.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,755	3,935	3,825	8.5	8.8	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,615	2,500	2,115	5.1	5.6	4.5
$70,000 to $79,999	2,790	1,610	1,180	3.1	3.6	2.5
$80,000 to $89,999	1,865	1,060	800	2.0	2.4	1.7
$90,000 to $99,999	970	590	385	1.1	1.3	0.8
$100,000 and over	1,395	930	465	1.5	2.1	1.0
$100,000 to $124,999	845	555	285	0.9	1.2	0.6
$125,000 and over	545	375	175	0.6	0.8	0.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	96,750	47,225	49,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	34,065	14,380	19,685	35.2	30.4	39.7
With employment income	62,690	32,850	29,840	64.8	69.6	60.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,545	4,835	4,710	15.2	14.7	15.8
$5,000 to $9,999	6,915	3,270	3,645	11.0	10.0	12.2
$10,000 to $19,999	9,085	4,450	4,635	14.5	13.5	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	6,810	3,345	3,465	10.9	10.2	11.6
$30,000 to $39,999	6,750	3,370	3,380	10.8	10.3	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,340	3,265	3,070	10.1	9.9	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	5,010	2,755	2,255	8.0	8.4	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,615	2,095	1,520	5.8	6.4	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	2,520	1,515	1,005	4.0	4.6	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	1,855	1,180	675	3.0	3.6	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,370	865	510	2.2	2.6	1.7
$100,000 and over	2,860	1,905	960	4.6	5.8	3.2
$100,000 to $124,999	1,800	1,150	650	2.9	3.5	2.2
$125,000 and over	1,065	755	305	1.7	2.3	1.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	96,750	47,230	49,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,480	42,955	45,520	91.5	90.9	91.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	31,200	27,400	29,000	31,200	27,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,490	42,960	45,535	91.5	91.0	91.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,800	29,600	26,400	27,800	29,600	26,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,215	37,235	35,975	75.7	78.8	72.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,600	32,000	25,800	28,600	32,000	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,485	32,650	29,840	64.6	69.1	60.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	34,000	28,800	31,000	34,000	28,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,530	38,655	41,880	83.2	81.8	84.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,220	1,150	5,600	2,220	1,150	5,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,855	2,580	3,270	6.1	5.5	6.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	6,320	5,920	6,080	6,320	5,920
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	96,620	47,215	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,705	43,085	45,620	91.8	91.3	92.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,200	38,640	33,960	36,200	38,640	33,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,705	43,085	45,625	91.8	91.3	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,960	33,600	30,440	31,960	33,600	30,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,040	37,190	35,850	75.6	78.8	72.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,640	38,600	32,560	35,640	38,600	32,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,435	32,495	29,930	64.6	68.8	60.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,840	39,440	34,000	36,840	39,440	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,620	38,770	41,850	83.4	82.1	84.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570	5,890	9,120	7,570	5,890	9,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,815	2,610	3,210	6.0	5.5	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,390	7,100	7,620	7,390	7,100	7,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	96,620	47,215	49,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,595	13,835	10,765	25.5	29.3	21.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,400	50,400	45,600	48,400	50,400	45,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	53,900	55,950	51,350	53,900	55,950	51,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,940	11,830	12,105	24.8	25.1	24.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	24,000	22,600	23,200	24,000	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,440	30,120	26,840	28,440	30,120	26,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	81.0	86.2	75.4	81.0	86.2	75.4
Employment income (%)	71.6	77.0	65.8	71.6	77.0	65.8
Government transfers (%)	19.0	13.7	24.6	19.0	13.7	24.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	38,220	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,785	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400	...	...	32,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	38,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...	95,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,300	...	...	84,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,000	...	...	45,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,120	...	...	39,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,100	...	...	108,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	38,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	325	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	495	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	585	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,440	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,295	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,335	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,420	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,405	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,540	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,880	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,980	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,800	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,650	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,325	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,550	...	...	38.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,795	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,525	...	...	9.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,725	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,505	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	38,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	340	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	505	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	615	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,530	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,425	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,500	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,545	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,625	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,670	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,370	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,470	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,180	...	...	8.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,765	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,925	...	...	31.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,800	...	...	12.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,090	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,040	...	...	10.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,875	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,785	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,690	8,880	6,805	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	31,000	30,400	30,800	31,000	30,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,200	29,600	29,000	29,200	29,600	29,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,200	...	...	106,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...	94,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,700	...	...	85,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,200	...	...	127,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,600	...	...	83,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...	76,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,430	8,675	6,750	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,560	37,400	37,760	37,560	37,400	37,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,240	32,960	33,600	33,240	32,960	33,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,350	56,820	58,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,885	11,795	11,085	19.8	20.8	18.9
0 to 5 years	6,960	3,545	3,415	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	74,485	36,785	37,700	64.6	64.7	64.4
65 years and over	17,980	8,240	9,740	15.6	14.5	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,945	7,005	7,940	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,410	2,195	2,215	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,490	750	740	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,955	3,755	4,205	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,580	1,060	1,525	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.0	12.3	13.6	13.0	12.3	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	19.3	18.6	20.0	19.3	18.6	20.0
0 to 5 years (%)	21.4	21.1	21.8	21.4	21.1	21.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.7	10.2	11.1	10.7	10.2	11.1
65 years and over (%)	14.4	12.8	15.6	14.4	12.8	15.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,350	56,820	58,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,880	11,795	11,090	19.8	20.8	18.9
0 to 5 years	6,955	3,540	3,410	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	74,485	36,785	37,700	64.6	64.7	64.4
65 years and over	17,980	8,240	9,745	15.6	14.5	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,255	4,845	4,415	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,005	995	1,015	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	695	330	360	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,510	3,525	2,985	...	...	...
