Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	QuebecMore information: [Province] Remove		OntarioMore information: [Province] Remove		British ColumbiaMore information: [Province] Remove
	Counts	Rates	Counts	Rates	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total	Total	Total	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	8,501,833	...	14,223,942	...	5,000,879	...
Population, 2016¹	8,164,361	...	13,448,494	...	4,648,055	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.1	4.1	5.8	5.8	7.6	7.6
Total private dwellings²	4,050,164	...	5,929,250	...	2,211,694	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	3,749,035	...	5,491,201	...	2,041,834	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.5	6.5	15.9	15.9	5.4	5.4
Land area in square kilometres	1,298,599.75	...	892,411.76	...	920,686.55	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	8,501,835	100.0	14,223,945	100.0	5,000,880	100.0
0 to 14 years	1,391,360	16.4	2,251,795	15.8	716,900	14.3
0 to 4 years	422,980	5.0	683,515	4.8	216,825	4.3
5 to 9 years	478,955	5.6	764,430	5.4	244,290	4.9
10 to 14 years	489,425	5.8	803,850	5.7	255,790	5.1
15 to 64 years	5,356,945	63.0	9,334,440	65.6	3,267,620	65.3
15 to 19 years	429,400	5.1	801,455	5.6	253,690	5.1
20 to 24 years	460,660	5.4	895,600	6.3	294,650	5.9
25 to 29 years	527,150	6.2	975,400	6.9	337,090	6.7
30 to 34 years	536,040	6.3	981,210	6.9	358,585	7.2
35 to 39 years	550,425	6.5	948,030	6.7	353,350	7.1
40 to 44 years	572,565	6.7	890,160	6.3	319,740	6.4
45 to 49 years	516,465	6.1	894,580	6.3	310,035	6.2
50 to 54 years	522,935	6.2	941,270	6.6	329,005	6.6
55 to 59 years	615,690	7.2	1,040,160	7.3	356,345	7.1
60 to 64 years	625,610	7.4	966,575	6.8	355,130	7.1
65 years and over	1,753,530	20.6	2,637,710	18.5	1,016,365	20.3
65 to 69 years	541,970	6.4	813,215	5.7	319,405	6.4
70 to 74 years	455,900	5.4	691,280	4.9	272,365	5.4
75 to 79 years	330,840	3.9	469,485	3.3	181,075	3.6
80 to 84 years	210,405	2.5	325,110	2.3	121,055	2.4
85 years and over	214,415	2.5	338,620	2.4	122,465	2.4
85 to 89 years	131,755	1.5	205,480	1.4	74,315	1.5
90 to 94 years	65,020	0.8	101,430	0.7	36,840	0.7
95 to 99 years	15,665	0.2	28,000	0.2	9,790	0.2
100 years and over	1,975	0.0	3,705	0.0	1,515	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	16.4	15.8	15.8	14.3	14.3
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.0	65.6	65.6	65.3	65.3
65 years and over	20.6	20.6	18.5	18.5	20.3	20.3
85 years and over	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
Average age of the population	42.8	42.8	41.8	41.8	43.1	43.1
Median age of the population	43.2	43.2	41.6	41.6	42.8	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Single-detached house	1,671,920	44.6	2,942,990	53.6	866,340	42.4
Semi-detached house	199,080	5.3	303,260	5.5	62,890	3.1
Row house	98,625	2.6	505,265	9.2	168,590	8.3
Apartment or flat in a duplex	271,245	7.2	181,030	3.3	249,835	12.2
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,242,910	33.2	548,785	10.0	417,475	20.4
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	225,745	6.0	984,665	17.9	221,845	10.9
Other single-attached house	15,745	0.4	10,220	0.2	3,760	0.2
Movable dwelling⁴	23,760	0.6	14,985	0.3	51,100	2.5
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,205	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
1 person	1,317,505	35.1	1,452,540	26.5	600,705	29.4
2 persons	1,295,730	34.6	1,798,040	32.7	719,865	35.3
3 persons	480,135	12.8	872,480	15.9	296,200	14.5
4 persons	427,605	11.4	825,445	15.0	256,700	12.6
5 or more persons	228,060	6.1	542,700	9.9	168,355	8.2
Number of persons in private households	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Average household size	2.2	2.2	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	7,110,470	100.0	11,972,145	100.0	4,283,980	100.0
Married or living common-law	3,967,915	55.8	6,769,725	56.5	2,464,130	57.5
Married	2,310,860	32.5	5,738,390	47.9	2,036,165	47.5
Living common-law	1,657,050	23.3	1,031,340	8.6	427,970	10.0
Living common law - Never married	1,345,765	18.9	727,825	6.1	313,560	7.3
Living common law - Separated	17,505	0.2	55,440	0.5	17,220	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	261,885	3.7	220,445	1.8	87,370	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	31,900	0.4	27,625	0.2	9,815	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	3,142,560	44.2	5,202,420	43.5	1,819,845	42.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	2,161,975	30.4	3,515,215	29.4	1,202,625	28.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	106,275	1.5	333,775	2.8	110,710	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	494,210	7.0	695,630	5.8	283,035	6.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	380,100	5.3	657,800	5.5	223,475	5.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	2,323,410	100.0	3,969,670	100.0	1,399,405	100.0
2 persons	1,267,980	54.6	1,936,595	48.8	763,875	54.6
3 persons	454,980	19.6	877,660	22.1	290,335	20.7
4 persons	412,850	17.8	811,380	20.4	255,295	18.2
5 or more persons	187,600	8.1	344,035	8.7	89,900	6.4
Average size of census families	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	2,323,410	100.0	3,969,670	100.0	1,399,405	100.0
Total couple families	1,939,635	83.5	3,291,560	82.9	1,190,930	85.1
Married couples	1,111,625	47.8	2,776,165	69.9	977,010	69.8
With children⁶	502,020	21.6	1,571,480	39.6	496,240	35.5
Without children	609,605	26.2	1,204,680	30.3	480,770	34.4
Common-law couples	828,005	35.6	515,395	13.0	213,925	15.3
With children⁶	401,885	17.3	189,835	4.8	64,570	4.6
Without children	426,120	18.3	325,560	8.2	149,355	10.7
Total one-parent families	383,775	16.5	678,110	17.1	208,475	14.9
in which the parent is a woman+	284,025	12.2	538,450	13.6	161,820	11.6
in which the parent is a man+	99,755	4.3	139,660	3.5	46,655	3.3
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	6,557,095	78.9	11,601,460	82.7	3,897,915	79.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	3,879,265	46.7	6,583,120	46.9	2,381,865	48.5
Parents in one-parent families	383,780	4.6	678,110	4.8	208,475	4.2
Children⁶	2,294,055	27.6	4,340,235	30.9	1,307,575	26.6
In a two-parent family	1,708,235	20.6	3,281,460	23.4	1,001,235	20.4
In a one-parent family	585,820	7.1	1,058,775	7.5	306,340	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,751,380	21.1	2,430,295	17.3	1,018,030	20.7
Living alone	1,317,505	15.9	1,452,540	10.4	600,705	12.2
Living with other relatives⁷	165,070	2.0	388,780	2.8	139,900	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	268,810	3.2	588,970	4.2	277,425	5.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,830	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	2,165,490	57.8	3,347,195	61.0	1,157,520	56.7
Couple-family households	1,834,095	48.9	2,841,660	51.7	1,002,775	49.1
With children⁶	851,835	22.7	1,517,365	27.6	463,945	22.7
Without children	982,260	26.2	1,324,295	24.1	538,825	26.4
One-parent-family households	331,395	8.8	505,535	9.2	154,745	7.6
Multigenerational households⁸	50,790	1.4	221,120	4.0	75,700	3.7
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,225	0.2	45,215	0.8	20,325	1.0
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	66,750	1.8	184,430	3.4	79,015	3.9
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	139,280	3.7	240,700	4.4	108,570	5.3
One-person households	1,317,505	35.1	1,452,540	26.5	600,705	29.4
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	6,918,720	100.0	11,782,845	100.0	4,200,500	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,738,760	97.4	11,294,815	95.9	4,076,345	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	40,800	41,200	41,200	40,800	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,740,755	97.4	11,300,805	95.9	4,078,810	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	36,400	37,200	37,200	37,200	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,054,780	87.5	10,010,415	85.0	3,655,710	87.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	33,600	36,000	36,000	35,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,874,570	70.5	8,153,180	69.2	2,886,365	68.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	36,000	38,000	38,000	38,000	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,596,585	80.9	10,239,835	86.9	3,377,800	80.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,500	11,500	8,900	8,900	10,000	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	837,635	12.1	1,054,225	8.9	370,345	8.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,600	5,600	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,440	28.5	3,327,770	28.2	1,106,935	26.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,820	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,738,410	97.4	11,296,770	95.9	4,075,270	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	51,160	56,350	56,350	54,450	54,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,740,360	97.4	11,302,690	95.9	4,077,810	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,840	41,840	46,280	46,280	45,600	45,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,053,525	87.5	10,011,345	85.0	3,654,285	87.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,480	45,480	52,700	52,700	50,520	50,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,874,615	70.5	8,153,185	69.2	2,886,325	68.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	46,240	52,600	52,600	50,520	50,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,593,790	80.8	10,242,610	86.9	3,374,170	80.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,410	12,410	10,640	10,640	11,030	11,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	837,180	12.1	1,052,985	8.9	368,410	8.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	7,040	6,640	6,640	6,540	6,540
