Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Oakville EastMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,745	52,800	55,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,985	10,130	9,850	18.4	19.2	17.6
0 to 4 years	5,090	2,540	2,550	4.7	4.8	4.6
5 to 9 years	6,755	3,435	3,325	6.2	6.5	5.9
10 to 14 years	8,135	4,150	3,980	7.5	7.9	7.1
15 to 64 years	72,440	35,205	37,235	66.6	66.7	66.6
15 to 19 years	8,265	4,245	4,020	7.6	8.0	7.2
20 to 24 years	7,070	3,600	3,470	6.5	6.8	6.2
25 to 29 years	5,490	2,785	2,695	5.0	5.3	4.8
30 to 34 years	5,805	2,750	3,050	5.3	5.2	5.5
35 to 39 years	6,935	3,225	3,710	6.4	6.1	6.6
40 to 44 years	7,660	3,475	4,185	7.0	6.6	7.5
45 to 49 years	8,540	4,065	4,480	7.9	7.7	8.0
50 to 54 years	8,615	4,175	4,440	7.9	7.9	7.9
55 to 59 years	7,610	3,765	3,845	7.0	7.1	6.9
60 to 64 years	6,450	3,120	3,325	5.9	5.9	5.9
65 years and over	16,320	7,465	8,860	15.0	14.1	15.8
65 to 69 years	4,890	2,310	2,575	4.5	4.4	4.6
70 to 74 years	4,145	1,900	2,245	3.8	3.6	4.0
75 to 79 years	3,040	1,430	1,610	2.8	2.7	2.9
80 to 84 years	2,070	975	1,095	1.9	1.8	2.0
85 years and over	2,180	855	1,330	2.0	1.6	2.4
85 to 89 years	1,325	565	750	1.2	1.1	1.3
90 to 94 years	670	230	440	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	160	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.4	19.2	17.6	18.4	19.2	17.6
15 to 64 years	66.6	66.7	66.6	66.6	66.7	66.6
65 years and over	15.0	14.1	15.8	15.0	14.1	15.8
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.4	2.0	1.6	2.4
Average age of the population	39.8	39.0	40.5	39.8	39.0	40.5
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.2	40.4	39.6	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,910	...	...	59.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,460	...	...	6.7	...	...
Row house	5,670	...	...	15.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	430	...	...	1.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,100	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,975	...	...	10.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	6,080	...	...	16.6	...	...
2 persons	10,020	...	...	27.4	...	...
3 persons	7,290	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	8,405	...	...	23.0	...	...
5 or more persons	4,780	...	...	13.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,850	52,475	55,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	88,760	42,675	46,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,015	27,335	27,680	62.0	64.1	60.1
Married	51,280	25,460	25,820	57.8	59.7	56.0
Living common-law	3,740	1,875	1,865	4.2	4.4	4.0
Living common law - Never married	2,590	1,280	1,305	2.9	3.0	2.8
Living common law - Separated	140	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	915	470	450	1.0	1.1	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	33,745	15,335	18,405	38.0	35.9	39.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,625	12,835	11,790	27.7	30.1	25.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,760	640	1,120	2.0	1.5	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	3,665	1,135	2,530	4.1	2.7	5.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,700	730	2,970	4.2	1.7	6.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,315	...	...	36.7	...	...
3 persons	7,560	...	...	24.5	...	...
4 persons	8,700	...	...	28.2	...	...
5 or more persons	3,225	...	...	10.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,755	...	...	86.9	...	...
Married couples	24,885	...	...	80.8	...	...
With children⁶	17,045	...	...	55.3	...	...
Without children	7,845	...	...	25.5	...	...
Common-law couples	1,865	...	...	6.1	...	...
With children⁶	685	...	...	2.2	...	...
Without children	1,185	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,050	...	...	13.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,275	...	...	10.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	775	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,850	52,475	55,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	97,070	48,065	49,010	90.0	91.6	88.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,510	26,775	26,740	49.6	51.0	48.3
Parents in one-parent families	4,050	770	3,275	3.8	1.5	5.9
Children⁶	39,515	20,515	18,995	36.6	39.1	34.3
In a two-parent family	33,165	17,110	16,050	30.8	32.6	29.0
In a one-parent family	6,345	3,400	2,945	5.9	6.5	5.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	10,780	4,415	6,365	10.0	8.4	11.5
Living alone	6,075	2,355	3,725	5.6	4.5	6.7
Living with other relatives⁷	2,260	765	1,495	2.1	1.5	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	2,445	1,290	1,155	2.3	2.5	2.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,515	...	...	72.5	...	...
Couple-family households	23,275	...	...	63.6	...	...
With children⁶	15,655	...	...	42.8	...	...
Without children	7,620	...	...	20.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,235	...	...	8.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,840	...	...	5.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	255	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	955	...	...	2.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	930	...	...	2.5	...	...
