Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Wellington, County (CTY)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	241,026	...	...
Population, 2016¹	222,726	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	97,287	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	91,822	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	90.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,665.36	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	241,025	118,460	122,565
0 to 14 years	41,110	21,245	19,870
0 to 4 years	12,885	6,570	6,315
5 to 9 years	14,085	7,375	6,710
10 to 14 years	14,140	7,295	6,845
15 to 64 years	156,965	77,960	79,005
15 to 19 years	14,355	7,350	7,000
20 to 24 years	15,855	8,080	7,775
25 to 29 years	16,120	8,155	7,965
30 to 34 years	16,455	8,165	8,285
35 to 39 years	16,045	7,955	8,090
40 to 44 years	14,620	7,160	7,460
45 to 49 years	15,015	7,320	7,695
50 to 54 years	15,530	7,640	7,890
55 to 59 years	17,300	8,560	8,740
60 to 64 years	15,665	7,565	8,095
65 years and over	42,955	19,260	23,690
65 to 69 years	13,080	6,215	6,865
70 to 74 years	11,150	5,175	5,970
75 to 79 years	7,640	3,535	4,105
80 to 84 years	5,310	2,260	3,055
85 years and over	5,775	2,075	3,695
85 to 89 years	3,345	1,430	1,920
90 to 94 years	1,925	545	1,380
95 to 99 years	450	90	360
100 years and over	50	15	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.1	17.9	16.2
15 to 64 years	65.1	65.8	64.5
65 years and over	17.8	16.3	19.3
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.0
Average age of the population	40.9	39.8	42.0
Median age of the population	40.0	38.8	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	91,825	...	...
Single-detached house	55,990	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,630	...	...
Row house	10,045	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,030	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,900	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,625	...	...
Other single-attached house	215	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	375	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	91,820	...	...
1 person	22,355	...	...
2 persons	31,585	...	...
3 persons	14,320	...	...
4 persons	14,340	...	...
5 or more persons	9,220	...	...
Number of persons in private households	237,930	117,460	120,465
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	199,915	97,220	102,695
Married or living common-law	118,880	59,335	59,540
Married	98,500	49,195	49,305
Living common-law	20,380	10,140	10,235
Living common law - Never married	14,395	7,220	7,180
Living common law - Separated	1,065	545	520
Living common law - Divorced	4,420	2,155	2,260
Living common law - Widowed	505	225	280
Not married and not living common-law	81,040	37,880	43,160
Not married and not living common law - Never married	54,515	29,260	25,255
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,180	2,235	2,950
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,930	4,215	6,715
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	10,420	2,170	8,245
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	67,625	...	...
2 persons	33,465	...	...
3 persons	13,895	...	...
4 persons	13,785	...	...
5 or more persons	6,475	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	67,625	...	...
Total couple families	58,195	...	...
Married couples	48,005	...	...
With children⁶	26,750	...	...
Without children	21,255	...	...
Common-law couples	10,185	...	...
With children⁶	3,665	...	...
Without children	6,525	...	...
Total one-parent families	9,430	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	7,295	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,135	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	237,930	117,460	120,465
Total - Persons in census families	199,335	99,310	100,020
Married spouses or common-law partners	116,385	58,060	58,325
Parents in one-parent families	9,430	2,135	7,295
Children⁶	73,520	39,120	34,395
In a two-parent family	59,030	31,210	27,815
In a one-parent family	14,485	7,905	6,580
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	38,595	18,145	20,450
Living alone	22,360	9,615	12,740
Living with other relatives⁷	5,280	2,200	3,080
Living with non-relatives only	10,955	6,325	4,630
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	91,820	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	58,650	...	...
Couple-family households	51,345	...	...
With children⁶	26,920	...	...
Without children	24,425	...	...
One-parent-family households	7,305	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,925	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	735	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,980	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,175	...	...
One-person households	22,355	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	196,855	96,240	100,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	190,100	92,815	97,285
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,000	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	190,265	92,900	97,365
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	175,355	87,190	88,160
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	48,400	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	144,530	74,600	69,935
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	49,200	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	169,400	81,315	88,085
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,000	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	16,320	7,190	9,130
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,225	24,745	26,485
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	196,855	96,250	100,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	190,130	92,895	97,230
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,300	66,600	48,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	190,280	92,965	97,315
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	53,750	41,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	175,215	87,245	87,965
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,800	63,150	42,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	144,535	74,705	69,830
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,250	61,650	42,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,270	81,090	88,185
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,710	8,380	10,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	16,310	7,080	9,225
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,575	7,210
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,695	24,255	26,440
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,110	7,690	8,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	196,860	96,245	100,610
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	73,425	42,095	31,330
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	70,500	58,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,600	87,000	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	54,310	24,430	29,880
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	21,200	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,600	32,520	23,620
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	89.0	79.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	74.4	62.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.1	11.0	20.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.4	3.3	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.8	3.0	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	196,860	96,240	100,620
Without total income	6,760	3,425	3,335
With total income	190,100	92,815	97,280
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,535	6,015	8,520
$10,000 to $19,999	21,455	8,620	12,830
$20,000 to $29,999	26,385	10,855	15,530
$30,000 to $39,999	22,320	9,565	12,760
$40,000 to $49,999	20,920	9,580	11,340
$50,000 to $59,999	19,015	9,295	9,715
$60,000 to $69,999	15,375	8,070	7,305
$70,000 to $79,999	11,360	6,415	4,945
$80,000 to $89,999	8,670	5,185	3,480
$90,000 to $99,999	7,060	4,120	2,940
$100,000 and over	23,005	15,085	7,920
$100,000 to $149,999	15,565	9,780	5,780
$150,000 and over	7,435	5,300	2,140
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	196,860	96,240	100,620
Without after-tax income	6,590	3,340	3,250
With after-tax income	190,265	92,900	97,365
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,405	6,310	9,095
$10,000 to $19,999	22,410	9,045	13,365
$20,000 to $29,999	29,905	12,405	17,500
$30,000 to $39,999	26,945	11,905	15,035
$40,000 to $49,999	25,910	12,565	13,345
$50,000 to $59,999	20,520	10,790	9,725
$60,000 to $69,999	14,415	8,020	6,395
$70,000 to $79,999	10,290	6,145	4,145
$80,000 to $89,999	8,245	4,700	3,545
$90,000 to $99,999	4,770	3,065	1,710
$100,000 and over	11,460	7,945	3,510
$100,000 to $124,999	5,750	3,840	1,915
$125,000 and over	5,705	4,110	1,600
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	196,860	96,240	100,620
Without employment income	52,320	21,645	30,680
With employment income	144,535	74,595	69,935
Under $5,000 (including loss)	19,430	8,865	10,565
$5,000 to $9,999	10,915	4,630	6,280
$10,000 to $19,999	16,145	7,015	9,130
$20,000 to $29,999	11,800	5,265	6,535
$30,000 to $39,999	12,230	5,680	6,550
$40,000 to $49,999	13,190	6,360	6,830
$50,000 to $59,999	12,620	6,580	6,045
$60,000 to $69,999	10,440	5,980	4,460
$70,000 to $79,999	7,860	4,775	3,085
$80,000 to $89,999	6,460	3,985	2,470
$90,000 to $99,999	5,825	3,320	2,510
$100,000 and over	17,615	12,140	5,475
$100,000 to $124,999	8,535	5,525	3,010
$125,000 and over	9,080	6,615	2,465
