Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	L6RMore information: Ontario [Forward sortation area^©]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	93,783	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	23,902	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	23,263	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	93,785	46,720	47,065
0 to 14 years	17,125	8,970	8,160
0 to 4 years	4,915	2,540	2,380
5 to 9 years	5,775	3,065	2,710
10 to 14 years	6,435	3,365	3,065
15 to 64 years	65,295	32,545	32,750
15 to 19 years	6,510	3,370	3,140
20 to 24 years	8,675	4,705	3,970
25 to 29 years	7,950	4,105	3,845
30 to 34 years	6,855	3,350	3,505
35 to 39 years	6,730	3,145	3,580
40 to 44 years	6,555	3,110	3,440
45 to 49 years	6,265	2,995	3,265
50 to 54 years	5,785	2,830	2,955
55 to 59 years	5,400	2,660	2,745
60 to 64 years	4,580	2,270	2,315
65 years and over	11,360	5,205	6,150
65 to 69 years	3,845	1,795	2,050
70 to 74 years	3,125	1,490	1,630
75 to 79 years	2,060	960	1,100
80 to 84 years	1,310	560	750
85 years and over	1,020	400	625
85 to 89 years	645	280	365
90 to 94 years	280	90	190
95 to 99 years	80	25	55
100 years and over	15	5	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.3	19.2	17.3
15 to 64 years	69.6	69.7	69.6
65 years and over	12.1	11.1	13.1
85 years and over	1.1	0.9	1.3
Average age of the population	36.9	35.9	37.8
Median age of the population	34.8	33.2	36.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	23,265	...	...
Single-detached house	12,320	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,355	...	...
Row house	3,780	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,105	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	590	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	95	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	23,265	...	...
1 person	1,740	...	...
2 persons	3,465	...	...
3 persons	4,030	...	...
4 persons	6,115	...	...
5 or more persons	7,915	...	...
Number of persons in private households	93,345	46,620	46,730
Average household size	4.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	76,655	37,755	38,905
Married or living common-law	45,700	22,735	22,960
Married	44,150	21,970	22,185
Living common-law	1,550	765	780
Living common law - Never married	1,070	525	545
Living common law - Separated	75	45	30
Living common law - Divorced	355	185	165
Living common law - Widowed	40	10	35
Not married and not living common-law	30,960	15,015	15,940
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,335	13,290	11,045
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,295	475	820
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	2,055	640	1,415
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,275	610	2,660
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,165	...	...
2 persons	8,225	...	...
3 persons	5,855	...	...
4 persons	8,030	...	...
5 or more persons	3,045	...	...
Average size of census families	3.3	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,160	...	...
Total couple families	21,560	...	...
Married couples	20,795	...	...
With children⁶	14,775	...	...
Without children	6,020	...	...
Common-law couples	760	...	...
With children⁶	460	...	...
Without children	305	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,600	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,935	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	675	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	93,350	46,620	46,730
Total - Persons in census families	82,235	41,205	41,030
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,115	21,555	21,560
Parents in one-parent families	3,605	670	2,930
Children⁶	35,520	18,985	16,535
In a two-parent family	29,465	15,790	13,675
In a one-parent family	6,055	3,195	2,855
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	11,115	5,415	5,695
Living alone	1,740	730	1,010
Living with other relatives⁷	5,295	2,145	3,150
Living with non-relatives only	4,080	2,540	1,540
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	23,265	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	13,145	...	...
Couple-family households	11,445	...	...
With children⁶	9,070	...	...
Without children	2,375	...	...
One-parent-family households	1,700	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,745	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	915	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,855	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	860	...	...
One-person households	1,740	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	76,220	37,655	38,565
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,335	35,215	36,115
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	35,200	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,360	35,230	36,130
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	32,800	30,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,920	31,165	29,750
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,400	32,000	24,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,250	28,190	26,065
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,600	31,600	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,520	32,590	33,930
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	5,480	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,440	2,685	4,760
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,590	14,850	14,745
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	76,270	37,740	38,525
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,425	35,405	36,020
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,360	44,680	38,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,465	35,415	36,045
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,240	38,480	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,030	31,370	29,660
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,440	41,840	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,275	28,285	25,990
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,320	42,280	34,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,720	32,745	33,980
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,040	8,240	11,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,445	2,755	4,690
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,400	5,760	6,780
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,410	14,860	14,550
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,020	8,810	9,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	76,270	37,740	38,525
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,700	12,905	9,800
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,400	54,800	50,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,950	61,700	55,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,925	10,835	11,085
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,600	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,540	28,120	23,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.4	83.0	70.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	75.6	64.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.7	17.0	29.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.0	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.9	8.9	11.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	9.0	8.3	9.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	76,220	37,655	38,565
Without total income	4,890	2,440	2,450
With total income	71,335	35,220	36,115
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,005	3,555	4,445
$10,000 to $19,999	11,100	5,200	5,900
$20,000 to $29,999	12,640	6,150	6,485
$30,000 to $39,999	10,290	4,860	5,435
$40,000 to $49,999	7,955	3,700	4,255
$50,000 to $59,999	6,045	2,855	3,195
$60,000 to $69,999	4,330	2,170	2,155
$70,000 to $79,999	3,055	1,715	1,340
$80,000 to $89,999	2,260	1,380	880
$90,000 to $99,999	1,650	1,030	625
$100,000 and over	4,000	2,595	1,400
$100,000 to $149,999	3,255	2,030	1,225
$150,000 and over	745	570	175
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	76,220	37,655	38,565
Without after-tax income	4,865	2,425	2,435
With after-tax income	71,360	35,230	36,130
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,120	3,600	4,515
$10,000 to $19,999	11,525	5,455	6,070
$20,000 to $29,999	14,280	6,940	7,340
$30,000 to $39,999	11,620	5,500	6,120
$40,000 to $49,999	8,995	4,275	4,720
$50,000 to $59,999	5,965	2,975	2,995
$60,000 to $69,999	3,970	2,220	1,745
$70,000 to $79,999	2,530	1,530	995
$80,000 to $89,999	1,865	1,080	785
$90,000 to $99,999	1,050	625	425
$100,000 and over	1,445	1,030	415
$100,000 to $124,999	970	670	300
$125,000 and over	475	360	115
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	76,220	37,655	38,565
Without employment income	21,970	9,465	12,505
With employment income	54,250	28,190	26,060
Under $5,000 (including loss)	6,990	3,275	3,710
$5,000 to $9,999	5,720	2,460	3,260
$10,000 to $19,999	7,845	3,750	4,100
$20,000 to $29,999	6,755	3,860	2,900
$30,000 to $39,999	5,880	2,935	2,950
