Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga East--CooksvilleMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	116,346	...	...
Population, 2016¹	120,205	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 3.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,903	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	42,478	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,633.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	32.02	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,345	56,450	59,895
0 to 14 years	17,310	8,850	8,455
0 to 4 years	5,330	2,700	2,625
5 to 9 years	5,845	2,950	2,895
10 to 14 years	6,130	3,200	2,935
15 to 64 years	75,770	37,290	38,475
15 to 19 years	6,385	3,305	3,080
20 to 24 years	7,105	3,700	3,405
25 to 29 years	7,415	3,835	3,575
30 to 34 years	7,605	3,795	3,810
35 to 39 years	7,705	3,770	3,935
40 to 44 years	7,160	3,345	3,820
45 to 49 years	7,350	3,440	3,915
50 to 54 years	8,125	3,860	4,265
55 to 59 years	8,840	4,395	4,445
60 to 64 years	8,070	3,845	4,225
65 years and over	23,270	10,305	12,960
65 to 69 years	6,800	3,130	3,665
70 to 74 years	5,890	2,625	3,260
75 to 79 years	4,305	1,965	2,340
80 to 84 years	3,125	1,420	1,705
85 years and over	3,155	1,170	1,990
85 to 89 years	2,010	780	1,230
90 to 94 years	930	330	600
95 to 99 years	190	50	135
100 years and over	30	5	20
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.7	14.1
15 to 64 years	65.1	66.1	64.2
65 years and over	20.0	18.3	21.6
85 years and over	2.7	2.1	3.3
Average age of the population	42.9	41.7	44.1
Median age of the population	43.2	41.2	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,475	...	...
Single-detached house	11,460	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,705	...	...
Row house	5,695	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,030	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,125	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,260	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	190	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,480	...	...
1 person	9,810	...	...
2 persons	12,570	...	...
3 persons	8,050	...	...
4 persons	7,145	...	...
5 or more persons	4,905	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,275	56,085	59,190
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,040	47,600	51,440
Married or living common-law	54,230	27,150	27,080
Married	49,275	24,645	24,630
Living common-law	4,950	2,500	2,450
Living common law - Never married	3,415	1,725	1,690
Living common law - Separated	235	135	95
Living common law - Divorced	1,185	600	585
Living common law - Widowed	115	40	75
Not married and not living common-law	44,810	20,450	24,360
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,735	15,900	13,835
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,800	1,120	1,675
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,165	2,320	3,845
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,115	1,115	5,000
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,785	...	...
2 persons	14,440	...	...
3 persons	8,305	...	...
4 persons	7,070	...	...
5 or more persons	2,960	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,785	...	...
Total couple families	26,210	...	...
Married couples	23,740	...	...
With children⁶	14,820	...	...
Without children	8,925	...	...
Common-law couples	2,470	...	...
With children⁶	1,065	...	...
Without children	1,405	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,575	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,450	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,120	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,275	56,085	59,190
Total - Persons in census families	97,955	48,230	49,725
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,425	26,230	26,195
Parents in one-parent families	6,570	1,120	5,450
Children⁶	38,960	20,880	18,075
In a two-parent family	29,000	15,410	13,595
In a one-parent family	9,960	5,475	4,485
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,320	7,855	9,465
Living alone	9,805	4,260	5,540
Living with other relatives⁷	3,810	1,400	2,410
Living with non-relatives only	3,705	2,190	1,510
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,475	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,645	...	...
Couple-family households	21,810	...	...
With children⁶	13,405	...	...
Without children	8,405	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,840	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,275	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	480	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,650	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,620	...	...
One-person households	9,805	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,975	47,245	50,735
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,265	44,930	48,335
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,800	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,280	44,935	48,345
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,295	39,990	40,310
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,800	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,115	33,555	31,555
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,000	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,135	41,125	45,010
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	7,800	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,485	4,060	5,430
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,755	15,405	15,350
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	98,020	47,175	50,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,270	44,875	48,390
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	52,550	42,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,280	44,880	48,395
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,440	44,000	37,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,410	40,015	40,400
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,880	48,760	37,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,180	33,530	31,650
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,840	49,960	39,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,165	41,120	45,045
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,240	9,890	12,470
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,440	4,065	5,375
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,110	5,900	6,265
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,480	15,095	15,385
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,830	9,640	10,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	98,020	47,175	50,845
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,230	16,565	13,665
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,000	75,000	64,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,225	12,195	13,030
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	19,200	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,280	28,160	22,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.0	82.8	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	71.0	60.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.9	17.2	27.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.6	6.7	8.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.8	6.2	7.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,980	47,245	50,730
Without total income	4,715	2,315	2,395
With total income	93,265	44,925	48,340
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,300	3,525	4,775
$10,000 to $19,999	12,305	5,465	6,835
$20,000 to $29,999	16,770	7,420	9,345
$30,000 to $39,999	12,595	5,630	6,960
$40,000 to $49,999	10,415	4,805	5,605
$50,000 to $59,999	8,245	4,055	4,190
$60,000 to $69,999	6,275	3,155	3,125
$70,000 to $79,999	4,500	2,445	2,055
$80,000 to $89,999	3,520	2,125	1,395
$90,000 to $99,999	2,650	1,540	1,115
$100,000 and over	7,695	4,755	2,935
$100,000 to $149,999	5,755	3,455	2,305
$150,000 and over	1,935	1,305	635
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,980	47,245	50,730
Without after-tax income	4,695	2,310	2,390
With after-tax income	93,285	44,935	48,345
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,500	3,590	4,910
$10,000 to $19,999	12,860	5,770	7,095
$20,000 to $29,999	18,845	8,350	10,495
$30,000 to $39,999	14,635	6,650	7,980
$40,000 to $49,999	11,805	5,790	6,020
$50,000 to $59,999	8,670	4,290	4,380
$60,000 to $69,999	5,780	3,190	2,595
$70,000 to $79,999	4,070	2,385	1,685
$80,000 to $89,999	3,050	1,725	1,320
$90,000 to $99,999	1,785	1,070	710
$100,000 and over	3,280	2,120	1,160
$100,000 to $124,999	1,890	1,170	720
$125,000 and over	1,390	950	440
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,980	47,245	50,730
Without employment income	32,865	13,690	19,175
With employment income	65,110	33,555	31,555
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,615	4,710	4,910
$5,000 to $9,999	6,120	2,730	3,390
$10,000 to $19,999	7,680	3,630	4,050
$20,000 to $29,999	5,925	2,900	3,025
$30,000 to $39,999	5,825	2,765	3,060
$40,000 to $49,999	6,150	3,015	3,135
$50,000 to $59,999	5,385	2,750	2,630
$60,000 to $69,999	4,345	2,365	1,980
$70,000 to $79,999	3,210	1,880	1,335
$80,000 to $89,999	2,630	1,655	975
$90,000 to $99,999	2,140	1,275	865
$100,000 and over	6,085	3,885	2,195
$100,000 to $124,999	3,335	2,005	1,325
$125,000 and over	2,750	1,875	870
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,975	47,245	50,735
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,140	43,785	47,355
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,160	43,785	47,380