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	196,855	96,240	100,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	186,545	90,955	95,585
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	50,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	186,595	90,965	95,630
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	173,285	85,975	87,315
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	49,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	144,860	74,460	70,400
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	50,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	159,240	75,980	83,265
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,840	850	4,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,190	4,885	7,305
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,760	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	196,855	96,250	100,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	186,435	90,880	95,555
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,100	65,200	45,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	186,485	90,890	95,595
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,320	52,150	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	173,070	85,850	87,220
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,050	64,000	42,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	144,925	74,530	70,395
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,150	61,850	41,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	159,015	75,850	83,165
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,860	5,675	7,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	12,410	4,885	7,525
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,140	6,045	7,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	196,860	96,245	100,610
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	72,810	41,690	31,120
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	68,000	54,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,400	83,200	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	51,630	23,165	28,465
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	28,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,920	39,120	27,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	92.8	84.8
Employment income (%)	73.6	77.8	67.8
Government transfers (%)	10.6	7.3	15.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	91,820	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,355	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	69,465	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	91,820	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,340	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	69,485	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	91,825	...	...
Under $5,000	650	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	395	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	885	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,295	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,410	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,530	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,325	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,560	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,860	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,870	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,955	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,130	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,625	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,435	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	44,365	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,905	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,255	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	11,720	...	...
$200,000 and over	11,485	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	91,825	...	...
Under $5,000	800	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	410	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	925	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,370	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,575	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,915	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,750	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,120	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,355	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,515	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,200	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,935	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,730	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,825	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,175	...	...
$100,000 and over	36,225	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	12,660	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,680	...	...
$150,000 and over	14,885	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	66,405	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	25,220	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	30,530	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	8,670	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	33,310	15,945	17,370
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	42,400	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	38,000	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	66,380	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	25,145	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	30,580	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,580	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	33,135	15,770	17,365
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,680	52,600	47,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,120	43,880	40,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	237,925	117,460	120,470
0 to 17 years	49,445	25,620	23,830
0 to 5 years	15,655	8,060	7,590
18 to 64 years	148,080	73,255	74,820
65 years and over	40,400	18,580	21,815
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,385	8,350	10,040
0 to 17 years	4,285	2,205	2,075
0 to 5 years	1,550	805	750
18 to 64 years	10,290	4,765	5,520
65 years and over	3,815	1,380	2,440
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	7.7	7.1	8.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	8.6	8.7
0 to 5 years (%)	9.9	10.0	9.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.5	7.4
65 years and over (%)	9.5	7.4	11.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	237,930	117,460	120,465
0 to 17 years	49,450	25,620	23,825
0 to 5 years	15,650	8,060	7,590
18 to 64 years	148,080	73,260	74,825
65 years and over	40,400	18,585	21,820
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,270	4,135	4,130
0 to 17 years	1,250	660	585
0 to 5 years	400	220	175
18 to 64 years	6,420	3,230	3,190
65 years and over	600	240	360
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.5	3.5	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	2.5	2.6	2.5
0 to 5 years (%)	2.5	2.7	2.3
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.3
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	237,925	117,460	120,470
In bottom half of the distribution	101,820	48,885	52,940
In bottom decile	18,100	8,645	9,450
In second decile	18,490	8,420	10,070
In third decile	20,420	9,790	10,630
In fourth decile	21,685	10,595	11,085
In fifth decile	23,125	11,430	11,700
In top half of the distribution	136,105	68,575	67,530
In sixth decile	24,820	12,370	12,450
In seventh decile	25,840	12,930	12,905
In eighth decile	27,925	14,060	13,865
In ninth decile	29,620	15,015	14,605
In top decile	27,905	14,205	13,700
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	237,930	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.326	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.416	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.283	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	239,070	117,855	121,215
English only	218,075	109,190	108,885
French only	75	35	40
English and French	18,205	7,515	10,685
Neither English nor French	2,715	1,105	1,605
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	239,070	117,855	121,215
English	233,475	115,415	118,065
French	2,305	1,075	1,230
English and French	645	300	350
Neither English nor French	2,640	1,070	1,570
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	239,070	117,855	121,215
Single responses	232,630	114,690	117,935
Official languages	191,515	94,635	96,885
English	189,160	93,535	95,625
French	2,355	1,095	1,260
Non-official languages	41,110	20,055	21,055
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	15	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,090	20,050	21,040
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,285	1,715	1,570
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	195	105	90
Bilen	100	55	45
Oromo	20	10	5
Somali	75	35	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,090	1,610	1,475
Amharic	245	120	135
Arabic	1,405	735	670
Aramaic languages	35	20	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	35	30
Maltese	65	25	35
Tigrigna	1,265	670	590
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,905	855	1,055
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	55	85
Vietnamese	1,760	795	965
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	2,405	1,065	1,335
Bikol	10	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	95	35	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	20	30
Ilocano	115	50	65
Indonesian	70	30	35