$40,000 to $49,999	4,940	2,380	2,560
$50,000 to $59,999	4,055	2,080	1,985
$60,000 to $69,999	3,195	1,745	1,445
$70,000 to $79,999	2,320	1,380	945
$80,000 to $89,999	1,860	1,190	675
$90,000 to $99,999	1,380	895	490
$100,000 and over	3,295	2,240	1,050
$100,000 to $124,999	2,060	1,315	750
$125,000 and over	1,230	930	305
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	76,220	37,655	38,565
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,980	33,935	35,040
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	33,200	28,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,995	33,945	35,055
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,800	31,000	26,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,695	30,485	29,210
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	34,400	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,895	27,985	25,905
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	33,600	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,765	30,175	31,595
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,390	830	3,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,555	1,445	3,110
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,640	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	76,270	37,740	38,525
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,090	34,075	35,015
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,320	42,160	34,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,100	34,075	35,030
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,440	36,120	30,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,800	30,565	29,235
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,480	43,240	33,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,895	27,970	25,930
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,720	42,880	34,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,955	30,265	31,695
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,605	3,796	7,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,510	1,475	3,030
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,280	7,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	76,270	37,740	38,525
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,440	12,715	9,730
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,800	51,600	46,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	55,000	58,500	50,440
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,565	10,205	10,360
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,000	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,760	32,600	26,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	92.0	80.8
Employment income (%)	78.8	83.4	73.2
Government transfers (%)	13.1	8.0	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.6	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	23,265	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,740	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	21,520	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	23,265	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	111,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,725	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	21,540	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	23,265	...	...
Under $5,000	100	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	45	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	65	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	110	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	215	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	240	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	275	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	360	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	390	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	485	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,110	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,300	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,490	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,555	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,555	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,975	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,625	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,150	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,070	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,130	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	23,265	...	...
Under $5,000	105	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	45	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	65	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	125	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	240	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	255	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	325	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	415	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	450	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	590	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,345	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,660	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,820	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,805	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,825	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,200	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,110	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,105	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,985	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	21,450	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	2,930	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,005	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	2,475	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	5,815	3,270	2,550
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,400	27,000	30,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	27,400	26,000	28,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	21,420	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	2,875	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,005	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	2,505	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	102,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	5,835	3,185	2,645
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,480	33,200	36,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,440	29,080	32,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	93,345	46,620	46,725
0 to 17 years	20,920	10,950	9,965
0 to 5 years	6,020	3,135	2,890
18 to 64 years	61,465	30,535	30,930
65 years and over	10,965	5,135	5,830
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,170	2,645	2,525
0 to 17 years	1,555	825	735
0 to 5 years	510	275	235
18 to 64 years	3,010	1,550	1,455
65 years and over	605	270	335
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.5	5.7	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.5	7.5	7.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	8.7	8.2
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	5.1	4.7
65 years and over (%)	5.5	5.2	5.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	93,350	46,620	46,730
0 to 17 years	20,915	10,950	9,965
0 to 5 years	6,020	3,135	2,890
18 to 64 years	61,465	30,535	30,935
65 years and over	10,965	5,135	5,830
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,130	2,300	1,830
0 to 17 years	650	340	300
0 to 5 years	215	110	105
18 to 64 years	3,275	1,855	1,415
65 years and over	210	100	115
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.4	4.9	3.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.1	3.1	3.1
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.6	3.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	6.1	4.6
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.9	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	93,350	46,625	46,725
In bottom half of the distribution	45,765	23,015	22,750
In bottom decile	5,955	3,240	2,720
In second decile	7,765	3,875	3,885
In third decile	10,195	5,095	5,095
In fourth decile	10,995	5,410	5,580
In fifth decile	10,855	5,390	5,465
In top half of the distribution	47,580	23,605	23,975
In sixth decile	11,465	5,705	5,765
In seventh decile	11,130	5,505	5,620
In eighth decile	10,560	5,170	5,390
In ninth decile	9,225	4,595	4,630
In top decile	5,205	2,635	2,575
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	93,350	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.251	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.359	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.224	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	2.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	93,365	46,630	46,735
English only	82,745	42,295	40,455
French only	25	10	15
English and French	3,835	1,610	2,225
Neither English nor French	6,760	2,720	4,040
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	93,365	46,630	46,735