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,600	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,425	39,465	39,965
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,200	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,400	33,655	31,745
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,450	38,675	42,775
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,160	1,020	5,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,165	2,090	3,075
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,600	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	98,020	47,175	50,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,310	43,755	47,560
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,600	50,320	39,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,335	43,760	47,575
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,880	41,840	34,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,470	39,355	40,115
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,800	50,160	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,620	33,610	32,015
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	51,040	39,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,830	38,765	43,060
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,200	5,870	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,375	2,200	3,170
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,790	7,340	8,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	98,020	47,175	50,845
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,975	16,435	13,535
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,600	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,000	71,400	59,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,805	11,500	12,310
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,400	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	35,440	28,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.6	89.6	80.6
Employment income (%)	73.4	78.0	68.2
Government transfers (%)	14.5	10.3	19.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,480	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,805	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,670	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,480	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,770	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,710	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,480	...	...
Under $5,000	435	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	185	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	660	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,710	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,295	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,355	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,470	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,470	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,385	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,075	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,940	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,930	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,735	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,575	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,825	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,290	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,870	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,635	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,020	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,480	...	...
Under $5,000	465	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	185	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	440	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	705	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,785	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,485	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,540	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,700	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,675	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,630	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,440	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,090	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,855	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,415	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,260	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,580	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,570	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,765	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,695	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,950	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,845	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,505	6,460	7,050
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	39,200	35,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	35,600	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,815	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,705	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,105	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,700	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,295	6,420	6,880
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	49,440	43,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,720	41,920	37,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,275	56,090	59,185
0 to 17 years	21,215	10,860	10,355
0 to 5 years	6,445	3,260	3,185
18 to 64 years	71,670	35,165	36,500
65 years and over	22,390	10,060	12,330
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,720	5,890	6,835
0 to 17 years	3,080	1,580	1,505
0 to 5 years	1,025	535	490
18 to 64 years	6,460	3,130	3,325
65 years and over	3,185	1,185	2,005
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.0	10.5	11.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.5	14.5
0 to 5 years (%)	15.9	16.4	15.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	8.9	9.1
65 years and over (%)	14.2	11.7	16.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,275	56,085	59,190
0 to 17 years	21,215	10,860	10,355
0 to 5 years	6,450	3,260	3,190
18 to 64 years	71,670	35,165	36,505
65 years and over	22,390	10,060	12,330
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,900	3,480	3,420
0 to 17 years	1,470	765	710
0 to 5 years	505	275	230
18 to 64 years	4,495	2,335	2,160
65 years and over	925	375	550
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.2	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	8.4	7.2
18 to 64 years (%)	6.3	6.6	5.9
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.7	4.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,275	56,090	59,185
In bottom half of the distribution	58,545	27,945	30,600
In bottom decile	10,950	5,250	5,700
In second decile	12,120	5,615	6,505
In third decile	11,985	5,635	6,345
In fourth decile	11,690	5,660	6,035
In fifth decile	11,810	5,790	6,015
In top half of the distribution	56,725	28,140	28,590
In sixth decile	12,040	5,880	6,155
In seventh decile	11,620	5,710	5,915
In eighth decile	11,920	5,910	6,010
In ninth decile	11,515	5,795	5,725
In top decile	9,630	4,845	4,790
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,275	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.311	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.442	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.275	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,750	56,235	59,510
English only	103,780	51,365	52,415
French only	65	20	45
English and French	6,670	2,865	3,805
Neither English nor French	5,230	1,990	3,245
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,750	56,235	59,510
English	108,435	53,310	55,125
French	1,070	475	590
English and French	1,115	510	605
Neither English nor French	5,125	1,935	3,190
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,750	56,235	59,510
Single responses	106,860	51,965	54,900
Official languages	47,120	23,685	23,430
English	46,240	23,290	22,950
French	875	395	480
Non-official languages	59,745	28,275	31,465
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,740	28,275	31,465
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,850	2,410	2,440
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	5
Hausa	5	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	5	0
Cushitic languages	205	85	125
Bilen	5	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	200	80	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,620	2,315	2,310
Amharic	70	25	45
Arabic	4,025	2,045	1,980
Aramaic languages	295	145	150
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	225	110	120
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	30	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Harari	5	0	10
Hebrew	5	5	5
Maltese	185	75	110
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,615	1,205	1,410
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0
Vietnamese	2,605	1,195	1,410
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,870	2,030	2,845
Bikol	20	5	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	30
Cebuano	160	60	95
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	85	35	45
Ilocano	200	90	110
Indonesian	75	25	50
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	25	35
Pangasinan	15	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,155	1,725	2,425
Waray-Waray	20	5	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Creole languages	85	45	45
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	20	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Dravidian languages	2,785	1,380	1,405
Kannada	90	45	50
Malayalam	460	240	220