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	5	20
Pangasinan	0	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,960	885	1,075
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Creole languages	40	25	15
Haitian Creole	5	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	5	5
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Dravidian languages	1,030	565	460
Kannada	50	25	20
Malayalam	400	250	155
Tamil	465	225	235
Telugu	110	60	45
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	26,375	12,980	13,400
Albanian	90	40	45
Armenian	80	35	45
Balto-Slavic languages	3,970	1,805	2,160
Baltic languages	90	35	55
Latvian	45	20	30
Lithuanian	45	20	30
Slavic languages	3,880	1,770	2,110
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	25	25
Czech	145	55	90
Macedonian	50	25	25
Polish	1,780	800	980
Russian	425	190	240
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	955	465	490
Bosnian	95	40	50
Croatian	325	155	165
Serbian	520	260	260
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Slovak	90	45	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	90	30	55
Ukrainian	285	130	150
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	25	15	10
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5
Welsh	10	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	7,715	3,785	3,925
Frisian	50	25	25
High German languages	4,980	2,440	2,535
German	3,215	1,560	1,655
Pennsylvania German	1,675	830	845
Swiss German	85	45	40
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,505	1,245	1,260
Afrikaans	75	40	35
Dutch	1,900	940	965
Low German, n.o.s.	100	40	60
Low Saxon	20	15	10
Plautdietsch	380	205	175
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15
Scandinavian languages	180	75	100
Danish	125	55	70
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	15	10	10
Swedish	35	10	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Greek	255	135	115
Indo-Iranian languages	8,180	4,260	3,925
Indo-Aryan languages	6,555	3,465	3,090
Assamese	15	0	10
Bengali	375	210	160
Gujarati	1,050	595	455
Hindi	755	390	365
Kacchi	20	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	75	35	40
Nepali	440	230	210
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	10	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,650	1,385	1,265
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	80	70
Urdu	965	500	470
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Iranian languages	1,630	795	830
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	250	125	125
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	210	95	110
Persian languages	1,155	570	585
Dari	575	275	295
Iranian Persian	480	240	245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	60	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,060	2,900	3,165
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	2,465	1,190	1,275
Portuguese	1,045	495	550
Romanian	390	190	195
Spanish	2,150	1,015	1,140
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Japanese	105	45	65
Korean	365	170	195
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	250	125	125
Akan (Twi)	30	15	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	15	10	5
Igbo	10	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	30	30
Dinka	15	5	5
Nuer	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	70	35	35
American Sign Language	60	25	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,500	1,620	1,885
Chinese languages	3,495	1,615	1,885
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	2,165	995	1,170
Min Dong	10	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	45	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,155	530	625
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	265	135	135
Lao	160	75	85
Thai	100	60	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	475	235	245
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	150	70	75
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	295	145	150
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Uralic languages	940	445	490
Estonian	40	20	25
Finnish	65	35	35
Hungarian	825	390	435
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	6,445	3,165	3,280
English and French	1,015	440	580
English and non-official language(s)	4,760	2,415	2,345
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	60	65
Multiple non-official languages	475	220	250
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	239,070	117,855	121,215
English	196,400	97,225	99,170
French	375	165	215
Non-official language	11,410	5,550	5,860
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	11,410	5,550	5,865
English and French	2,495	1,065	1,435
English and non-official language(s)	26,490	13,010	13,480
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	360	495
Multiple non-official languages	1,005	465	540
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	239,070	117,855	121,215
Single responses	233,030	114,980	118,050
Official languages	211,030	104,075	106,955
English	210,430	103,810	106,625
French	595	260	330
Non-official languages	22,000	10,905	11,100
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,000	10,905	11,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,270	1,160	1,110
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	155	85	75
Bilen	105	55	45
Oromo	15	10	5
Somali	40	15	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,110	1,075	1,035
Amharic	145	75	70
Arabic	750	365	385
Aramaic languages	20	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	35	15	20
Maltese	15	5	5
Tigrigna	1,150	605	545
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,405	650	760
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	40	60
Vietnamese	1,300	600	700
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,220	595	620
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Cebuano	55	25	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10
Ilocano	50	20	30
Indonesian	20	10	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,025	510	515
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	650	355	295
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	270	165	105
Tamil	305	145	155
Telugu	50	25	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,805	6,370	6,430
Albanian	45	20	25
Armenian	40	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,555	755	795
Baltic languages	15	5	5
Latvian	5	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	1,540	750	785
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	5	5
Czech	30	15	20
Macedonian	20	10	5
Polish	710	350	360
Russian	230	110	115
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	445	220	225
Bosnian	50	25	30
Croatian	90	50	40
Serbian	295	145	150
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	25	15	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	10
Ukrainian	60	30	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,445	1,705	1,740
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	2,675	1,315	1,355
German	1,445	715	735
Pennsylvania German	1,200	590	615
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	750	380	365
Afrikaans	35	15	15
Dutch	385	190	190
Low German, n.o.s.	75	30	40
Low Saxon	15	5	10
Plautdietsch	235	130	110
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages	5,555	2,855	2,700
Indo-Aryan languages	4,515	2,355	2,160
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	255	135	125
Gujarati	705	390	320
Hindi	430	220	210
Kacchi	10	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	30	10	20
Nepali	360	190	165
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,970	1,030	935
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	45	45
Urdu	645	310	335
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,040	505	535
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	185	95	90
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	130	65	65
Persian languages	720	345	380
Dari	360	165	195
Iranian Persian	300	145	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,105	980	1,125
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	595	245	355
Portuguese	325	155	170
Romanian	150	80	70
Spanish	1,035	500	535
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	30	20
Korean	245	115	135
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	25
Akan (Twi)	10	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	5	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	90	50	50
American Sign Language	75	35	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,370	1,130	1,235
Chinese languages	2,370	1,130	1,235
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	1,515	735	785
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5
Yue (Cantonese)	760	365	395
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	100	75
Lao	105	50	55
Thai	70	50	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	275	130	145
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	90	40	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	170	80	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	365	185	180
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	345	175	170
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Multiple responses	6,040	2,875	3,165
English and French	320	145	180
English and non-official language(s)	5,480	2,625	2,855
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35
Multiple non-official languages	150	70	80
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	239,070	117,850	121,215
None	213,135	105,295	107,835
English	8,470	4,320	4,150
French	2,145	890	1,260
Non-official language	12,120	5,795	6,325
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15
Non-Indigenous	12,100	5,790	6,310