English	85,565	43,435	42,125
French	340	160	185
English and French	785	360	425
Neither English nor French	6,675	2,675	4,000
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	93,365	46,630	46,735
Single responses	85,025	42,465	42,560
Official languages	31,510	15,565	15,950
English	31,220	15,430	15,795
French	290	130	155
Non-official languages	53,515	26,900	26,615
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	53,510	26,900	26,615
Afro-Asiatic languages	900	450	450
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	15	5
Hausa	20	15	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	180	90	90
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	10
Somali	165	85	90
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	685	340	340
Amharic	40	25	15
Arabic	360	180	180
Aramaic languages	225	115	110
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	160	80	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	30	30
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	5	0	5
Maltese	35	15	25
Tigrigna	10	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	250	280
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	15
Vietnamese	505	235	265
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,280	565	710
Bikol	10	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	5
Ilocano	80	35	50
Indonesian	5	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,070	475	595
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Creole languages	55	30	25
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	3,230	1,580	1,650
Kannada	85	40	45
Malayalam	615	310	305
Tamil	2,315	1,115	1,200
Telugu	220	120	100
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	45,790	23,195	22,595
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	330	140	190
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	325	140	185
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	15	10	10
Polish	160	70	90
Russian	35	15	25
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	55	25	35
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	45	20	30
Serbian	10	5	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	5
Ukrainian	10	5	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	80	30	45
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	55	20	35
German	55	20	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	40	25	15
Indo-Iranian languages	43,110	21,955	21,150
Indo-Aryan languages	42,595	21,690	20,905
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	350	175	175
Gujarati	3,615	1,795	1,815
Hindi	2,520	1,215	1,295
Kacchi	40	20	20
Kashmiri	15	10	5
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	175	85	95
Nepali	105	55	55
Oriya languages	20	10	10
Odia	15	10	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	32,795	16,810	15,985
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	25	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	105	110
Urdu	2,670	1,370	1,300
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Iranian languages	505	260	245
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	60	30	30
Persian languages	435	225	210
Dari	295	155	140
Iranian Persian	45	25	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,200	1,025	1,175
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	750	350	400
Portuguese	420	200	220
Romanian	45	20	25
Spanish	985	455	530
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	15	5	10
Korean	20	10	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	845	410	435
Akan (Twi)	515	250	270
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	25	15	15
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	20	5	10
Ganda	0	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	35	15	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	15	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	160	80	80
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	5
American Sign Language	10	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	660	315	345
Chinese languages	650	305	340
Hakka	25	10	15
Mandarin	180	80	105
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	410	200	210
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	0
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	25	35
Lao	60	25	35
Thai	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	50	25	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	50	25	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	55	30	25
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	50	30	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,345	4,170	4,175
English and French	190	70	120
English and non-official language(s)	7,385	3,725	3,660
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	55	65
Multiple non-official languages	600	295	305
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	93,365	46,630	46,735
English	30,180	14,860	15,325
French	110	50	60
Non-official language	21,255	10,505	10,750
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	21,255	10,505	10,750
English and French	405	160	245
English and non-official language(s)	38,465	19,640	18,825
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	960	440	520
Multiple non-official languages	1,960	965	1,000
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	93,365	46,630	46,735
Single responses	82,225	41,035	41,190
Official languages	41,535	20,470	21,065
English	41,350	20,390	20,960
French	185	80	110
Non-official languages	40,690	20,570	20,125
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,690	20,570	20,125
Afro-Asiatic languages	515	245	270
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	5
Hausa	5	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	0	0
Cushitic languages	80	40	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	75	35	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	425	205	220
Amharic	25	10	15
Arabic	195	90	105
Aramaic languages	190	100	90
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	130	60	65
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	25	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	5	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	165	195
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10
Vietnamese	345	160	185
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	655	305	350
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	30	15	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	0
Ilocano	40	15	25
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	565	260	300
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	35	20	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Dravidian languages	2,470	1,200	1,270
Kannada	50	25	25
Malayalam	420	210	205
Tamil	1,835	880	960
Telugu	165	85	80
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	35,650	18,155	17,500
Albanian	5	5	0
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	135	65	75
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	135	65	75
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	5	0	5
Polish	75	35	45
Russian	20	10	10
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	25	10	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	20	5	10
Serbian	5	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	5	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	5	0	5
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	5	0	5
German	5	0	5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	34,565	17,660	16,910
Indo-Aryan languages	34,230	17,495	16,735
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	210	110	105
Gujarati	2,620	1,285	1,335
Hindi	1,855	925	930
Kacchi	30	15	15
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	115	55	60
Nepali	75	35	40
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,275	14,045	13,225
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	60	75
Urdu	1,860	930	930
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
Iranian languages	330	160	170
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	35	15	15
Persian languages	285	145	150
Dari	185	85	95
Iranian Persian	30	15	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	40	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	910	410	500
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	210	85	125
Portuguese	120	55	70
Romanian	20	10	10
Spanish	550	260	290
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	5	5
Korean	10	5	5
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	365	175	195
Akan (Twi)	230	100	130
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	75	35	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	20	5
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	480	230	255
Chinese languages	480	230	255
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	130	60	70
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	325	155	170
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	20
Lao	40	20	20