Tamil	1,875	900	980
Telugu	355	195	160
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	15	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	38,190	18,325	19,865
Albanian	1,020	515	505
Armenian	115	60	65
Balto-Slavic languages	17,075	8,070	9,005
Baltic languages	180	85	95
Latvian	20	5	10
Lithuanian	165	75	85
Slavic languages	16,890	7,980	8,910
Belarusian	10	0	10
Bulgarian	420	215	200
Czech	110	50	60
Macedonian	410	195	210
Polish	7,500	3,460	4,040
Russian	1,445	650	795
Rusyn	5	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	3,330	1,640	1,695
Bosnian	425	200	230
Croatian	1,095	515	580
Serbian	1,765	900	865
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Slovak	115	50	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	215	90	130
Ukrainian	3,325	1,625	1,700
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Celtic languages	0	5	0
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	505	225	280
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	405	180	225
German	400	175	220
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	35	40
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	70	30	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	5	15
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	600	295	305
Indo-Iranian languages	9,125	4,605	4,520
Indo-Aryan languages	8,050	4,060	3,990
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	665	335	335
Gujarati	700	365	335
Hindi	1,000	515	490
Kacchi	25	5	15
Kashmiri	10	5	0
Konkani	85	45	40
Marathi	190	95	95
Nepali	65	30	30
Oriya languages	25	15	10
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,015	505	505
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	50	25	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	40	55
Urdu	4,085	2,055	2,025
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25
Iranian languages	1,065	540	525
Baluchi	5	5	0
Kurdish	50	30	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	220	110	110
Persian languages	790	400	390
Dari	430	215	220
Iranian Persian	285	150	135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,750	4,565	5,190
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,605	1,225	1,385
Portuguese	3,380	1,585	1,800
Romanian	575	265	310
Spanish	3,185	1,485	1,695
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Japanese	90	35	60
Korean	655	305	345
Mongolian	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	410	175	235
Akan (Twi)	105	40	65
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	15	5	10
Ganda	20	15	5
Gikuyu	10	0	10
Igbo	45	25	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	60	25	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	70	35	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	5
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,385	1,990	2,395
Chinese languages	4,235	1,925	2,315
Hakka	30	15	20
Mandarin	2,405	1,095	1,315
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	70	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,580	710	870
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	150	70	80
Burmese	35	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	110	50	55
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	35
Lao	35	20	15
Thai	30	5	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	280	140	135
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	235	125	110
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	5	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	385	170	215
Estonian	30	15	20
Finnish	15	5	5
Hungarian	335	150	190
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	8,890	4,275	4,615
English and French	320	140	180
English and non-official language(s)	7,495	3,635	3,860
French and non-official language(s)	140	65	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	90	90
Multiple non-official languages	755	345	415
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,750	56,235	59,510
English	50,080	25,040	25,040
French	235	110	125
Non-official language	18,790	8,685	10,105
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	18,790	8,685	10,105
English and French	820	355	465
English and non-official language(s)	42,935	20,765	22,170
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,235	515	720
Multiple non-official languages	1,565	735	835
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,750	56,235	59,510
Single responses	104,070	50,615	53,460
Official languages	67,330	33,215	34,120
English	66,915	33,020	33,895
French	415	190	225
Non-official languages	36,740	17,405	19,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,740	17,405	19,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,035	1,500	1,535
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	95	35	55
Bilen	5	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	90	35	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,930	1,450	1,475
Amharic	25	15	10
Arabic	2,615	1,295	1,315
Aramaic languages	215	105	110
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	155	75	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	0
Maltese	45	20	25
Tigrigna	20	15	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,020	935	1,085
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	2,020	935	1,090
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,975	1,360	1,615
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Cebuano	95	45	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	25	30
Ilocano	125	60	70
Indonesian	30	10	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	20
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,560	1,185	1,380
Waray-Waray	15	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	40	20	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	1,920	935	985
Kannada	55	30	25
Malayalam	265	140	130
Tamil	1,390	660	730
Telugu	205	110	95
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	15	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,295	10,605	11,690
Albanian	570	280	290
Armenian	75	35	40
Balto-Slavic languages	10,595	5,040	5,555
Baltic languages	75	30	40
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	75	30	40
Slavic languages	10,520	5,005	5,510
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	275	135	140
Czech	30	10	20
Macedonian	240	115	120
Polish	4,660	2,180	2,480
Russian	1,045	485	565
Rusyn	5	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	1,945	955	990
Bosnian	255	115	140
Croatian	555	260	295
Serbian	1,125	570	555
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	50	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	30	40
Ukrainian	2,190	1,065	1,130
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	25	35
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	45	20	25
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	5	0	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	260	125	135
Indo-Iranian languages	5,985	2,940	3,050
Indo-Aryan languages	5,325	2,620	2,705
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	450	220	230
Gujarati	435	215	215
Hindi	595	300	295
Kacchi	10	5	0
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	15	10	5
Marathi	85	45	40
Nepali	50	25	25
Oriya languages	10	10	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	640	310	335
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	25
Urdu	2,915	1,430	1,485
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Iranian languages	665	315	350
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	135	55	75
Persian languages	505	245	260
Dari	275	135	140
Iranian Persian	180	85	95
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,750	2,165	2,585
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	930	375	550
Portuguese	1,595	750	840
Romanian	275	130	145
Spanish	1,950	905	1,045
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	25	25
Korean	500	225	275
Mongolian	10	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	150	70	85
Akan (Twi)	45	15	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	10	10	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	30	25	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,320	1,515	1,810
Chinese languages	3,215	1,465	1,745
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,870	875	1,000
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,195	520	670
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	110	50	60
Burmese	30	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	80	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	20	10
Lao	20	15	10
Thai	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	175	85	85
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	150	80	70
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	5	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	160	65	90
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	160	70	90
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	11,680	5,625	6,050
English and French	195	85	115
English and non-official language(s)	11,090	5,350	5,735
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	55	60
Multiple non-official languages	200	95	105
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,745	56,240	59,510
None	78,790	38,520	40,270
English	14,365	7,015	7,350
French	820	340	475
Non-official language	16,855	8,045	8,810
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	16,855	8,045	8,805
English and French	170	70	100
English and non-official language(s)	2,180	1,055	1,120
French and non-official language(s)	545	225	320
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	1,985	945	1,040
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,405	56,065	59,340
Official languages	110,345	54,170	56,180
English	110,260	54,135	56,125