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,966,120	28.4	3,321,155	28.2	1,102,145	26.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,130	8,130	9,300	9,300	9,110	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,825	100.0	4,200,420	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,305,655	33.3	3,865,695	32.8	1,301,410	31.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	58,400	67,000	67,000	65,000	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,700	69,700	82,400	82,400	77,700	77,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,014,360	29.1	3,112,160	26.4	1,195,830	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	18,600	17,400	17,400	19,400	19,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	28,160	28,520	28,520	30,560	30,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	79.8	82.8	82.8	83.2	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	65.4	67.4	67.4	65.8	65.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.1	20.1	17.1	17.1	16.8	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.7	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.6	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.6	4.9	4.9	4.5	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	6,918,715	100.0	11,782,845	100.0	4,200,500	100.0
Without total income	179,955	2.6	488,030	4.1	124,155	3.0
With total income	6,738,765	97.4	11,294,815	95.9	4,076,350	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	462,400	6.9	977,950	8.7	385,230	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	809,375	12.0	1,383,475	12.2	474,245	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	1,124,265	16.7	1,752,040	15.5	627,895	15.4
$30,000 to $39,999	896,520	13.3	1,388,215	12.3	515,780	12.7
$40,000 to $49,999	849,005	12.6	1,190,885	10.5	442,130	10.8
$50,000 to $59,999	687,020	10.2	985,270	8.7	363,335	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	503,110	7.5	782,980	6.9	284,130	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	367,455	5.5	612,620	5.4	221,755	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	284,690	4.2	477,445	4.2	172,110	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	198,140	2.9	385,830	3.4	136,185	3.3
$100,000 and over	556,780	8.3	1,358,115	12.0	453,550	11.1
$100,000 to $149,999	385,890	5.7	897,615	7.9	297,440	7.3
$150,000 and over	170,890	2.5	460,495	4.1	156,105	3.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	6,918,715	100.0	11,782,845	100.0	4,200,500	100.0
Without after-tax income	177,960	2.6	482,035	4.1	121,690	2.9
With after-tax income	6,740,760	97.4	11,300,805	95.9	4,078,810	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	495,035	7.3	1,025,995	9.1	402,375	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	853,250	12.7	1,442,850	12.8	490,875	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	1,316,685	19.5	1,967,040	17.4	705,795	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	1,127,905	16.7	1,621,120	14.3	593,485	14.6
$40,000 to $49,999	994,235	14.7	1,384,490	12.3	502,775	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	691,015	10.3	1,068,365	9.5	387,850	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	459,665	6.8	782,135	6.9	283,825	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	292,135	4.3	572,210	5.1	207,535	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	174,905	2.6	457,650	4.0	150,155	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	106,165	1.6	280,640	2.5	99,015	2.4
$100,000 and over	229,765	3.4	698,310	6.2	255,125	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	119,125	1.8	344,450	3.0	127,025	3.1
$125,000 and over	110,635	1.6	353,860	3.1	128,100	3.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	6,918,715	100.0	11,782,845	100.0	4,200,500	100.0
Without employment income	2,044,155	29.5	3,629,670	30.8	1,314,135	31.3
With employment income	4,874,565	70.5	8,153,175	69.2	2,886,365	68.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	644,075	13.2	1,218,885	14.9	397,640	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	401,185	8.2	688,670	8.4	234,130	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	603,350	12.4	928,840	11.4	339,265	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	495,105	10.2	696,570	8.5	266,065	9.2
$30,000 to $39,999	488,000	10.0	677,110	8.3	257,235	8.9
$40,000 to $49,999	485,845	10.0	672,005	8.2	247,550	8.6
$50,000 to $59,999	403,980	8.3	611,665	7.5	230,030	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	320,700	6.6	519,955	6.4	190,470	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	250,635	5.1	419,875	5.1	154,990	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	218,100	4.5	352,235	4.3	128,265	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	141,540	2.9	316,750	3.9	105,855	3.7
$100,000 and over	422,055	8.7	1,050,620	12.9	334,875	11.6
$100,000 to $124,999	205,085	4.2	489,720	6.0	154,515	5.4
$125,000 and over	216,965	4.5	560,895	6.9	180,360	6.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	6,918,720	100.0	11,782,845	100.0	4,200,500	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,612,685	95.6	11,051,405	93.8	3,960,225	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	38,400	39,200	39,200	38,400	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,615,985	95.6	11,055,345	93.8	3,968,465	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	34,000	35,600	35,600	34,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,956,320	86.1	9,877,245	83.8	3,614,710	86.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	34,800	37,600	37,600	36,400	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,872,155	70.4	8,159,090	69.2	2,972,225	70.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	36,400	38,800	38,800	36,800	36,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,078,320	73.4	9,643,335	81.8	2,715,540	64.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,800	7,800	2,200	2,200	5,880	5,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	727,165	10.5	723,990	6.1	258,710	6.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	5,000	5,640	5,640	5,480	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,820	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,612,430	95.6	11,053,285	93.8	3,959,300	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	48,600	53,800	53,800	52,300	52,300
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,615,755	95.6	11,057,080	93.8	3,967,440	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	39,600	44,080	44,080	43,400	43,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,954,375	86.1	9,878,270	83.8	3,612,845	86.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,920	45,920	53,250	53,250	51,080	51,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,871,600	70.4	8,160,870	69.3	2,971,405	70.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	46,240	52,700	52,700	49,120	49,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,076,255	73.4	9,644,415	81.9	2,711,365	64.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,450	9,450	7,150	7,150	8,330	8,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	727,815	10.5	725,250	6.2	258,380	6.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,020	7,020	7,340	7,340	7,140	7,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,825	100.0	4,200,420	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,290,755	33.1	3,830,200	32.5	1,288,260	30.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	54,800	62,800	62,800	60,400	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,400	65,400	77,800	77,800	72,800	72,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,894,930	27.4	2,925,680	24.8	1,128,665	26.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	23,600	23,600	23,600	25,200	25,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,000	33,000	34,640	34,640	36,280	36,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	85.0	88.4	88.4	89.0	89.0