One-person households	6,075	...	...	16.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	87,875	42,350	45,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,100	40,025	43,075	94.6	94.5	94.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	57,200	40,400	46,800	57,200	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,155	40,045	43,115	94.6	94.6	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,600	36,400	42,000	49,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,855	37,640	39,220	87.5	88.9	86.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	56,000	34,400	43,600	56,000	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	61,795	31,550	30,245	70.3	74.5	66.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	58,000	38,400	46,800	58,000	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,925	34,230	37,695	81.8	80.8	82.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	3,400	7,000	5,640	3,400	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,420	2,105	3,315	6.2	5.0	7.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,480	5,920	5,680	5,480	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,285	11,085	12,200	26.5	26.2	26.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,985	39,860	43,125	94.7	94.5	94.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	86,100	112,500	61,750	86,100	112,500	61,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,055	39,885	43,170	94.7	94.5	94.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,450	79,000	49,000	63,450	79,000	49,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,820	37,515	39,305	87.6	88.9	86.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	85,000	112,800	58,450	85,000	112,800	58,450
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,660	31,310	30,355	70.3	74.2	66.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	85,500	110,900	59,250	85,500	110,900	59,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,785	33,940	37,850	81.9	80.4	83.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,640	7,510	9,650	8,640	7,510	9,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,450	2,015	3,430	6.2	4.8	7.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,150	6,065	7,790	7,150	6,065	7,790
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,320	10,890	12,435	26.6	25.8	27.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,130	9,080	9,170	9,130	9,080	9,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,775	17,285	13,495	35.1	41.0	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	89,000	100,000	78,500	89,000	100,000	78,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	131,800	159,000	97,000	131,800	159,000	97,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,660	10,140	12,520	25.8	24.0	27.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	18,000	14,500	15,900	18,000	14,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	45,120	62,400	31,160	45,120	62,400	31,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	91.4	94.4	86.2	91.4	94.4	86.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.8	77.4	67.6	73.8	77.4	67.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	8.7	5.7	13.7	8.7	5.7	13.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	1.0	0.5	0.3	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.3	2.4	4.9	3.3	2.4	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.0	2.2	4.3	3.0	2.2	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	87,875	42,350	45,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,775	2,325	2,450	5.4	5.5	5.4
With total income	83,100	40,025	43,075	94.6	94.5	94.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,835	4,170	5,660	11.8	10.4	13.1
$10,000 to $19,999	9,555	4,060	5,495	11.5	10.1	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	10,150	4,335	5,810	12.2	10.8	13.5
$30,000 to $39,999	7,485	3,095	4,385	9.0	7.7	10.2
$40,000 to $49,999	6,260	2,685	3,570	7.5	6.7	8.3
$50,000 to $59,999	5,350	2,250	3,100	6.4	5.6	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,665	2,105	2,560	5.6	5.3	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,145	1,940	2,205	5.0	4.8	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,560	1,780	1,780	4.3	4.4	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,110	1,595	1,515	3.7	4.0	3.5
$100,000 and over	18,990	11,995	6,985	22.8	30.0	16.2
$100,000 to $149,999	9,760	5,450	4,310	11.7	13.6	10.0
$150,000 and over	9,230	6,550	2,680	11.1	16.4	6.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	87,875	42,350	45,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,720	2,310	2,415	5.4	5.5	5.3
With after-tax income	83,155	40,045	43,115	94.6	94.6	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,375	4,355	6,015	12.5	10.9	14.0
$10,000 to $19,999	10,025	4,270	5,755	12.1	10.7	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	11,165	4,760	6,400	13.4	11.9	14.8
$30,000 to $39,999	8,590	3,650	4,950	10.3	9.1	11.5
$40,000 to $49,999	7,325	3,115	4,210	8.8	7.8	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	6,330	2,850	3,475	7.6	7.1	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,305	2,505	2,805	6.4	6.3	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,485	2,285	2,195	5.4	5.7	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4,215	2,115	2,100	5.1	5.3	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,095	1,780	1,315	3.7	4.4	3.1
$100,000 and over	12,240	8,345	3,890	14.7	20.9	9.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,685	2,855	1,830	5.6	7.1	4.3
$125,000 and over	7,550	5,490	2,060	9.1	13.7	4.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	87,875	42,350	45,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,075	10,795	15,285	29.7	25.5	33.6
With employment income	61,795	31,550	30,245	70.3	74.5	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,750	4,620	5,130	15.8	14.7	16.9
$5,000 to $9,999	5,150	2,335	2,815	8.3	7.4	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	5,930	2,610	3,320	9.6	8.3	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	4,130	1,930	2,195	6.7	6.1	7.3
$30,000 to $39,999	3,550	1,585	1,965	5.8	5.0	6.5
$40,000 to $49,999	3,415	1,495	1,920	5.5	4.7	6.3
$50,000 to $59,999	3,360	1,500	1,865	5.4	4.8	6.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,280	1,505	1,775	5.3	4.8	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	2,825	1,340	1,490	4.6	4.2	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,570	1,310	1,260	4.2	4.2	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,530	1,305	1,225	4.1	4.1	4.1
$100,000 and over	15,310	10,015	5,290	24.8	31.7	17.5
$100,000 to $124,999	5,040	2,775	2,265	8.2	8.8	7.5
$125,000 and over	10,270	7,240	3,035	16.6	22.9	10.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	87,875	42,350	45,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,335	38,590	41,740	91.4	91.1	91.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	57,600	38,400	46,000	57,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,365	38,600	41,760	91.5	91.1	91.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	49,600	34,800	40,800	49,600	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,915	36,615	38,300	85.3	86.5	84.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	57,600	36,400	45,200	57,600	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,250	31,245	30,005	69.7	73.8	65.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	58,400	39,200	47,200	58,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,105	31,820	34,285	75.2	75.1	75.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,010	636	2,120	1,010	636	2,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,500	1,140	2,360	4.0	2.7	5.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,080	7,400	6,450	5,080	7,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,190	38,485	41,710	91.5	91.2	91.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	85,300	113,900	58,850	85,300	113,900	58,850
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,240	38,500	41,740	91.5	91.2	91.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,550	79,900	46,520	62,550	79,900	46,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,455	36,355	38,105	84.9	86.2	83.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	87,100	116,900	58,750	87,100	116,900	58,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,095	31,150	29,945	69.7	73.8	65.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	84,900	109,900	58,850	84,900	109,900	58,850
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,925	31,580	34,340	75.2	74.8	75.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,345	4,276	6,325	5,345	4,276	6,325
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,395	1,105	2,285	3.9	2.6	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,170	6,380	9,030	8,170	6,380	9,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,375	17,070	13,305	34.6	40.5	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	84,000	95,000	73,000	84,000	95,000	73,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	128,600	158,400	90,200	128,600	158,400	90,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,860	9,420	11,435	23.8	22.3	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	23,600	20,200	21,600	23,600	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	48,920	62,550	37,680	48,920	62,550	37,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.8	97.0	91.2	94.8	97.0	91.2
Employment income (%)	75.8	78.0	71.8	75.8	78.0	71.8
Government transfers (%)	5.2	3.1	8.8	5.2	3.1	8.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.8	0.4	0.2	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	6,075	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,600	...	...	49,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	196,400	...	...	196,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	6,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,900	...	...	62,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	219,400	...	...	219,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	161,000	...	...	161,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	525	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	230	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	290	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	385	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	595	...	...	1.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	685	...	...	1.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	640	...	...	1.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	690	...	...	1.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	750	...	...	2.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	760	...	...	2.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,590	...	...	4.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,715	...	...	4.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,730	...	...	4.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,620	...	...	4.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,585	...	...	4.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,775	...	...	62.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,695	...	...	10.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,260	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,310	...	...	14.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,510	...	...	28.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	655	...	...	1.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	235	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	300	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	415	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	645	...	...	1.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	775	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	710	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	805	...	...	2.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	855	...	...	2.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	975	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,005	...	...	5.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,035	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,055	...	...	5.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,085	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,920	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,105	...	...	55.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,400	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,765	...	...	10.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,945	...	...	32.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,880	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	182,000	...	...	182,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	8,520	3,645	4,870	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,000	49,200	47,200	48,000	49,200	47,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	43,600	42,400	42,800	43,600	42,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,730	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	220,200	...	...	220,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	161,200	...	...	161,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	183,400	...	...	183,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,400	...	...	136,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	259,600	...	...	259,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	187,400	...	...	187,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...	118,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,100	...	...	93,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	8,510	3,650	4,860	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	70,500	80,800	62,750	70,500	80,800	62,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,700	60,800	51,850	55,700	60,800	51,850
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,850	52,475	55,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,055	12,715	12,335	23.2	24.2	22.3
0 to 5 years	6,330	3,175	3,150	5.9	6.1	5.7
18 to 64 years	67,295	32,570	34,720	62.4	62.1	62.7
65 years and over	15,505	7,185	8,320	14.4	13.7	15.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,765	4,560	5,205	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,895	1,460	1,435	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	625	325	300	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,575	2,580	2,995	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,305	525	775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.1	8.7	9.4	9.1	8.7	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6	11.5	11.7	11.6	11.5	11.7
0 to 5 years (%)	9.9	10.3	9.5	9.9	10.3	9.5
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	7.9	8.6	8.3	7.9	8.6
65 years and over (%)	8.4	7.3	9.3	8.4	7.3	9.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,850	52,475	55,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,055	12,715	12,335	23.2	24.2	22.3
0 to 5 years	6,330	3,175	3,150	5.9	6.1	5.7
18 to 64 years	67,295	32,570	34,720	62.4	62.1	62.7
65 years and over	15,505	7,185	8,320	14.4	13.7	15.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,755	3,275	3,475	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,905	975	935	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	385	205	180	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,250	2,040	2,205	...	...	...
