Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision] Remove	TorontoMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area] Remove
	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	6,202,225
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571	5,928,040
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	4.6
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	2,394,205
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	2,262,473
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8	1,050.7
Land area in square kilometres	631.10	5,902.75
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	6,202,225
0 to 14 years	384,295	965,050
0 to 4 years	123,550	289,425
5 to 9 years	129,040	325,675
10 to 14 years	131,710	349,955
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	4,234,530
15 to 19 years	134,810	357,165
20 to 24 years	185,650	418,430
25 to 29 years	243,955	466,530
30 to 34 years	246,785	467,160
35 to 39 years	213,810	443,940
40 to 44 years	185,820	414,950
45 to 49 years	175,875	414,990
50 to 54 years	184,060	431,180
55 to 59 years	191,380	438,475
60 to 64 years	170,935	381,715
65 years and over	476,985	1,002,640
65 to 69 years	141,550	308,525
70 to 74 years	118,910	258,975
75 to 79 years	81,880	175,000
80 to 84 years	62,790	126,985
85 years and over	71,855	133,155
85 to 89 years	42,430	80,910
90 to 94 years	22,155	39,855
95 to 99 years	6,400	10,895
100 years and over	875	1,490
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	15.6
15 to 64 years	69.2	68.3
65 years and over	17.1	16.2
85 years and over	2.6	2.1
Average age of the population	41.5	40.7
Median age of the population	39.6	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	2,262,470
Single-detached house	270,490	883,125
Semi-detached house	71,955	164,580
Row house	62,915	210,100
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	90,500
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	215,325
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625	694,735
Other single-attached house	2,770	3,470
Movable dwelling⁴	85	635
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	2,262,475
1 person	385,765	565,730
2 persons	353,415	644,115
3 persons	178,225	390,785
4 persons	147,360	386,555
5 or more persons	96,120	275,295
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285	6,142,885
Average household size	2.4	2.7
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	5,237,170
Married or living common-law	1,213,410	2,885,510
Married	1,020,980	2,560,370
Living common-law	192,430	325,135
Living common law - Never married	155,085	244,105
Living common law - Separated	5,745	12,860
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	62,265
Living common law - Widowed	2,580	5,905
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645	2,351,665
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580	1,685,300
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	130,470
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	284,130
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210	251,765
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225	1,692,915
2 persons	362,160	733,320
3 persons	174,070	411,390
4 persons	141,635	395,360
5 or more persons	55,360	152,850
Average size of census families	2.9	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	1,692,910
Total couple families	580,590	1,390,485
Married couples	484,435	1,228,045
With children⁶	288,375	784,485
Without children	196,060	443,560
Common-law couples	96,155	162,445
With children⁶	24,805	53,825
Without children	71,350	108,615
Total one-parent families	152,635	302,425
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	248,000
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	54,425
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290	6,142,880
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	5,093,460
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	2,780,975
Parents in one-parent families	152,635	302,430
Children⁶	795,165	2,010,060
In a two-parent family	560,345	1,538,405
In a one-parent family	234,820	471,655
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	1,049,420
Living alone	385,765	565,730
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	207,055
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	276,635
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	2,262,470
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	1,341,615
Couple-family households	493,770	1,125,400
With children⁶	265,950	685,795
Without children	227,825	439,605
One-parent-family households	115,160	216,210
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515	129,810
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	26,995
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030	89,160
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	109,165
One-person households	385,765	565,730
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	5,179,125
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	4,927,950
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960	4,930,470
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	4,340,975
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895	3,605,255
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	4,476,525
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780	458,075
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	1,645,600
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950	5,179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	4,929,140
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	59,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665	4,931,565
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	47,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	4,342,100
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	56,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885	3,605,250
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	57,100
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670	4,477,610
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715	455,765
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	6,570
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	1,642,495
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	9,800
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	5,179,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215	1,716,095
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	90,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025	1,370,830
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	29,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	84.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	70.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	15.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	5,179,130
Without total income	109,960	251,180
With total income	2,267,990	4,927,945
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	481,940
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135	614,440
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	794,350
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	588,250
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305	477,560
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	389,850
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	309,625
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165	248,620
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210	202,345
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405	166,190
$100,000 and over	303,450	654,785
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	405,995
$150,000 and over	128,510	248,785
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	5,179,130
Without after-tax income	108,985	248,655
With after-tax income	2,268,965	4,930,475
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695	500,000
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	641,610
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315	885,350
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215	673,620
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390	553,905
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	426,455
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175	322,320
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	244,205
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	200,315
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	126,400
$100,000 and over	175,685	356,295
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650	162,140
$125,000 and over	103,035	194,155
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	5,179,130
Without employment income	749,060	1,573,870
With employment income	1,628,890	3,605,260
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	514,575
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810	330,620
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800	405,410
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370	298,810
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	285,705
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965	282,710
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230	259,595
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	221,570
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	184,210
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	157,870
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540	140,395
$100,000 and over	239,510	523,785
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895	225,725
$125,000 and over	144,610	298,055
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	5,179,125
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	4,797,550
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340	4,798,680
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590	4,267,070
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820	3,592,920
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410	4,186,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	1,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960	262,855
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950	5,179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540	4,799,340
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	56,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	4,800,350
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	45,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680	4,267,135
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	57,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165	3,593,470
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	57,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775	4,187,695
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	6,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735	262,735
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	7,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	5,179,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570	1,696,170
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	84,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965	1,281,260