Employment income (%)	70.0	70.0	72.4	72.4	70.4	70.4
Government transfers (%)	14.9	14.9	11.6	11.6	10.9	10.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.6	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	3,749,035	...	5,491,205	...	2,041,835	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	72,500	91,000	91,000	85,000	85,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	63,200	79,500	79,500	76,000	76,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,317,505	...	1,452,540	...	600,705	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	38,800	43,600	43,600	43,200	43,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	34,400	39,200	39,200	39,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	2,431,530	...	4,038,660	...	1,441,130	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	97,000	111,000	111,000	108,000	108,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	83,000	97,000	97,000	95,000	95,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	3,749,035	...	5,491,200	...	2,041,835	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	92,000	116,000	116,000	108,600	108,600
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,200	75,200	95,300	95,300	91,100	91,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,317,070	...	1,451,915	...	600,425	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,680	47,680	57,200	57,200	55,600	55,600
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,640	39,640	47,320	47,320	46,680	46,680
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	2,431,965	...	4,039,285	...	1,441,410	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	116,000	137,000	137,000	130,800	130,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,500	94,500	112,500	112,500	109,600	109,600
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Under $5,000	35,920	1.0	61,515	1.1	30,080	1.5
$5,000 to $9,999	23,880	0.6	30,860	0.6	13,160	0.6
$10,000 to $14,999	52,080	1.4	63,360	1.2	19,290	0.9
$15,000 to $19,999	82,470	2.2	96,980	1.8	41,735	2.0
$20,000 to $24,999	218,185	5.8	186,250	3.4	82,340	4.0
$25,000 to $29,999	144,420	3.9	168,345	3.1	63,830	3.1
$30,000 to $34,999	143,285	3.8	158,810	2.9	64,895	3.2
$35,000 to $39,999	172,005	4.6	175,890	3.2	75,105	3.7
$40,000 to $44,999	174,790	4.7	182,900	3.3	73,975	3.6
$45,000 to $49,999	166,990	4.5	182,945	3.3	73,180	3.6
$50,000 to $59,999	310,880	8.3	370,350	6.7	144,895	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	280,505	7.5	364,585	6.6	139,140	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	255,770	6.8	350,520	6.4	131,840	6.5
$80,000 to $89,999	235,235	6.3	332,395	6.1	122,530	6.0
$90,000 to $99,999	208,320	5.6	310,400	5.7	112,775	5.5
$100,000 and over	1,244,285	33.2	2,455,095	44.7	853,065	41.8
$100,000 to $124,999	414,805	11.1	662,625	12.1	235,680	11.5
$125,000 to $149,999	282,590	7.5	500,495	9.1	178,970	8.8
$150,000 to $199,999	307,835	8.2	630,420	11.5	221,175	10.8
$200,000 and over	239,060	6.4	661,550	12.0	217,240	10.6
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Under $5,000	40,590	1.1	69,645	1.3	34,265	1.7
$5,000 to $9,999	24,960	0.7	32,100	0.6	13,550	0.7
$10,000 to $14,999	53,600	1.4	65,025	1.2	19,930	1.0
$15,000 to $19,999	87,695	2.3	101,865	1.9	43,390	2.1
$20,000 to $24,999	234,875	6.3	197,995	3.6	86,585	4.2
$25,000 to $29,999	177,135	4.7	190,225	3.5	72,515	3.6
$30,000 to $34,999	180,150	4.8	183,505	3.3	74,810	3.7
$35,000 to $39,999	213,760	5.7	204,300	3.7	85,940	4.2
$40,000 to $44,999	210,280	5.6	215,785	3.9	85,575	4.2
$45,000 to $49,999	193,530	5.2	217,105	4.0	85,000	4.2
$50,000 to $59,999	356,325	9.5	440,280	8.0	168,315	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	322,530	8.6	430,860	7.8	160,070	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	289,580	7.7	409,865	7.5	149,385	7.3
$80,000 to $89,999	254,885	6.8	385,295	7.0	136,615	6.7
$90,000 to $99,999	216,370	5.8	343,595	6.3	121,890	6.0
$100,000 and over	892,775	23.8	2,003,770	36.5	704,010	34.5
$100,000 to $124,999	387,835	10.3	685,485	12.5	243,560	11.9
$125,000 to $149,999	225,830	6.0	472,130	8.6	167,850	8.2
$150,000 and over	279,105	7.4	846,155	15.4	292,600	14.3
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	2,331,170	...	3,875,790	...	1,364,485	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	98,000	111,000	111,000	107,000	107,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	84,000	96,000	96,000	95,000	95,000
Average family size of economic families	2.9	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	991,710	...	1,361,615	...	562,590	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	84,000	95,000	95,000	93,000	93,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	72,500	83,000	83,000	83,000	83,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	907,765	...	1,770,030	...	561,965	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	130,000	141,000	141,000	138,000	138,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	110,000	121,000	121,000	120,000	120,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	368,845	...	610,815	...	188,585	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	69,000	73,000	73,000	70,500	70,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,600	61,600	67,500	67,500	65,000	65,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	1,586,315	...	2,041,505	...	878,130	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	36,800	38,800	38,800	39,200	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,200	35,600	35,600	36,000	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	2,330,645	...	3,873,665	...	1,363,860	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	117,000	137,200	137,200	130,400	130,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,100	95,100	112,200	112,200	108,900	108,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	992,110	...	1,359,275	...	561,775	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,100	101,100	119,500	119,500	115,100	115,100
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	82,200	97,000	97,000	96,000	96,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	909,160	...	1,773,005	...	563,000	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	151,200	168,800	168,800	161,800	161,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,300	121,300	136,600	136,600	133,800	133,800
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	367,155	...	607,780	...	186,930	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,700	78,700	87,100	87,100	83,400	83,400
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	67,500	76,100	76,100	73,100	73,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	1,585,705	...	2,039,230	...	875,470	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,480	45,480	51,800	51,800	50,240	50,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,040	38,040	43,440	43,440	42,720	42,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,648,330	19.8	2,726,265	19.4	866,210	17.6
0 to 5 years	515,725	6.2	831,185	5.9	264,100	5.4
18 to 64 years	5,060,160	60.9	8,795,220	62.7	3,085,015	62.8
65 years and over	1,599,990	19.3	2,510,270	17.9	964,710	19.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	992,235	...	1,420,525	...	528,870	...
0 to 17 years	159,530	...	314,150	...	98,830	...
0 to 5 years	53,105	...	102,930	...	29,460	...
18 to 64 years	515,470	...	803,215	...	297,960	...
65 years and over	317,235	...	303,160	...	132,075	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.9	11.9	10.1	10.1	10.8	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.7	11.5	11.5	11.4	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.3	10.3	12.4	12.4	11.2	11.2
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.2	9.1	9.1	9.7	9.7
65 years and over (%)	19.8	19.8	12.1	12.1	13.7	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	8,268,130	100.0	13,977,120	100.0	4,825,465	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,634,715	19.8	2,709,120	19.4	848,955	17.6
0 to 5 years	511,400	6.2	825,865	5.9	259,060	5.4
18 to 64 years	5,037,010	60.9	8,763,785	62.7	3,033,655	62.9
65 years and over	1,596,400	19.3	2,504,220	17.9	942,860	19.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	439,850	...	738,795	...	279,035	...
0 to 17 years	61,665	...	126,035	...	44,480	...
0 to 5 years	19,815	...	39,415	...	11,690	...
18 to 64 years	313,970	...	541,410	...	201,000	...