65 years and over	595	260	330	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3	6.2	6.3	6.3	6.2	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.6	7.7	7.6	7.6	7.7	7.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.5	5.7	6.1	6.5	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.3	6.4
65 years and over (%)	3.8	3.6	4.0	3.8	3.6	4.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,850	52,475	55,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	34,940	16,435	18,505	32.4	31.3	33.4
In bottom decile	8,975	4,295	4,690	8.3	8.2	8.5
In second decile	6,300	2,860	3,445	5.8	5.5	6.2
In third decile	6,415	3,005	3,410	5.9	5.7	6.2
In fourth decile	6,260	2,985	3,275	5.8	5.7	5.9
In fifth decile	6,985	3,290	3,690	6.5	6.3	6.7
In top half of the distribution	72,910	36,040	36,870	67.6	68.7	66.6
In sixth decile	7,865	3,785	4,085	7.3	7.2	7.4
In seventh decile	9,135	4,420	4,710	8.5	8.4	8.5
In eighth decile	11,315	5,545	5,770	10.5	10.6	10.4
In ninth decile	15,685	7,720	7,965	14.5	14.7	14.4
In top decile	28,915	14,575	14,345	26.8	27.8	25.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,855	...	...	107,855	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.457	...	...	0.457	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.522	...	...	0.522	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.387	...	...	0.387	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	93,900	46,535	47,360	86.8	88.5	85.2
French only	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	11,385	4,875	6,510	10.5	9.3	11.7
Neither English nor French	2,835	1,145	1,690	2.6	2.2	3.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	102,745	50,275	52,465	95.0	95.6	94.4
French	1,390	610	780	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and French	1,265	565	695	1.2	1.1	1.2
Neither English nor French	2,785	1,125	1,665	2.6	2.1	3.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,155	49,185	51,965	93.5	93.6	93.5
Official languages	60,860	30,160	30,700	56.3	57.4	55.2
English	59,610	29,610	30,000	55.1	56.3	54.0
French	1,250	545	700	1.2	1.0	1.3
Non-official languages	40,295	19,025	21,265	37.2	36.2	38.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,290	19,020	21,265	37.2	36.2	38.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,280	2,130	2,155	4.0	4.1	3.9
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,210	2,095	2,115	3.9	4.0	3.8
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,030	2,015	2,015	3.7	3.8	3.6
Aramaic languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	125	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	280	125	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	935	350	585	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	775	290	485	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	870	440	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	400	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,825	9,410	10,410	18.3	17.9	18.7
Albanian	160	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	5,180	2,380	2,800	4.8	4.5	5.0
Baltic languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	5,045	2,320	2,725	4.7	4.4	4.9
Belarusian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	165	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Czech	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	1,565	725	840	1.4	1.4	1.5
Russian	950	420	525	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,500	695	805	1.4	1.3	1.4
Bosnian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	865	395	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbian	535	250	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	420	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,060	485	575	1.0	0.9	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	600	265	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	580	255	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,700	3,775	3,920	7.1	7.2	7.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,710	3,290	3,420	6.2	6.3	6.2
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	1,215	615	600	1.1	1.2	1.1
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,370	660	715	1.3	1.3	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,970	1,465	1,500	2.7	2.8	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	985	490	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	810	405	405	0.7	0.8	0.7
Dari	150	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian Persian	590	295	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,340	2,505	2,840	4.9	4.8	5.1
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,240	610	635	1.1	1.2	1.1
Portuguese	1,530	715	815	1.4	1.4	1.5
Romanian	480	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	2,080	960	1,125	1.9	1.8	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,260	575	690	1.2	1.1	1.2
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	170	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,720	5,465	6,255	10.8	10.4	11.2
Chinese languages	11,700	5,455	6,245	10.8	10.4	11.2
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,730	4,540	5,190	9.0	8.6	9.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,710	805	905	1.6	1.5	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	355	185	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	345	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,030	3,395	3,635	6.5	6.5	6.5
English and French	555	265	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	5,645	2,780	2,870	5.2	5.3	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	455	200	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,350	31,205	32,140	58.6	59.4	57.8
French	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	10,965	5,095	5,865	10.1	9.7	10.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,965	5,095	5,865	10.1	9.7	10.5
English and French	1,280	575	700	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	30,150	14,630	15,520	27.9	27.8	27.9
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,370	575	790	1.3	1.1	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	710	325	385	0.7	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,685	48,925	51,755	93.1	93.1	93.1
Official languages	78,165	38,225	39,935	72.3	72.7	71.8
English	77,650	37,990	39,655	71.8	72.3	71.3
French	510	230	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	22,520	10,705	11,815	20.8	20.4	21.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,520	10,705	11,815	20.8	20.4	21.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,185	1,055	1,135	2.0	2.0	2.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,170	1,045	1,120	2.0	2.0	2.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,090	1,010	1,080	1.9	1.9	1.9
Aramaic languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	410	185	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	455	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,190	4,370	4,820	8.5	8.3	8.7
Albanian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,300	1,090	1,210	2.1	2.1	2.2
Baltic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,275	1,075	1,200	2.1	2.0	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	670	310	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	615	285	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	605	285	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	300	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,110	1,975	2,140	3.8	3.8	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,570	1,715	1,860	3.3	3.3	3.3
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	590	280	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	720	340	380	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,700	825	870	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	535	260	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	450	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,425	1,130	1,295	2.2	2.1	2.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	190	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	735	340	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,285	615	665	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	895	425	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,740	4,130	4,610	8.1	7.9	8.3
Chinese languages	8,730	4,125	4,605	8.1	7.8	8.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,670	3,620	4,050	7.1	6.9	7.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	920	435	490	0.9	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,500	3,655	3,850	6.9	7.0	6.9