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	20	15	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	20	15	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	15	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	25	15	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	11,145	5,600	5,545
English and French	90	35	60
English and non-official language(s)	10,735	5,420	5,315
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	50	60
Multiple non-official languages	195	90	105
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	93,365	46,630	46,735
None	60,190	29,780	30,410
English	14,080	7,355	6,725
French	535	245	290
Non-official language	12,900	6,430	6,470
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	12,900	6,430	6,470
English and French	165	70	95
English and non-official language(s)	3,455	1,770	1,685
French and non-official language(s)	365	160	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	1,640	805	840
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	93,320	46,605	46,720
Official languages	86,535	43,930	42,600
English	86,495	43,910	42,580
French	3,860	1,720	2,135
Non-official languages	68,240	34,140	34,095
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	68,240	34,140	34,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,400	720	680
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	10	20
Hausa	30	10	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	290	145	145
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20
Somali	245	120	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,105	580	525
Amharic	15	0	10
Arabic	895	480	415
Aramaic languages	255	130	120
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	85	85
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	40	30
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Harari	25	10	10
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	45	20	25
Tigrigna	25	0	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	760	385	370
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40
Vietnamese	710	370	340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,670	715	955
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	35	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	115	50	65
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	55	15	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10
Pangasinan	15	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,575	675	900
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Creole languages	310	175	140
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	80	35	45
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	20	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	80	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25
Dravidian languages	4,905	2,440	2,460
Kannada	135	55	80
Malayalam	1,060	535	530
Tamil	3,500	1,750	1,750
Telugu	465	240	230
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	57,625	29,045	28,580
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	10	0	10
Balto-Slavic languages	395	180	205
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	385	180	205
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	15	10	0
Macedonian	30	10	20
Polish	190	90	100
Russian	80	45	30
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	65	35	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	50	25	20
Serbian	15	10	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15
Ukrainian	10	0	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	135	70	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	95	50	40
German	95	50	40
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	0	20
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	20	0	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	120	55	70
Indo-Iranian languages	54,115	27,475	26,640
Indo-Aryan languages	53,650	27,235	26,415
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	610	305	305
Gujarati	5,235	2,690	2,545
Hindi	18,455	9,200	9,250
Kacchi	95	50	50
Kashmiri	20	10	10
Konkani	65	35	30
Marathi	355	155	200
Nepali	170	80	85
Oriya languages	30	10	15
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,830	20,820	20,010
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	425	205	220
Urdu	5,250	2,605	2,650
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80	70	10
Iranian languages	580	295	285
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	10	0	0
Pashto	90	45	45
Persian languages	550	280	260
Dari	380	195	185
Iranian Persian	70	35	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,025	1,370	1,660
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,145	515	625
Portuguese	475	210	265
Romanian	60	30	30
Spanish	1,450	660	790
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Japanese	50	30	15
Korean	45	10	35
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,690	805	885
Akan (Twi)	785	340	445
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	80	45	35
Éwé	20	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	80	30	50
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	190	90	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	10	10
Ndebele	15	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	105	60	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	395	210	190
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	125	60	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	80	40	45
American Sign Language	50	20	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	900	420	480
Chinese languages	840	395	445
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	350	140	205
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	0
Yue (Cantonese)	560	275	290
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	25	35
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40
Lao	55	15	40
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Turkic languages	130	65	65
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	130	65	65
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	95	45	50
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	90	45	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	93,320	46,605	46,720
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	150	65	80
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	145	65	75
First Nations (North American Indian)	110	40	65
Métis	35	25	10
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous identity	93,170	46,530	46,640
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	93,320	46,605	46,720
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	45	30	20
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	93,270	46,575	46,700
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	23,260	...	...
Owner	20,000	...	...
Renter	3,260	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	23,260	...	...
Condominium	2,720	...	...
Not condominium	20,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	23,260	...	...
No bedrooms	135	...	...
1 bedroom	1,125	...	...
2 bedrooms	2,220	...	...
3 bedrooms	6,815	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,980	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	23,260	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,505	...	...
5 rooms	3,960	...	...
6 rooms	4,300	...	...
7 rooms	3,795	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,710	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	23,260	...	...
One person or fewer per room	20,815	...	...
More than one person per room	2,450	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	23,260	...	...
Suitable	19,740	...	...
Not suitable	3,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	23,260	...	...
1960 or before	110	...	...
1961 to 1980	265	...	...
1981 to 1990	645	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,790	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,725	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,790	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,370	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	23,260	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	22,725	...	...
Major repairs needed	540	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	23,260	...	...
One-maintainer household	7,290	...	...
Two-maintainer household	11,860	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,115	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	23,260	...	...
15 to 24 years	370	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,610	...	...
35 to 44 years	5,335	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,305	...	...
55 to 64 years	4,785	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,625	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,015	...	...
85 years and over	220	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	23,210	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	15,445	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,765	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,300	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	23,265	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,780	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,795	...	...