65 years and over	64,210	...	71,350	...	33,555	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.8	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.8	4.7	4.7	5.2	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	3.9	3.9	4.8	4.8	4.5	4.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.6	6.6
65 years and over (%)	4.0	4.0	2.9	2.9	3.6	3.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	4,667,030	56.2	6,516,085	46.4	2,300,730	46.8
In bottom decile	851,840	10.3	1,318,120	9.4	516,435	10.5
In second decile	920,490	11.1	1,283,940	9.2	444,845	9.0
In third decile	969,255	11.7	1,292,030	9.2	436,965	8.9
In fourth decile	978,345	11.8	1,296,710	9.2	442,745	9.0
In fifth decile	947,090	11.4	1,325,280	9.4	459,740	9.4
In top half of the distribution	3,641,455	43.8	7,515,670	53.6	2,615,210	53.2
In sixth decile	899,660	10.8	1,365,960	9.7	475,780	9.7
In seventh decile	837,225	10.1	1,415,070	10.1	494,480	10.1
In eighth decile	752,410	9.1	1,482,300	10.6	518,565	10.5
In ninth decile	634,425	7.6	1,581,535	11.3	550,860	11.2
In top decile	517,725	6.2	1,670,800	11.9	575,535	11.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	8,308,480	8,308,480	14,031,755	14,031,755	4,915,940	4,915,940
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.328	0.328	0.357	0.357	0.346	0.346
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	0.456	0.470	0.470	0.449	0.449
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	0.280	0.308	0.308	0.306	0.306
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	3.4	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
English only	445,575	5.3	12,196,575	86.5	4,461,290	90.1
French only	3,980,275	47.3	39,310	0.3	1,785	0.0
English and French	3,898,980	46.4	1,519,365	10.8	326,865	6.6
Neither English nor French	82,075	1.0	344,545	2.4	161,720	3.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
English	1,088,820	13.0	13,179,535	93.5	4,718,195	95.3
French	6,909,570	82.2	484,425	3.4	56,495	1.1
English and French	329,515	3.9	98,270	0.7	18,145	0.4
Neither English nor French	79,000	0.9	337,560	2.4	158,820	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
Single responses	8,098,360	96.3	13,430,605	95.3	4,761,600	96.2
Official languages	6,930,810	82.4	9,642,770	68.4	3,382,455	68.3
English	639,365	7.6	9,179,655	65.1	3,325,035	67.1
French	6,291,440	74.8	463,120	3.3	57,420	1.2
Non-official languages	1,167,550	13.9	3,787,835	26.9	1,379,145	27.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	41,820	0.5	14,475	0.1	5,490	0.1
Algonquian languages	28,925	0.3	13,545	0.1	820	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0	5	0.0	30	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	27,870	0.3	2,815	0.0	630	0.0
Atikamekw	5,490	0.1	10	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	14,905	0.2	2,800	0.0	620	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	0.0	125	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	565	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	3,235	0.0	60	0.0	15	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	70	0.0	550	0.0	50	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	90	0.0	35	0.0	170	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	60	0.0	50	0.0	85	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10,870	0.1	1,975	0.0	305	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	6,870	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	610	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	190	0.0	70	0.0	15	0.0
Mi'kmaq	190	0.0	60	0.0	10	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0.0	10	0.0	5	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	860	0.0	10,645	0.1	155	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	820	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0.0	4,240	0.0	15	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	0.0	6,365	0.0	135	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0.0	280	0.0	10	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	65	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0.0	25	0.0	30	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0.0	6,000	0.0	100	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	0.0	30	0.0	1,560	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0.0	30	0.0	1,545	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0	615	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0	90	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	15	0.0	70	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0.0	10	0.0	60	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	5	0.0	20	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0	40	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	85	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0	80	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	35	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0	460	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0	0	0.0	110	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0	40	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	12,775	0.2	510	0.0	50	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	10	0.0	5	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	5	0.0	5	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	12,770	0.2	505	0.0	35	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	5	0.0	5	0.0
Iroquoian languages	65	0.0	270	0.0	10	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	60	0.0	190	0.0	5	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	40	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	5	0.0	5	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	20	0.0	25	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0	10	0.0	1,080	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0	180	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0	100	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0	180	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0	0	0.0	265	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0	25	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0	95	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	185	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	55	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0	10	0.0	10	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	5	0.0	5	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0	10	0.0	1,005	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	5	0.0	575	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0	0	0.0	320	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0	115	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	760	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0	80	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0	0	0.0	295	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	0	0.0	150	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0	215	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	5	0.0	25	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0.0	65	0.0	70	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,125,730	13.4	3,773,365	26.8	1,373,655	27.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	233,220	2.8	310,765	2.2	33,195	0.7
Berber languages	25,990	0.3	855	0.0	110	0.0
Kabyle	23,735	0.3	580	0.0	70	0.0
Tamazight	1,975	0.0	215	0.0	25	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	285	0.0	60	0.0	10	0.0
Chadic languages	980	0.0	635	0.0	50	0.0
Hausa	425	0.0	560	0.0	40	0.0
Mina	555	0.0	70	0.0	10	0.0
Coptic	320	0.0	535	0.0	10	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,330	0.0	27,575	0.2	2,005	0.0
Bilen	20	0.0	930	0.0	30	0.0
Oromo	5	0.0	1,540	0.0	310	0.0
Somali	1,275	0.0	24,700	0.2	1,590	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	405	0.0	75	0.0
Semitic languages	204,600	2.4	281,160	2.0	31,020	0.6
Amharic	735	0.0	12,490	0.1	1,620	0.0
Arabic	198,785	2.4	214,230	1.5	22,970	0.5
Aramaic languages	525	0.0	24,105	0.2	1,505	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	0.0	15,665	0.1	580	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	0.0	7,480	0.1	800	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	300	0.0	960	0.0	125	0.0
Harari	10	0.0	970	0.0	15	0.0
Hebrew	3,680	0.0	11,630	0.1	2,260	0.0
Maltese	20	0.0	4,120	0.0	170	0.0
Tigrigna	810	0.0	13,360	0.1	2,455	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0	255	0.0	15	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	37,425	0.4	84,300	0.6	34,145	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,730	0.1	7,065	0.1	1,530	0.0