65 years and over	735	325	415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.0	8.5	7.5	8.0	8.5	7.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.8	8.4	9.1	8.8	8.4	9.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.0	9.4	10.7	10.0	9.4	10.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	9.6	7.9	8.7	9.6	7.9
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.9	4.3	4.1	3.9	4.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,350	56,825	58,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	69,745	34,015	35,730	60.5	59.9	61.0
In bottom decile	14,405	7,215	7,190	12.5	12.7	12.3
In second decile	15,445	7,415	8,030	13.4	13.0	13.7
In third decile	14,365	6,915	7,450	12.5	12.2	12.7
In fourth decile	13,305	6,420	6,885	11.5	11.3	11.8
In fifth decile	12,225	6,045	6,175	10.6	10.6	10.6
In top half of the distribution	45,605	22,805	22,800	39.5	40.1	39.0
In sixth decile	11,540	5,680	5,860	10.0	10.0	10.0
In seventh decile	11,070	5,450	5,615	9.6	9.6	9.6
In eighth decile	9,890	5,040	4,850	8.6	8.9	8.3
In ninth decile	8,605	4,310	4,295	7.5	7.6	7.3
In top decile	4,495	2,320	2,175	3.9	4.1	3.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,350	...	...	115,350	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.289	...	...	0.289	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.454	...	...	0.454	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.258	...	...	0.258	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	105,085	52,650	52,435	91.0	92.5	89.5
French only	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and French	4,820	2,140	2,675	4.2	3.8	4.6
Neither English nor French	5,460	2,060	3,395	4.7	3.6	5.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	108,290	54,000	54,285	93.7	94.9	92.6
French	1,110	535	575	1.0	0.9	1.0
English and French	770	365	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Neither English nor French	5,360	2,015	3,345	4.6	3.5	5.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,195	52,280	53,915	91.9	91.8	92.0
Official languages	52,200	25,955	26,250	45.2	45.6	44.8
English	51,340	25,540	25,795	44.4	44.9	44.0
French	865	415	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official languages	53,995	26,325	27,670	46.7	46.2	47.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	53,985	26,325	27,660	46.7	46.2	47.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,620	4,125	4,490	7.5	7.2	7.7
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	35	25	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	3,120	1,435	1,685	2.7	2.5	2.9
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	3,080	1,415	1,665	2.7	2.5	2.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,455	2,660	2,795	4.7	4.7	4.8
Amharic	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,845	950	900	1.6	1.7	1.5
Aramaic languages	3,100	1,480	1,625	2.7	2.6	2.8
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,475	1,160	1,310	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	570	280	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Harari	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,205	525	675	1.0	0.9	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,140	495	645	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,455	1,440	2,010	3.0	2.5	3.4
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	335	135	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,770	1,150	1,620	2.4	2.0	2.8
Waray-Waray	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	355	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,525	1,280	1,250	2.2	2.2	2.1
Kannada	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	340	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,930	960	970	1.7	1.7	1.7
Telugu	200	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,895	16,470	16,425	28.5	28.9	28.0
Albanian	290	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,230	1,035	1,195	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,190	1,015	1,175	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	780	365	420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	605	280	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	450	190	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	250	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	360	140	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	275	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
German	265	105	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	20,430	10,575	9,855	17.7	18.6	16.8
Indo-Aryan languages	19,165	9,955	9,215	16.6	17.5	15.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	870	450	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Gujarati	4,955	2,640	2,320	4.3	4.6	4.0
Hindi	1,765	940	825	1.5	1.7	1.4
Kacchi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,135	4,175	3,955	7.0	7.3	6.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	2,695	1,370	1,325	2.3	2.4	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	1,260	625	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	1,030	495	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	735	335	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Iranian Persian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,185	4,380	4,805	8.0	7.7	8.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,150	1,480	1,675	2.7	2.6	2.9
Portuguese	1,205	590	620	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Spanish	4,650	2,230	2,420	4.0	3.9	4.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	385	185	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,295	1,050	1,245	2.0	1.8	2.1
Akan (Twi)	975	450	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gikuyu	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	245	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	410	185	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,395	670	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	1,190	560	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	440	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	635	300	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	370	205	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	350	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	290	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,330	4,640	4,690	8.1	8.2	8.0
English and French	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,885	3,930	3,960	6.8	6.9	6.8
French and non-official language(s)	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	770	390	380	0.7	0.7	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	52,905	26,370	26,530	45.8	46.3	45.3
French	315	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	17,275	8,290	8,985	15.0	14.6	15.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,270	8,290	8,985	14.9	14.6	15.3
English and French	750	330	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	40,475	19,965	20,515	35.0	35.1	35.0
French and non-official language(s)	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,055	485	570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,640	1,280	1,355	2.3	2.2	2.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,070	51,355	52,710	90.1	90.2	89.9
Official languages	67,545	33,420	34,125	58.5	58.7	58.2
English	67,035	33,165	33,870	58.0	58.3	57.8
French	510	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	36,525	17,940	18,585	31.6	31.5	31.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,525	17,940	18,580	31.6	31.5	31.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,260	3,010	3,255	5.4	5.3	5.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,090	985	1,100	1.8	1.7	1.9
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	2,060	970	1,090	1.8	1.7	1.9
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,145	2,000	2,140	3.6	3.5	3.7
Amharic	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,225	605	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Aramaic languages	2,645	1,265	1,375	2.3	2.2	2.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,130	1,015	1,115	1.8	1.8	1.9
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	465	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic, n.o.s.	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	855	385	470	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	825	365	460	0.7	0.6	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,110	960	1,155	1.8	1.7	2.0
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,755	795	960	1.5	1.4	1.6
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	290	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,915	950	970	1.7	1.7	1.7
Kannada	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,515	735	775	1.3	1.3	1.3
Telugu	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,175	11,135	11,035	19.2	19.6	18.8
Albanian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,230	590	640	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,215	580	635	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	315	140	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	15,430	8,000	7,435	13.4	14.1	12.7