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	24,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	36,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	90.6
Employment income (%)	74.2	75.6
Government transfers (%)	9.4	9.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	2,262,475
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	97,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	85,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	565,730
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	46,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	41,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	1,696,745
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	118,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	102,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890	2,262,470
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	129,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	103,700
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	565,460
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	63,400
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	51,040
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	1,697,005
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	151,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	121,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890	2,262,475
Under $5,000	21,975	32,750
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	15,325
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	25,715
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970	35,725
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135	75,670
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	62,315
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210	60,850
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	64,725
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320	65,730
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335	66,345
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	136,805
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	137,480
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	134,620
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	129,670
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465	122,145
$100,000 and over	477,390	1,096,595
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785	265,950
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	208,740
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	278,755
$200,000 and over	147,770	343,145
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890	2,262,475
Under $5,000	24,205	36,900
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	15,830
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670	26,310
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555	38,100
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	80,570
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	69,190
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	68,515
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	74,305
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	77,660
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	80,020
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	164,380
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	164,945
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155	159,340
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	151,615
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	136,375
$100,000 and over	387,715	918,420
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	282,550
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425	206,830
$150,000 and over	178,260	429,040
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	1,629,060
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	117,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	101,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0	3.3
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	460,295
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	99,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	86,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	838,675
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	143,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	123,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	265,690
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	77,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	71,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.8
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	842,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	1,627,835
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	151,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	120,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	459,575
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	134,200
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	105,300
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	839,930
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	179,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	143,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	264,185
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	93,800
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	80,900
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	841,520
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	54,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	45,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	6,142,885
0 to 17 years	461,810	1,176,000
0 to 5 years	148,485	351,430
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	4,001,275
65 years and over	456,895	965,610
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	627,655
0 to 17 years	67,725	133,215
0 to 5 years	22,175	41,535
18 to 64 years	218,825	364,325
65 years and over	77,410	130,115
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	10.2
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	9.1
65 years and over (%)	16.9	13.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290	6,142,655
0 to 17 years	461,805	1,175,955
0 to 5 years	148,485	351,415
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	4,001,155
65 years and over	456,895	965,540
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110	403,705
0 to 17 years	35,500	68,975
0 to 5 years	11,610	20,970
18 to 64 years	179,925	291,050
65 years and over	25,685	43,670
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	6.6
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	7.3
65 years and over (%)	5.6	4.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	6,142,885
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	2,762,010
In bottom decile	348,260	596,575
In second decile	287,815	542,090
In third decile	265,075	539,875
In fourth decile	245,925	535,000
In fifth decile	238,700	548,475
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	3,380,870
In sixth decile	234,350	567,160
In seventh decile	236,815	597,730
In eighth decile	245,465	640,895
In ninth decile	268,615	710,200
In top decile	390,265	864,885
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290	6,142,880
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	0.387
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	0.496
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	0.330
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	4.2
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630	6,161,570
English only	2,409,655	5,436,685
French only	2,555	4,520
English and French	236,915	456,695
Neither English nor French	123,505	263,670
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630	6,161,570
English	2,590,345	5,784,485
French	38,695	69,060
English and French	22,190	48,625
Neither English nor French	121,390	259,400
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630	6,161,570
Single responses	2,588,520	5,744,420
Official languages	1,425,805	3,143,455
English	1,391,685	3,082,345
French	34,115	61,110
Non-official languages	1,162,715	2,600,965
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	330
Algonquian languages	225	270
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	75	90
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	70	85
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	40
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	15
Mi'kmaq	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	165
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	5
Oji-Cree	5	5
Ojibway languages	135	160
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	5
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	115
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	15	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	15
Cayuga	0	0
Mohawk	15	10
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	5	5
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445	2,600,640
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715	156,290
Berber languages	115	215
Kabyle	75	130
Tamazight	30	50
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	35
Chadic languages	205	390
Hausa	190	365
Mina	15	25
Coptic	40	420
Cushitic languages	12,110	14,655
Bilen	130	145
Oromo	875	1,025
Somali	11,020	13,385
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	95
Semitic languages	58,240	140,605
Amharic	7,465	8,570
Arabic	32,985	97,690
Aramaic languages	5,335	13,525
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	10,020
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945	2,960
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	550
Harari	700	860
Hebrew	4,210	10,075
Maltese	1,090	2,745
Tigrigna	6,310	6,960
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	190
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	54,490
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	2,860
Vietnamese	27,445	51,540
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75	100
Austronesian languages	102,870	163,430
Bikol	330	530
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	1,985
Cebuano	2,750	4,165
Fijian	10	20
Hiligaynon	2,140	3,020
Ilocano	9,165	12,065
Indonesian	1,905	4,035
Kankanaey	245	290
Kinaray-a	185	215
Malagasy languages	20	25
Merina	5	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	20
Malay	195	340
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	1,580
Pangasinan	450	635
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185	132,925
Waray-Waray	270	430
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	1,165
Creole languages	2,720	5,095
Haitian Creole	720	990
Jamaican English Creole	150	285
Krio	100	175
Morisyen	565	1,550
Sango	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	765	1,325
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	760
Dravidian languages	67,995	148,940
Kannada	1,185	3,200
Malayalam	7,290	18,380
Tamil	52,905	111,735
Telugu	6,450	15,155
Tulu	115	320
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	155
Georgian	1,095	1,525
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10
Indo-European languages	571,820	1,402,550
Albanian	9,195	14,255
Armenian	7,615	12,085
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	233,130