Vietnamese	28,630	0.3	77,085	0.5	32,560	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	0.0	140	0.0	50	0.0
Austronesian languages	25,580	0.3	208,395	1.5	104,100	2.1
Bikol	140	0.0	685	0.0	425	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	465	0.0	2,735	0.0	1,375	0.0
Cebuano	1,050	0.0	5,900	0.0	3,585	0.1
Fijian	5	0.0	40	0.0	345	0.0
Hiligaynon	590	0.0	3,775	0.0	1,895	0.0
Ilocano	2,125	0.0	14,680	0.1	6,325	0.1
Indonesian	730	0.0	5,440	0.0	4,080	0.1
Kankanaey	20	0.0	375	0.0	200	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	0.0	275	0.0	125	0.0
Malagasy languages	1,810	0.0	125	0.0	35	0.0
Merina	1,180	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	630	0.0	95	0.0	30	0.0
Malay	75	0.0	540	0.0	365	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	225	0.0	1,910	0.0	870	0.0
Pangasinan	120	0.0	750	0.0	395	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	17,710	0.2	168,845	1.2	82,835	1.7
Waray-Waray	65	0.0	590	0.0	300	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	410	0.0	1,710	0.0	945	0.0
Creole languages	62,640	0.7	11,690	0.1	925	0.0
Haitian Creole	46,475	0.6	5,160	0.0	115	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	0.0	435	0.0	40	0.0
Krio	10	0.0	290	0.0	35	0.0
Morisyen	3,115	0.0	1,990	0.0	375	0.0
Sango	490	0.0	45	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	11,980	0.1	2,690	0.0	180	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	555	0.0	1,080	0.0	170	0.0
Dravidian languages	18,350	0.2	185,145	1.3	13,260	0.3
Kannada	375	0.0	4,335	0.0	565	0.0
Malayalam	1,800	0.0	32,805	0.2	4,740	0.1
Tamil	14,235	0.2	126,640	0.9	5,055	0.1
Telugu	1,895	0.0	20,715	0.1	2,810	0.1
Tulu	25	0.0	415	0.0	70	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	235	0.0	25	0.0
Georgian	150	0.0	1,650	0.0	160	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0.0	480	0.0	85	0.0
Indo-European languages	595,790	7.1	2,119,610	15.0	657,345	13.3
Albanian	3,310	0.0	20,720	0.1	1,645	0.0
Armenian	16,890	0.2	14,680	0.1	1,350	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	68,295	0.8	377,895	2.7	81,655	1.6
Baltic languages	725	0.0	7,425	0.1	1,065	0.0
Latvian	235	0.0	3,050	0.0	545	0.0
Lithuanian	490	0.0	4,370	0.0	525	0.0
Slavic languages	67,565	0.8	370,475	2.6	80,590	1.6
Belarusian	75	0.0	440	0.0	70	0.0
Bulgarian	6,735	0.1	8,565	0.1	2,025	0.0
Czech	1,345	0.0	9,060	0.1	5,855	0.1
Macedonian	220	0.0	13,620	0.1	330	0.0
Polish	12,495	0.1	106,275	0.8	15,810	0.3
Russian	31,700	0.4	104,310	0.7	28,660	0.6
Rusyn	0	0.0	225	0.0	25	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	8,415	0.1	77,145	0.5	16,425	0.3
Bosnian	2,065	0.0	7,140	0.1	1,655	0.0
Croatian	2,380	0.0	28,385	0.2	6,805	0.1
Serbian	3,720	0.0	40,465	0.3	7,665	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	250	0.0	1,160	0.0	300	0.0
Slovak	855	0.0	8,675	0.1	3,275	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	600	0.0	5,520	0.0	950	0.0
Ukrainian	5,065	0.1	36,340	0.3	7,120	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	285	0.0	40	0.0
Celtic languages	130	0.0	795	0.0	415	0.0
Irish	25	0.0	225	0.0	110	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	0.0	170	0.0	80	0.0
Welsh	40	0.0	320	0.0	200	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0	80	0.0	30	0.0
Germanic languages	25,580	0.3	167,265	1.2	84,375	1.7
Frisian	15	0.0	970	0.0	200	0.0
High German languages	21,145	0.3	102,915	0.7	53,255	1.1
German	11,055	0.1	89,075	0.6	50,695	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	8,895	0.1	15	0.0
Swiss German	1,110	0.0	2,390	0.0	2,330	0.0
Yiddish	8,980	0.1	2,555	0.0	215	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,175	0.0	56,725	0.4	23,295	0.5
Afrikaans	170	0.0	2,865	0.0	3,700	0.1
Dutch	2,590	0.0	41,240	0.3	17,345	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	1,930	0.0	235	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0.0	440	0.0	110	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0.0	8,610	0.1	1,580	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	400	0.0	1,630	0.0	320	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,140	0.0	6,440	0.0	7,530	0.2
Danish	360	0.0	3,370	0.0	3,625	0.1
Icelandic	60	0.0	175	0.0	215	0.0
Norwegian	190	0.0	800	0.0	1,520	0.0
Swedish	530	0.0	2,090	0.0	2,175	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0	225	0.0	95	0.0
Greek	34,080	0.4	47,970	0.3	5,545	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	101,450	1.2	884,995	6.3	368,635	7.4
Indo-Aryan languages	63,025	0.7	715,085	5.1	306,465	6.2
Assamese	30	0.0	325	0.0	75	0.0
Bengali	12,140	0.1	54,990	0.4	4,765	0.1
Gujarati	7,070	0.1	95,785	0.7	8,250	0.2
Hindi	5,445	0.1	87,035	0.6	32,390	0.7
Kacchi	170	0.0	3,880	0.0	1,195	0.0
Kashmiri	40	0.0	460	0.0	80	0.0
Konkani	80	0.0	2,595	0.0	280	0.0
Marathi	520	0.0	9,460	0.1	1,605	0.0
Nepali	1,105	0.0	12,430	0.1	1,725	0.0
Oriya languages	65	0.0	1,325	0.0	110	0.0
Odia	40	0.0	830	0.0	65	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	0.0	490	0.0	45	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,825	0.3	260,075	1.8	240,865	4.9
Rohingya	115	0.0	290	0.0	65	0.0
Sindhi	100	0.0	2,670	0.0	285	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725	0.0	11,040	0.1	1,935	0.0
Urdu	11,320	0.1	170,955	1.2	12,210	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	0.0	1,760	0.0	625	0.0
Iranian languages	38,400	0.5	169,765	1.2	62,135	1.3
Baluchi	10	0.0	335	0.0	65	0.0
Kurdish	1,120	0.0	9,120	0.1	2,775	0.1
Parsi	35	0.0	330	0.0	155	0.0
Pashto	1,490	0.0	12,780	0.1	1,365	0.0
Persian languages	35,615	0.4	146,700	1.0	57,700	1.2
Dari	10,665	0.1	34,340	0.2	6,005	0.1
Iranian Persian	22,130	0.3	97,135	0.7	46,395	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,820	0.0	15,230	0.1	5,295	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	0.0	495	0.0	75	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0	145	0.0	40	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	346,000	4.1	605,070	4.3	113,685	2.3
Catalan	330	0.0	285	0.0	200	0.0
Italian	90,940	1.1	194,125	1.4	19,805	0.4
Portuguese	41,545	0.5	153,750	1.1	24,320	0.5
Romanian	35,810	0.4	38,955	0.3	8,775	0.2
Spanish	177,155	2.1	217,245	1.5	60,465	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0	710	0.0	120	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0	205	0.0	35	0.0
Japanese	2,760	0.0	12,880	0.1	22,030	0.4
Korean	6,670	0.1	75,220	0.5	59,935	1.2
Mongolian	225	0.0	535	0.0	435	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	33,495	0.4	42,470	0.3	4,910	0.1
Akan (Twi)	985	0.0	9,325	0.1	545	0.0
Bamanankan	1,490	0.0	185	0.0	15	0.0
Edo	90	0.0	1,165	0.0	75	0.0
Éwé	995	0.0	485	0.0	110	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,665	0.0	480	0.0	40	0.0
Ga	70	0.0	510	0.0	50	0.0
Ganda	50	0.0	1,195	0.0	160	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0.0	460	0.0	70	0.0
Igbo	145	0.0	2,385	0.0	290	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,420	0.0	1,920	0.0	295	0.0
Lingala	2,975	0.0	825	0.0	90	0.0
Luba-Kasai	285	0.0	135	0.0	10	0.0
Mòoré	405	0.0	60	0.0	0	0.0
Mwani	40	0.0	345	0.0	30	0.0
Ndebele	60	0.0	335	0.0	50	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,585	0.1	2,705	0.0	225	0.0
Shona	125	0.0	1,580	0.0	355	0.0
Soninke	270	0.0	195	0.0	5	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	0.0	230	0.0	65	0.0
Swahili	3,975	0.0	6,445	0.0	1,090	0.0
Wojenaka	910	0.0	60	0.0	10	0.0
Wolof	3,940	0.0	460	0.0	50	0.0
Yoruba	875	0.0	7,335	0.1	555	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5,105	0.1	3,655	0.0	735	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,010	0.0	1,935	0.0	420	0.0
Dinka	10	0.0	325	0.0	105	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0	320	0.0	50	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	845	0.0	1,125	0.0	220	0.0
African, n.o.s.	155	0.0	165	0.0	45	0.0
Sign languages	1,280	0.0	2,775	0.0	1,000	0.0
American Sign Language	120	0.0	2,360	0.0	895	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	930	0.0	35	0.0	5	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0	385	0.0	105	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	87,540	1.0	632,250	4.5	419,855	8.5
Chinese languages	87,155	1.0	621,980	4.4	417,290	8.4
Hakka	470	0.0	6,215	0.0	2,080	0.0
Mandarin	57,445	0.7	327,470	2.3	205,205	4.1
Min Dong	35	0.0	1,015	0.0	185	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,670	0.0	10,290	0.1	11,780	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	790	0.0	4,190	0.0	3,200	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	24,235	0.3	267,425	1.9	192,140	3.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,425	0.0	5,080	0.0	2,560	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0	300	0.0	135	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	310	0.0	10,000	0.1	2,485	0.1