English and French	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	6,920	3,385	3,535	6.4	6.4	6.4
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,180	52,575	55,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,845	39,495	41,350	74.7	75.1	74.4
English	9,840	4,775	5,060	9.1	9.1	9.1
French	1,155	500	650	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official language	13,065	6,265	6,795	12.1	11.9	12.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,055	6,265	6,795	12.1	11.9	12.2
English and French	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,070	525	540	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	655	265	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,340	650	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,625	52,275	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,840	51,130	53,710	97.4	97.8	97.0
English	104,805	51,115	53,685	97.4	97.8	97.0
French	11,140	4,765	6,375	10.4	9.1	11.5
Non-official languages	54,345	26,040	28,310	50.5	49.8	51.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,340	26,030	28,305	50.5	49.8	51.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,865	3,420	3,440	6.4	6.5	6.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,785	3,380	3,400	6.3	6.5	6.1
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,470	3,220	3,250	6.0	6.2	5.9
Aramaic languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	185	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	210	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	495	210	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,320	500	825	1.2	1.0	1.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,165	435	725	1.1	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,425	715	705	1.3	1.4	1.3
Kannada	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	545	280	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tulu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,180	14,250	14,925	27.1	27.3	27.0
Albanian	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	165	60	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	6,490	3,045	3,445	6.0	5.8	6.2
Baltic languages	190	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	125	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages	6,325	2,985	3,340	5.9	5.7	6.0
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	2,040	955	1,080	1.9	1.8	2.0
Russian	1,365	645	725	1.3	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,110	980	1,130	2.0	1.9	2.0
Bosnian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	1,425	645	775	1.3	1.2	1.4
Serbian	720	335	385	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	190	115	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	625	305	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,120	1,080	1,040	2.0	2.1	1.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,465	725	745	1.4	1.4	1.3
German	1,455	715	740	1.4	1.4	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	630	335	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Afrikaans	320	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	565	285	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	12,780	6,310	6,465	11.9	12.1	11.7
Indo-Aryan languages	11,660	5,740	5,925	10.8	11.0	10.7
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	780	360	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hindi	4,590	2,295	2,295	4.3	4.4	4.1
Kacchi	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	285	165	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nepali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Odia	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,220	1,580	1,640	3.0	3.0	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	235	145	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Urdu	5,525	2,710	2,815	5.1	5.2	5.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages	1,240	630	610	1.2	1.2	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,070	555	515	1.0	1.1	0.9
Dari	210	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	810	415	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,610	3,690	3,920	7.1	7.1	7.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,010	1,000	1,010	1.9	1.9	1.8
Portuguese	1,990	1,005	985	1.8	1.9	1.8
Romanian	575	295	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Spanish	3,490	1,665	1,825	3.2	3.2	3.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	255	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	1,475	695	780	1.4	1.3	1.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	600	275	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,525	6,345	7,180	12.6	12.1	13.0
Chinese languages	13,505	6,335	7,170	12.5	12.1	13.0
Hakka	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	11,700	5,480	6,215	10.9	10.5	11.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	2,545	1,145	1,400	2.4	2.2	2.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	475	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Azerbaijani	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	415	180	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Uyghur	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	375	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Estonian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	305	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,630	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	520	230	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	460	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	180	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	107,105	52,050	55,055	99.5	99.6	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,630	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,500	52,225	55,280	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,545	...	...	78.4	...	...
Renter	7,845	...	...	21.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,425	...	...	17.7	...	...
Not condominium	29,970	...	...	82.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	140	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	2,130	...	...	5.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,885	...	...	13.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,940	...	...	30.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,300	...	...	50.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,540	...	...	18.0	...	...
5 rooms	4,320	...	...	11.9	...	...
6 rooms	4,970	...	...	13.7	...	...
7 rooms	4,715	...	...	13.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,845	...	...	43.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	35,575	...	...	97.8	...	...
More than one person per room	815	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	34,850	...	...	95.8	...	...
Not suitable	1,540	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,165	...	...	5.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,160	...	...	19.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,215	...	...	19.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,855	...	...	16.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,765	...	...	7.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,195	...	...	6.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,895	...	...	8.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,150	...	...	16.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	35,180	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,215	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	15,545	...	...	42.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,175	...	...	52.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,670	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	470	...	...	1.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,305	...	...	9.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,940	...	...	19.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,195	...	...	25.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,860	...	...	21.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,715	...	...	13.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,910	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	985	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	36,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	26,080	...	...	72.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,080	...	...	27.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,125	...	...	22.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,885	...	...	32.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,230	...	...	25.4	...	...