Baltic languages	2,645	4,195
Latvian	1,165	1,675
Lithuanian	1,480	2,515
Slavic languages	103,340	228,930
Belarusian	135	280
Bulgarian	3,830	6,205
Czech	2,410	3,980
Macedonian	5,090	10,130
Polish	20,795	58,140
Russian	33,770	80,580
Rusyn	20	45
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	38,015
Bosnian	1,295	3,000
Croatian	4,990	14,355
Serbian	12,630	20,065
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365	595
Slovak	2,765	4,475
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	3,020
Ukrainian	13,740	23,950
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	100
Celtic languages	195	300
Irish	95	120
Scottish Gaelic	35	55
Welsh	50	90
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	30
Germanic languages	17,060	35,015
Frisian	30	100
High German languages	12,605	24,475
German	10,700	21,645
Pennsylvania German	10	20
Swiss German	305	550
Yiddish	1,600	2,255
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	7,880
Afrikaans	450	1,165
Dutch	2,430	6,440
Low German, n.o.s.	0	5
Low Saxon	5	10
Plautdietsch	20	55
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	205
Scandinavian languages	1,375	2,510
Danish	535	1,150
Icelandic	50	70
Norwegian	190	305
Swedish	610	985
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	55
Greek	23,540	34,980
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390	686,750
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130	555,965
Assamese	115	235
Bengali	31,335	43,005
Gujarati	27,090	70,490
Hindi	22,300	65,805
Kacchi	1,575	3,285
Kashmiri	90	350
Konkani	745	2,105
Marathi	3,025	7,415
Nepali	3,275	6,490
Oriya languages	495	1,080
Odia	305	670
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	405
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	210,165
Rohingya	15	15
Sindhi	550	2,075
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	7,970
Urdu	34,460	134,195
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	1,290
Iranian languages	57,210	130,675
Baluchi	90	260
Kurdish	1,865	3,565
Parsi	125	265
Pashto	4,390	8,415
Persian languages	50,490	117,775
Dari	10,715	24,210
Iranian Persian	34,575	81,105
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	12,460
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245	395
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	110
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	385,900
Catalan	120	160
Italian	50,995	125,895
Portuguese	60,360	102,255
Romanian	10,510	22,265
Spanish	78,575	134,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	360
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	140
Japanese	6,740	9,315
Korean	32,805	56,855
Mongolian	310	415
Niger-Congo languages	14,070	24,620
Akan (Twi)	3,640	7,655
Bamanankan	50	65
Edo	550	910
Éwé	125	280
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	260
Ga	165	380
Ganda	645	780
Gikuyu	150	265
Igbo	790	1,530
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	445
Lingala	215	295
Luba-Kasai	20	30
Mòoré	10	20
Mwani	85	215
Ndebele	100	150
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	320
Shona	370	640
Soninke	155	165
Sotho-Tswana languages	100	135
Swahili	2,255	3,180
Wojenaka	20	20
Wolof	145	195
Yoruba	2,495	4,725
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	1,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	565
Dinka	35	40
Nuer	10	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	390
African, n.o.s.	70	100
Sign languages	430	990
American Sign Language	365	845
Quebec Sign Language	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	145
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	529,160
Chinese languages	227,685	522,010
Hakka	2,475	5,780
Mandarin	112,620	259,555
Min Dong	485	895
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	8,615
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	3,540
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530	239,720
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240	3,685
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	215
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	7,000
Burmese	540	920
Kuki-Chin languages	5	20
Karenic languages	215	225
S'gaw Karen	175	190
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	40
Tibetan	5,155	5,560
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	275
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	155
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745	3,720
Lao	600	1,910
Thai	1,065	1,685
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	120
Turkic languages	13,515	22,225
Azerbaijani	1,280	2,300
Kazakh	145	180
Turkish	11,225	18,330
Uyghur	265	440
Uzbek	395	625
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	350
Uralic languages	12,495	20,170
Estonian	1,495	2,070
Finnish	1,090	2,000
Hungarian	9,915	16,100
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	260
Multiple responses	184,110	417,150
English and French	12,390	23,655
English and non-official language(s)	149,250	345,775
French and non-official language(s)	3,630	6,730
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	9,120
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	31,865
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630	6,161,570
English	1,485,800	3,258,635
French	9,195	16,000
Non-official language	369,860	822,050
Indigenous³⁹	40	55
Non-Indigenous	369,820	821,995
English and French	33,080	60,840
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	1,861,335
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	3,650
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	60,965
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	78,105
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630	6,161,570
Single responses	2,569,065	5,680,760
Official languages	1,855,810	4,062,965
English	1,839,730	4,035,545
French	16,070	27,420
Non-official languages	713,255	1,617,795
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	100
Algonquian languages	70	80
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	25
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	25	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	5
Mi'kmaq	0	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	5
Ojibway languages	40	45
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	10
Cayuga	0	0
Mohawk	5	10
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	0	0
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175	1,617,695
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890	87,150
Berber languages	45	85
Kabyle	25	30
Tamazight	10	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	30
Chadic languages	125	220
Hausa	115	210
Mina	10	10
Coptic	20	205
Cushitic languages	7,140	8,245
Bilen	95	105
Oromo	495	560
Somali	6,515	7,540
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	35
Semitic languages	32,565	78,390
Amharic	3,940	4,350
Arabic	18,060	54,360
Aramaic languages	4,345	10,035
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	7,540
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	2,105
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	385
Harari	385	470
Hebrew	1,630	4,340
Maltese	275	610
Tigrigna	3,870	4,150
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	75
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	36,960
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	1,650
Vietnamese	19,130	35,275
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	40
Austronesian languages	62,525	93,445
Bikol	145	200
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735	990
Cebuano	1,575	2,320
Fijian	5	20
Hiligaynon	1,235	1,655
Ilocano	5,385	6,680
Indonesian	685	1,550
Kankanaey	130	150
Kinaray-a	85	95
Malagasy languages	0	0
Merina	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0
Malay	60	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455	800
Pangasinan	160	220
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355	77,925
Waray-Waray	120	175
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	575
Creole languages	1,485	2,915
Haitian Creole	400	530
Jamaican English Creole	80	150
Krio	50	75
Morisyen	430	1,175
Sango	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	665
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175	315
Dravidian languages	49,945	105,575
Kannada	520	1,640
Malayalam	4,505	11,085
Tamil	40,825	83,220
Telugu	4,055	9,445
Tulu	25	110
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	60
Georgian	765	1,015
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0
Indo-European languages	319,375	811,075
Albanian	4,390	6,735
Armenian	5,090	7,335
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790	122,035
Baltic languages	705	1,140
Latvian	285	360
Lithuanian	425	785
Slavic languages	53,085	120,895
Belarusian	40	75
Bulgarian	1,940	3,100
Czech	805	1,190
Macedonian	2,275	4,325
Polish	8,710	27,560
Russian	21,060	52,030
Rusyn	5	15
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	18,030
Bosnian	595	1,400
Croatian	1,815	5,390
Serbian	7,150	11,005
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	230
Slovak	1,475	2,030
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	600
Ukrainian	6,720	11,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	30
Celtic languages	25	50
Irish	15	25
Scottish Gaelic	0	5
Welsh	5	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	5
Germanic languages	2,160	3,985
Frisian	0	5
High German languages	1,530	2,600
German	1,290	2,295
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	60	70
Yiddish	185	230
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430	1,055
Afrikaans	125	440
Dutch	290	590
Low German, n.o.s.	0	5
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	20
Scandinavian languages	195	315
Danish	55	85
Icelandic	0	10
Norwegian	30	35
Swedish	110	180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Greek	11,130	14,680
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	472,310
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	382,790
Assamese	50	105
Bengali	20,505	27,640
Gujarati	18,045	46,805
Hindi	12,995	40,070
Kacchi	770	1,435
Kashmiri	35	110
Konkani	190	530
Marathi	1,470	4,055
Nepali	2,235	4,380
Oriya languages	270	560
Odia	170	360
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	195
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450	161,965
Rohingya	10	10
Sindhi	240	1,070
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	4,215
Urdu	22,650	89,120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	735
Iranian languages	38,835	89,475
Baluchi	75	165
Kurdish	1,045	2,065
Parsi	60	145
Pashto	3,230	5,775
Persian languages	34,250	81,070
Dari	7,145	15,110
Iranian Persian	23,600	57,085
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	8,870
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	255
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	40
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915	183,875
Catalan	50	65
Italian	21,040	42,260
Portuguese	35,625	52,740
Romanian	4,755	10,390
Spanish	46,355	78,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	145
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	70
Japanese	3,105	4,395
Korean	23,115	40,600
Mongolian	185	245
Niger-Congo languages	5,745	9,580
Akan (Twi)	1,925	3,775