French	6,820	2,695	4,120
Non-official languages	76,120	36,230	39,885
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	76,115	36,230	39,885
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,325	3,170	3,150
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	0	10
Hausa	15	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	15	0
Cushitic languages	210	80	125
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	205	80	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	6,115	3,085	3,030
Amharic	55	30	30
Arabic	5,520	2,805	2,710
Aramaic languages	435	215	215
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	270	135	135
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70	30	35
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	105	65	40
Maltese	275	105	170
Tigrigna	80	35	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,385	1,580	1,805
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	15	25
Vietnamese	3,370	1,575	1,795
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,900	2,920	3,990
Bikol	40	0	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	30
Cebuano	265	110	145
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	135	70	70
Ilocano	440	180	265
Indonesian	85	30	50
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	90	40	55
Pangasinan	15	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,630	2,805	3,820
Waray-Waray	35	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	30	60
Creole languages	330	170	160
Haitian Creole	25	25	0
Jamaican English Creole	50	25	25
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	155	80	75
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25
Dravidian languages	3,785	1,910	1,875
Kannada	255	125	135
Malayalam	725	360	365
Tamil	2,625	1,320	1,305
Telugu	525	315	210
Tulu	40	15	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	15	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	49,800	24,025	25,780
Albanian	1,610	810	800
Armenian	170	100	75
Balto-Slavic languages	20,260	9,540	10,720
Baltic languages	165	75	85
Latvian	30	20	15
Lithuanian	125	55	70
Slavic languages	20,145	9,480	10,665
Belarusian	65	25	40
Bulgarian	540	280	260
Czech	200	100	100
Macedonian	610	270	335
Polish	9,515	4,370	5,150
Russian	3,535	1,670	1,865
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,270	2,130	2,140
Bosnian	1,010	480	535
Croatian	1,880	855	1,020
Serbian	2,200	1,175	1,025
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Slovak	140	70	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	280	95	185
Ukrainian	4,515	2,115	2,400
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	10	0
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,275	650	625
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,075	565	505
German	1,070	565	505
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	175	95	80
Afrikaans	35	20	20
Dutch	135	70	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	15	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	35	15	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Greek	980	490	485
Indo-Iranian languages	14,235	7,180	7,055
Indo-Aryan languages	13,050	6,580	6,470
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,085	525	555
Gujarati	1,355	685	665
Hindi	5,400	2,715	2,685
Kacchi	75	35	45
Kashmiri	15	0	10
Konkani	210	90	120
Marathi	365	180	185
Nepali	160	65	95
Oriya languages	80	50	30
Odia	30	20	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	50	25	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,660	1,380	1,275
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	125	55	65
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250	130	125
Urdu	6,225	3,185	3,040
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	60	95
Iranian languages	1,390	690	695
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	115	70	45
Parsi	10	0	10
Pashto	275	145	135
Persian languages	1,030	510	525
Dari	560	265	290
Iranian Persian	405	210	195
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	45	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,970	6,105	6,860
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,595	1,700	1,895
Portuguese	4,540	2,185	2,355
Romanian	815	405	410
Spanish	4,505	2,050	2,450
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Japanese	240	130	105
Korean	990	475	515
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	995	405	595
Akan (Twi)	225	80	150
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	45	10	35
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	0	15
Ga	65	30	35
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	40	0	35
Igbo	85	50	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	15
Lingala	45	15	35
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	0	10
Ndebele	15	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	0	15
Shona	20	20	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	250	110	140
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	130	65	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185	75	110
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Sign languages	80	35	45
American Sign Language	70	35	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,940	2,355	2,585
Chinese languages	4,750	2,270	2,485
Hakka	25	0	20
Mandarin	3,065	1,465	1,600
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	165	75	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	10	25
Yue (Cantonese)	2,015	975	1,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	190	90	105
Burmese	30	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	160	75	90
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	30	60
Lao	35	20	25
Thai	65	20	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	510	270	235
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	460	245	215
Uyghur	15	15	0
Uzbek	30	15	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	375	175	200
Estonian	35	25	15
Finnish	20	15	10
Hungarian	315	135	185
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,405	56,065	59,340
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	570	285	280
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	570	280	280
First Nations (North American Indian)	340	165	175
Métis	230	115	110
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous identity	114,835	55,780	59,055
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,405	56,065	59,340
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	150	70	75
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,255	55,995	59,260
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,480	...	...
Owner	26,035	...	...
Renter	16,445	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,480	...	...
Condominium	11,740	...	...
Not condominium	30,735	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,480	...	...
No bedrooms	300	...	...
1 bedroom	6,820	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,880	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,840	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,640	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,480	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,040	...	...
5 rooms	6,240	...	...
6 rooms	5,710	...	...
7 rooms	4,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,890	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,480	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,380	...	...
More than one person per room	3,095	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,480	...	...
Suitable	36,615	...	...
Not suitable	5,860	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,480	...	...
1960 or before	3,430	...	...
1961 to 1980	22,350	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,270	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,805	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,640	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,085	...	...
2011 to 2015	545	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	350	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,480	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,755	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,720	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,480	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,600	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,155	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,725	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,480	...	...
15 to 24 years	405	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,875	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,875	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,235	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,520	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,295	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,620	...	...
85 years and over	1,660	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,305	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	30,135	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,170	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,125	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,480	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,025	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,005	...	...
Not suitable only	4,085	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,350	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,215	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	815	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	425	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,450	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,260	...	...
In core need	8,045	...	...