English and French	105	45	55
English and non-official language(s)	1,355	675	675
French and non-official language(s)	485	205	275
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,240	610	635
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	237,925	117,460	120,470
Official languages	235,220	116,425	118,795
English	235,160	116,395	118,770
French	18,175	7,410	10,765
Non-official languages	54,650	26,600	28,045
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	35
Algonquian languages	35	20	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,605	26,585	28,020
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,660	2,415	2,240
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Chadic languages	10	10	0
Hausa	10	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	265	145	120
Bilen	155	90	65
Oromo	35	20	15
Somali	75	35	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,490	2,335	2,155
Amharic	490	260	230
Arabic	2,390	1,240	1,145
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	250	150	100
Maltese	45	30	20
Tigrigna	1,795	930	865
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,600	1,155	1,450
Khmer (Cambodian)	220	85	140
Vietnamese	2,455	1,100	1,360
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,275	1,440	1,840
Bikol	30	15	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	15	35
Cebuano	150	45	105
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	35	35
Ilocano	210	100	110
Indonesian	60	35	25
Kankanaey	15	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	20	50
Pangasinan	35	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,070	1,360	1,715
Waray-Waray	25	15	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	40	70
Creole languages	155	95	60
Haitian Creole	35	25	10
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	0	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	35	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Dravidian languages	1,575	920	655
Kannada	60	20	40
Malayalam	660	460	200
Tamil	810	460	350
Telugu	230	125	105
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	36,405	17,765	18,640
Albanian	135	75	60
Armenian	80	35	45
Balto-Slavic languages	5,080	2,330	2,750
Baltic languages	155	55	95
Latvian	70	25	45
Lithuanian	85	35	50
Slavic languages	4,965	2,295	2,670
Belarusian	20	10	10
Bulgarian	85	40	45
Czech	175	60	115
Macedonian	50	25	25
Polish	2,205	990	1,210
Russian	835	400	435
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,400	700	705
Bosnian	150	65	85
Croatian	555	270	285
Serbian	970	485	485
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Slovak	135	55	75
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	20	40
Ukrainian	385	165	220
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Celtic languages	95	50	40
Irish	45	30	15
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10
Welsh	25	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	9,700	4,805	4,895
Frisian	90	35	55
High German languages	6,435	3,280	3,155
German	4,390	2,255	2,135
Pennsylvania German	2,085	1,025	1,055
Swiss German	145	85	55
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,640	1,735	1,905
Afrikaans	235	125	115
Dutch	2,795	1,330	1,465
Low German, n.o.s.	125	55	65
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	490	230	265
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0
Scandinavian languages	305	130	180
Danish	165	80	85
Icelandic	15	0	15
Norwegian	50	15	40
Swedish	105	50	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Greek	450	245	215
Indo-Iranian languages	11,525	6,040	5,485
Indo-Aryan languages	9,640	5,085	4,555
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	570	320	245
Gujarati	1,685	940	750
Hindi	3,925	2,120	1,810
Kacchi	40	20	20
Kashmiri	20	10	0
Konkani	40	25	15
Marathi	200	85	110
Nepali	560	315	245
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,720	1,880	1,835
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	180	85	95
Urdu	2,245	1,155	1,085
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Iranian languages	2,110	1,065	1,045
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	285	150	140
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	370	175	195
Persian languages	1,575	805	770
Dari	865	435	425
Iranian Persian	585	315	270
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	70	85
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Italic (Romance) languages	10,265	4,665	5,610
Catalan	20	10	10
Italian	3,810	1,710	2,100
Portuguese	1,510	725	785
Romanian	505	240	270
Spanish	4,845	2,115	2,725
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	280	165	120
Korean	440	220	220
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	790	395	390
Akan (Twi)	95	50	50
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	20	0	10
Ganda	15	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	40	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	30	10	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10
Swahili	220	110	110
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	325	160	170
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	25	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	380	140	245
American Sign Language	345	130	220
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,305	2,025	2,280
Chinese languages	4,305	2,025	2,280
Hakka	20	0	15
Mandarin	2,895	1,370	1,520
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	90	100
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,710	780	930
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	380	210	165
Lao	265	130	135
Thai	135	80	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	775	370	405
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	270	135	140
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	540	265	280
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,280	620	665
Estonian	50	10	35
Finnish	105	45	55
Hungarian	1,125	555	570
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	237,930	117,460	120,465
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,810	1,700	2,105
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,575	1,585	1,995
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,105	935	1,170
Métis	1,445	630	810
Inuk (Inuit)	30	20	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	110	55	50
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	125	65	55
Non-Indigenous identity	234,120	115,760	118,360
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	237,930	117,460	120,465
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	970	480	485
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	236,955	116,975	119,980
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	91,820	...	...
Owner	66,520	...	...
Renter	25,300	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	91,820	...	...
Condominium	12,190	...	...
Not condominium	79,630	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	91,820	...	...
No bedrooms	345	...	...
1 bedroom	9,130	...	...
2 bedrooms	19,325	...	...
3 bedrooms	37,545	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	25,475	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	91,820	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	20,270	...	...
5 rooms	13,210	...	...
6 rooms	14,535	...	...
7 rooms	12,745	...	...
8 or more rooms	31,060	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	91,820	...	...
One person or fewer per room	89,975	...	...
More than one person per room	1,845	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	91,820	...	...
Suitable	87,600	...	...
Not suitable	4,215	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	91,820	...	...
1960 or before	19,800	...	...
1961 to 1980	21,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	12,030	...	...
1991 to 2000	12,250	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,475	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,085	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,580	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,840	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	91,820	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	87,465	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,350	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	91,820	...	...
One-maintainer household	41,295	...	...
Two-maintainer household	45,705	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,815	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	91,820	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,700	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,695	...	...
35 to 44 years	16,000	...	...
45 to 54 years	16,825	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,940	...	...
65 to 74 years	13,830	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,700	...	...
85 years and over	3,140	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	89,945	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	71,525	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,425	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,800	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	91,825	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	24,880	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,595	...	...
Not suitable only	3,310	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,935	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	620	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,135	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...
Acceptable housing	66,940	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	88,325	...	...
In core need	7,690	...	...