Bamanankan	30	40
Edo	135	215
Éwé	35	70
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	120
Ga	65	140
Ganda	200	250
Gikuyu	35	45
Igbo	215	450
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	170
Lingala	95	135
Luba-Kasai	5	5
Mòoré	0	10
Mwani	30	65
Ndebele	40	55
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	140
Shona	95	165
Soninke	85	90
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	40
Swahili	1,005	1,255
Wojenaka	5	5
Wolof	50	65
Yoruba	935	1,785
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	495
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	220
Dinka	10	10
Nuer	10	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	150
African, n.o.s.	25	30
Sign languages	860	1,970
American Sign Language	635	1,525
Quebec Sign Language	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	445
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	399,595
Chinese languages	167,280	394,300
Hakka	1,075	2,435
Mandarin	86,150	204,415
Min Dong	330	565
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	4,225
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	2,335
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845	177,950
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	2,285
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	85
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	5,230
Burmese	330	545
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5
Karenic languages	145	150
S'gaw Karen	110	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	30
Tibetan	4,120	4,400
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	125
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	60
Tai-Kadai languages	770	1,685
Lao	275	955
Thai	450	665
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	60
Turkic languages	8,360	13,825
Azerbaijani	690	1,205
Kazakh	10	15
Turkish	7,155	11,820
Uyghur	185	300
Uzbek	225	340
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	145
Uralic languages	4,940	7,335
Estonian	325	390
Finnish	155	325
Hungarian	4,460	6,625
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	115
Multiple responses	203,565	480,810
English and French	7,520	13,920
English and non-official language(s)	188,260	449,840
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	1,960
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	5,885
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	9,200
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630	6,161,570
None	2,031,410	4,485,430
English	269,945	622,355
French	26,595	53,455
Non-official language	341,655	766,180
Indigenous³⁹	325	400
Non-Indigenous	341,325	765,780
English and French	3,695	8,425
English and non-official language(s)	43,120	104,015
French and non-official language(s)	13,575	28,590
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	1,785
Multiple non-official languages	41,745	91,330
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290	6,142,880
Official languages	2,637,775	5,879,555
English	2,635,255	5,875,115
French	238,505	459,590
Non-official languages	1,536,605	3,431,630
Indigenous languages³⁹	870	1,160
Algonquian languages	715	915
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	190	230
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	185	225
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	50
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10
Cree, n.o.s.	75	105
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	90
Mi'kmaq	55	90
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500	630
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0
Oji-Cree	15	25
Ojibway languages	480	605
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	125
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	10
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	475
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	25	45
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	30
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	20
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	10	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	75
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	0	20
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	40	55
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	50	65
Cayuga	0	0
Mohawk	45	60
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	10	10
Salish languages	10	15
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	15
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	20
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860	3,430,670
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	258,215
Berber languages	305	460
Kabyle	180	220
Tamazight	115	170
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	105
Chadic languages	610	1,240
Hausa	560	1,165
Mina	40	75
Coptic	215	1,600
Cushitic languages	19,090	23,245
Bilen	175	185
Oromo	1,725	2,035
Somali	17,155	21,005
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	245
Semitic languages	101,800	236,355
Amharic	13,295	15,170
Arabic	59,680	163,405
Aramaic languages	7,625	19,075
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	13,885
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	4,470
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	1,030
Harari	1,090	1,405
Hebrew	19,995	40,970
Maltese	1,620	4,070
Tigrigna	9,440	10,380
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	365
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	76,215
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830	4,090
Vietnamese	38,420	72,440
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135	175
Austronesian languages	143,975	228,445
Bikol	730	1,115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	2,515
Cebuano	4,725	7,525
Fijian	90	160
Hiligaynon	3,700	5,025
Ilocano	16,205	21,405
Indonesian	2,890	5,655
Kankanaey	380	450
Kinaray-a	175	245
Malagasy languages	35	85
Merina	10	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	70
Malay	1,720	3,200
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620	2,765
Pangasinan	860	1,260
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600	214,030
Waray-Waray	920	1,385
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	4,680
Creole languages	9,055	18,175
Haitian Creole	1,995	2,940
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	2,305
Krio	220	360
Morisyen	1,540	4,425
Sango	10	25
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	6,520
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235	2,470
Dravidian languages	98,850	219,670
Kannada	3,625	9,805
Malayalam	11,165	28,875
Tamil	77,785	167,010
Telugu	11,850	28,190
Tulu	320	1,010
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240	505
Georgian	1,355	1,940
Hmong-Mien languages	10	35
Indo-European languages	801,510	1,942,405
Albanian	11,050	17,940
Armenian	9,595	15,920
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	289,895
Baltic languages	3,550	5,670
Latvian	1,655	2,425
Lithuanian	1,905	3,255
Slavic languages	129,955	285,745
Belarusian	485	1,050
Bulgarian	4,900	8,135
Czech	3,625	6,095
Macedonian	7,660	15,765
Polish	27,850	75,170
Russian	52,840	117,225
Rusyn	30	75
Serbo-Croatian	25,500	51,280
Bosnian	3,320	6,620
Croatian	9,415	24,830
Serbian	18,040	28,915
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	1,025
Slovak	3,675	5,930
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900	4,125
Ukrainian	21,345	39,185
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	180
Celtic languages	1,350	1,845
Irish	990	1,210
Scottish Gaelic	140	255
Welsh	135	270
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	120
Germanic languages	39,895	74,495
Frisian	55	180
High German languages	31,620	56,180
German	27,540	50,450
Pennsylvania German	0	15
Swiss German	575	945
Yiddish	3,915	5,425
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	14,905
Afrikaans	2,095	4,730
Dutch	4,115	9,925
Low German, n.o.s.	20	20
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	115
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	320
Scandinavian languages	2,975	5,440
Danish	1,020	2,060
Icelandic	95	160
Norwegian	535	950
Swedish	1,530	2,605
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	180
Greek	36,620	55,410
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620	966,655
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745	816,655
Assamese	230	510
Bengali	41,750	60,425
Gujarati	42,425	107,595
Hindi	107,170	333,470
Kacchi	3,300	6,860
Kashmiri	280	875
Konkani	2,005	5,710
Marathi	8,290	19,595
Nepali	5,580	9,835
Oriya languages	1,010	2,135
Odia	605	1,190
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	955
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430	318,135
Rohingya	40	40
Sindhi	1,355	4,580
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	16,330
Urdu	65,035	230,085
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665	4,545
Iranian languages	70,200	160,210
Baluchi	160	445
Kurdish	3,275	6,060
Parsi	230	420
Pashto	7,095	14,270
Persian languages	62,515	145,385
Dari	14,995	33,370
Iranian Persian	42,785	100,745
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	13,225
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	715
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420	980
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	569,890
Catalan	335	405
Italian	84,335	204,090
Portuguese	80,170	138,030
Romanian	12,920	27,390
Spanish	138,770	231,870
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	1,145
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	595
Japanese	14,220	20,680
Korean	38,895	67,850
Mongolian	415	535
Niger-Congo languages	32,875	61,480
Akan (Twi)	6,410	13,900
Bamanankan	240	335
Edo	1,305	2,500
Éwé	345	735
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	430
Ga	520	1,275
Ganda	1,490	1,760
Gikuyu	365	620
Igbo	2,020	4,485
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	930
Lingala	1,665	2,545
Luba-Kasai	175	305
Mòoré	40	80
Mwani	150	335
Ndebele	210	400
Rundi (Kirundi)	540	710
Shona	715	1,370
Soninke	245	245
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	400
Swahili	7,620	12,860
Wojenaka	75	95
Wolof	485	640
Yoruba	7,235	15,100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620	6,405
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	870
Dinka	55	55
Nuer	10	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	775
African, n.o.s.	305	440
Sign languages	2,860	5,975
American Sign Language	2,575	5,345
Quebec Sign Language	20	45
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	830
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	623,635
Chinese languages	267,745	614,615
Hakka	3,630	8,125
Mandarin	162,950	377,960
Min Dong	645	1,260
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	15,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	5,625
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	312,945
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	3,795
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	345
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080	9,250
Burmese	875	1,345
Kuki-Chin languages	55	60
Karenic languages	225	260
S'gaw Karen	155	185
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	80
Tibetan	6,655	7,125