Burmese	80	0.0	1,540	0.0	1,015	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0.0	440	0.0	210	0.0
Karenic languages	20	0.0	1,765	0.0	725	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0.0	1,530	0.0	645	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	235	0.0	85	0.0
Tibetan	130	0.0	5,785	0.0	395	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0	460	0.0	140	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0	275	0.0	75	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,855	0.1	8,265	0.1	4,395	0.1
Lao	3,815	0.0	4,570	0.0	1,100	0.0
Thai	1,015	0.0	3,535	0.0	3,170	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	165	0.0	120	0.0
Turkic languages	9,230	0.1	32,270	0.2	6,055	0.1
Azerbaijani	410	0.0	2,870	0.0	625	0.0
Kazakh	50	0.0	255	0.0	115	0.0
Turkish	8,220	0.1	26,740	0.2	4,765	0.1
Uyghur	235	0.0	720	0.0	240	0.0
Uzbek	170	0.0	1,080	0.0	150	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	0.0	610	0.0	165	0.0
Uralic languages	5,335	0.1	42,270	0.3	11,275	0.2
Estonian	160	0.0	3,450	0.0	575	0.0
Finnish	305	0.0	7,650	0.1	3,005	0.1
Hungarian	4,865	0.1	31,170	0.2	7,700	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0	460	0.0	130	0.0
Multiple responses	308,550	3.7	669,185	4.7	190,055	3.8
English and French	126,405	1.5	96,260	0.7	17,320	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	49,485	0.6	494,610	3.5	150,730	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	94,205	1.1	15,710	0.1	2,395	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	28,685	0.3	16,770	0.1	2,960	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	9,765	0.1	45,835	0.3	16,645	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
English	623,305	7.4	9,630,975	68.3	3,491,395	70.5
French	6,032,885	71.8	188,560	1.3	11,050	0.2
Non-official language	366,730	4.4	1,124,950	8.0	464,235	9.4
Indigenous³⁹	23,080	0.3	2,630	0.0	645	0.0
Non-Indigenous	343,650	4.1	1,122,315	8.0	463,590	9.4
English and French	497,380	5.9	274,675	1.9	42,645	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	205,755	2.4	2,647,980	18.8	880,090	17.8
French and non-official language(s)	375,795	4.5	14,065	0.1	1,065	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	284,940	3.4	117,430	0.8	21,610	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	20,125	0.2	101,145	0.7	39,565	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
Single responses	8,049,665	95.8	13,384,695	94.9	4,753,615	96.0
Official languages	7,387,055	87.9	11,165,425	79.2	3,906,070	78.9
English	874,185	10.4	10,910,560	77.4	3,888,825	78.5
French	6,512,870	77.5	254,870	1.8	17,245	0.3
Non-official languages	662,615	7.9	2,219,265	15.7	847,550	17.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,245	0.4	5,710	0.0	1,215	0.0
Algonquian languages	22,430	0.3	5,430	0.0	130	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	22,115	0.3	1,230	0.0	110	0.0
Atikamekw	4,330	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	11,895	0.1	1,220	0.0	100	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	560	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	2,495	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	35	0.0	135	0.0	10	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	0.0	5	0.0	20	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	45	0.0	15	0.0	5	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	8,680	0.1	1,015	0.0	70	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5,400	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	490	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	80	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	75	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	230	0.0	4,185	0.0	10	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	215	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0.0	1,985	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0.0	2,195	0.0	5	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0.0	95	0.0	5	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	25	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0	2,070	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0.0	15	0.0	465	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0.0	15	0.0	460	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0	215	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0	165	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0	10	0.0	30	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	11,755	0.1	150	0.0	10	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	11,750	0.1	150	0.0	10	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0.0	75	0.0	15	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0	50	0.0	10	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	15	0.0	10	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0	5	0.0	250	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0	45	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0	40	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0	0	0.0	80	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0	5	0.0	15	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	210	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	120	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0	0	0.0	80	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0.0	0	0.0	65	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	0.0	5	0.0	30	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	628,365	7.5	2,213,555	15.7	846,335	17.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	116,685	1.4	181,660	1.3	19,805	0.4
Berber languages	10,635	0.1	365	0.0	40	0.0
Kabyle	9,765	0.1	220	0.0	30	0.0
Tamazight	670	0.0	100	0.0	5	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	195	0.0	45	0.0	5	0.0
Chadic languages	335	0.0	355	0.0	10	0.0
Hausa	180	0.0	325	0.0	5	0.0
Mina	155	0.0	30	0.0	5	0.0
Coptic	225	0.0	255	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	605	0.0	16,105	0.1	1,150	0.0
Bilen	10	0.0	800	0.0	25	0.0
Oromo	5	0.0	840	0.0	155	0.0
Somali	580	0.0	14,230	0.1	930	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	230	0.0	45	0.0
Semitic languages	104,890	1.2	164,590	1.2	18,605	0.4
Amharic	330	0.0	6,405	0.0	765	0.0
Arabic	102,120	1.2	124,865	0.9	13,845	0.3
Aramaic languages	380	0.0	18,120	0.1	1,110	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	130	0.0	11,870	0.1	390	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	0.0	5,550	0.0	600	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	200	0.0	705	0.0	120	0.0
Harari	0	0.0	515	0.0	20	0.0
Hebrew	1,515	0.0	4,925	0.0	1,030	0.0
Maltese	5	0.0	770	0.0	5	0.0
Tigrigna	490	0.0	8,870	0.1	1,810	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0	120	0.0	10	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,500	0.3	55,990	0.4	21,705	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,875	0.1	3,855	0.0	780	0.0
Vietnamese	19,595	0.2	52,080	0.4	20,890	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	0.0	55	0.0	40	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,845	0.2	115,225	0.8	54,720	1.1
Bikol	45	0.0	255	0.0	130	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	0.0	1,355	0.0	585	0.0
Cebuano	560	0.0	3,140	0.0	1,735	0.0
Fijian	0	0.0	20	0.0	110	0.0
Hiligaynon	320	0.0	1,960	0.0	865	0.0
Ilocano	1,175	0.0	8,105	0.1	3,280	0.1
Indonesian	255	0.0	1,990	0.0	1,375	0.0
Kankanaey	10	0.0	210	0.0	105	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	0.0	110	0.0	55	0.0
Malagasy languages	610	0.0	45	0.0	15	0.0
Merina	305	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	300	0.0	35	0.0	15	0.0
Malay	20	0.0	130	0.0	55	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	125	0.0	990	0.0	425	0.0
Pangasinan	35	0.0	250	0.0	130	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,260	0.1	95,635	0.7	45,380	0.9
Waray-Waray	20	0.0	230	0.0	115	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	185	0.0	785	0.0	355	0.0
Creole languages	26,985	0.3	6,165	0.0	430	0.0
Haitian Creole	19,535	0.2	2,640	0.0	25	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0.0	195	0.0	25	0.0
Krio	0	0.0	140	0.0	20	0.0
Morisyen	1,590	0.0	1,425	0.0	230	0.0
Sango	230	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5,390	0.1	1,325	0.0	75	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	0.0	420	0.0	60	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,800	0.2	129,245	0.9	8,005	0.2
Kannada	190	0.0	2,165	0.0	240	0.0
Malayalam	1,225	0.0	20,855	0.1	2,890	0.1