Not suitable only	965	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	750	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	480	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	365	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,500	...	...	67.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,240	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	30,965	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,545	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.7	...	...	61.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.1	...	...	22.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,160	...	...	2,160	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,484	...	...	2,484	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,300,000	...	...	1,300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,456,000	...	...	1,456,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	7,840	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	49.2	...	...	49.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.2	...	...	23.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,240	...	...	2,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,346	...	...	2,346	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,625	52,280	55,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	715	320	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	705	310	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	505	230	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,830	51,920	54,910	99.3	99.3	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,630	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,845	44,145	46,705	84.4	84.4	84.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	21,360	10,720	10,650	19.8	20.5	19.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,485	33,425	36,055	64.6	63.9	65.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	16,780	8,135	8,645	15.6	15.6	15.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,630	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	58,790	28,920	29,875	54.6	55.3	54.0
Immigrants⁸¹	45,915	21,915	24,000	42.7	41.9	43.4
Before 1980	7,260	3,520	3,735	6.7	6.7	6.7
1980 to 1990	4,315	2,045	2,275	4.0	3.9	4.1
1991 to 2000	7,680	3,665	4,020	7.1	7.0	7.3
2001 to 2010	10,935	5,125	5,810	10.2	9.8	10.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,725	7,560	8,165	14.6	14.5	14.8
2011 to 2015	7,125	3,330	3,800	6.6	6.4	6.9
2016 to 2021	8,595	4,230	4,360	8.0	8.1	7.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,925	1,450	1,470	2.7	2.8	2.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,915	21,915	24,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,795	2,290	2,505	10.4	10.4	10.4
5 to 14 years	8,505	4,400	4,105	18.5	20.1	17.1
15 to 24 years	6,915	3,065	3,850	15.1	14.0	16.0
25 to 44 years	21,260	10,010	11,250	46.3	45.7	46.9
45 years and over	4,440	2,150	2,285	9.7	9.8	9.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,915	21,915	24,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,905	2,285	2,620	10.7	10.4	10.9
Brazil	520	245	275	1.1	1.1	1.1
Colombia	380	170	215	0.8	0.8	0.9
El Salvador	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Guyana	185	85	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	530	260	270	1.2	1.2	1.1
Mexico	280	145	135	0.6	0.7	0.6
Peru	185	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	395	165	230	0.9	0.8	1.0
United States of America	1,370	660	710	3.0	3.0	3.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,005	430	575	2.2	2.0	2.4
Europe	10,410	5,010	5,400	22.7	22.9	22.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	330	160	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Croatia	530	245	285	1.2	1.1	1.2
France	110	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	425	200	220	0.9	0.9	0.9
Greece	170	95	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	125	65	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	615	315	300	1.3	1.4	1.3
Netherlands	160	80	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Poland	1,285	550	740	2.8	2.5	3.1
Portugal	680	325	360	1.5	1.5	1.5
Romania	480	225	255	1.0	1.0	1.1
Russian Federation	430	160	265	0.9	0.7	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	225	115	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	355	165	190	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,990	1,495	1,495	6.5	6.8	6.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,485	765	725	3.2	3.5	3.0
Africa	3,595	1,835	1,760	7.8	8.4	7.3
Algeria	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	10	10	0.1	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,500	770	725	3.3	3.5	3.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	80	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	430	220	210	0.9	1.0	0.9
Somalia	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	570	305	260	1.2	1.4	1.1
Other places of birth in Africa	900	435	460	2.0	2.0	1.9
Asia	26,820	12,680	14,135	58.4	57.9	58.9
Afghanistan	175	90	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	685	340	345	1.5	1.6	1.4
Iraq	890	405	485	1.9	1.8	2.0
Lebanon	355	170	185	0.8	0.8	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	615	320	295	1.3	1.5	1.2
Turkey	230	115	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	8,665	4,055	4,610	18.9	18.5	19.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	825	375	450	1.8	1.7	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,075	510	560	2.3	2.3	2.3
Taiwan	215	110	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Philippines	1,220	455	765	2.7	2.1	3.2
Viet Nam	405	195	220	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bangladesh	125	55	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	4,905	2,360	2,540	10.7	10.8	10.6
Pakistan	3,330	1,670	1,660	7.3	7.6	6.9
Sri Lanka	220	105	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	2,885	1,355	1,525	6.3	6.2	6.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	185	100	85	0.4	0.5	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,595	4,235	4,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,120	540	585	13.0	12.8	13.4
Brazil	325	150	170	3.8	3.5	3.9
Colombia	75	35	40	0.9	0.8	0.9
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	50	30	25	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexico	95	50	50	1.1	1.2	1.1
United States of America	345	175	165	4.0	4.1	3.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	125	50	75	1.5	1.2	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	105	45	55	1.2	1.1	1.3
Europe	695	375	330	8.1	8.9	7.6
France	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	30	20	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Russian Federation	90	35	50	1.0	0.8	1.1
Ukraine	35	30	15	0.4	0.7	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	300	165	140	3.5	3.9	3.2
Other places of birth in Europe	220	115	105	2.6	2.7	2.4
Africa	905	470	435	10.5	11.1	10.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	20	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Egypt	385	190	195	4.5	4.5	4.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	215	105	105	2.5	2.5	2.4
Somalia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	170	90	80	2.0	2.1	1.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	70	40	25	0.8	0.9	0.6
Asia	5,830	2,835	3,005	67.8	66.9	68.9
Afghanistan	25	25	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Bangladesh	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
China⁹⁰	2,280	1,080	1,200	26.5	25.5	27.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	30	35	0.8	0.7	0.8
India	1,160	560	595	13.5	13.2	13.6
Iran⁸⁸	75	30	45	0.9	0.7	1.0
Iraq	95	55	35	1.1	1.3	0.8
Israel	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	65	25	40	0.8	0.6	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	100	60	45	1.2	1.4	1.0
Lebanon	80	35	45	0.9	0.8	1.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	550	290	260	6.4	6.8	6.0
Philippines	170	55	115	2.0	1.3	2.6
Saudi Arabia	155	85	65	1.8	2.0	1.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	395	195	200	4.6	4.6	4.6
Turkey	95	45	50	1.1	1.1	1.1
United Arab Emirates	260	150	105	3.0	3.5	2.4
Viet Nam	25	10	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	195	90	110	2.3	2.1	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	35	20	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Australia	35	20	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,630	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	50,385	24,070	26,315	46.8	46.0	47.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,485	14,795	14,690	27.4	28.3	26.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	27,755	13,415	14,340	25.8	25.7	25.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	38,660	18,395	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	26,890	13,540	13,355	69.6	73.6	65.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,720	6,670	3,060	25.1	36.3	15.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	17,170	6,875	10,295	44.4	37.4	50.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,085	2,980	5,105	20.9	16.2	25.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,485	1,765	1,715	9.0	9.6	8.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	200	105	95	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	38,660	18,395	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,380	765	620	3.6	4.2	3.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,900	1,390	1,510	7.5	7.6	7.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,175	620	555	3.0	3.4	2.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,980	1,035	950	5.1	5.6	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	160	75	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	31,055	14,510	16,550	80.3	78.9	81.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,625	52,280	55,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,025	24,615	26,415	47.4	47.1	47.7
South Asian	16,765	8,315	8,450	15.6	15.9	15.3
Chinese	15,190	7,235	7,955	14.1	13.8	14.4
Black	3,120	1,480	1,645	2.9	2.8	3.0
Filipino	1,785	740	1,045	1.7	1.4	1.9
Arab	5,630	2,775	2,860	5.2	5.3	5.2
Latin American	1,805	860	940	1.7	1.6	1.7
Southeast Asian	935	420	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
West Asian	1,190	620	570	1.1	1.2	1.0
Korean	1,720	840	875	1.6	1.6	1.6
Japanese	300	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	750	320	425	0.7	0.6	0.8
Multiple visible minorities	1,835	870	960	1.7	1.7	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	56,600	27,665	28,940	52.6	52.9	52.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,625	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	8,240	4,120	4,120	7.7	7.9	7.4