Not in core need	33,215	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,035	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,460	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,742	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	885,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,445	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	32.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,410	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,432	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,405	56,070	59,335
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140	70	65
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135	65	65
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	80	40	40
Métis single ancestry	50	25	25
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	635	315	315
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	615	310	300
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	440	230	215
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	80	90
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	25	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	114,630	55,675	58,950
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,405	56,065	59,340
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	98,370	47,915	50,445
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,765	9,550	9,210
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,605	38,365	41,240
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,040	8,145	8,890
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,405	56,065	59,340
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	47,410	23,975	23,430
Immigrants⁸¹	64,995	30,605	34,390
Before 1980	11,835	5,530	6,305
1980 to 1990	8,655	4,275	4,385
1991 to 2000	13,905	6,525	7,380
2001 to 2010	15,180	6,970	8,210
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,420	7,315	8,110
2011 to 2015	6,765	3,145	3,620
2016 to 2021	8,655	4,170	4,490
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,000	1,485	1,515
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	64,995	30,610	34,390
Under 5 years	4,915	2,575	2,345
5 to 14 years	10,450	5,425	5,030
15 to 24 years	13,270	6,000	7,275
25 to 44 years	29,845	13,785	16,065
45 years and over	6,505	2,825	3,685
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	64,995	30,610	34,390
Americas	7,445	3,355	4,085
Brazil	255	115	140
Colombia	655	275	385
El Salvador	185	70	115
Guyana	980	390	590
Haiti	15	15	0
Jamaica	1,615	705	905
Mexico	340	150	185
Peru	270	140	135
Trinidad and Tobago	905	425	480
United States of America	680	320	360
Other places of birth in Americas	1,535	740	795
Europe	23,440	11,025	12,410
Bosnia and Herzegovina	935	450	485
Croatia	965	460	510
France	100	50	45
Germany	510	215	295
Greece	465	240	225
Hungary	160	60	100
Italy	1,900	910	995
Netherlands	110	60	45
Poland	6,570	2,905	3,665
Portugal	2,720	1,265	1,455
Romania	705	325	375
Russian Federation	490	230	260
Serbia⁸⁶	825	455	375
Ukraine	2,500	1,195	1,305
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,170	600	570
Other places of birth in Europe	3,310	1,595	1,715
Africa	2,635	1,190	1,450
Algeria	35	20	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	25	30
Egypt	435	205	230
Eritrea	25	0	15
Ethiopia	35	25	15
Morocco	60	20	45
Nigeria	330	170	155
Somalia	115	35	80
South Africa, Republic of	130	65	65
Other places of birth in Africa	1,410	620	795
Asia	31,385	14,995	16,390
Afghanistan	450	245	205
Iran⁸⁸	365	210	160
Iraq	970	500	470
Lebanon	480	230	245
Syria⁸⁹	1,385	665	715
Turkey	190	105	90
China⁹⁰	2,305	1,045	1,260
Hong Kong⁹¹	515	260	255
Korea, South⁹²	695	335	360
Taiwan	275	140	135
Philippines	6,690	2,900	3,785
Viet Nam	2,575	1,195	1,380
Bangladesh	575	285	295
India	6,095	2,920	3,180
Pakistan	3,785	1,935	1,850
Sri Lanka	1,360	650	715
Other places of birth in Asia	2,670	1,375	1,295
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	90	45	50
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,655	4,165	4,485
Americas	810	380	430
Brazil	35	10	25
Colombia	80	20	65
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	130	85	45
Mexico	55	25	30
United States of America	185	80	105
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	15	45
Other places of birth in Americas	255	140	120
Europe	1,205	585	625
France	10	10	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	15	10	0
Russian Federation	40	20	25
Ukraine	340	175	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	15	25
Other places of birth in Europe	740	355	390
Africa	560	280	285
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	25	15	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	55	30	30
Eritrea	10	0	10
Ethiopia	15	15	0
Morocco	30	15	20
Nigeria	165	75	95
Somalia	15	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	25	0	15
Sudan⁹⁷	60	30	30
Tunisia	25	15	15
Other places of birth in Africa	130	80	50
Asia	6,075	2,930	3,140
Afghanistan	100	35	60
Bangladesh	90	55	40
China⁹⁰	230	120	115
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	2,115	1,065	1,055
Iran⁸⁸	50	30	15
Iraq	235	120	115
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	70	35	30
Korea, South⁹²	55	20	40
Lebanon	65	15	50
Nepal	15	10	10
Pakistan	585	305	285
Philippines	760	335	430
Saudi Arabia	70	35	35
Sri Lanka	90	35	55
Syria⁸⁹	1,040	510	530
Turkey	45	25	20
United Arab Emirates	100	30	65
Viet Nam	185	60	125
Other places of birth in Asia	160	90	70
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10
Australia	10	0	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,405	56,065	59,340
First generation¹⁰⁰	68,905	32,550	36,355
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,035	15,830	15,205
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15,470	7,685	7,780
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	53,165	25,075	28,085
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,495	12,755	12,735
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,350	6,285	4,060
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	15,145	6,475	8,670
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	15,830	5,980	9,850
Refugees¹⁰⁸	11,085	5,980	5,105
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	755	360	400
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	53,165	25,075	28,085
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,685	2,035	1,650
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,060	1,710	2,350
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	680	385	290
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,565	680	880
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	330	145	185
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,845	20,115	22,730
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,405	56,065	59,340
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	58,640	28,195	30,450
South Asian	18,855	9,490	9,365
Chinese	5,020	2,405	2,615
Black	7,355	3,315	4,035
Filipino	8,560	3,820	4,735
Arab	4,895	2,470	2,425
Latin American	3,345	1,510	1,840
Southeast Asian	3,720	1,740	1,980
West Asian	1,400	725	680
Korean	1,055	520	535
Japanese	270	130	140
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,580	735	850
Multiple visible minorities	2,590	1,345	1,245
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	56,760	27,870	28,890
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,405	56,065	59,340
Canadian	6,470	3,255	3,215
English	6,065	2,940	3,125
Irish	5,100	2,510	2,590
Scottish	4,715	2,225	2,495
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,885	920	970
German	2,805	1,375	1,430
Chinese	6,140	2,985	3,155
Italian	6,760	3,360	3,400
Indian (India)	8,840	4,390	4,450
Ukrainian	5,895	2,900	3,005
Dutch	770	380	390
Polish	10,500	4,925	5,575
Québécois	30	10	20
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,595	785	815
Filipino	8,090	3,695	4,405
French Canadian	365	190	175
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	890	410	480
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	215	110	105
Métis	250	125	130
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,525	755	770
Russian	1,600	720	880
Norwegian	100	50	55
Welsh	510	230	280
Portuguese	6,015	2,975	3,045
American	540	300	235
Spanish	1,820	855	965
Swedish	185	90	95
Hungarian	695	315	380
Acadian	140	85	55
Pakistani	4,220	2,220	2,000
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,480	745	735
Jewish	315	160	145
Punjabi	695	335	355
Vietnamese	3,535	1,735	1,805
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,025	1,010	1,020
Greek	1,340	665	670
Jamaican	2,235	975	1,260
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,420	695	725
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	10	10
Korean	1,055	515	540
Romanian	900	435	460
Lebanese	515	295	220