Indo-Aryan languages	14,585	7,590	7,000	12.6	13.3	11.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	570	295	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	3,800	2,015	1,785	3.3	3.5	3.0
Hindi	1,270	675	590	1.1	1.2	1.0
Kacchi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,570	3,395	3,175	5.7	6.0	5.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	1,960	985	975	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	845	405	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	665	310	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Dari	480	210	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Iranian Persian	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,135	2,375	2,765	4.4	4.2	4.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,325	560	765	1.1	1.0	1.3
Portuguese	625	295	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Romanian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,090	1,480	1,615	2.7	2.6	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	290	130	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,055	470	590	0.9	0.8	1.0
Akan (Twi)	570	245	325	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Éwé	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,020	495	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese languages	875	415	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	300	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	505	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	270	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,455	5,560	5,890	9.9	9.8	10.1
English and French	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	10,785	5,255	5,530	9.3	9.2	9.4
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,520	56,920	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	79,310	39,095	40,220	68.7	68.7	68.6
English	13,385	6,700	6,680	11.6	11.8	11.4
French	680	275	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	16,165	7,805	8,360	14.0	13.7	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,160	7,805	8,355	14.0	13.7	14.3
English and French	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,410	1,755	1,650	3.0	3.1	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	410	185	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,945	990	955	1.7	1.7	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,120	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	109,520	54,635	54,890	95.1	96.3	94.0
English	109,430	54,585	54,840	95.1	96.2	93.9
French	4,755	2,100	2,655	4.1	3.7	4.5
Non-official languages	71,150	35,070	36,080	61.8	61.8	61.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	71,140	35,070	36,070	61.8	61.8	61.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,900	5,740	6,160	10.3	10.1	10.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,900	2,325	2,570	4.3	4.1	4.4
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	4,785	2,255	2,530	4.2	4.0	4.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,185	3,505	3,685	6.2	6.2	6.3
Amharic	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Arabic	4,880	2,390	2,485	4.2	4.2	4.3
Aramaic languages	4,400	2,115	2,290	3.8	3.7	3.9
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,500	1,650	1,850	3.0	2.9	3.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	870	435	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic, n.o.s.	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,655	750	910	1.4	1.3	1.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,525	695	830	1.3	1.2	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,660	1,895	2,760	4.0	3.3	4.7
Bikol	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	185	60	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	540	220	325	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,375	1,750	2,625	3.8	3.1	4.5
Waray-Waray	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	930	415	515	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haitian Creole	205	70	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	250	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	295	135	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	3,720	1,970	1,745	3.2	3.5	3.0
Kannada	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	470	245	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	2,995	1,580	1,420	2.6	2.8	2.4
Telugu	425	235	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	42,780	21,755	21,025	37.2	38.4	36.0
Albanian	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,835	1,340	1,495	2.5	2.4	2.6
Baltic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,800	1,325	1,475	2.4	2.3	2.5
Belarusian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,055	485	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	635	325	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	765	380	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatian	535	245	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Serbian	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	315	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	555	260	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	405	195	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
German	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	455	235	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	26,380	13,910	12,470	22.9	24.5	21.4
Indo-Aryan languages	24,845	13,095	11,755	21.6	23.1	20.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	945	485	455	0.8	0.9	0.8
Gujarati	6,395	3,530	2,865	5.6	6.2	4.9
Hindi	11,230	5,900	5,335	9.8	10.4	9.1
Kacchi	105	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	345	195	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	11,240	5,900	5,340	9.8	10.4	9.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	460	230	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Urdu	4,600	2,390	2,205	4.0	4.2	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	165	105	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages	1,665	885	780	1.4	1.6	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	150	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	265	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,355	705	650	1.2	1.2	1.1
Dari	915	460	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iranian Persian	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	240	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,685	6,100	6,585	11.0	10.8	11.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,505	2,235	2,270	3.9	3.9	3.9
Portuguese	1,675	830	845	1.5	1.5	1.4
Romanian	270	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	6,785	3,200	3,585	5.9	5.6	6.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	455	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,650	2,195	2,460	4.0	3.9	4.2
Akan (Twi)	1,655	750	905	1.4	1.3	1.5
Bamanankan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	310	125	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Éwé	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ganda	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gikuyu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	265	155	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	685	340	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,100	515	585	1.0	0.9	1.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	395	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sign languages	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,710	855	855	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	1,400	690	715	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	705	340	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	850	425	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	320	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Burmese	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	560	310	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	520	285	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	195	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,115	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	595	275	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	550	240	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	330	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	225	85	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	114,525	56,450	58,075	99.5	99.5	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,115	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,965	56,630	58,335	99.9	99.8	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	20,790	...	...	54.5	...	...
Renter	17,340	...	...	45.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	8,920	...	...	23.4	...	...
Not condominium	29,215	...	...	76.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	545	...	...	1.4	...	...
1 bedroom	5,355	...	...	14.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,130	...	...	29.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,450	...	...	32.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,655	...	...	22.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,765	...	...	44.0	...	...