Not suitable only	2,650	...	...
Major repairs needed only	295	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	795	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	165	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...
Acceptable housing	12,485	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	22,740	...	...
In core need	2,650	...	...
Not in core need	20,090	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,000	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	81.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,420	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,390	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	950,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	968,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	3,260	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,812	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	93,320	46,600	46,715
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	50	20	30
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	50	20	30
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	35	10	25
Métis single ancestry	15	10	0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	115	60	55
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	115	60	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	95	45	45
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	15	10
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	93,160	46,530	46,635
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	93,315	46,605	46,720
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	71,010	35,405	35,600
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,160	9,990	9,170
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	51,850	25,415	26,435
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,310	11,195	11,115
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	93,315	46,605	46,720
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	33,730	17,370	16,355
Immigrants⁸¹	53,855	26,095	27,760
Before 1980	4,095	1,815	2,280
1980 to 1990	5,670	2,780	2,895
1991 to 2000	12,535	5,870	6,665
2001 to 2010	17,000	8,340	8,665
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,545	7,290	7,255
2011 to 2015	7,380	3,690	3,690
2016 to 2021	7,160	3,600	3,560
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,740	3,140	2,600
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	53,855	26,090	27,760
Under 5 years	3,260	1,700	1,555
5 to 14 years	6,735	3,415	3,320
15 to 24 years	13,530	5,785	7,750
25 to 44 years	22,715	11,685	11,030
45 years and over	7,615	3,505	4,110
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	53,855	26,090	27,760
Americas	7,960	3,500	4,455
Brazil	20	0	10
Colombia	105	45	55
El Salvador	130	55	70
Guyana	2,295	1,065	1,235
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	3,010	1,245	1,760
Mexico	25	10	15
Peru	75	20	50
Trinidad and Tobago	985	470	515
United States of America	405	180	230
Other places of birth in Americas	900	395	505
Europe	2,170	1,000	1,165
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Croatia	20	15	0
France	15	0	0
Germany	70	45	25
Greece	75	30	40
Hungary	45	15	30
Italy	580	270	310
Netherlands	10	0	10
Poland	135	50	80
Portugal	285	145	140
Romania	45	25	25
Russian Federation	50	25	25
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	610	280	335
Other places of birth in Europe	205	90	120
Africa	2,330	1,160	1,170
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	105	65	40
Eritrea	10	0	10
Ethiopia	65	30	35
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	760	370	390
Somalia	120	55	60
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	15
Other places of birth in Africa	1,245	625	620
Asia	41,185	20,325	20,860
Afghanistan	385	175	210
Iran⁸⁸	65	40	25
Iraq	395	205	190
Lebanon	25	0	20
Syria⁸⁹	50	15	30
Turkey	70	30	40
China⁹⁰	220	90	125
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	35	40
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	10
Taiwan	10	0	10
Philippines	1,570	715	860
Viet Nam	665	325	335
Bangladesh	260	135	125
India	31,670	15,750	15,920
Pakistan	2,535	1,250	1,285
Sri Lanka	2,230	1,105	1,120
Other places of birth in Asia	940	435	505
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	210	105	105
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,160	3,605	3,560
Americas	375	170	210
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	155	75	80
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	110	40	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	120	55	65
Europe	80	50	30
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	25	25	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	15	10
Other places of birth in Europe	30	15	15
Africa	285	155	130
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	175	85	90
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	70	50	20
Asia	6,420	3,225	3,190
Afghanistan	25	20	10
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	5,540	2,825	2,715
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	100	45	60
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	25	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	15	10	10
Pakistan	320	150	170
Philippines	150	65	90
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10
Sri Lanka	95	45	45
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	20	15	10
United Arab Emirates	20	10	10
Viet Nam	25	10	10
Other places of birth in Asia	30	10	20
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	93,320	46,600	46,715
First generation¹⁰⁰	59,960	29,415	30,545
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,410	15,210	14,195
Third generation or more¹⁰²	3,950	1,975	1,975
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,755	24,280	25,475
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,345	9,845	8,500
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,005	5,480	2,520
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,340	4,360	5,980
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	26,105	11,475	14,625
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,715	2,595	2,120
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	600	365	235
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,755	24,280	25,475
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,865	1,790	1,070
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,990	1,655	1,330
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	450	235	215
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,225	1,295	930
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	235	110	120
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	41,000	19,185	21,810
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	93,320	46,605	46,720
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	85,820	42,910	42,920
South Asian	62,955	32,025	30,935
Chinese	805	375	430
Black	10,985	5,150	5,830
Filipino	2,275	1,075	1,205
Arab	565	295	270
Latin American	1,390	610	780
Southeast Asian	1,025	525	500
West Asian	810	425	380
Korean	35	10	25
Japanese	40	25	15
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,475	1,680	1,795
Multiple visible minorities	1,460	710	755
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	7,495	3,695	3,800
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	93,320	46,600	46,715
Canadian	3,890	1,990	1,900
English	1,160	550	610
Irish	1,000	470	530
Scottish	1,065	495	570
French, n.o.s.¹²²	290	150	140
German	540	250	285
Chinese	1,225	560	660
Italian	2,110	1,015	1,100
Indian (India)	32,040	16,095	15,945
Ukrainian	150	75	80
Dutch	155	75	80
Polish	305	145	160
Québécois	10	0	0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	440	200	240
Filipino	2,235	1,065	1,170
French Canadian	75	40	40
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	200	75	120
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	35	10	25
Métis	30	20	10
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	340	165	175
Russian	65	35	30
Norwegian	0	0	0
Welsh	35	10	25
Portuguese	1,045	570	475
American	150	80	70
Spanish	395	170	230
Swedish	0	0	0
Hungarian	205	120	85
Acadian	35	0	30
Pakistani	3,100	1,520	1,585
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,070	945	1,120
Jewish	40	20	25
Punjabi	13,030	6,515	6,510
Vietnamese	895	490	405
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	210	115	90