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	645
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220	325
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	5,975
Lao	1,045	3,230
Thai	1,840	3,015
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	285
Turkic languages	20,920	36,030
Azerbaijani	2,425	4,650
Kazakh	325	450
Turkish	18,110	30,930
Uyghur	240	420
Uzbek	790	1,180
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	715
Uralic languages	14,670	24,285
Estonian	1,680	2,385
Finnish	1,405	2,555
Hungarian	11,650	19,435
Other languages, n.i.e.	575	1,110
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	6,142,880
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	44,635
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	41,680
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	25,770
Métis	7,440	15,325
Inuk (Inuit)	240	590
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	1,255
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	1,700
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	6,098,250
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	6,142,880
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	14,145
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	6,128,740
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890	2,262,470
Owner	602,925	1,472,905
Renter	557,970	789,545
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	20
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890	2,262,470
Condominium	353,215	539,720
Not condominium	807,670	1,722,750
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890	2,262,470
No bedrooms	28,765	33,240
1 bedroom	330,340	420,600
2 bedrooms	334,320	489,795
3 bedrooms	268,505	631,985
4 or more bedrooms	198,960	686,850
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890	2,262,470
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	860,525
5 rooms	152,950	308,640
6 rooms	113,715	282,885
7 rooms	90,775	244,745
8 or more rooms	186,440	565,675
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	5.7
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890	2,262,470
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	2,148,260
More than one person per room	67,805	114,215
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890	2,262,470
Suitable	1,016,350	2,030,505
Not suitable	144,545	231,970
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890	2,262,470
1960 or before	340,185	411,845
1961 to 1980	333,990	550,360
1981 to 1990	109,780	298,955
1991 to 2000	92,985	280,050
2001 to 2005	58,975	193,730
2006 to 2010	63,995	176,570
2011 to 2015	75,980	172,580
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005	178,380
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890	2,262,470
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415	2,147,630
Major repairs needed	74,480	114,845
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890	2,262,470
One-maintainer household	634,725	1,085,200
Two-maintainer household	447,155	1,002,420
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	174,855
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890	2,262,470
15 to 24 years	34,350	46,980
25 to 34 years	202,225	311,120
35 to 44 years	210,570	417,775
45 to 54 years	204,790	459,580
55 to 64 years	215,740	463,845
65 to 74 years	158,850	317,690
75 to 84 years	90,900	172,565
85 years and over	43,455	72,910
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	2,247,405
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	1,561,965
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	685,435
30% to less than 100%	321,675	597,335
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895	2,262,470
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150	922,710
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	593,080
Not suitable only	98,270	160,520
Major repairs needed only	39,905	63,230
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670	54,260
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965	34,420
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015	13,520
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	3,675
Acceptable housing	638,740	1,339,765
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505	2,159,300
In core need	215,225	348,510
Not in core need	884,285	1,810,790
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915	1,471,800
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	61.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	25.2
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	9.6
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	1,900
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	2,108
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	980,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	1,112,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975	789,420
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	13.3
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	40.5
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	28.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	1,540
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	1,618
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	20
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	0.0
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	168
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	240
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	6,142,885
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	11,435
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	11,060
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	8,575
Métis single ancestry	975	2,345
Inuit single ancestry	60	145
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	375
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	25
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	49,325
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	48,015
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	35,515
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665	12,020
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	470
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645	1,310
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	1,145
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	150
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070	6,082,120
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	6,142,880
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055	5,203,840
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	1,068,635
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055	4,135,200
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	939,045
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	6,142,880
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	3,030,045
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	2,862,850
Before 1980	222,935	473,315
1980 to 1990	156,460	348,930
1991 to 2000	273,985	634,830
2001 to 2010	290,400	689,395
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360	716,380
2011 to 2015	144,320	324,700
2016 to 2021	198,040	391,680
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	249,980
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	2,862,850
Under 5 years	91,030	221,730
5 to 14 years	203,840	465,230
15 to 24 years	247,955	563,430
25 to 44 years	605,575	1,307,915
45 years and over	137,730	304,550
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	2,862,850
Americas	210,980	410,150
Brazil	10,175	15,425
Colombia	8,695	17,365
El Salvador	6,495	10,550
Guyana	31,025	64,885
Haiti	1,660	2,485
Jamaica	42,650	95,900
Mexico	9,340	14,450
Peru	4,105	8,520
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	40,855
United States of America	25,220	48,265
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330	91,465
Europe	266,210	553,105
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	9,435
Croatia	4,200	10,895
France	5,820	8,240
Germany	8,915	18,405
Greece	16,510	23,525
Hungary	6,135	9,825
Italy	37,700	87,875
Netherlands	2,130	6,075
Poland	18,245	50,405
Portugal	34,360	63,460
Romania	11,200	22,975
Russian Federation	15,820	33,760
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740	11,885
Ukraine	15,845	33,160
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585	85,895
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100	77,295
Africa	88,020	173,195
Algeria	940	1,620
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130	3,440
Egypt	6,420	26,810
Eritrea	6,485	7,080
Ethiopia	10,900	12,695
Morocco	2,385	4,320
Nigeria	10,015	23,935
Somalia	10,190	12,400
South Africa, Republic of	6,000	13,165
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555	67,735
Asia	716,885	1,718,685
Afghanistan	12,920	27,415
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	87,105
Iraq	11,350	34,575
Lebanon	6,490	14,355
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	19,170
Turkey	8,500	14,405
China⁹⁰	129,755	296,625
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850	99,515
Korea, South⁹²	27,505	48,770
Taiwan	7,985	14,935
Philippines	132,980	212,655
Viet Nam	31,675	62,105
Bangladesh	27,135	36,745
India	102,155	394,620
Pakistan	34,140	128,305
Sri Lanka	47,895	99,280
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130	128,095
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045	7,710
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	391,680
Americas	25,025	41,605
Brazil	4,200	5,795
Colombia	1,195	2,115
Haiti	275	345
Jamaica	3,145	6,815
Mexico	2,330	3,255
United States of America	5,125	9,805
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	2,380
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	11,090
Europe	20,690	31,540
France	1,940	2,250
Germany	650	945
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	1,675
Italy	835	1,340
Russian Federation	2,240	3,670
Ukraine	2,490	4,345
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	4,335
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	12,975
Africa	18,720	31,755
Algeria	210	365
Burundi	125	170
Cameroon	500	705
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	470
Côte d'Ivoire	235	435
Egypt	995	4,130
Eritrea	2,775	2,895
Ethiopia	1,955	2,120
Morocco	520	750
Nigeria	4,535	9,475
Somalia	1,575	1,775
South Africa, Republic of	675	1,605
Sudan⁹⁷	480	820
Tunisia	120	220
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	5,835
Asia	132,735	285,510
Afghanistan	3,180	5,130
Bangladesh	4,760	6,035
China⁹⁰	18,525	44,765
Hong Kong⁹¹	655	2,335
India	40,200	104,245
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	11,055
Iraq	2,265	6,430
Israel	640	1,530
Japan	860	1,105
Jordan	385	1,095
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	4,745
Lebanon	960	1,835
Nepal	1,235	1,965
Pakistan	5,740	18,110
Philippines	24,905	34,345
Saudi Arabia	1,870	3,745
Sri Lanka	2,710	4,930
Syria⁸⁹	4,680	11,150
Turkey	2,670	4,540
United Arab Emirates	940	3,430
Viet Nam	2,395	4,020
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	8,960
Oceania and other⁹³	875	1,270
Australia	720	1,000
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160	265
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	6,142,880