English	13,840	6,675	7,165	12.9	12.8	12.9
Irish	11,415	5,305	6,105	10.6	10.1	11.0
Scottish	11,355	5,410	5,950	10.6	10.3	10.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	4,310	1,995	2,315	4.0	3.8	4.2
German	5,405	2,630	2,780	5.0	5.0	5.0
Chinese	14,760	7,015	7,740	13.7	13.4	14.0
Italian	7,050	3,595	3,450	6.6	6.9	6.2
Indian (India)	8,925	4,430	4,495	8.3	8.5	8.1
Ukrainian	2,795	1,390	1,405	2.6	2.7	2.5
Dutch	2,245	1,155	1,090	2.1	2.2	2.0
Polish	4,220	2,065	2,155	3.9	3.9	3.9
Québécois	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,805	1,870	1,940	3.5	3.6	3.5
Filipino	1,960	810	1,145	1.8	1.5	2.1
French Canadian	800	345	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,280	635	640	1.2	1.2	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Métis	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,330	680	650	1.2	1.3	1.2
Russian	1,455	660	790	1.4	1.3	1.4
Norwegian	355	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	1,270	610	660	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	2,745	1,275	1,470	2.6	2.4	2.7
American	1,225	515	710	1.1	1.0	1.3
Spanish	1,245	590	655	1.2	1.1	1.2
Swedish	455	205	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	1,010	480	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
Acadian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	4,520	2,210	2,310	4.2	4.2	4.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	815	405	410	0.8	0.8	0.7
Jewish	570	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	1,215	570	645	1.1	1.1	1.2
Vietnamese	715	320	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,185	1,115	1,065	2.0	2.1	1.9
Greek	1,445	840	610	1.3	1.6	1.1
Jamaican	980	500	485	0.9	1.0	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,255	560	695	1.2	1.1	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korean	1,790	850	935	1.7	1.6	1.7
Romanian	775	445	330	0.7	0.9	0.6
Lebanese	845	410	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iranian	815	420	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	875	435	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	410	180	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	600	290	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austrian	585	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hindu	1,285	645	635	1.2	1.2	1.1
Mexican	360	200	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mennonite	80	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swiss	375	210	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Finnish	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	1,945	925	1,020	1.8	1.8	1.8
Japanese	440	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,035	520	515	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	270	140	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Muslim	700	320	380	0.7	0.6	0.7
Egyptian	2,100	1,065	1,030	2.0	2.0	1.9
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	430	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Colombian	485	225	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	335	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	790	390	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyanese	365	135	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afghan	355	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	800	430	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Ojibway	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	160	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hong Konger	355	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian	395	210	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	525	255	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Turkish	465	230	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	220	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	495	245	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigerian	270	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	320	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovak	410	215	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	630	295	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Salvadorean	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	360	195	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	640	345	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	250	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	205	80	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	330	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	395	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	770	370	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chilean	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	185	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cambodian (Khmer)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	465	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Macedonian	290	170	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Slovenian	200	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	235	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	265	150	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	105	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	290	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bengali	90	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Coptic	425	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Thai	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	285	135	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Manitoban	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayali	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sinhalese	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	90	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	120	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yemeni	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Basque	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	160	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,625	52,280	55,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,390	620	760	1.3	1.2	1.4
Christian	52,760	24,900	27,860	49.0	47.6	50.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,195	3,230	3,960	6.7	6.2	7.2
Anabaptist	210	80	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	3,695	1,810	1,885	3.4	3.5	3.4
Baptist	715	310	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catholic	28,660	13,620	15,040	26.6	26.1	27.2
Christian Orthodox	4,090	2,125	1,960	3.8	4.1	3.5
Jehovah's Witness	265	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	530	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	590	270	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	1,495	710	780	1.4	1.4	1.4
Reformed	270	165	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
United Church	3,215	1,410	1,805	3.0	2.7	3.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,660	705	955	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hindu	5,245	2,600	2,645	4.9	5.0	4.8
Jewish	545	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	13,255	6,520	6,735	12.3	12.5	12.2
Sikh	2,410	1,155	1,255	2.2	2.2	2.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	625	305	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	31,390	15,905	15,485	29.2	30.4	28.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,810	51,900	54,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	92,615	45,015	47,605	86.7	86.7	86.7
Movers	14,185	6,885	7,300	13.3	13.3	13.3
Non-migrants	5,470	2,560	2,905	5.1	4.9	5.3
Migrants	8,715	4,320	4,390	8.2	8.3	8.0
Internal migrants	6,935	3,370	3,565	6.5	6.5	6.5
Intraprovincial migrants	6,395	3,130	3,270	6.0	6.0	6.0
Interprovincial migrants	535	240	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	1,785	955	825	1.7	1.8	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,620	49,875	52,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	57,445	27,895	29,545	56.0	55.9	56.0
Movers	45,175	21,975	23,200	44.0	44.1	44.0
Non-migrants	11,955	5,840	6,115	11.6	11.7	11.6
Migrants	33,225	16,135	17,085	32.4	32.4	32.4
Internal migrants	22,830	10,950	11,875	22.2	22.0	22.5
Intraprovincial migrants	20,460	9,835	10,630	19.9	19.7	20.2
Interprovincial migrants	2,370	1,115	1,250	2.3	2.2	2.4
External migrants	10,390	5,185	5,210	10.1	10.4	9.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,670	42,195	45,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,030	4,340	4,695	10.3	10.3	10.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,640	37,865	40,780	89.7	89.7	89.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,930	27,260	29,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,730	880	850	3.0	3.2	2.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,200	26,380	28,815	97.0	96.8	97.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,530	4,030	4,505	9.7	9.6	9.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,255	8,830	9,425	20.8	20.9	20.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,890	29,340	31,555	69.4	69.5	69.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,260	8,000	9,255	19.7	19.0	20.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,145	1,475	675	2.4	3.5	1.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,065	630	435	1.2	1.5	1.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,085	845	240	1.2	2.0	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,790	5,535	7,255	14.6	13.1	16.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,320	985	1,335	2.6	2.3	2.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,635	21,340	22,295	49.8	50.6	49.0
Bachelor's degree	26,785	12,710	14,075	30.6	30.1	31.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,570	1,120	1,455	2.9	2.7	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,350	635	720	1.5	1.5	1.6
Master's degree	11,525	6,055	5,470	13.1	14.4	12.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,395	820	580	1.6	1.9	1.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,925	27,260	29,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,495	745	745	2.6	2.7	2.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,460	3,740	3,725	13.1	13.7	12.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,970	22,775	25,195	84.3	83.5	84.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,235	5,690	6,550	21.5	20.9	22.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,300	885	415	2.3	3.2	1.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	650	365	280	1.1	1.3	0.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	650	515	135	1.1	1.9	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,355	4,175	5,180	16.4	15.3	17.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,585	630	955	2.8	2.3	3.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,730	17,085	18,645	62.8	62.7	62.8