5 rooms	6,480	...	...	17.0	...	...
6 rooms	4,900	...	...	12.9	...	...
7 rooms	3,650	...	...	9.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,330	...	...	16.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	33,555	...	...	88.0	...	...
More than one person per room	4,575	...	...	12.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	29,725	...	...	78.0	...	...
Not suitable	8,405	...	...	22.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	8,360	...	...	21.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,995	...	...	41.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,765	...	...	15.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,450	...	...	11.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,060	...	...	2.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,180	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	740	...	...	1.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	590	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	35,055	...	...	91.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,070	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,585	...	...	48.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,400	...	...	37.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,150	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	38,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	675	...	...	1.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,250	...	...	11.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,410	...	...	16.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,620	...	...	20.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,605	...	...	22.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,870	...	...	15.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,310	...	...	8.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,390	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,235	...	...	71.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,760	...	...	28.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,925	...	...	26.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	38,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,775	...	...	49.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,140	...	...	21.3	...	...
Not suitable only	5,800	...	...	15.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,495	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,765	...	...	4.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	740	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	720	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...	0.3	...	...
Acceptable housing	19,355	...	...	50.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	37,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	8,130	...	...	21.9	...	...
Not in core need	29,030	...	...	78.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,790	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.6	...	...	59.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5	...	...	23.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.0	...	...	12.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,570	...	...	1,570	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,664	...	...	1,664	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	795,000	...	...	795,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,340	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	20.8	...	...	20.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.2	...	...	34.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	33.9	...	...	33.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328	...	...	1,328	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,115	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	640	305	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	635	305	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	185	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	114,340	56,375	57,965	99.3	99.4	99.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,115	56,730	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	91,580	44,630	46,945	79.6	78.7	80.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,095	10,425	9,665	17.5	18.4	16.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,490	34,205	37,285	62.1	60.3	63.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	23,535	12,095	11,445	20.4	21.3	19.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,115	56,730	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	43,640	22,110	21,530	37.9	39.0	36.9
Immigrants⁸¹	64,675	30,615	34,060	56.2	54.0	58.3
Before 1980	9,545	4,590	4,960	8.3	8.1	8.5
1980 to 1990	7,735	3,725	4,005	6.7	6.6	6.9
1991 to 2000	14,085	6,470	7,615	12.2	11.4	13.0
2001 to 2010	15,690	7,390	8,305	13.6	13.0	14.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,625	8,445	9,175	15.3	14.9	15.7
2011 to 2015	8,195	3,845	4,350	7.1	6.8	7.4
2016 to 2021	9,425	4,600	4,825	8.2	8.1	8.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,805	4,000	2,805	5.9	7.1	4.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	64,675	30,615	34,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,050	2,070	1,975	6.3	6.8	5.8
5 to 14 years	10,120	5,010	5,105	15.6	16.4	15.0
15 to 24 years	14,480	6,470	8,010	22.4	21.1	23.5
25 to 44 years	28,735	13,815	14,925	44.4	45.1	43.8
45 years and over	7,280	3,245	4,040	11.3	10.6	11.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	64,675	30,615	34,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	16,015	7,070	8,945	24.8	23.1	26.3
Brazil	220	120	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Colombia	375	135	235	0.6	0.4	0.7
El Salvador	795	365	425	1.2	1.2	1.2
Guyana	3,635	1,645	1,990	5.6	5.4	5.8
Haiti	200	85	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaica	4,560	1,960	2,595	7.1	6.4	7.6
Mexico	335	160	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	270	115	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Trinidad and Tobago	1,305	575	725	2.0	1.9	2.1
United States of America	520	245	275	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	3,800	1,660	2,140	5.9	5.4	6.3
Europe	7,570	3,695	3,870	11.7	12.1	11.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	150	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	340	150	190	0.5	0.5	0.6
France	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	220	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Greece	205	75	130	0.3	0.2	0.4
Hungary	195	90	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	2,510	1,250	1,255	3.9	4.1	3.7
Netherlands	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	820	385	440	1.3	1.3	1.3
Portugal	760	375	390	1.2	1.2	1.1
Romania	245	120	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	155	55	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	245	115	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	655	370	290	1.0	1.2	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	880	445	430	1.4	1.5	1.3
Africa	8,645	4,085	4,560	13.4	13.3	13.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	175	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	160	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	400	190	210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Morocco	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	1,720	835	885	2.7	2.7	2.6
Somalia	2,595	1,155	1,440	4.0	3.8	4.2
South Africa, Republic of	110	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,305	1,585	1,725	5.1	5.2	5.1
Asia	32,290	15,680	16,605	49.9	51.2	48.8
Afghanistan	745	375	370	1.2	1.2	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	230	115	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Iraq	4,315	2,055	2,260	6.7	6.7	6.6
Lebanon	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	295	155	135	0.5	0.5	0.4
Turkey	295	175	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	535	245	290	0.8	0.8	0.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	350	160	195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	45	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Philippines	4,370	1,795	2,580	6.8	5.9	7.6
Viet Nam	1,240	570	670	1.9	1.9	2.0
Bangladesh	570	300	270	0.9	1.0	0.8
India	12,825	6,515	6,310	19.8	21.3	18.5
Pakistan	2,865	1,425	1,440	4.4	4.7	4.2
Sri Lanka	1,965	960	1,005	3.0	3.1	3.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,380	665	710	2.1	2.2	2.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	160	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,430	4,600	4,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,375	610	765	14.6	13.3	15.9