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	3,172,330
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	1,721,285
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	1,249,270
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	2,389,535
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	1,240,520
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	522,390
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	718,125
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	753,565
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	357,525
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	37,930
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	2,389,535
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	186,845
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	201,895
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	53,185
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	127,505
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	11,635
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355	1,808,475
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	6,142,880
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	3,501,275
South Asian	385,440	1,182,485
Chinese	296,225	679,725
Black	265,005	488,155
Filipino	170,355	281,150
Arab	42,040	129,310
Latin American	92,455	156,455
Southeast Asian	53,905	102,325
West Asian	69,320	160,330
Korean	42,190	74,210
Japanese	13,210	20,210
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435	95,350
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	131,560
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000	2,641,605
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290	6,142,880
Canadian	165,640	414,980
English	244,995	538,095
Irish	226,865	461,660
Scottish	211,175	439,565
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	167,140
German	107,475	216,880
Chinese	297,725	668,700
Italian	167,460	444,755
Indian (India)	182,115	578,090
Ukrainian	61,560	122,925
Dutch	34,360	79,940
Polish	85,255	181,380
Québécois	2,620	4,925
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	138,210
Filipino	161,495	272,475
French Canadian	15,450	32,470
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230	58,615
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350	18,310
Métis	7,420	15,875
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	69,495
Russian	56,130	109,285
Norwegian	8,670	15,540
Welsh	23,795	47,075
Portuguese	85,165	180,820
American	21,905	41,250
Spanish	44,625	82,745
Swedish	9,415	16,400
Hungarian	25,910	47,575
Acadian	3,935	7,360
Pakistani	41,705	162,710
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	95,125
Jewish	74,080	119,435
Punjabi	11,980	95,825
Vietnamese	42,190	82,225
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	51,380
Greek	51,985	90,400
Jamaican	62,015	140,870
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	85,765
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	2,315
Korean	42,195	74,975
Romanian	20,010	39,635
Lebanese	11,530	25,315
Iranian	37,895	88,915
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	36,545
Danish	7,120	14,060
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	7,520
Sikh	4,850	63,980
Austrian	11,700	22,685
Belgian	4,575	8,935
Haitian	2,820	4,330
Hindu	26,510	84,055
Mexican	15,440	24,165
Mennonite	1,740	2,845
Swiss	6,710	12,170
Finnish	7,710	14,710
Sri Lankan	43,495	91,525
Croatian	12,420	34,470
Japanese	17,115	27,250
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	67,850
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195	5,225
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	8,255
Muslim	15,950	42,535
Egyptian	9,725	35,265
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735	30,495
Tamil	35,070	76,250
Icelandic	2,560	4,300
Colombian	10,340	20,975
Moroccan	3,905	7,520
Czech	7,745	13,610
Syrian	6,785	19,370
Guyanese	27,780	65,305
Afghan	18,760	43,075
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	41,330
Serbian	17,775	29,595
Ojibway	2,405	4,460
Newfoundlander	3,370	8,225
Hong Konger	12,835	37,570
Ontarian	4,725	12,245
Persian	15,215	36,450
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	41,110
Turkish	15,770	28,490
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	805
Bangladeshi	26,650	36,670
Algerian	1,290	2,055
Brazilian	14,860	21,755
Nigerian	10,870	22,065
Armenian	11,885	21,630
Slovak	7,065	12,490
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345	18,075
Somali	19,810	24,760
Taiwanese	7,955	14,155
Iraqi	7,490	23,330
Salvadorean	7,195	12,075
African Caribbean	15,300	32,995
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	26,205
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875	20,860
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	29,100
Algonquin	625	1,215
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825	33,275
Lithuanian	8,190	14,080
South African	5,505	11,755
Australian	3,480	5,935
Palestinian	4,020	15,330
Chilean	5,165	9,365
Congolese	2,705	4,345
Nova Scotian	1,170	2,815
Ethiopian	11,065	13,515
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	14,210
Peruvian	5,235	10,695
Yoruba	5,395	11,980
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	6,225
Berber	505	965
Albanian	12,250	20,205
Maltese	6,400	17,145
Macedonian	11,600	24,105
Slovenian	4,805	11,880
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	4,290
New Brunswicker	525	1,380
Gujarati	6,650	19,345
Eritrean	8,355	9,380
African Canadian	6,015	12,435
Israeli	7,415	16,895
Mohawk	1,275	2,370
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750	3,230
Bulgarian	5,830	9,875
Albertan	165	295
Ghanaian	7,550	15,600
Barbadian	6,340	13,070
African American	4,410	8,070
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855	5,325
Tunisian	485	1,000
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710	9,010
Cuban	4,760	8,495
Bosnian	3,255	7,120
Venezuelan	4,130	8,155
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	170
Latvian	4,915	7,845
Bengali	9,230	13,070
Cameroonian	1,020	1,825
Guatemalan	2,980	5,225
Indonesian	3,330	6,415
Laotian	1,670	4,810
Ilocano	6,220	8,605
Northern Irish	2,625	5,720
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	3,370
British Columbian	165	285
Ecuadorian	8,450	15,755
Franco Ontarian	795	1,445
Argentinian	4,015	8,140
Estonian	3,840	6,445
Kurdish	3,825	6,630
Fijian	545	1,665
Jatt	660	7,415
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050	2,280
Coptic	1,645	11,375
Thai	2,220	3,695
Dominican	3,140	5,335
Nepali	3,310	6,870
Kabyle	60	100
Assyrian	4,055	10,195
Igbo	2,025	4,825
Byelorussian	2,725	6,080
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	70
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	560
Abenaki	45	155
Moldovan	1,170	2,995
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	650
New Zealander	1,235	1,985
Sudanese	2,195	4,010
Breton	140	195
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	1,600
Malaysian	2,720	5,150
Plains Cree	70	120
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080	1,780
Huron (Wendat)	150	350
Saskatchewanian	170	365
Buddhist	2,880	6,185
Gaspesian	50	180
Norman	330	515
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	6,635
Ivorian	495	970
Saulteaux	130	160
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	755
Burundian	435	605
Tigrinya	2,450	2,570
Nicaraguan	2,135	3,440
Mauritian	1,430	3,740
Kenyan	2,195	4,540
Oji-Cree	75	80
Vincentian	4,130	7,015
Jordanian	1,365	4,265
Manitoban	170	365
Cape Bretoner	285	640
Rwandan	630	880
Grenadian	5,060	8,065
Malayali	1,850	5,190
Chaldean	1,270	4,750
Sinhalese	2,320	5,935
Mayan	1,250	1,885
Honduran	1,040	1,740
Cherokee	305	540
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	400
Indo-Caribbean	2,975	7,010
Flemish	470	745
United Empire Loyalist	800	1,545
Senegalese	300	425
Azerbaijani	2,375	4,845
Sicilian	1,005	2,190
Pashtun	1,755	4,470
Malay	1,715	3,060
Goan	2,105	6,750
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940	1,460
Tibetan	6,335	6,905
Zimbabwean	745	1,640
Burmese	1,220	2,165
Mongolian	1,255	2,120
Azorean	1,470	3,515
Atikamekw	0	15
Bamileke	315	450
Indo-Guyanese	2,765	6,320
Ugandan	2,190	3,135
Oromo	1,785	2,000
Tanzanian	1,810	3,620
Yemeni	1,635	2,925
Central African	155	415
Libyan	575	1,095
Basque	355	585
Uruguayan	1,475	3,450
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	2,875
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	2,345
Igorot	1,125	1,440
Fulani	400	615
Woodland Cree	15	30
Guinean	290	440
St. Lucian	2,450	3,815
Prince Edward Islander	315	690
Maliseet	35	60
Beninese	470	805
Telugu	1,440	3,810
Roma	1,500	1,935
Costa Rican	890	1,535
African Nova Scotian	570	1,035
Malagasy	135	210
Kashmiri	890	2,985
Singaporean	860	1,685
Karen	265	310
Edo	1,250	2,490
Tajik	1,545	2,895
Amhara	1,985	2,165
Paraguayan	205	345
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	6,142,880
Buddhist	62,475	120,865
Christian	1,274,450	2,851,285
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	496,470
Anabaptist	1,415	3,450
Anglican	66,495	144,135
Baptist	22,180	51,380
Catholic	669,320	1,537,815
Christian Orthodox	110,665	215,310
Jehovah's Witness	8,550	18,210
Latter Day Saints	1,855	4,090
Lutheran	10,485	22,175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080	10,425
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900	78,440
Presbyterian	24,760	57,535
Reformed	1,175	4,655
United Church	43,465	107,810
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	99,375
Hindu	171,980	457,825
Jewish	99,390	165,765
Muslim	264,155	626,010
Sikh	21,545	244,240
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	1,290
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730	38,745
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	1,636,860
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	6,088,875
Non-movers	2,382,090	5,381,710
Movers	354,820	707,170
Non-migrants	261,975	440,050
Migrants	92,845	267,120
Internal migrants	52,170	186,250
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	167,430
Interprovincial migrants	10,070	18,820
External migrants	40,675	80,875
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	5,853,875
Non-movers	1,664,210	3,737,705
Movers	973,695	2,116,170
Non-migrants	530,780	926,770
Migrants	442,910	1,189,400
Internal migrants	200,725	720,445
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040	639,890
Interprovincial migrants	43,685	80,555
External migrants	242,185	468,955
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	5,179,140
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	788,935
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	4,390,200
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620	3,440,840
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	305,485
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	3,135,355
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	5,179,140
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	737,285
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	1,289,080
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	3,152,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	1,185,165