Bachelor's degree	21,215	9,860	11,360	37.3	36.2	38.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,095	870	1,225	3.7	3.2	4.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,150	475	675	2.0	1.7	2.3
Master's degree	10,115	5,245	4,875	17.8	19.2	16.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,155	645	510	2.0	2.4	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,785	12,860	13,925	30.6	30.5	30.6
Education	2,725	460	2,260	3.1	1.1	5.0
13. Education	2,725	460	2,260	3.1	1.1	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,445	880	1,565	2.8	2.1	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	270	180	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,175	705	1,475	2.5	1.7	3.2
Humanities	3,575	1,100	2,475	4.1	2.6	5.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	410	85	325	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	910	215	695	1.0	0.5	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,210	355	855	1.4	0.8	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	200	75	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	515	250	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	15	140	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,735	3,150	5,585	10.0	7.5	12.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,115	355	755	1.3	0.8	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	810	70	740	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,495	605	890	1.7	1.4	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	55	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,250	225	1,025	1.4	0.5	2.3
45. Social sciences	3,835	1,830	2,005	4.4	4.3	4.4
Business, management and public administration	17,555	8,850	8,705	20.0	21.0	19.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	595	135	455	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	16,945	8,710	8,240	19.3	20.6	18.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,080	1,440	1,640	3.5	3.4	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,150	430	720	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	880	360	525	1.0	0.9	1.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	900	605	295	1.0	1.4	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,120	2,540	1,575	4.7	6.0	3.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,110	2,080	1,035	3.5	4.9	2.3
25. Library science	155	20	135	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	730	345	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120	95	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,135	8,130	2,005	11.6	19.3	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	615	345	270	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	6,250	4,760	1,490	7.1	11.3	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,510	1,320	185	1.7	3.1	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	675	655	25	0.8	1.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	715	685	25	0.8	1.6	0.1
48. Precision production	365	360	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	705	360	350	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	440	220	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	265	135	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,410	1,745	4,665	7.3	4.1	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	695	345	345	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,360	1,210	4,150	6.1	2.9	9.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	180	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,390	675	720	1.6	1.6	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	685	170	515	0.8	0.4	1.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	495	315	180	0.6	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	165	20	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,930	27,260	29,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	8,955	4,485	4,470	15.7	16.5	15.1
Education	1,985	320	1,660	3.5	1.2	5.6
13. Education	1,985	320	1,660	3.5	1.2	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,790	620	1,170	3.1	2.3	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	145	60	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,575	470	1,105	2.8	1.7	3.7
Humanities	2,615	765	1,850	4.6	2.8	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	340	65	270	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	660	135	525	1.2	0.5	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	875	250	630	1.5	0.9	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	60	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	370	175	195	0.6	0.6	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	15	110	0.2	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,935	2,400	4,535	12.2	8.8	15.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	920	280	645	1.6	1.0	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	635	45	580	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,210	445	765	2.1	1.6	2.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	920	170	750	1.6	0.6	2.5
45. Social sciences	3,080	1,405	1,675	5.4	5.2	5.6
Business, management and public administration	14,560	7,230	7,335	25.6	26.5	24.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	435	95	340	0.8	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,120	7,135	6,990	24.8	26.2	23.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,180	965	1,215	3.8	3.5	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	795	300	495	1.4	1.1	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	690	270	420	1.2	1.0	1.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	590	365	225	1.0	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,570	2,235	1,335	6.3	8.2	4.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,760	1,860	900	4.8	6.8	3.0
25. Library science	90	15	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	615	275	335	1.1	1.0	1.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	80	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,870	6,110	1,760	13.8	22.4	5.9
04. Architecture and related services	505	280	230	0.9	1.0	0.8
14. Engineering	5,090	3,740	1,355	8.9	13.7	4.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,115	975	145	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	475	455	20	0.8	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	490	475	10	0.9	1.7	0.0
48. Precision production	195	190	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	540	265	280	0.9	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	150	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	110	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	4,845	1,340	3,510	8.5	4.9	11.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	475	250	230	0.8	0.9	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,070	945	3,125	7.1	3.5	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	285	140	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,065	515	550	1.9	1.9	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	500	110	395	0.9	0.4	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	405	265	145	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	140	130	15	0.2	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,930	27,260	29,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	8,955	4,485	4,470	15.7	16.5	15.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,970	22,775	25,195	84.3	83.5	84.9
Location of study inside Canada	30,395	14,595	15,800	53.4	53.5	53.3
Same as province or territory of residence	27,275	13,070	14,200	47.9	47.9	47.9
Different than province or territory of residence	3,120	1,525	1,600	5.5	5.6	5.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,575	8,180	9,390	30.9	30.0	31.7
Americas	3,130	1,525	1,600	5.5	5.6	5.4
United States of America	2,045	1,080	965	3.6	4.0	3.3
Mexico	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	365	160	205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Colombia	125	45	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	65	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	180	65	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
Other locations of study in Americas	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	3,465	1,745	1,715	6.1	6.4	5.8
Belgium	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	115	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	115	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Switzerland	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	270	120	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romania	245	115	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	250	105	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	180	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	95	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,455	800	655	2.6	2.9	2.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	90	35	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	420	190	230	0.7	0.7	0.8
Africa	1,355	645	705	2.4	2.4	2.4
Nigeria	165	85	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	755	360	395	1.3	1.3	1.3
South Africa, Republic of	295	145	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other locations of study in Africa	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	9,325	4,080	5,250	16.4	15.0	17.7
Iran⁸⁸	195	90	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	300	160	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Israel	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	110	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkey	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	3,465	1,560	1,905	6.1	5.7	6.4
Taiwan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	20	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Japan	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	425	160	265	0.7	0.6	0.9
Philippines	450	125	325	0.8	0.5	1.1
Viet Nam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
India	2,075	945	1,130	3.6	3.5	3.8
Pakistan	1,105	480	625	1.9	1.8	2.1
Other locations of study in Asia	645	280	365	1.1	1.0	1.2
Oceania	305	185	115	0.5	0.7	0.4
Australia	265	165	100	0.5	0.6	0.3
New Zealand	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	87,675	42,195	45,475	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,585	29,845	27,745	...	...	...