Greek	265	140	130
Jamaican	3,655	1,760	1,895
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,475	745	730
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0
Korean	35	15	25
Romanian	75	35	40
Lebanese	50	25	25
Iranian	100	55	50
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	355	195	165
Danish	25	10	15
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	0	0	0
Sikh	10,800	5,520	5,285
Austrian	35	10	20
Belgian	25	10	10
Haitian	30	15	15
Hindu	4,485	2,370	2,110
Mexican	55	35	25
Mennonite	0	0	0
Swiss	0	0	0
Finnish	15	0	10
Sri Lankan	2,020	995	1,025
Croatian	60	40	20
Japanese	90	60	30
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,485	1,310	1,170
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	0	0	0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	0	0	0
Muslim	700	385	315
Egyptian	155	90	70
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	350	140	210
Tamil	1,490	745	745
Icelandic	0	0	0
Colombian	135	65	70
Moroccan	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Syrian	75	30	50
Guyanese	2,165	1,020	1,145
Afghan	540	280	260
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	840	395	450
Serbian	20	10	10
Ojibway	35	25	10
Newfoundlander	25	10	15
Hong Konger	0	0	0
Ontarian	155	80	75
Persian	65	40	30
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	830	390	440
Turkish	180	70	105
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	310	180	135
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	35	20	20
Nigerian	605	290	305
Armenian	45	10	35
Slovak	10	10	0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	10	0	0
Somali	280	135	145
Taiwanese	0	0	0
Iraqi	160	80	80
Salvadorean	150	75	70
African Caribbean	800	365	435
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	245	135	110
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	205	110	95
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	760	355	410
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	835	390	445
Lithuanian	10	0	0
South African	15	0	15
Australian	0	0	0
Palestinian	80	40	40
Chilean	100	50	55
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	10	0	10
Ethiopian	95	55	35
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	50	85
Peruvian	105	30	70
Yoruba	325	165	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	95	50	45
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	105	50	55
Macedonian	45	20	25
Slovenian	40	20	20
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	0	0	0
New Brunswicker	10	10	0
Gujarati	1,025	530	500
Eritrean	40	10	35
African Canadian	340	175	165
Israeli	10	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	0	15
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	705	315	390
Barbadian	215	100	110
African American	130	50	75
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	0	0	0
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	20	0	10
Cuban	55	30	25
Bosnian	0	0	0
Venezuelan	20	0	15
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Bengali	45	20	30
Cameroonian	40	15	25
Guatemalan	35	10	30
Indonesian	0	0	0
Laotian	70	25	45
Ilocano	45	20	25
Northern Irish	40	20	20
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	165	95	70
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	50	30	25
Estonian	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	65	30	35
Jatt	1,175	600	575
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	30	10
Coptic	35	25	10
Thai	0	0	0
Dominican	65	30	35
Nepali	150	80	70
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	170	60	110
Igbo	115	55	65
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	10	0	0
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	50	10	35
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	70	25	45
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	80	45	30
Ivorian	35	10	25
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	20	0	10
Mauritian	20	10	10
Kenyan	50	25	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	150	55	100
Jordanian	60	40	20
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	50	20	25
Malayali	210	125	85
Chaldean	75	35	35
Sinhalese	225	120	110
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	255	120	130
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	0	20
Pashtun	30	20	10
Malay	25	20	10
Goan	120	80	40
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	15
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	40	25	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	10	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	180	75	105
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	40	25	20
Tanzanian	30	15	15
Yemeni	15	10	10
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	30	10	20
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	95	45	50
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	75	30	45
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	60	30	30
Prince Edward Islander	35	20	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	40	20	20
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	40	20	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	55	35	15
Singaporean	25	10	20
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	115	45	65
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	93,320	46,600	46,720
Buddhist	1,020	490	535
Christian	23,275	10,830	12,445
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,085	3,260	3,820
Anabaptist	0	0	0
Anglican	675	305	370
Baptist	425	200	220
Catholic	10,305	4,885	5,420
Christian Orthodox	590	290	300
Jehovah's Witness	165	70	95
Latter Day Saints	55	30	25
Lutheran	95	45	50
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	60	20	45
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,025	890	1,140
Presbyterian	300	150	150
Reformed	0	0	0
United Church	480	205	275
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,010	475	540
Hindu	18,340	9,370	8,960
Jewish	30	15	10
Muslim	7,975	4,040	3,930
Sikh	36,945	18,780	18,170
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	290	160	130
No religion and secular perspectives	5,445	2,910	2,530
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	92,400	46,130	46,265
Non-movers	82,235	40,900	41,335
Movers	10,160	5,235	4,930
Non-migrants	6,560	3,375	3,180
Migrants	3,610	1,860	1,750
Internal migrants	2,100	1,160	940
Intraprovincial migrants	1,785	990	795
Interprovincial migrants	315	170	145
External migrants	1,515	705	805
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	88,285	44,060	44,225
Non-movers	55,825	27,660	28,165
Movers	32,455	16,400	16,060
Non-migrants	15,495	7,835	7,660
Migrants	16,965	8,560	8,400
Internal migrants	7,440	3,730	3,715
Intraprovincial migrants	6,320	3,140	3,175
Interprovincial migrants	1,125	590	540
External migrants	9,520	4,835	4,690
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	76,270	37,740	38,530
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,940	7,005	7,935
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	61,330	30,740	30,595
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,100	24,335	25,760
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,525	3,235	3,290
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	43,575	21,100	22,475
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	76,270	37,745	38,525
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,395	6,690	7,705
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,250	11,825	10,420
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,630	19,225	20,400
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,915	8,660	8,255
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,290	1,570	725
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,325	885	445
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	965	685	275
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,095	5,815	6,275
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,530	1,275	1,255
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,710	10,570	12,145
Bachelor's degree	15,255	7,235	8,025
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,390	670	720
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	460	195	265
Master's degree	5,375	2,365	3,015
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	230	110	120
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,100	24,340	25,760