Iranian	435	240	195
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	965	445	515
Danish	115	50	65
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	105	55	50
Sikh	230	115	115
Austrian	370	135	235
Belgian	70	45	25
Haitian	15	15	0
Hindu	1,200	575	630
Mexican	460	220	235
Mennonite	20	20	0
Swiss	125	65	60
Finnish	155	75	85
Sri Lankan	1,235	635	600
Croatian	1,895	930	965
Japanese	430	210	215
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,075	510	565
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	30	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	155	70	80
Muslim	1,255	645	610
Egyptian	455	240	215
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	575	245	320
Tamil	960	465	490
Icelandic	20	15	10
Colombian	710	305	410
Moroccan	70	35	35
Czech	360	155	205
Syrian	1,080	545	535
Guyanese	825	360	465
Afghan	700	355	345
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	665	305	360
Serbian	1,805	985	820
Ojibway	50	25	30
Newfoundlander	85	30	55
Hong Konger	190	90	100
Ontarian	200	95	110
Persian	265	130	130
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	915	430	485
Turkish	410	230	180
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	500	255	240
Algerian	50	25	25
Brazilian	355	150	210
Nigerian	355	170	180
Armenian	280	130	155
Slovak	345	195	150
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	280	130	140
Somali	260	120	140
Taiwanese	165	80	80
Iraqi	630	320	310
Salvadorean	200	70	130
African Caribbean	650	275	380
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	550	245	310
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	760	390	370
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	400	170	235
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	575	250	325
Lithuanian	240	115	125
South African	70	40	30
Australian	50	25	25
Palestinian	690	330	360
Chilean	240	110	130
Congolese	50	25	30
Nova Scotian	25	10	20
Ethiopian	65	35	40
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	230	105	120
Peruvian	275	115	155
Yoruba	90	50	40
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	10	20
Berber	15	0	10
Albanian	1,615	795	820
Maltese	620	305	315
Macedonian	615	285	330
Slovenian	500	235	270
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	40	20
New Brunswicker	15	10	0
Gujarati	350	180	170
Eritrean	90	50	40
African Canadian	220	130	95
Israeli	45	30	15
Mohawk	55	35	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	25	20
Bulgarian	565	285	280
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	270	120	145
Barbadian	190	70	120
African American	85	40	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	240	130	110
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	520	265	250
Cuban	140	55	85
Bosnian	900	435	465
Venezuelan	195	70	125
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	70	40	35
Bengali	300	135	165
Cameroonian	20	0	15
Guatemalan	115	60	55
Indonesian	140	55	85
Laotian	65	20	40
Ilocano	255	120	135
Northern Irish	75	25	50
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	15	0
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	215	115	100
Franco Ontarian	10	0	10
Argentinian	160	75	90
Estonian	80	50	30
Kurdish	95	65	30
Fijian	10	10	0
Jatt	35	20	25
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	10
Coptic	85	30	50
Thai	65	25	50
Dominican	140	60	80
Nepali	115	45	70
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	190	95	85
Igbo	100	50	50
Byelorussian	170	75	100
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	125	55	70
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	115	55	55
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	10	20
Malaysian	75	40	35
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	30	10	25
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	105	45	55
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	20	20
Ivorian	85	35	50
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	15	10	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	105	65	45
Mauritian	105	45	55
Kenyan	50	10	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	65	40	25
Jordanian	85	55	30
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	115	45	70
Malayali	75	35	40
Chaldean	40	25	15
Sinhalese	115	55	60
Mayan	35	25	10
Honduran	50	20	35
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	170	85	85
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	0	25
Sicilian	35	20	15
Pashtun	90	45	45
Malay	80	45	35
Goan	270	130	135
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	15	0
Tibetan	190	90	100
Zimbabwean	35	20	15
Burmese	30	15	20
Mongolian	45	25	20
Azorean	100	35	65
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	120	60	55
Ugandan	40	20	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	45	15	30
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	10	0	0
Uruguayan	45	30	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	10	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	10	10
Igorot	25	0	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	35	10	25
St. Lucian	45	20	20
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	0	10
Telugu	90	50	50
Roma	50	15	40
Costa Rican	30	20	20
African Nova Scotian	30	10	20
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	115	40	70
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	40	0	35
Tajik	25	10	10
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,405	56,065	59,340
Buddhist	2,665	1,165	1,505
Christian	69,240	32,245	37,000
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,855	3,605	4,250
Anabaptist	30	15	15
Anglican	1,995	940	1,055
Baptist	1,000	435	560
Catholic	45,030	21,005	24,020
Christian Orthodox	6,765	3,340	3,430
Jehovah's Witness	405	155	250
Latter Day Saints	50	25	25
Lutheran	380	205	175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	60	95
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,295	520	775
Presbyterian	890	480	410
Reformed	25	15	15
United Church	1,505	655	855
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,870	785	1,085
Hindu	6,910	3,485	3,425
Jewish	175	110	65
Muslim	15,525	7,835	7,685
Sikh	1,280	640	635
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	610	235	370
No religion and secular perspectives	19,010	10,360	8,645
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,490	55,605	58,885
Non-movers	104,645	50,575	54,070
Movers	9,850	5,030	4,815
Non-migrants	5,505	2,760	2,740
Migrants	4,350	2,270	2,080
Internal migrants	2,995	1,600	1,395
Intraprovincial migrants	2,730	1,475	1,255
Interprovincial migrants	265	125	145
External migrants	1,350	670	680
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,165	53,405	56,760
Non-movers	76,120	36,435	39,685
Movers	34,045	16,970	17,075
Non-migrants	14,585	7,215	7,375
Migrants	19,460	9,755	9,700
Internal migrants	11,265	5,690	5,575
Intraprovincial migrants	9,895	5,030	4,865
Interprovincial migrants	1,370	665	705
External migrants	8,195	4,065	4,135
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,020	47,175	50,845
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,555	8,640	8,915
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,460	38,530	41,935
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,385	30,305	32,080
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,815	3,720	3,100
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,565	26,585	28,980
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,020	47,170	50,845
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,280	7,870	8,410
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,975	13,270	13,700
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,765	26,035	28,730
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,855	12,000	12,860
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,755	3,250	1,505
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,670	1,700	970
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,085	1,550	535
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,120	7,520	9,600
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,980	1,230	1,755
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,905	14,035	15,870
Bachelor's degree	19,680	9,040	10,645
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,275	1,115	1,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	690	240	455
Master's degree	6,635	3,240	3,395
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	625	405	215
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,385	30,305	32,080
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,130	3,360	2,770
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,785	7,690	7,100
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	41,465	19,255	22,215
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,670	8,345	9,325