Brazil	35	25	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Colombia	75	20	60	0.8	0.4	1.2
Haiti	50	25	25	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaica	430	245	185	4.6	5.3	3.8
Mexico	50	30	25	0.5	0.7	0.5
United States of America	85	15	65	0.9	0.3	1.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	640	245	395	6.8	5.3	8.2
Europe	165	60	100	1.7	1.3	2.1
France	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	30	10	15	0.3	0.2	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	95	30	70	1.0	0.7	1.5
Africa	1,790	960	835	19.0	20.9	17.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	25	20	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	45	20	20	0.5	0.4	0.4
Egypt	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Eritrea	75	45	35	0.8	1.0	0.7
Ethiopia	35	10	20	0.4	0.2	0.4
Morocco	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	620	260	355	6.6	5.7	7.4
Somalia	505	325	180	5.4	7.1	3.7
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	430	245	185	4.6	5.3	3.8
Asia	6,090	2,965	3,125	64.6	64.5	64.8
Afghanistan	85	35	50	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bangladesh	65	40	25	0.7	0.9	0.5
China⁹⁰	45	10	40	0.5	0.2	0.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,900	1,500	1,400	30.8	32.6	29.0
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	1,190	570	615	12.6	12.4	12.7
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	35	10	20	0.4	0.2	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	20	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Lebanon	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	450	220	230	4.8	4.8	4.8
Philippines	730	300	430	7.7	6.5	8.9
Saudi Arabia	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	160	85	75	1.7	1.8	1.6
Syria⁸⁹	55	25	30	0.6	0.5	0.6
Turkey	125	70	55	1.3	1.5	1.1
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Viet Nam	65	10	50	0.7	0.2	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	100	50	55	1.1	1.1	1.1
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,120	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,230	34,965	37,270	62.7	61.6	63.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,935	16,785	16,150	28.6	29.6	27.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	9,950	4,975	4,975	8.6	8.8	8.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	55,125	26,025	29,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,995	9,050	8,950	32.6	34.8	30.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,450	4,815	3,635	15.3	18.5	12.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,545	4,235	5,315	17.3	16.3	18.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,040	8,880	12,160	38.2	34.1	41.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	14,950	7,625	7,325	27.1	29.3	25.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,140	470	670	2.1	1.8	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	55,125	26,025	29,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,855	3,475	3,375	12.4	13.4	11.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,820	2,145	2,675	8.7	8.2	9.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	460	245	215	0.8	0.9	0.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,090	965	1,125	3.8	3.7	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	330	120	210	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	40,570	19,075	21,495	73.6	73.3	73.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,120	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	90,135	44,295	45,840	78.3	78.1	78.5
South Asian	32,480	16,975	15,505	28.2	29.9	26.6
Chinese	1,415	695	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Black	27,635	13,070	14,565	24.0	23.0	24.9
Filipino	5,620	2,525	3,095	4.9	4.5	5.3
Arab	3,280	1,625	1,655	2.8	2.9	2.8
Latin American	6,270	2,970	3,305	5.4	5.2	5.7
Southeast Asian	2,065	955	1,105	1.8	1.7	1.9
West Asian	3,405	1,740	1,665	3.0	3.1	2.9
Korean	540	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Japanese	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,130	1,870	2,260	3.6	3.3	3.9
Multiple visible minorities	3,195	1,540	1,650	2.8	2.7	2.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	24,985	12,430	12,555	21.7	21.9	21.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,115	56,725	58,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,335	3,235	3,095	5.5	5.7	5.3
English	3,330	1,740	1,590	2.9	3.1	2.7
Irish	2,940	1,480	1,465	2.6	2.6	2.5
Scottish	2,645	1,215	1,425	2.3	2.1	2.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,130	500	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	1,595	735	855	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese	2,395	1,150	1,245	2.1	2.0	2.1
Italian	7,200	3,590	3,600	6.3	6.3	6.2
Indian (India)	17,135	8,890	8,245	14.9	15.7	14.1
Ukrainian	875	450	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Dutch	575	275	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	1,620	765	860	1.4	1.3	1.5
Québécois	90	70	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	895	460	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Filipino	5,405	2,430	2,970	4.7	4.3	5.1
French Canadian	240	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Métis	215	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	750	340	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	375	150	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Norwegian	70	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Welsh	350	175	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	2,155	1,065	1,090	1.9	1.9	1.9
American	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,900	940	965	1.7	1.7	1.7
Swedish	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	540	265	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	3,305	1,680	1,625	2.9	3.0	2.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,720	2,445	2,275	4.1	4.3	3.9
Jewish	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	2,905	1,570	1,335	2.5	2.8	2.3
Vietnamese	1,555	690	860	1.4	1.2	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	770	375	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greek	605	320	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	5,655	2,530	3,125	4.9	4.5	5.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,115	550	565	1.0	1.0	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	500	255	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	275	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lebanese	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	260	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,035	505	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Danish	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	1,825	980	845	1.6	1.7	1.4
Austrian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	3,040	1,670	1,365	2.6	2.9	2.3
Mexican	665	325	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	1,840	945	890	1.6	1.7	1.5
Croatian	570	275	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,885	910	975	1.6	1.6	1.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Muslim	985	520	465	0.9	0.9	0.8
Egyptian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	900	460	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Tamil	1,370	690	680	1.2	1.2	1.2
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	410	175	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Moroccan	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syrian	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	3,020	1,415	1,610	2.6	2.5	2.8
Afghan	1,105	575	525	1.0	1.0	0.9
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,775	750	1,025	1.5	1.3	1.8
Serbian	230	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	60	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Persian	165	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,130	480	650	1.0	0.8	1.1
Turkish	515	285	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	500	260	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Algerian	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	275	145	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	1,460	700	760	1.3	1.2	1.3
Armenian	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Somali	5,145	2,480	2,665	4.5	4.4	4.6
Taiwanese	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	2,190	1,040	1,155	1.9	1.8	2.0