Not in core need	80,630	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	64,955	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,530	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,674	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	781,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,230	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,344	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	237,925	117,460	120,465
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	950	475	480
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	945	475	470
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	710	350	365
Métis single ancestry	220	110	105
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,850	2,145	2,705
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,765	2,125	2,645
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,480	1,560	1,920
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,230	520	705
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	40	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	20	65
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	15	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	232,125	114,840	117,280
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	237,925	117,460	120,465
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	223,670	110,235	113,435
Canadian citizens aged under 18	47,720	24,750	22,975
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	175,945	85,480	90,465
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,255	7,230	7,030
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	237,925	117,460	120,465
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	190,105	93,960	96,155
Immigrants⁸¹	44,765	21,590	23,170
Before 1980	11,895	5,680	6,215
1980 to 1990	5,540	2,855	2,685
1991 to 2000	7,305	3,460	3,840
2001 to 2010	8,630	4,080	4,550
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,395	5,510	5,880
2011 to 2015	4,925	2,390	2,535
2016 to 2021	6,465	3,120	3,345
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,060	1,910	1,145
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,760	21,595	23,170
Under 5 years	5,020	2,505	2,515
5 to 14 years	8,350	4,320	4,030
15 to 24 years	9,480	4,350	5,130
25 to 44 years	18,950	9,095	9,855
45 years and over	2,965	1,320	1,645
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,760	21,595	23,170
Americas	5,640	2,600	3,040
Brazil	200	60	145
Colombia	390	160	235
El Salvador	220	90	135
Guyana	330	175	155
Haiti	35	25	10
Jamaica	545	275	265
Mexico	555	270	285
Peru	120	55	65
Trinidad and Tobago	365	160	205
United States of America	1,770	760	1,010
Other places of birth in Americas	1,115	570	545
Europe	16,625	8,065	8,560
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	105	140
Croatia	285	135	150
France	160	105	55
Germany	1,040	505	540
Greece	145	65	75
Hungary	335	175	155
Italy	1,745	880	870
Netherlands	1,495	770	730
Poland	1,350	595	760
Portugal	625	330	295
Romania	460	225	235
Russian Federation	315	150	170
Serbia⁸⁶	615	315	300
Ukraine	185	100	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,005	2,825	3,180
Other places of birth in Europe	1,620	790	830
Africa	3,765	2,005	1,755
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	30	20
Egypt	295	145	145
Eritrea	1,350	745	605
Ethiopia	385	200	185
Morocco	45	25	25
Nigeria	320	170	150
Somalia	55	30	20
South Africa, Republic of	365	190	175
Other places of birth in Africa	895	470	420
Asia	18,450	8,745	9,700
Afghanistan	880	425	455
Iran⁸⁸	445	235	210
Iraq	295	160	135
Lebanon	185	105	85
Syria⁸⁹	580	270	305
Turkey	145	75	70
China⁹⁰	1,840	775	1,070
Hong Kong⁹¹	195	105	90
Korea, South⁹²	280	130	145
Taiwan	160	70	95
Philippines	3,010	1,250	1,760
Viet Nam	1,850	845	1,010
Bangladesh	375	200	180
India	4,510	2,295	2,215
Pakistan	1,235	630	600
Sri Lanka	465	240	230
Other places of birth in Asia	1,995	940	1,055
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	290	175	115
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,465	3,120	3,350
Americas	640	280	360
Brazil	80	35	50
Colombia	20	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	15	20
Mexico	75	25	45
United States of America	195	90	100
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	10	45
Other places of birth in Americas	170	90	75
Europe	540	275	270
France	15	0	10
Germany	30	15	20
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	45	30	15
Russian Federation	45	15	30
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	150	95	60
Other places of birth in Europe	240	105	140
Africa	1,520	810	705
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	10	15
Eritrea	1,025	550	480
Ethiopia	115	60	60
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	140	85	50
Somalia	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	60	40	15
Sudan⁹⁷	65	25	40
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	30	40
Asia	3,725	1,735	1,995
Afghanistan	65	15	45
Bangladesh	25	10	10
China⁹⁰	195	60	135
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	1,265	660	605
Iran⁸⁸	40	15	20
Iraq	130	70	60
Israel	110	50	65
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	15	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	15
Lebanon	35	0	30
Nepal	30	20	10
Pakistan	180	70	115
Philippines	620	280	340
Saudi Arabia	45	25	20
Sri Lanka	40	20	20
Syria⁸⁹	470	215	255
Turkey	100	50	45
United Arab Emirates	25	0	25
Viet Nam	190	70	125
Other places of birth in Asia	80	55	30
Oceania and other⁹³	35	25	15
Australia	35	25	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	237,930	117,460	120,470
First generation¹⁰⁰	49,850	24,445	25,415
Second generation¹⁰¹	48,480	24,125	24,355
Third generation or more¹⁰²	139,590	68,895	70,695
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	32,865	15,915	16,960
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,295	7,705	7,585
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,145	3,985	2,165
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,150	3,725	5,425
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,140	4,185	5,955
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,225	3,915	3,305
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	215	100	115
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	32,865	15,915	16,960
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,515	825	695
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,180	1,460	1,720
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	740	365	375
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,660	810	845
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	65	80
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,630	12,385	13,240
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	237,930	117,460	120,470
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	41,935	21,005	20,930
South Asian	12,760	6,680	6,080
Chinese	4,675	2,225	2,450
Black	6,870	3,545	3,335
Filipino	4,420	1,940	2,480
Arab	1,780	905	875
Latin American	2,525	1,260	1,265
Southeast Asian	3,370	1,685	1,685
West Asian	2,115	1,055	1,065
Korean	505	255	250
Japanese	320	150	170
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	885	460	430
Multiple visible minorities	1,690	845	845
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	195,995	96,455	99,535
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	237,925	117,460	120,470
Canadian	35,510	17,805	17,705
English	60,305	28,940	31,365
Irish	48,445	22,790	25,650
Scottish	52,660	25,570	27,095
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,940	7,135	7,805
German	31,545	15,445	16,105
Chinese	5,430	2,600	2,825
Italian	16,960	8,310	8,645
Indian (India)	6,950	3,710	3,245
Ukrainian	5,770	2,750	3,020
Dutch	15,570	7,890	7,675
Polish	8,875	4,110	4,765
Québécois	285	160	120
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,950	5,765	6,185
Filipino	4,285	1,825	2,455
French Canadian	2,495	1,095	1,405
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,660	1,790	1,870
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,805	785	1,010
Métis	1,535	650	885
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,695	1,860	1,835
Russian	2,175	1,005	1,170
Norwegian	1,315	560	755
Welsh	4,905	2,380	2,525
Portuguese	3,475	1,765	1,710
American	2,885	1,330	1,555
Spanish	1,680	820	860
Swedish	1,225	545	675
Hungarian	3,480	1,700	1,780
Acadian	580	230	350
Pakistani	1,760	910	855
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,260	625	635
Jewish	1,220	615	600
Punjabi	880	495	385
Vietnamese	2,665	1,235	1,435
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	655	320	335
Greek	1,435	740	700
Jamaican	1,550	820	730
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	875	450	425
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	185	95	95
Korean	560	280	285
Romanian	1,040	515	520
Lebanese	640	350	290
Iranian	605	315	290
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,440	720	720