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,915	1,960	950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,640	1,015	630
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,275	950	325
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,630	5,525	7,110
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,125	860	1,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	23,800	10,905	12,890
Bachelor's degree	15,335	6,940	8,390
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,765	825	940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	560	195	365
Master's degree	5,705	2,700	3,005
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	430	250	185
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	98,015	47,175	50,845
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,255	21,140	22,115
Education	2,720	505	2,215
13. Education	2,720	505	2,215
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,820	810	1,005
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	145	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,605	670	940
Humanities	3,025	940	2,090
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	430	110	325
23. English language and literature/letters	680	145	530
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,030	305	725
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	35	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	75	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	125	45
54. History	330	125	210
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	125	20	110
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,985	2,160	4,830
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	25	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	250	480
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,215	110	1,105
22. Legal professions and studies	1,140	330	815
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	40	115
42. Psychology	890	205	685
45. Social sciences	2,770	1,195	1,570
Business, management and public administration	12,775	5,435	7,340
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	585	130	460
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,170	5,305	6,870
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,600	1,190	1,405
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,055	410	645
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	605	290	320
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	15	55
40. Physical sciences	735	425	310
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	50	80
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,670	2,380	1,285
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,960	2,065	900
25. Library science	75	0	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	545	260	285
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,190	9,690	1,500
04. Architecture and related services	500	305	195
14. Engineering	4,660	3,730	925
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,295	2,015	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,620	1,570	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,290	1,265	30
48. Precision production	815	805	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	725	345	380
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	530	230	295
03. Natural resources and conservation	195	110	80
Health and related fields	6,690	1,385	5,305
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	225	225
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,030	1,095	4,935
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	180	60	120
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,565	1,195	1,370
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,520	460	1,065
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	615	375	245
49. Transportation and materials moving	400	345	55
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,385	30,300	32,075
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,915	11,050	9,865
Education	1,900	340	1,555
13. Education	1,900	340	1,555
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,350	615	725
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	80	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,230	540	685
Humanities	2,255	685	1,570
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	305	80	225
23. English language and literature/letters	495	105	390
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	805	215	585
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	70	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	85	45
54. History	260	90	170
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	15	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,295	1,540	3,750
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	15	45
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	545	175	370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	880	70	815
22. Legal professions and studies	920	235	690
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	25	80
42. Psychology	710	150	560
45. Social sciences	2,075	885	1,195
Business, management and public administration	10,130	4,280	5,850
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	480	105	380
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,640	4,175	5,465
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,930	860	1,070
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	815	335	480
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	215	245
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	10	50
40. Physical sciences	500	275	230
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	30	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,145	2,050	1,100
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,595	1,815	780
25. Library science	40	0	40
27. Mathematics and statistics	425	185	245
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	50	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,900	6,700	1,205
04. Architecture and related services	385	225	160
14. Engineering	3,555	2,775	780
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,615	1,400	205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,070	1,045	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	805	790	15
48. Precision production	465	460	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	550	250	300
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	385	150	235
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	95	65
Health and related fields	5,170	1,025	4,145
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	275	150	125
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,740	825	3,915
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	40	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,850	900	950
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,070	320	750
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	460	290	170
49. Transportation and materials moving	305	280	25
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,385	30,300	32,075
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,915	11,050	9,865
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	41,470	19,260	22,215
Location of study inside Canada	23,830	11,200	12,635
Same as province or territory of residence	22,605	10,575	12,030
Different than province or territory of residence	1,225	620	605
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,635	8,055	9,580
Americas	1,900	915	985
United States of America	815	450	365
Mexico	130	70	50
Cuba	85	30	45
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	105	50	50
Brazil	150	65	80
Colombia	235	95	135
Peru	60	20	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	15	30
Other locations of study in Americas	285	100	180
Europe	5,145	2,510	2,635
Belgium	25	10	15
France	65	35	30
Germany	30	10	20
Netherlands	40	35	10
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	45	25	20
Moldova¹⁸³	85	40	50
Poland	1,365	615	750
Romania	290	135	150
Russian Federation	240	120	125
Ukraine	1,110	515	590
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	570	320	250
Bosnia and Herzegovina	125	65	60
Italy	25	15	15
Serbia⁸⁶	225	135	95
Other locations of study in Europe	870	425	450
Africa	585	270	315
Nigeria	120	55	70
Algeria	30	10	15
Morocco	20	0	15
Tunisia	15	10	10
Egypt	180	90	95
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15
Other locations of study in Africa	190	85	105
Asia	9,940	4,320	5,620
Iran⁸⁸	65	20	45
Iraq	210	100	105
Israel	25	10	10
Lebanon	105	50	55
Syria⁸⁹	260	135	125
Turkey	50	25	25
China⁹⁰	700	295	400
Taiwan	55	20	35
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	20	25
Japan	40	25	15
Korea, South⁹²	240	110	130
Philippines	2,550	965	1,585
Viet Nam	165	60	110
Bangladesh	200	85	115
Sri Lanka	145	50	95