Salvadorean	870	390	480	0.8	0.7	0.8
African Caribbean	1,240	580	665	1.1	1.0	1.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	420	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,025	430	590	0.9	0.8	1.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,705	810	890	1.5	1.4	1.5
Lithuanian	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	185	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chilean	435	160	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Congolese	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	415	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peruvian	330	140	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	805	375	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Cambodian (Khmer)	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	320	185	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	365	195	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,340	725	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Eritrean	305	115	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
African Canadian	725	350	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Israeli	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,500	695	800	1.3	1.2	1.4
Barbadian	245	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	190	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	360	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cameroonian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Guatemalan	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indonesian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	610	295	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Franco Ontarian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	300	160	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dominican	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	2,205	1,070	1,135	1.9	1.9	1.9
Igbo	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Byelorussian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	450	195	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ivorian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nicaraguan	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	260	85	175	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jordanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Malayali	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	765	395	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Sinhalese	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	100	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	235	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	210	125	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Zimbabwean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	205	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ugandan	120	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	345	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	270	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tajik	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amhara	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,115	56,725	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,855	895	960	1.6	1.6	1.6
Christian	57,955	27,015	30,940	50.3	47.6	53.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	16,620	7,490	9,125	14.4	13.2	15.6
Anabaptist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,580	790	785	1.4	1.4	1.3
Baptist	1,215	570	650	1.1	1.0	1.1
Catholic	28,135	13,545	14,590	24.4	23.9	25.0
Christian Orthodox	2,150	1,045	1,105	1.9	1.8	1.9
Jehovah's Witness	475	190	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	205	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	360	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,255	1,365	1,890	2.8	2.4	3.2
Presbyterian	765	370	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Reformed	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	855	325	530	0.7	0.6	0.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,060	905	1,155	1.8	1.6	2.0
Hindu	16,405	8,775	7,630	14.3	15.5	13.1
Jewish	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	17,195	8,615	8,580	14.9	15.2	14.7
Sikh	8,065	4,155	3,905	7.0	7.3	6.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	440	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	13,050	6,980	6,070	11.3	12.3	10.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,085	56,200	57,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	104,510	51,375	53,130	91.6	91.4	91.8
Movers	9,580	4,825	4,755	8.4	8.6	8.2
Non-migrants	6,845	3,395	3,450	6.0	6.0	6.0
Migrants	2,735	1,425	1,305	2.4	2.5	2.3
Internal migrants	1,430	775	660	1.3	1.4	1.1
Intraprovincial migrants	1,285	680	605	1.1	1.2	1.0
Interprovincial migrants	145	95	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
External migrants	1,305	660	650	1.1	1.2	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,360	53,835	55,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	76,055	36,840	39,215	69.5	68.4	70.6
Movers	33,305	16,995	16,310	30.5	31.6	29.4
Non-migrants	16,890	8,395	8,495	15.4	15.6	15.3
Migrants	16,415	8,600	7,820	15.0	16.0	14.1
Internal migrants	5,325	2,670	2,655	4.9	5.0	4.8
Intraprovincial migrants	4,445	2,225	2,220	4.1	4.1	4.0
Interprovincial migrants	880	440	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	11,090	5,925	5,160	10.1	11.0	9.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,620	47,215	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	23,155	11,275	11,875	24.0	23.9	24.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,465	35,935	37,525	76.0	76.1	76.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,940	30,055	31,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,060	5,585	5,480	17.9	18.6	17.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,880	24,470	26,410	82.1	81.4	82.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,620	47,215	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,875	10,535	11,335	22.6	22.3	22.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,780	14,535	14,250	29.8	30.8	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,965	22,145	23,820	47.6	46.9	48.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,845	11,450	12,395	24.7	24.3	25.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,400	2,970	1,440	4.6	6.3	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,585	1,610	970	2.7	3.4	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,820	1,350	465	1.9	2.9	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,290	7,060	9,240	16.9	15.0	18.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,145	1,430	1,725	3.3	3.0	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,120	10,695	11,425	22.9	22.7	23.1
Bachelor's degree	15,110	7,195	7,910	15.6	15.2	16.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,670	765	905	1.7	1.6	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	385	135	250	0.4	0.3	0.5
Master's degree	4,560	2,365	2,195	4.7	5.0	4.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	395	240	160	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,945	30,055	31,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,375	5,235	5,145	16.7	17.4	16.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,670	8,625	8,050	26.9	28.7	25.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	34,890	16,200	18,695	56.3	53.9	58.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,030	7,755	9,275	27.5	25.8	29.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,760	1,780	980	4.5	5.9	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,650	985	660	2.7	3.3	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,110	790	315	1.8	2.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,065	5,015	7,055	19.5	16.7	22.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,205	965	1,245	3.6	3.2	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	17,860	8,440	9,420	28.8	28.1	29.5
Bachelor's degree	11,960	5,635	6,330	19.3	18.7	19.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,315	560	760	2.1	1.9	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	325	120	205	0.5	0.4	0.6
Master's degree	3,960	1,970	1,985	6.4	6.6	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	300	160	140	0.5	0.5	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	96,620	47,220	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	50,655	25,075	25,585	52.4	53.1	51.8