Danish	1,420	715	710
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	820	415	405
Sikh	775	410	360
Austrian	1,420	725	695
Belgian	1,055	510	545
Haitian	45	30	20
Hindu	745	430	320
Mexican	1,065	565	500
Mennonite	2,675	1,320	1,355
Swiss	3,135	1,645	1,490
Finnish	1,095	540	550
Sri Lankan	455	225	230
Croatian	955	470	490
Japanese	440	210	230
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	645	305	340
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	295	120	175
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	670	330	330
Muslim	560	280	280
Egyptian	460	210	245
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	340	185	155
Tamil	275	145	130
Icelandic	335	125	205
Colombian	550	260	280
Moroccan	35	20	15
Czech	820	395	425
Syrian	475	215	255
Guyanese	690	360	325
Afghan	1,275	650	620
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	480	240	235
Serbian	900	465	435
Ojibway	370	165	205
Newfoundlander	750	375	380
Hong Konger	80	35	45
Ontarian	1,485	765	720
Persian	255	125	130
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	550	260	290
Turkish	370	200	170
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	80	60	25
Bangladeshi	435	260	180
Algerian	10	0	10
Brazilian	260	105	155
Nigerian	345	150	195
Armenian	340	125	220
Slovak	510	250	265
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	375	170	205
Somali	90	45	45
Taiwanese	115	35	75
Iraqi	225	115	110
Salvadorean	220	95	125
African Caribbean	215	90	125
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	315	160	155
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	325	145	180
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	205	105	105
Algonquin	110	40	70
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425	215	210
Lithuanian	445	205	245
South African	445	260	185
Australian	405	230	170
Palestinian	215	110	100
Chilean	235	130	100
Congolese	45	15	30
Nova Scotian	250	110	140
Ethiopian	365	195	170
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	300	145	155
Peruvian	175	110	70
Yoruba	140	60	80
Cambodian (Khmer)	290	135	160
Berber	35	30	0
Albanian	200	120	85
Maltese	690	365	320
Macedonian	260	135	130
Slovenian	500	205	300
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	375	190	185
New Brunswicker	130	60	70
Gujarati	280	150	130
Eritrean	1,045	510	535
African Canadian	170	80	80
Israeli	120	75	45
Mohawk	185	100	90
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	180	70	110
Bulgarian	150	75	75
Albertan	40	15	20
Ghanaian	115	45	70
Barbadian	260	155	105
African American	150	85	60
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	315	170	145
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	230	110	120
Cuban	260	140	120
Bosnian	155	55	95
Venezuelan	205	80	125
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	305	135	165
Bengali	110	45	65
Cameroonian	25	15	15
Guatemalan	165	80	80
Indonesian	155	80	75
Laotian	325	170	155
Ilocano	70	15	50
Northern Irish	420	185	235
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	315	165	150
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	125	60	65
Franco Ontarian	105	65	40
Argentinian	170	90	80
Estonian	245	115	135
Kurdish	235	125	105
Fijian	55	25	35
Jatt	40	20	15
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	195	90	105
Coptic	125	45	80
Thai	145	75	65
Dominican	40	15	15
Nepali	410	230	180
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	25	15	0
Igbo	25	20	0
Byelorussian	130	50	80
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	25	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	10	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	80	35	45
New Zealander	135	90	45
Sudanese	90	55	35
Breton	15	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	635	330	305
Malaysian	105	55	45
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	20	20
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30
Saskatchewanian	35	15	20
Buddhist	140	80	60
Gaspesian	25	20	10
Norman	25	25	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	120	60	55
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	10	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	40	60
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	785	450	335
Nicaraguan	70	50	20
Mauritian	55	20	35
Kenyan	40	10	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	65	40	25
Jordanian	50	10	35
Manitoban	25	0	25
Cape Bretoner	100	60	40
Rwandan	30	15	15
Grenadian	60	20	45
Malayali	155	115	40
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	80	40	40
Mayan	60	20	35
Honduran	10	0	10
Cherokee	120	65	60
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	0	10
Indo-Caribbean	70	30	40
Flemish	125	55	70
United Empire Loyalist	90	50	45
Senegalese	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	40	30	15
Sicilian	65	35	30
Pashtun	115	55	60
Malay	80	45	35
Goan	60	30	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	20	10
Burmese	15	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	20	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	50	15	35
Ugandan	45	20	25
Oromo	50	25	25
Tanzanian	35	15	25
Yemeni	30	10	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	25	15	10
Basque	35	25	10
Uruguayan	50	20	30
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	15	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	10	20
Igorot	70	35	35
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	15	0	15
Prince Edward Islander	35	15	20
Maliseet	25	10	15
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	40	20	15
Roma	25	15	10
Costa Rican	75	40	35
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	80	55	25
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	60	15	45
Amhara	35	25	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	237,930	117,460	120,465
Buddhist	2,210	1,005	1,205
Christian	129,580	60,825	68,750
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	21,465	10,600	10,865
Anabaptist	4,810	2,410	2,405
Anglican	9,885	4,365	5,520
Baptist	2,615	1,190	1,430
Catholic	51,520	24,025	27,495
Christian Orthodox	3,550	1,775	1,775
Jehovah's Witness	825	390	430
Latter Day Saints	365	155	215
Lutheran	2,445	1,075	1,370
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	755	350	405
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,990	915	1,070
Presbyterian	7,105	3,320	3,785
Reformed	2,380	1,180	1,200
United Church	13,685	6,110	7,575
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,180	2,965	3,220
Hindu	4,495	2,405	2,090
Jewish	845	405	440
Muslim	7,200	3,725	3,475
Sikh	2,960	1,485	1,470
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	100	35	70
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,615	660	955
No religion and secular perspectives	88,920	46,910	42,010
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	235,425	116,225	119,195
Non-movers	207,735	102,635	105,095
Movers	27,685	13,585	14,100
Non-migrants	12,780	6,285	6,495
Migrants	14,905	7,300	7,610
Internal migrants	13,665	6,675	6,995
Intraprovincial migrants	12,970	6,320	6,650
Interprovincial migrants	695	355	340
External migrants	1,245	630	615
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	225,045	111,000	114,045
Non-movers	137,210	67,750	69,460
Movers	87,840	43,255	44,585
Non-migrants	30,105	14,765	15,335
Migrants	57,735	28,485	29,250
Internal migrants	49,800	24,290	25,510
Intraprovincial migrants	47,135	22,925	24,210
Interprovincial migrants	2,665	1,360	1,300
External migrants	7,935	4,195	3,740
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	196,860	96,250	100,605
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	34,995	18,485	16,515
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	161,855	77,770	84,090
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	126,315	62,260	64,055
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,050	8,020	6,030
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	112,260	54,240	58,020
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	196,855	96,250	100,605
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,995	16,650	15,350
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,230	27,610	27,620
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	109,630	51,990	57,640
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	54,310	27,495	26,815
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,540	7,820	2,720
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,540	2,745	1,795
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,005	5,080	925
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	40,410	18,100	22,315
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,355	1,575	1,785
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,320	24,500	30,815
Bachelor's degree	35,740	15,435	20,305
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,135	1,175	1,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,315	635	680
Master's degree	11,920	5,405	6,515
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,205	1,855	1,350