Tamil	11,215	0.1	93,165	0.7	3,185	0.1
Telugu	1,140	0.0	12,805	0.1	1,645	0.0
Tulu	15	0.0	145	0.0	25	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	110	0.0	25	0.0
Georgian	60	0.0	1,040	0.0	100	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0	185	0.0	35	0.0
Indo-European languages	336,635	4.0	1,136,460	8.1	364,340	7.4
Albanian	1,910	0.0	9,880	0.1	690	0.0
Armenian	12,325	0.1	8,590	0.1	675	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	39,725	0.5	181,290	1.3	33,875	0.7
Baltic languages	150	0.0	1,640	0.0	225	0.0
Latvian	60	0.0	535	0.0	90	0.0
Lithuanian	95	0.0	1,105	0.0	135	0.0
Slavic languages	39,575	0.5	179,650	1.3	33,650	0.7
Belarusian	30	0.0	145	0.0	15	0.0
Bulgarian	4,535	0.1	4,100	0.0	900	0.0
Czech	375	0.0	2,555	0.0	1,760	0.0
Macedonian	125	0.0	5,535	0.0	125	0.0
Polish	4,795	0.1	45,800	0.3	5,250	0.1
Russian	22,770	0.3	66,045	0.5	16,090	0.3
Rusyn	0	0.0	120	0.0	10	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,205	0.1	35,980	0.3	6,745	0.1
Bosnian	1,075	0.0	3,450	0.0	720	0.0
Croatian	945	0.0	9,990	0.1	1,940	0.0
Serbian	2,090	0.0	22,145	0.2	4,010	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	100	0.0	400	0.0	75	0.0
Slovak	200	0.0	3,070	0.0	1,040	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	0.0	1,000	0.0	85	0.0
Ukrainian	2,375	0.0	15,235	0.1	1,630	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	65	0.0	5	0.0
Celtic languages	45	0.0	140	0.0	45	0.0
Irish	10	0.0	65	0.0	20	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	0.0	25	0.0	5	0.0
Welsh	5	0.0	45	0.0	20	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,320	0.1	40,600	0.3	12,280	0.2
Frisian	110	0.0	85	0.0	10	0.0
High German languages	9,600	0.1	28,670	0.2	7,805	0.2
German	1,685	0.0	20,680	0.1	7,320	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	7,180	0.1	5	0.0
Swiss German	235	0.0	560	0.0	480	0.0
Yiddish	7,680	0.1	250	0.0	5	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	420	0.0	11,190	0.1	3,785	0.1
Afrikaans	65	0.0	1,175	0.0	1,725	0.0
Dutch	300	0.0	4,055	0.0	1,485	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	1,265	0.0	60	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	185	0.0	45	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0	4,415	0.0	440	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	0.0	95	0.0	30	0.0
Scandinavian languages	175	0.0	620	0.0	670	0.0
Danish	35	0.0	210	0.0	220	0.0
Icelandic	25	0.0	30	0.0	50	0.0
Norwegian	15	0.0	70	0.0	95	0.0
Swedish	100	0.0	310	0.0	305	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	40	0.0	5	0.0
Greek	15,235	0.2	19,065	0.1	1,915	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	74,455	0.9	601,605	4.3	263,030	5.3
Indo-Aryan languages	46,420	0.6	487,535	3.5	220,735	4.5
Assamese	5	0.0	145	0.0	20	0.0
Bengali	8,760	0.1	34,830	0.2	2,720	0.1
Gujarati	4,630	0.1	63,145	0.4	4,160	0.1
Hindi	3,525	0.0	52,420	0.4	17,670	0.4
Kacchi	95	0.0	1,655	0.0	455	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0.0	145	0.0	30	0.0
Konkani	20	0.0	640	0.0	45	0.0
Marathi	255	0.0	4,975	0.0	780	0.0
Nepali	880	0.0	8,910	0.1	1,120	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0.0	655	0.0	40	0.0
Odia	5	0.0	420	0.0	25	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0.0	230	0.0	10	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,290	0.2	198,670	1.4	184,065	3.7
Rohingya	80	0.0	220	0.0	60	0.0
Sindhi	35	0.0	1,390	0.0	130	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	425	0.0	5,795	0.0	940	0.0
Urdu	8,250	0.1	113,020	0.8	8,235	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	0.0	930	0.0	265	0.0
Iranian languages	28,020	0.3	114,005	0.8	42,285	0.9
Baluchi	0	0.0	195	0.0	40	0.0
Kurdish	625	0.0	5,560	0.0	1,765	0.0
Parsi	15	0.0	170	0.0	75	0.0
Pashto	1,110	0.0	8,670	0.1	900	0.0
Persian languages	26,205	0.3	99,095	0.7	39,475	0.8
Dari	7,595	0.1	21,150	0.2	3,690	0.1
Iranian Persian	16,660	0.2	67,320	0.5	32,375	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,950	0.0	10,625	0.1	3,405	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0	310	0.0	35	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	65	0.0	5	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	182,585	2.2	275,210	2.0	51,830	1.0
Catalan	135	0.0	105	0.0	80	0.0
Italian	26,290	0.3	58,670	0.4	4,475	0.1
Portuguese	20,885	0.2	74,745	0.5	12,670	0.3
Romanian	22,255	0.3	17,755	0.1	3,620	0.1
Spanish	112,915	1.3	123,690	0.9	30,960	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0	240	0.0	35	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0	90	0.0	5	0.0
Japanese	1,155	0.0	5,875	0.0	10,220	0.2
Korean	4,760	0.1	53,585	0.4	45,525	0.9
Mongolian	145	0.0	290	0.0	220	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	10,160	0.1	16,065	0.1	1,485	0.0
Akan (Twi)	485	0.0	4,370	0.0	165	0.0
Bamanankan	385	0.0	80	0.0	5	0.0
Edo	25	0.0	270	0.0	10	0.0
Éwé	225	0.0	120	0.0	45	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	850	0.0	220	0.0	15	0.0
Ga	30	0.0	170	0.0	15	0.0
Ganda	5	0.0	345	0.0	30	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0	70	0.0	10	0.0
Igbo	20	0.0	660	0.0	85	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	965	0.0	775	0.0	105	0.0
Lingala	930	0.0	330	0.0	25	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Mòoré	35	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Mwani	10	0.0	80	0.0	0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0.0	115	0.0	10	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,655	0.0	1,375	0.0	130	0.0
Shona	45	0.0	450	0.0	65	0.0
Soninke	105	0.0	105	0.0	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0.0	55	0.0	5	0.0
Swahili	1,665	0.0	2,775	0.0	375	0.0
Wojenaka	245	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	1,470	0.0	165	0.0	15	0.0
Yoruba	240	0.0	2,640	0.0	160	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	720	0.0	835	0.0	210	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	395	0.0	820	0.0	155	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0	125	0.0	30	0.0
Nuer	5	0.0	185	0.0	20	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	365	0.0	460	0.0	90	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	0.0	45	0.0	20	0.0
Sign languages	2,235	0.0	5,010	0.0	1,720	0.0
American Sign Language	300	0.0	3,920	0.0	1,390	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,385	0.0	50	0.0	5	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	550	0.0	1,035	0.0	325	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,120	0.8	469,325	3.3	310,860	6.3
Chinese languages	66,880	0.8	461,870	3.3	309,165	6.2
Hakka	150	0.0	2,540	0.0	605	0.0
Mandarin	46,925	0.6	253,860	1.8	162,130	3.3
Min Dong	15	0.0	650	0.0	95	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,510	0.0	4,890	0.0	6,285	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	535	0.0	2,765	0.0	2,010	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	16,860	0.2	193,955	1.4	136,525	2.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	870	0.0	3,090	0.0	1,455	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	110	0.0	60	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	190	0.0	7,310	0.1	1,665	0.0
Burmese	40	0.0	960	0.0	670	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0	305	0.0	170	0.0
Karenic languages	10	0.0	1,275	0.0	530	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	0.0	1,105	0.0	475	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	170	0.0	50	0.0
Tibetan	75	0.0	4,540	0.0	240	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0	225	0.0	60	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0	145	0.0	35	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,325	0.0	3,995	0.0	1,570	0.0
Lao	2,060	0.0	2,395	0.0	500	0.0
Thai	255	0.0	1,520	0.0	1,010	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	85	0.0	60	0.0
Turkic languages	6,005	0.1	19,965	0.1	3,030	0.1
Azerbaijani	175	0.0	1,445	0.0	295	0.0
Kazakh	10	0.0	40	0.0	15	0.0
Turkish	5,540	0.1	17,160	0.1	2,500	0.1
Uyghur	145	0.0	490	0.0	125	0.0
Uzbek	95	0.0	580	0.0	65	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0	250	0.0	40	0.0
Uralic languages	1,505	0.0	12,465	0.1	2,375	0.0
Estonian	15	0.0	485	0.0	65	0.0
Finnish	45	0.0	1,140	0.0	500	0.0
Hungarian	1,445	0.0	10,835	0.1	1,815	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0	195	0.0	20	0.0
Multiple responses	357,245	4.2	715,095	5.1	198,040	4.0
English and French	137,120	1.6	59,725	0.4	7,210	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	60,495	0.7	624,265	4.4	183,010	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	116,595	1.4	6,475	0.0	535	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	39,875	0.5	12,185	0.1	1,525	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,160	0.0	12,445	0.1	5,760	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	8,406,905	100.0	14,099,790	100.0	4,951,660	100.0