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,170	3,035	3,130
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,910	6,800	6,115
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,020	14,510	16,510
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,315	6,050	6,260
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,735	1,165	570
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	990	670	325
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	745	495	245
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,765	4,030	4,735
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,810	855	960
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,705	8,460	10,250
Bachelor's degree	12,095	5,575	6,525
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,095	535	560
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	415	175	240
Master's degree	4,900	2,085	2,815
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	200	95	110
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	76,270	37,745	38,525
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,640	18,515	18,130
Education	1,535	305	1,230
13. Education	1,535	305	1,230
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	795	375	415
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	75	65	10
50. Visual and performing arts	720	315	405
Humanities	3,760	1,345	2,410
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	305	75	230
23. English language and literature/letters	475	125	350
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,585	975	1,610
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	75	40	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	70	60	10
54. History	210	75	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10	0	10
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,940	1,275	2,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	15	40
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	290	100	185
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	745	110	635
22. Legal professions and studies	730	305	420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	25	55
42. Psychology	440	95	345
45. Social sciences	1,605	620	980
Business, management and public administration	10,280	4,765	5,510
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	565	105	455
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,700	4,655	5,040
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,495	1,120	1,370
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	285	575
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	930	455	475
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	15	15
40. Physical sciences	580	335	250
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,915	1,765	1,155
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,610	970
25. Library science	20	0	20
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	145	145
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	10	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,155	6,355	795
04. Architecture and related services	160	90	65
14. Engineering	3,185	2,695	495
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,810	1,600	210
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	590	585	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	960	945	15
48. Precision production	450	445	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	305	190	115
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	255	165	85
03. Natural resources and conservation	55	20	30
Health and related fields	4,950	945	4,005
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	255	145	110
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,655	785	3,875
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	35	15	25
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,490	770	720
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	720	180	540
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	545	375	170
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	200	10
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	50,100	24,340	25,760
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,085	9,830	9,250
Education	1,105	190	920
13. Education	1,105	190	920
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	595	290	300
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	50	45	0
50. Visual and performing arts	545	245	295
Humanities	3,050	1,030	2,020
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	260	60	200
23. English language and literature/letters	380	90	290
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,125	765	1,355
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	50	25	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	50	45	10
54. History	150	40	105
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10	0	10
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,025	925	2,100
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	15	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	215	70	145
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	485	50	435
22. Legal professions and studies	590	240	345
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	25	50
42. Psychology	340	60	275
45. Social sciences	1,275	460	820
Business, management and public administration	8,100	3,650	4,455
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	470	80	390
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,615	3,570	4,050
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,805	755	1,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	610	195	425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	635	295	340
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	10	10
40. Physical sciences	470	240	235
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	25	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,345	1,380	970
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,085	1,280	805
25. Library science	20	0	15
27. Mathematics and statistics	230	90	130
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	0	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,580	4,915	665
04. Architecture and related services	125	75	50
14. Engineering	2,665	2,235	430
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,335	1,165	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	450	440	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	675	675	0
48. Precision production	335	330	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	225	140	85
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	180	120	60
03. Natural resources and conservation	45	20	25
Health and related fields	4,070	725	3,350
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	165	95	70
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,870	620	3,250
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,115	515	600
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	600	135	465
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	380	245	135
49. Transportation and materials moving	140	135	0
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	50,100	24,340	25,760
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,085	9,830	9,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	31,020	14,510	16,510
Location of study inside Canada	14,940	6,805	8,135
Same as province or territory of residence	14,390	6,570	7,820
Different than province or territory of residence	555	235	320
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,080	7,705	8,375
Americas	1,155	610	540
United States of America	515	280	235
Mexico	0	0	0
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	285	145	135
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	0	0	0
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	335	180	155
Europe	545	340	205
Belgium	0	0	0
France	10	10	0
Germany	15	15	0
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	10	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	30	10	20
Romania	20	10	15
Russian Federation	30	10	15
Ukraine	20	15	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	350	225	125
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	20	10	10
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	40	30	15
Africa	510	270	240
Nigeria	280	155	120
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	50	20	30