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	126,310	62,255	64,050
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,635	7,195	5,435
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	30,905	16,390	14,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	82,780	38,670	44,110
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	39,700	20,245	19,460
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,090	5,295	1,790
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,965	1,810	1,155
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,130	3,485	640
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,390	13,905	16,485
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,225	1,045	1,180
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,075	18,425	24,650
Bachelor's degree	27,660	11,795	15,870
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,430	895	1,540
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,035	405	625
Master's degree	9,635	4,115	5,525
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,310	1,215	1,095
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	196,855	96,250	100,605
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	87,225	44,255	42,970
Education	6,260	1,355	4,910
13. Education	6,260	1,355	4,910
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,095	1,530	2,560
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	345	290	60
50. Visual and performing arts	3,745	1,240	2,505
Humanities	6,500	2,450	4,050
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	390	70	320
23. English language and literature/letters	1,820	535	1,290
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,640	545	1,100
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	210	75	135
38. Philosophy and religious studies	565	325	240
39. Theology and religious vocations	510	305	205
54. History	1,070	555	510
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	295	50	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,410	4,365	10,040
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	235	40	190
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,335	505	830
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,945	220	2,725
22. Legal professions and studies	1,545	440	1,105
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	450	140	310
42. Psychology	2,400	540	1,855
45. Social sciences	5,500	2,470	3,030
Business, management and public administration	19,175	7,930	11,250
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,805	355	1,445
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,345	7,560	9,790
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,510	3,345	4,170
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,420	1,660	2,760
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,270	560	715
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	185	45	135
40. Physical sciences	1,455	980	475
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	95	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,130	2,705	1,425
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,905	2,080	825
25. Library science	365	70	295
27. Mathematics and statistics	765	485	275
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	70	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,560	19,400	2,155
04. Architecture and related services	1,025	700	325
14. Engineering	5,425	4,380	1,040
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,280	3,865	415
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,620	3,510	115
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,400	4,290	115
48. Precision production	2,810	2,655	150
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,490	2,910	2,580
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,260	2,235	2,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,230	670	560
Health and related fields	14,070	2,810	11,260
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,840	865	975
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,950	1,805	10,145
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	10	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	235	130	105
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,355	3,195	3,165
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,940	675	2,265
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	2,350	1,530	825
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,025	945	80
Other¹⁷⁹	75	0	65
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	126,310	62,260	64,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,535	23,590	19,945
Education	4,340	835	3,505
13. Education	4,340	835	3,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,100	1,110	1,995
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	200	165	35
50. Visual and performing arts	2,905	945	1,960
Humanities	4,680	1,805	2,885
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	265	40	230
23. English language and literature/letters	1,310	415	895
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,195	410	790
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	145	55	85
38. Philosophy and religious studies	415	250	160
39. Theology and religious vocations	330	180	150
54. History	790	410	380
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	225	35	190
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,250	3,280	7,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	205	35	170
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,180	445	740
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,305	150	2,155
22. Legal professions and studies	1,170	275	895
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	365	115	255
42. Psychology	1,770	395	1,370
45. Social sciences	4,260	1,865	2,395
Business, management and public administration	15,020	6,160	8,860
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,490	285	1,205
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,510	5,870	7,640
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,490	2,280	3,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,290	1,180	2,110
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	920	370	550
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	155	35	120
40. Physical sciences	1,000	630	365
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	60	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,290	2,225	1,065
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,520	1,835	680
25. Library science	215	50	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	490	285	200
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	50	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,045	14,210	1,840
04. Architecture and related services	815	540	270
14. Engineering	4,235	3,295	940
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,180	2,835	345
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,595	2,500	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,205	3,135	70
48. Precision production	2,020	1,900	120
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,230	2,135	2,095
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,215	1,570	1,645
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,015	565	450
Health and related fields	10,345	2,130	8,220
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,450	665	790
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,685	1,395	7,290
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	170	65	100
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,920	2,510	2,415
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,170	495	1,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,955	1,280	680
49. Transportation and materials moving	785	725	65
Other¹⁷⁹	50	0	50
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	126,310	62,260	64,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,535	23,590	19,945
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	82,775	38,670	44,105
Location of study inside Canada	70,305	32,720	37,590
Same as province or territory of residence	66,330	30,910	35,425
Different than province or territory of residence	3,975	1,810	2,165
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,470	5,950	6,520
Americas	2,845	1,320	1,525
United States of America	2,005	975	1,030
Mexico	165	65	100
Cuba	60	30	40
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	70	35	40
Brazil	95	30	70
Colombia	130	45	85
Peru	25	15	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	235	105	135
Europe	2,865	1,515	1,355
Belgium	35	25	10
France	65	30	40
Germany	145	80	65
Netherlands	140	85	55
Switzerland	40	15	25
Hungary	60	25	35
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	250	115	135
Romania	165	65	100
Russian Federation	105	50	55
Ukraine	50	30	20
Ireland⁹⁶	85	50	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,135	645	490
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	25