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	190,475
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	103,200
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	87,275
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	844,180
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	150,510
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	1,967,605
Bachelor's degree	615,160	1,273,260
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	126,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	50,290
Master's degree	238,415	459,630
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	57,465
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	3,440,845
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	275,330
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	694,735
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	2,470,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	871,155
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	126,870
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	67,995
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	58,875
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	636,610
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	107,675
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	1,599,625
Bachelor's degree	491,215	1,016,330
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	100,410
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	40,435
Master's degree	204,360	398,095
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	44,350
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	5,179,140
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	2,026,370
Education	67,760	148,055
13. Education	67,760	148,055
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485	141,885
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	12,925
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250	128,960
Humanities	100,310	198,360
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225	23,045
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600	51,345
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	66,250
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	4,435
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	13,100
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	9,915
54. History	13,460	23,670
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420	6,595
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	446,370
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	6,305
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	55,530
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820	58,955
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920	77,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	10,035
42. Psychology	31,470	62,275
45. Social sciences	92,005	175,885
Business, management and public administration	361,525	792,020
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	1,250
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100	45,130
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	745,645
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	159,565
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380	68,345
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	40,665
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105	3,885
40. Physical sciences	18,470	41,210
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325	5,460
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	213,785
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775	166,950
25. Library science	3,770	6,335
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295	33,820
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	6,685
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100	537,690
04. Architecture and related services	20,870	36,610
14. Engineering	108,445	252,000
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525	99,880
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	80
46. Construction trades	23,760	60,745
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	60,120
48. Precision production	10,040	28,250
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550	38,970
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125	24,715
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	14,255
Health and related fields	171,920	360,625
30.37 Design for human health	20	25
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175	30,640
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945	316,465
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	835
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	12,660
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	114,645
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	67,245
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	385
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	520
43. Security and protective services	10,390	30,320
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	16,180
Other¹⁷⁹	355	805
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	3,440,840
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270	970,070
Education	46,545	104,875
13. Education	46,545	104,875
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	112,995
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	9,700
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	103,290
Humanities	74,315	149,090
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	17,270
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195	38,910
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740	50,845
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840	3,105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	10,065
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	6,795
54. History	9,965	17,610
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165	4,490
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	357,290
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	5,270
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	46,465
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	44,580
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	64,080
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	7,995
42. Psychology	24,385	48,535
45. Social sciences	73,530	140,360
Business, management and public administration	293,645	643,730
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435	995
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060	35,925
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155	606,810
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	117,165
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	51,470
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360	29,725
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	3,010
40. Physical sciences	12,950	29,175
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565	3,790
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160	181,770
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940	146,195
25. Library science	2,225	3,925
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265	26,105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	5,550
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	406,860
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	28,530
14. Engineering	86,455	202,025
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	73,095
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	75
46. Construction trades	16,935	43,315
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	41,840
48. Precision production	6,060	17,975
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	30,135
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600	18,395
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285	11,740
Health and related fields	132,700	279,185
30.37 Design for human health	20	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	22,815
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830	246,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	720
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385	9,455
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	87,095
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	51,065
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	250
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	250
43. Security and protective services	8,240	23,785
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140	11,750
Other¹⁷⁹	260	590
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	3,440,840
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270	970,070
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345	2,470,775
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	1,618,315
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130	1,500,705
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	117,605
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	852,465
Americas	72,910	132,405
United States of America	39,810	74,570
Mexico	5,370	7,860
Cuba	1,325	2,195
Haiti	145	225
Jamaica	2,585	6,685
Brazil	8,995	11,805
Colombia	3,340	6,555
Peru	970	2,060
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	3,880
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	16,590
Europe	74,860	142,460
Belgium	530	960
France	5,560	7,360
Germany	2,035	3,570
Netherlands	990	1,730
Switzerland	810	1,380
Hungary	1,035	1,650
Moldova¹⁸³	525	1,500
Poland	3,140	10,070
Romania	4,040	9,340
Russian Federation	6,665	14,655
Ukraine	6,705	14,070
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470	4,555
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330	43,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	1,655
Italy	1,695	2,705
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530	3,600
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840	20,655
Africa	16,935	38,540
Nigeria	4,375	9,360
Algeria	355	595
Morocco	620	1,010
Tunisia	165	295
Egypt	2,370	11,595
South Africa, Republic of	1,630	3,950
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	11,730
Asia	214,675	528,185
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	30,430
Iraq	1,590	7,285
Israel	1,820	5,555
Lebanon	1,600	3,525
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	3,940
Turkey	3,375	5,205
China⁹⁰	28,050	73,945
Taiwan	1,445	2,725
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	8,275
Japan	3,195	4,600
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	15,040
Philippines	54,175	85,225
Viet Nam	1,950	3,400
Bangladesh	10,280	13,395
Sri Lanka	4,275	9,365
India	57,290	189,825
Pakistan	10,330	42,175
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655	24,265
Oceania	5,840	10,870
Australia	5,000	9,385
New Zealand	795	1,345
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	140
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	5,179,140
In the labour force	1,518,420	3,347,860
Employed	1,308,110	2,903,480
Unemployed	210,305	444,380
Not in the labour force	859,530	1,831,275
Participation rate	63.9	64.6
Employment rate	55.0	56.1
Unemployment rate	13.9	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	5,179,140
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	1,924,775