Education	2,035	395	1,640	2.1	0.8	3.3
13. Education	2,035	395	1,640	2.1	0.8	3.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,115	540	570	1.2	1.1	1.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	150	110	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	960	430	530	1.0	0.9	1.1
Humanities	2,660	1,015	1,650	2.8	2.1	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	285	65	215	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	420	115	310	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,225	440	785	1.3	0.9	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	165	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,105	1,500	3,605	5.3	3.2	7.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	475	200	280	0.5	0.4	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,200	85	1,110	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	940	305	630	1.0	0.6	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	655	125	535	0.7	0.3	1.1
45. Social sciences	1,705	755	950	1.8	1.6	1.9
Business, management and public administration	11,120	4,820	6,295	11.5	10.2	12.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	890	210	675	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,220	4,610	5,610	10.6	9.8	11.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,435	1,135	1,300	2.5	2.4	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	960	400	560	1.0	0.8	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	660	300	360	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	620	380	240	0.6	0.8	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	45	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,855	1,850	1,010	3.0	3.9	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,490	1,660	825	2.6	3.5	1.7
25. Library science	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	255	140	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,110	8,115	990	9.4	17.2	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	300	180	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	3,305	2,780	525	3.4	5.9	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,020	1,715	300	2.1	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,255	1,250	10	1.3	2.6	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,500	1,485	15	1.6	3.1	0.0
48. Precision production	735	710	20	0.8	1.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	585	390	195	0.6	0.8	0.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	280	155	0.4	0.6	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	110	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	6,805	1,355	5,445	7.0	2.9	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	345	215	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,425	1,135	5,290	6.6	2.4	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,145	1,020	1,115	2.2	2.2	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,195	335	860	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	560	345	210	0.6	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	375	330	50	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	61,940	30,055	31,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,045	13,860	13,185	43.7	46.1	41.4
Education	1,445	305	1,140	2.3	1.0	3.6
13. Education	1,445	305	1,140	2.3	1.0	3.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	880	405	480	1.4	1.3	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	115	75	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	765	325	440	1.2	1.1	1.4
Humanities	2,000	665	1,330	3.2	2.2	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	230	45	190	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	365	95	270	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	945	300	645	1.5	1.0	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	115	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	85	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	125	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,965	1,130	2,835	6.4	3.8	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	375	175	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	935	65	870	1.5	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	795	250	545	1.3	0.8	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	505	80	425	0.8	0.3	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,245	535	710	2.0	1.8	2.2
Business, management and public administration	8,705	3,735	4,970	14.1	12.4	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	695	145	545	1.1	0.5	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,000	3,585	4,420	12.9	11.9	13.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,805	835	970	2.9	2.8	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	740	295	440	1.2	1.0	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	235	260	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	445	270	175	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,325	1,460	865	3.8	4.9	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,055	1,330	720	3.3	4.4	2.3
25. Library science	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	210	105	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,455	5,610	845	10.4	18.7	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
14. Engineering	2,560	2,095	465	4.1	7.0	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,395	1,165	235	2.3	3.9	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	845	840	0	1.4	2.8	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,040	1,035	10	1.7	3.4	0.0
48. Precision production	365	350	15	0.6	1.2	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	460	295	165	0.7	1.0	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	325	205	125	0.5	0.7	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	130	90	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	5,295	1,020	4,270	8.5	3.4	13.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	235	150	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,025	865	4,160	8.1	2.9	13.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,555	735	825	2.5	2.4	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	245	660	1.5	0.8	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	360	225	130	0.6	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	290	255	35	0.5	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	61,940	30,055	31,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,045	13,860	13,185	43.7	46.1	41.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	34,895	16,195	18,700	56.3	53.9	58.6
Location of study inside Canada	20,780	9,075	11,705	33.5	30.2	36.7
Same as province or territory of residence	20,090	8,725	11,360	32.4	29.0	35.6
Different than province or territory of residence	690	350	340	1.1	1.2	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	14,115	7,125	6,990	22.8	23.7	21.9
Americas	1,925	1,030	900	3.1	3.4	2.8
United States of America	565	295	270	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mexico	125	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	230	140	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
Brazil	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	585	325	255	0.9	1.1	0.8
Europe	1,155	615	540	1.9	2.0	1.7
Belgium	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	150	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	280	160	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	215	105	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Africa	1,230	665	570	2.0	2.2	1.8
Nigeria	575	280	290	0.9	0.9	0.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	590	340	250	1.0	1.1	0.8
Asia	9,700	4,755	4,950	15.7	15.8	15.5
Iran⁸⁸	30	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Iraq	375	190	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	175	105	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	1,700	615	1,080	2.7	2.0	3.4
Viet Nam	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	190	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	180	70	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	5,715	2,950	2,760	9.2	9.8	8.7
Pakistan	815	430	380	1.3	1.4	1.2
Other locations of study in Asia	220	125	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Oceania	95	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australia	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	96,620	47,215	49,405	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,270	30,390	26,875	...	...	...