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	180	95	85
Asia	13,765	6,400	7,365
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	10
Iraq	80	40	40
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	20	0	10
Turkey	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	35	20	20
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Philippines	620	225	400
Viet Nam	30	15	15
Bangladesh	70	25	45
Sri Lanka	220	100	125
India	11,785	5,560	6,215
Pakistan	710	310	405
Other locations of study in Asia	130	75	55
Oceania	100	75	25
Australia	75	60	15
New Zealand	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	76,275	37,745	38,525
In the labour force	50,665	27,310	23,355
Employed	43,760	24,120	19,640
Unemployed	6,905	3,190	3,715
Not in the labour force	25,605	10,435	15,175
Participation rate	66.4	72.4	60.6
Employment rate	57.4	63.9	51.0
Unemployment rate	13.6	11.7	15.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	76,270	37,745	38,530
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,335	12,690	16,650
Worked	46,930	25,050	21,880
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	23,535	13,440	10,095
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	23,395	11,610	11,790
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	40.6	37.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	50,665	27,310	23,350
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,775	860	920
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	48,885	26,455	22,435
Employee	40,600	19,960	20,645
Permanent position	33,425	16,825	16,600
Temporary position	7,180	3,135	4,045
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,285	980	1,310
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,890	2,155	2,735
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,285	6,490	1,795
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	50,665	27,310	23,350
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,775	860	920
All occupations¹⁹¹	48,885	26,455	22,435
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	205	135	75
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,955	3,290	5,665
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,900	2,880	1,015
3 Health occupations	3,115	445	2,675
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	3,235	930	2,305
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	535	295	240
6 Sales and service occupations	10,580	4,410	6,165
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,315	11,435	1,880
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	150	100	50
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,900	2,535	2,365
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	50,665	27,310	23,350
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,775	860	920
All industries¹⁹¹	48,885	26,455	22,435
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	95	45	50
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	15	10	10
22 Utilities	110	80	30
23 Construction	2,470	2,050	420
31-33 Manufacturing	6,790	4,110	2,680
41 Wholesale trade	1,850	1,055	790
44-45 Retail trade	5,670	2,570	3,100
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,025	7,460	2,570
51 Information and cultural industries	835	595	240
52 Finance and insurance	2,345	1,020	1,330
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	865	545	320
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,435	1,885	1,555
55 Management of companies and enterprises	150	80	75
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,550	1,335	1,215
61 Educational services	1,905	505	1,400
62 Health care and social assistance	4,400	650	3,745
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	280	145	140
72 Accommodation and food services	2,215	815	1,405
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,620	920	695
91 Public administration	1,255	580	675
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	53,175	28,320	24,855
English	46,190	24,215	21,975
French	30	25	10
Non-official language	1,060	560	500
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,060	560	500
English and French	280	110	170
English and non-official language(s)	5,560	3,375	2,185
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	20	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	53,175	28,320	24,855
Single responses	51,890	27,550	24,340
Official languages	49,900	26,365	23,530
English	49,845	26,340	23,505
French	55	25	25
Non-official languages	1,990	1,175	815
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,990	1,175	815
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	0	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	25	0	25
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,920	1,165	755
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,890	1,145	750
Indo-Aryan languages	1,890	1,145	750
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	80	30	50
Hindi	45	15	25
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,720	1,075	650
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	40	15	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	25	20	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	15	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	0	0
Chinese languages	10	0	0
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,285	775	510
English and French	80	30	50
English and non-official language(s)	1,190	730	455
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	53,175	28,320	24,855
None	48,365	25,460	22,910
English	885	570	315
French	190	80	110
Non-official language	2,930	1,760	1,170
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,930	1,760	1,170
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	60	45	15
French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	725	400	330
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	43,760	24,120	19,640
Worked at home	8,255	3,895	4,355
Worked outside Canada	290	250	45
No fixed workplace address	8,035	5,915	2,110
Usual place of work	27,180	14,055	13,125
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,180	14,050	13,130
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,295	5,260	6,035
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,875	4,365	3,510
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,960	4,405	3,555
Commute to a different province or territory	45	25	20
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	35,210	19,970	15,245
Car, truck or van	30,690	18,350	12,335
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,470	17,325	10,145
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,225	1,030	2,195
Public transit	3,480	1,210	2,275
Walked	380	130	250
Bicycle	30	25	0
Other method	635	255	375
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	35,210	19,970	15,245
Less than 15 minutes	4,585	2,140	2,450
15 to 29 minutes	13,630	8,115	5,515
30 to 44 minutes	10,065	5,985	4,080
45 to 59 minutes	3,335	1,810	1,525
60 minutes and over	3,600	1,930	1,670
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	35,210	19,970	15,245
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,185	2,145	1,040
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,155	3,605	2,555
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,565	3,625	2,940
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,830	2,965	2,870
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,960	2,650	2,310
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,515	4,985	3,530
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,335	11,175	10,160
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,560	785	775
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,780	10,390	9,385
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,050	8,430	7,620
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,340	685	655
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	995	505	490
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	340	175	165
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,715	7,745	6,965

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©
This data includes information copied with permission from Canada Post Corporation.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 11, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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