Italy	65	35	30
Serbia⁸⁶	155	85	65
Other locations of study in Europe	290	140	155
Africa	655	330	325
Nigeria	135	65	70
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	125	65	60
South Africa, Republic of	95	45	45
Other locations of study in Africa	295	160	140
Asia	5,820	2,630	3,190
Iran⁸⁸	110	40	75
Iraq	75	40	35
Israel	30	10	20
Lebanon	40	20	25
Syria⁸⁹	110	60	50
Turkey	55	25	30
China⁹⁰	685	290	395
Taiwan	40	15	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	55	30	30
Korea, South⁹²	110	30	80
Philippines	1,355	550	810
Viet Nam	70	15	50
Bangladesh	140	60	80
Sri Lanka	95	40	50
India	2,230	1,135	1,095
Pakistan	365	155	205
Other locations of study in Asia	250	115	135
Oceania	285	160	125
Australia	255	140	115
New Zealand	30	25	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	196,855	96,250	100,605
In the labour force	132,295	69,305	62,990
Employed	120,025	63,670	56,355
Unemployed	12,275	5,635	6,635
Not in the labour force	64,560	26,945	37,620
Participation rate	67.2	72.0	62.6
Employment rate	61.0	66.2	56.0
Unemployment rate	9.3	8.1	10.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	196,855	96,250	100,605
Did not work¹⁸⁶	63,890	26,985	36,905
Worked	132,965	69,265	63,700
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	75,330	43,220	32,110
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	57,635	26,045	31,590
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.3	43.3	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	132,295	69,300	62,990
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,425	1,165	1,265
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	129,870	68,140	61,725
Employee	110,360	56,655	53,705
Permanent position	94,725	49,510	45,215
Temporary position	15,635	7,145	8,490
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,010	2,110	2,905
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	10,620	5,040	5,585
Self-employed¹⁹²	19,505	11,485	8,020
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	132,295	69,300	62,990
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,425	1,165	1,265
All occupations¹⁹¹	129,870	68,140	61,725
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,665	1,225	435
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	20,530	6,530	14,005
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,425	7,850	2,575
3 Health occupations	8,990	1,460	7,525
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	16,245	5,205	11,040
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,570	1,405	2,160
6 Sales and service occupations	27,730	11,980	15,755
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	22,775	20,495	2,270
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,875	3,915	1,960
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,075	8,075	4,000
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	132,295	69,300	62,990
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,425	1,165	1,265
All industries¹⁹¹	129,870	68,140	61,725
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,095	3,065	2,030
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265	225	40
22 Utilities	715	565	145
23 Construction	9,935	8,475	1,460
31-33 Manufacturing	21,510	15,190	6,315
41 Wholesale trade	5,350	3,515	1,845
44-45 Retail trade	13,195	6,240	6,955
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,670	4,165	1,505
51 Information and cultural industries	1,870	1,010	865
52 Finance and insurance	4,820	1,955	2,865
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,105	960	1,150
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,240	5,495	4,745
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	120	170
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,490	2,635	1,855
61 Educational services	12,115	3,740	8,370
62 Health care and social assistance	13,910	2,150	11,760
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,180	1,110	1,065
72 Accommodation and food services	5,785	2,355	3,435
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,945	2,350	2,595
91 Public administration	5,385	2,830	2,555
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	141,345	73,360	67,985
English	136,325	71,135	65,190
French	260	40	220
Non-official language	870	465	410
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	870	465	410
English and French	1,675	575	1,095
English and non-official language(s)	2,080	1,080	1,000
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	40
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	25
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	141,345	73,360	67,985
Single responses	140,755	73,110	67,645
Official languages	139,400	72,355	67,045
English	138,855	72,250	66,605
French	550	105	445
Non-official languages	1,355	755	600
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,355	755	600
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	0	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	55	20	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,075	620	455
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	15	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	15	0	10
Russian	15	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	875	475	405
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	740	410	325
German	320	180	140
Pennsylvania German	415	235	185
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	60	80
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	130	55	75
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	90	65	25
Indo-Aryan languages	85	65	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75	55	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	80	60	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	65	50	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	0
American Sign Language	15	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	75	70
Chinese languages	145	75	70
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	95	50	40
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	30	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	585	250	335
English and French	190	50	140
English and non-official language(s)	365	185	175
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	141,345	73,360	67,985
None	137,985	71,870	66,120
English	720	330	390
French	1,210	465	740
Non-official language	1,185	575	615
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,185	575	615
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	170	85	85
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	120,025	63,670	56,355
Worked at home	31,385	14,170	17,210
Worked outside Canada	355	245	115
No fixed workplace address	11,885	8,985	2,905
Usual place of work	76,395	40,270	36,125
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	76,400	40,270	36,125
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	42,870	20,680	22,190
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,705	6,405	5,295
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	21,625	13,080	8,550
Commute to a different province or territory	200	110	90
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	88,285	49,255	39,025
Car, truck or van	79,160	44,795	34,370
Car, truck or van - as a driver	72,835	42,000	30,835
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,330	2,795	3,530
Public transit	2,500	1,230	1,270
Walked	4,345	2,030	2,315
Bicycle	770	595	175
Other method	1,500	605	900
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	88,285	49,255	39,025
Less than 15 minutes	32,690	15,975	16,715
15 to 29 minutes	26,920	15,045	11,870
30 to 44 minutes	14,100	8,330	5,775
45 to 59 minutes	7,170	4,685	2,485
60 minutes and over	7,415	5,220	2,190
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	88,285	49,255	39,025
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,765	5,635	2,130
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	17,685	11,730	5,955
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	20,850	11,505	9,355
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	17,220	7,370	9,845
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,655	4,195	5,460
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	15,100	8,820	6,280
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	50,425	26,120	24,305
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,740	1,875	1,865
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	46,685	24,245	22,440
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	36,555	19,005	17,550
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,865	1,415	1,450
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,630	770	860
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,235	645	585
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	33,690	17,590	16,100

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 8, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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