Worked	1,471,950	3,254,370
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335	1,773,960
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620	1,480,415
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	3,347,860
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	115,085
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	3,232,775
Employee	1,223,655	2,694,625
Permanent position	1,020,130	2,263,635
Temporary position	203,525	430,990
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	161,015
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	269,975
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	538,150
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	3,347,860
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	115,085
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	3,232,775
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	51,080
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	698,140
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	366,300
3 Health occupations	105,465	216,350
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	359,415
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	129,735
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	773,655
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	464,310
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	26,035
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	147,765
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	3,347,860
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	115,085
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	3,232,775
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	10,395
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	4,525
22 Utilities	6,115	16,560
23 Construction	83,035	210,590
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	264,770
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	129,125
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	342,815
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	201,140
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845	103,920
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	258,210
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	88,425
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	404,220
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	18,790
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	152,275
61 Educational services	107,480	225,005
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	333,110
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	58,065
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	165,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	124,245
91 Public administration	54,970	120,785
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165	3,539,900
English	1,449,315	3,202,555
French	3,430	6,445
Non-official language	26,500	57,760
Indigenous³⁹	0	0
Non-Indigenous	26,495	57,760
English and French	29,995	53,655
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	209,305
French and non-official language(s)	70	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	5,245
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	4,815
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165	3,539,900
Single responses	1,580,025	3,487,435
Official languages	1,533,090	3,382,120
English	1,525,910	3,368,920
French	7,180	13,200
Non-official languages	46,940	105,320
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	20
Algonquian languages	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0
Mohawk	0	0
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	0	0
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	105,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075	2,465
Berber languages	0	0
Kabyle	0	0
Tamazight	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0
Coptic	0	0
Cushitic languages	120	135
Bilen	0	0
Oromo	10	10
Somali	110	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Semitic languages	950	2,335
Amharic	40	45
Arabic	570	1,695
Aramaic languages	155	245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	195
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0
Hebrew	145	295
Tigrigna	30	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	2,395
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	60
Vietnamese	1,285	2,335
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Austronesian languages	880	1,215
Bikol	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0
Cebuano	20	30
Hiligaynon	0	0
Ilocano	35	35
Indonesian	10	25
Kankanaey	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0
Malay	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	1,095
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Creole languages	10	15
Haitian Creole	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0
Morisyen	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,310	2,355
Kannada	0	0
Malayalam	35	75
Tamil	1,260	2,230
Telugu	15	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Georgian	35	70
Indo-European languages	14,165	34,160
Albanian	105	200
Armenian	145	175
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	5,200
Baltic languages	50	60
Latvian	30	30
Lithuanian	20	30
Slavic languages	2,145	5,140
Bulgarian	30	45
Czech	15	20
Macedonian	35	65
Polish	385	1,320
Russian	1,100	2,590
Serbo-Croatian	120	305
Bosnian	0	25
Croatian	0	90
Serbian	120	185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0
Slovak	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0
Ukrainian	440	780
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Germanic languages	245	345
Frisian	0	0
High German languages	195	265
German	150	215
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	0	0
Yiddish	50	50
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	50
Afrikaans	0	0
Dutch	35	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	30
Danish	0	10
Icelandic	0	0
Norwegian	0	0
Swedish	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Greek	230	270
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	16,925
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	12,985
Bengali	325	395
Gujarati	305	695
Hindi	200	915
Kacchi	0	0
Marathi	15	15
Nepali	40	75
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	9,030
Sindhi	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	20
Urdu	455	1,810
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Iranian languages	1,640	3,935
Kurdish	40	65
Pashto	50	70
Persian languages	1,540	3,795
Dari	115	290
Iranian Persian	1,305	3,140
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	360
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	11,050
Catalan	0	0
Italian	425	845
Portuguese	3,740	4,790
Romanian	55	155
Spanish	3,460	5,255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Japanese	695	885
Korean	2,715	4,610
Mongolian	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	70	90
Akan (Twi)	20	20
Edo	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0
Ga	0	0
Ganda	0	0
Igbo	0	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0
Lingala	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0
Shona	0	0
Swahili	30	35
Wolof	0	0
Yoruba	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0
Dinka	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sign languages	120	280
American Sign Language	115	270
Quebec Sign Language	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	55,645
Chinese languages	23,730	55,540
Hakka	20	40
Mandarin	14,385	32,980
Min Dong	20	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	22,165
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	210
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	85
Burmese	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibetan	80	80
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	20
Tai-Kadai languages	110	150
Lao	15	35
Thai	95	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Turkic languages	460	730
Azerbaijani	15	35
Turkish	440	680
Uyghur	0	15
Uzbek	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Uralic languages	165	230
Estonian	40	45
Finnish	20	35
Hungarian	100	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Multiple responses	22,140	52,465
English and French	4,655	9,260
English and non-official language(s)	16,820	41,825
French and non-official language(s)	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	415
Multiple non-official languages	420	940
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165	3,539,900
None	1,498,610	3,311,595
English	19,980	43,660
French	22,095	38,610
Non-official language	48,965	113,615
Indigenous³⁹	55	55
Non-Indigenous	48,905	113,565
English and French	50	110
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	6,540
French and non-official language(s)	2,260	3,800
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	40
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	21,930
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	2,903,480
Worked at home	510,240	1,028,185
Worked outside Canada	6,395	14,330
No fixed workplace address	142,290	336,870
Usual place of work	649,185	1,524,100
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	1,524,095
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695	882,790
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	172,630
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960	465,555
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	3,130
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470	1,860,970
Car, truck or van	482,480	1,414,715
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985	1,273,025
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	141,685
Public transit	207,680	290,400
Walked	60,615	86,480
Bicycle	15,750	18,710
Other method	24,945	50,665
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470	1,860,970
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	339,370
15 to 29 minutes	251,795	601,820
30 to 44 minutes	222,015	501,325
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	201,730
60 minutes and over	98,655	216,720
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470	1,860,970
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645	121,850
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	282,210
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	403,315
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860	408,565
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245	331,865
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	313,170
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030	1,200,475
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	103,830
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635	1,096,640
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	890,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720	82,485
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430	53,085
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290	29,400
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	807,530

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 13, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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