Employed	50,935	26,805	24,125	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,655	3,035	3,625	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,085	12,355	17,730	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.7	70.7	61.0	65.7	70.7	61.0
Employment rate	58.1	63.5	53.1	58.1	63.5	53.1
Unemployment rate	11.6	10.2	13.1	11.6	10.2	13.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	87,675	42,195	45,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,920	12,875	18,045	35.3	30.5	39.7
Worked	56,755	29,320	27,430	64.7	69.5	60.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,945	18,050	13,890	36.4	42.8	30.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	24,805	11,270	13,535	28.3	26.7	29.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	42.2	39.5	40.9	42.2	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,590	29,840	27,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,960	870	1,085	3.4	2.9	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,630	28,970	26,660	96.6	97.1	96.1
Employee	44,650	22,175	22,475	77.5	74.3	81.0
Permanent position	37,110	18,745	18,365	64.4	62.8	66.2
Temporary position	7,535	3,425	4,115	13.1	11.5	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,390	1,070	1,320	4.2	3.6	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,150	2,355	2,795	8.9	7.9	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,975	6,795	4,185	19.1	22.8	15.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,590	29,840	27,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,960	870	1,085	3.4	2.9	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,630	28,970	26,660	96.6	97.1	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,845	1,365	475	3.2	4.6	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,820	5,515	8,310	24.0	18.5	29.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,900	5,810	2,095	13.7	19.5	7.5
3 Health occupations	3,750	1,060	2,695	6.5	3.6	9.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,515	2,240	4,275	11.3	7.5	15.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,290	1,015	1,270	4.0	3.4	4.6
6 Sales and service occupations	12,615	6,245	6,370	21.9	20.9	23.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,025	4,415	610	8.7	14.8	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	555	390	165	1.0	1.3	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,305	910	395	2.3	3.0	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,590	29,840	27,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,960	870	1,085	3.4	2.9	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	55,630	28,970	26,660	96.6	97.1	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	175	75	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	225	130	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
22 Utilities	415	265	150	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	2,705	2,190	515	4.7	7.3	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,715	2,405	1,315	6.5	8.1	4.7
41 Wholesale trade	2,995	1,805	1,185	5.2	6.0	4.3
44-45 Retail trade	5,770	2,825	2,945	10.0	9.5	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,245	1,620	625	3.9	5.4	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,655	1,040	620	2.9	3.5	2.2
52 Finance and insurance	5,920	3,240	2,680	10.3	10.9	9.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,845	960	885	3.2	3.2	3.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,200	5,545	3,650	16.0	18.6	13.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	450	200	250	0.8	0.7	0.9
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,820	980	835	3.2	3.3	3.0
61 Educational services	4,250	1,260	2,990	7.4	4.2	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	5,320	1,285	4,040	9.2	4.3	14.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	940	490	455	1.6	1.6	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	2,265	1,010	1,255	3.9	3.4	4.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,685	660	1,020	2.9	2.2	3.7
91 Public administration	2,030	980	1,050	3.5	3.3	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,120	31,405	29,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	56,285	29,045	27,235	92.1	92.5	91.6
French	105	20	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	710	390	320	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	710	390	320	1.2	1.2	1.1
English and French	1,035	385	655	1.7	1.2	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,870	1,510	1,355	4.7	4.8	4.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	45	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,120	31,405	29,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,485	31,065	29,420	99.0	98.9	99.0
Official languages	59,160	30,370	28,795	96.8	96.7	96.9
English	58,970	30,330	28,640	96.5	96.6	96.4
French	195	40	155	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	1,325	700	620	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,325	700	620	2.2	2.2	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	300	150	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	850	455	395	1.4	1.4	1.3
Chinese languages	850	455	395	1.4	1.4	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	785	410	375	1.3	1.3	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	640	335	305	1.0	1.1	1.0
English and French	150	50	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	490	280	205	0.8	0.9	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,120	31,405	29,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	57,660	29,745	27,915	94.3	94.7	93.9
English	630	290	340	1.0	0.9	1.1
French	810	315	495	1.3	1.0	1.7
Non-official language	1,695	880	815	2.8	2.8	2.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,695	880	815	2.8	2.8	2.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	50	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	100	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	50,930	26,805	24,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	23,260	11,790	11,470	45.7	44.0	47.5
Worked outside Canada	360	245	120	0.7	0.9	0.5
No fixed workplace address	3,905	2,785	1,115	7.7	10.4	4.6
Usual place of work	23,405	11,990	11,415	46.0	44.7	47.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	23,405	11,990	11,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	10,355	4,585	5,770	44.2	38.2	50.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,840	920	920	7.9	7.7	8.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,165	6,450	4,710	47.7	53.8	41.3
Commute to a different province or territory	50	30	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	27,310	14,775	12,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	23,330	12,905	10,425	85.4	87.3	83.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	21,370	12,125	9,245	78.2	82.1	73.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,965	780	1,185	7.2	5.3	9.4
Public transit	1,915	915	995	7.0	6.2	7.9
Walked	980	445	535	3.6	3.0	4.3
Bicycle	135	85	55	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other method	945	420	520	3.5	2.8	4.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	27,310	14,775	12,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,145	3,375	3,770	26.2	22.8	30.1
15 to 29 minutes	9,055	4,745	4,310	33.2	32.1	34.4
30 to 44 minutes	6,345	3,785	2,560	23.2	25.6	20.4
45 to 59 minutes	2,375	1,435	940	8.7	9.7	7.5
60 minutes and over	2,390	1,430	960	8.8	9.7	7.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	27,310	14,775	12,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,265	990	270	4.6	6.7	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,295	2,035	1,260	12.1	13.8	10.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,500	3,535	2,965	23.8	23.9	23.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,260	3,640	3,610	26.6	24.6	28.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,475	2,705	2,770	20.0	18.3	22.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,525	1,865	1,660	12.9	12.6	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	25,665	13,045	12,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,315	1,175	1,140	9.0	9.0	9.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,345	11,870	11,475	91.0	91.0	91.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,120	10,285	9,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,910	960	950	9.5	9.3	9.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,080	545	530	5.4	5.3	5.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	830	415	415	4.1	4.0	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,210	9,325	8,885	90.5	90.7	90.3

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 15, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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