India	3,265	1,525	1,735
Pakistan	1,390	630	755
Other locations of study in Asia	450	190	260
Oceania	70	45	25
Australia	65	35	25
New Zealand	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	98,020	47,170	50,845
In the labour force	59,020	30,830	28,195
Employed	50,570	26,895	23,675
Unemployed	8,450	3,930	4,525
Not in the labour force	38,995	16,345	22,650
Participation rate	60.2	65.4	55.5
Employment rate	51.6	57.0	46.6
Unemployment rate	14.3	12.7	16.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	98,015	47,175	50,845
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,005	16,955	23,045
Worked	58,020	30,220	27,805
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,055	17,125	13,940
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,960	13,095	13,865
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.1	40.9	39.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,025	30,830	28,195
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,175	1,030	1,150
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,850	29,795	27,050
Employee	48,415	24,005	24,415
Permanent position	41,510	20,955	20,555
Temporary position	6,905	3,045	3,860
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,625	1,165	1,460
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,280	1,880	2,395
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,435	5,790	2,640
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,025	30,830	28,195
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,175	1,030	1,150
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,850	29,795	27,050
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	490	325	170
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,595	4,105	7,495
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,770	4,385	1,385
3 Health occupations	3,700	670	3,030
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,850	1,435	3,420
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,270	680	590
6 Sales and service occupations	14,515	6,160	8,350
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,855	9,655	1,205
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	345	265	75
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,455	2,130	1,320
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,025	30,830	28,195
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,175	1,030	1,150
All industries¹⁹¹	56,850	29,795	27,050
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	105	40	60
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	45	25	20
22 Utilities	205	115	85
23 Construction	4,895	4,265	635
31-33 Manufacturing	5,825	3,805	2,020
41 Wholesale trade	2,625	1,565	1,055
44-45 Retail trade	6,585	3,035	3,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,740	3,455	1,285
51 Information and cultural industries	1,380	870	510
52 Finance and insurance	3,560	1,535	2,020
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,305	640	665
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,605	3,225	2,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	245	90	160
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,170	1,730	1,440
61 Educational services	3,235	955	2,285
62 Health care and social assistance	5,820	1,000	4,815
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	680	405	275
72 Accommodation and food services	2,870	1,255	1,620
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,160	925	1,230
91 Public administration	1,805	865	940
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,890	32,610	30,280
English	56,995	29,810	27,185
French	95	25	65
Non-official language	905	485	420
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	905	485	420
English and French	825	305	520
English and non-official language(s)	3,885	1,905	1,985
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	45	80
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,890	32,610	30,280
Single responses	62,020	32,180	29,835
Official languages	60,330	31,340	28,995
English	60,105	31,300	28,815
French	225	40	185
Non-official languages	1,685	845	840
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,685	845	840
Afro-Asiatic languages	165	110	60
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	165	110	60
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	165	100	60
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	120	75	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	120	75	50
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	20	0	20
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	0	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	10	10
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	25	10	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,010	485	525
Albanian	10	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	640	300	335
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	635	300	330
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	315	150	165
Russian	45	20	30
Serbo-Croatian	60	40	20
Bosnian	20	20	0
Croatian	20	0	15
Serbian	25	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	190	85	105
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	105	40	60
Indo-Aryan languages	90	35	60
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	15	20
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	50	15	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	15	10	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	255	135	120
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	0
Portuguese	70	45	20
Romanian	20	20	0
Spanish	155	65	85
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	55	30	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275	140	140
Chinese languages	275	140	140
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	215	115	105
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	20	35
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	875	430	445
English and French	165	80	85
English and non-official language(s)	685	340	345
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,890	32,610	30,280
None	58,750	30,685	28,060
English	780	315	465
French	555	225	330
Non-official language	2,245	1,125	1,125
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,245	1,125	1,125
English and French	10	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	70	35	40
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	400	200	200
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	50,570	26,900	23,675
Worked at home	13,805	6,440	7,360
Worked outside Canada	210	155	55
No fixed workplace address	7,150	5,400	1,745
Usual place of work	29,420	14,905	14,515
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,420	14,905	14,515
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,735	8,495	9,240
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,485	940	545
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,160	5,455	4,700
Commute to a different province or territory	35	0	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,565	20,305	16,260
Car, truck or van	28,930	17,290	11,645
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,795	16,295	9,495
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,135	990	2,140
Public transit	5,240	2,075	3,160
Walked	1,360	465	890
Bicycle	110	80	35
Other method	920	395	525
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,565	20,305	16,260
Less than 15 minutes	7,055	3,290	3,770
15 to 29 minutes	14,005	7,555	6,450
30 to 44 minutes	9,090	5,735	3,355
45 to 59 minutes	2,885	1,670	1,215
60 minutes and over	3,525	2,055	1,470
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,565	20,305	16,260
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,620	1,870	745
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,330	4,170	2,160
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,430	4,580	3,850
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,180	3,350	3,830
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,275	2,530	2,745
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,725	3,805	2,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,645	11,090	10,555
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,730	910	815
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,915	10,180	9,735
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,925	8,195	7,730
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,365	720	640
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	890	475	415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	480	250	230
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,560	7,470	7,085

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 7, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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