Employed	47,840	25,860	21,980	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,430	4,535	4,895	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	39,350	16,830	22,530	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.3	64.4	54.4	59.3	64.4	54.4
Employment rate	49.5	54.8	44.5	49.5	54.8	44.5
Unemployment rate	16.5	14.9	18.2	16.5	14.9	18.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	96,620	47,220	49,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	43,315	18,960	24,360	44.8	40.2	49.3
Worked	53,305	28,260	25,045	55.2	59.8	50.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,700	14,530	11,175	26.6	30.8	22.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,605	13,735	13,870	28.6	29.1	28.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.0	39.8	38.1	39.0	39.8	38.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,265	30,390	26,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,600	1,165	1,435	4.5	3.8	5.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	54,670	29,225	25,445	95.5	96.2	94.7
Employee	47,915	24,335	23,580	83.7	80.1	87.7
Permanent position	39,570	20,490	19,080	69.1	67.4	71.0
Temporary position	8,340	3,845	4,500	14.6	12.7	16.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,850	1,235	1,610	5.0	4.1	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,500	2,610	2,885	9.6	8.6	10.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,755	4,890	1,865	11.8	16.1	6.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,265	30,390	26,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,600	1,165	1,435	4.5	3.8	5.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	54,670	29,225	25,445	95.5	96.2	94.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	225	185	45	0.4	0.6	0.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,565	3,060	5,510	15.0	10.1	20.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,965	3,065	905	6.9	10.1	3.4
3 Health occupations	3,945	590	3,360	6.9	1.9	12.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,715	1,185	3,525	8.2	3.9	13.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	905	505	400	1.6	1.7	1.5
6 Sales and service occupations	14,945	6,640	8,300	26.1	21.8	30.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,625	10,435	1,195	20.3	34.3	4.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	440	385	50	0.8	1.3	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,335	3,190	2,145	9.3	10.5	8.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,265	30,390	26,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,600	1,165	1,435	4.5	3.8	5.3
All industries¹⁹¹	54,670	29,225	25,445	95.5	96.2	94.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	150	115	35	0.3	0.4	0.1
23 Construction	4,240	3,760	480	7.4	12.4	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	7,515	4,950	2,565	13.1	16.3	9.5
41 Wholesale trade	2,020	1,270	745	3.5	4.2	2.8
44-45 Retail trade	6,365	3,090	3,275	11.1	10.2	12.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,780	4,370	1,415	10.1	14.4	5.3
51 Information and cultural industries	980	520	455	1.7	1.7	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,320	990	1,330	4.1	3.3	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	995	550	450	1.7	1.8	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,420	1,950	1,475	6.0	6.4	5.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,260	2,255	2,010	7.4	7.4	7.5
61 Educational services	2,665	810	1,860	4.7	2.7	6.9
62 Health care and social assistance	6,170	950	5,220	10.8	3.1	19.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	820	495	325	1.4	1.6	1.2
72 Accommodation and food services	3,295	1,345	1,945	5.8	4.4	7.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,125	1,110	1,020	3.7	3.7	3.8
91 Public administration	1,300	545	760	2.3	1.8	2.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	60,355	32,035	28,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	55,055	29,275	25,780	91.2	91.4	91.0
French	105	25	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	775	415	360	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	765	415	355	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	540	205	340	0.9	0.6	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,775	2,080	1,700	6.3	6.5	6.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	60,355	32,035	28,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	59,415	31,560	27,865	98.4	98.5	98.4
Official languages	58,030	30,810	27,220	96.1	96.2	96.1
English	57,820	30,755	27,065	95.8	96.0	95.6
French	205	55	150	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	1,385	745	645	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,385	745	635	2.3	2.3	2.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	200	140	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	185	135	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	80	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	940	485	450	1.6	1.5	1.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Russian	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	505	250	250	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	505	250	250	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	335	210	120	0.6	0.7	0.4
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	355	190	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	260	160	105	0.4	0.5	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	935	475	460	1.5	1.5	1.6
English and French	100	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	795	425	365	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	60,355	32,035	28,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	56,735	30,135	26,600	94.0	94.1	93.9
English	650	315	330	1.1	1.0	1.2
French	350	150	200	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	2,050	1,115	935	3.4	3.5	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,050	1,115	935	3.4	3.5	3.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	470	270	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,840	25,855	21,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	8,415	3,615	4,800	17.6	14.0	21.8
Worked outside Canada	160	120	40	0.3	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	8,265	6,015	2,240	17.3	23.3	10.2
Usual place of work	31,000	16,100	14,900	64.8	62.3	67.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,000	16,100	14,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,425	8,960	10,470	62.7	55.7	70.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,505	7,095	4,415	37.1	44.1	29.6
Commute to a different province or territory	65	55	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,265	22,120	17,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,580	17,850	10,725	72.8	80.7	62.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,150	16,605	8,550	64.1	75.1	49.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,430	1,250	2,180	8.7	5.7	12.7
Public transit	8,825	3,485	5,340	22.5	15.8	31.1
Walked	870	310	560	2.2	1.4	3.3
Bicycle	135	120	20	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other method	850	355	495	2.2	1.6	2.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,265	22,120	17,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,540	3,455	3,080	16.7	15.6	18.0
15 to 29 minutes	13,550	7,915	5,635	34.5	35.8	32.9
30 to 44 minutes	10,295	6,330	3,965	26.2	28.6	23.1
45 to 59 minutes	3,580	1,795	1,785	9.1	8.1	10.4
60 minutes and over	5,305	2,625	2,675	13.5	11.9	15.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,265	22,120	17,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,160	2,225	940	8.0	10.1	5.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,260	4,575	2,685	18.5	20.7	15.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,840	4,190	3,650	20.0	18.9	21.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,695	3,380	3,315	17.1	15.3	19.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,850	2,495	2,350	12.4	11.3	13.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,460	5,255	4,205	24.1	23.8	24.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,380	12,035	11,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,015	1,030	985	8.6	8.6	8.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,370	11,005	10,365	91.4	91.4	91.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,245	8,900	8,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,570	800	770	9.1	9.0	9.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,170	595	575	6.8	6.7	6.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	400	205	195	2.3	2.3	2.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,675	8,105	7,570	90.9	91.1	90.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 10, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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