None	7,302,915	86.9	11,528,735	81.8	4,130,200	83.4
English	353,690	4.2	903,960	6.4	304,845	6.2
French	259,425	3.1	189,420	1.3	34,575	0.7
Non-official language	269,715	3.2	1,136,770	8.1	379,250	7.7
Indigenous³⁹	5,315	0.1	9,310	0.1	5,140	0.1
Non-Indigenous	264,405	3.1	1,127,465	8.0	374,105	7.6
English and French	61,955	0.7	16,580	0.1	2,740	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	76,755	0.9	140,865	1.0	46,940	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	55,860	0.7	52,565	0.4	11,880	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,295	0.1	2,920	0.0	655	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	19,290	0.2	127,975	0.9	40,580	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	8,308,475	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
Official languages	8,227,220	99.0	13,688,615	97.6	4,754,865	96.7
English	4,317,180	52.0	13,650,230	97.3	4,753,275	96.7
French	7,786,735	93.7	1,550,545	11.1	327,350	6.7
Non-official languages	1,853,710	22.3	5,058,180	36.0	1,780,325	36.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	50,165	0.6	29,850	0.2	16,560	0.3
Algonquian languages	35,985	0.4	26,775	0.2	1,985	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0	0	0.0	60	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	33,860	0.4	5,205	0.0	1,450	0.0
Atikamekw	6,770	0.1	15	0.0	15	0.0
Cree languages	17,930	0.2	5,155	0.0	1,425	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	50	0.0	335	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	855	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	4,230	0.1	200	0.0	10	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	75	0.0	1,165	0.0	95	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	265	0.0	135	0.0	435	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	90	0.0	95	0.0	160	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	12,650	0.2	3,340	0.0	745	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	8,710	0.1	20	0.0	10	0.0
Naskapi	1,000	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	370	0.0	295	0.0	65	0.0
Mi'kmaq	370	0.0	250	0.0	60	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	35	0.0	10	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,945	0.0	21,560	0.2	440	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	1,750	0.0	135	0.0	20	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	0.0	6,260	0.0	25	0.0
Ojibway languages	210	0.0	15,530	0.1	400	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	155	0.0	1,295	0.0	80	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	210	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0.0	115	0.0	50	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	0.0	14,155	0.1	275	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0	95	0.0	10	0.0
Athabaskan languages	95	0.0	115	0.0	3,540	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	90	0.0	105	0.0	3,490	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0	1,530	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0	205	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	50	0.0	205	0.0
Gwich'in	10	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	65	0.0	15	0.0	85	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0	25	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	35	0.0	15	0.0	55	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0.0	0	0.0	235	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0	220	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	135	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0	855	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	25	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0.0	25	0.0	245	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	10	0.0	35	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0	225	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	13,900	0.2	1,000	0.0	205	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0.0	25	0.0	35	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	15	0.0	25	0.0	30	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	13,880	0.2	970	0.0	175	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	15	0.0	10	0.0
Iroquoian languages	240	0.0	1,625	0.0	100	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	210	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	215	0.0	1,220	0.0	90	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	210	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0	190	0.0
Michif	35	0.0	135	0.0	240	0.0
Salish languages	30	0.0	65	0.0	5,145	0.1
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0	1,400	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0	590	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	25	0.0	465	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	20	0.0	10	0.0	1,060	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0	345	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0	315	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	690	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	20	0.0	325	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0.0	65	0.0	100	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	20	0.0	15	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	15	0.0	30	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	30	0.0	50	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0.0	25	0.0	2,610	0.1
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	10	0.0	1,120	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0.0	20	0.0	1,080	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0	455	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0.0	20	0.0	2,145	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0	285	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0	0	0.0	330	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	10	0.0	790	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0	685	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	45	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0	70	0.0	355	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	95	0.0	245	0.0	285	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,804,195	21.7	5,029,345	35.8	1,764,475	35.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	385,210	4.6	481,620	3.4	50,895	1.0
Berber languages	39,965	0.5	1,570	0.0	235	0.0
Kabyle	35,660	0.4	950	0.0	140	0.0
Tamazight	3,840	0.0	475	0.0	65	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	1,000	0.0	215	0.0	35	0.0
Chadic languages	2,900	0.0	2,210	0.0	315	0.0
Hausa	1,250	0.0	2,005	0.0	285	0.0
Mina	1,650	0.0	200	0.0	25	0.0
Coptic	1,150	0.0	2,130	0.0	60	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,145	0.0	41,520	0.3	2,745	0.1
Bilen	25	0.0	1,335	0.0	30	0.0
Oromo	55	0.0	2,950	0.0	500	0.0
Somali	2,025	0.0	36,825	0.3	2,215	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0	815	0.0	50	0.0
Semitic languages	363,875	4.4	443,215	3.2	48,405	1.0
Amharic	1,225	0.0	22,815	0.2	3,100	0.1
Arabic	343,675	4.1	342,860	2.4	35,595	0.7
Aramaic languages	935	0.0	33,950	0.2	2,270	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	0.0	21,640	0.2	895	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	80	0.0	11,170	0.1	1,050	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	660	0.0	1,685	0.0	380	0.0
Harari	15	0.0	1,610	0.0	20	0.0
Hebrew	19,210	0.2	47,380	0.3	6,995	0.1
Maltese	40	0.0	6,055	0.0	270	0.0
Tigrigna	1,010	0.0	19,755	0.1	3,435	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	165	0.0	685	0.0	60	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	49,720	0.6	115,355	0.8	44,030	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	12,785	0.2	10,085	0.1	2,210	0.0
Vietnamese	37,655	0.5	105,800	0.8	41,975	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	105	0.0	275	0.0	65	0.0
Austronesian languages	40,880	0.5	292,100	2.1	148,455	3.0
Bikol	340	0.0	1,345	0.0	810	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	655	0.0	3,410	0.0	1,655	0.0
Cebuano	1,940	0.0	11,100	0.1	5,995	0.1
Fijian	10	0.0	210	0.0	1,020	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,215	0.0	6,435	0.0	3,135	0.1
Ilocano	3,845	0.0	26,205	0.2	11,285	0.2
Indonesian	1,510	0.0	8,175	0.1	6,810	0.1
Kankanaey	85	0.0	620	0.0	330	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	0.0	310	0.0	200	0.0
Malagasy languages	3,265	0.0	270	0.0	100	0.0
Merina	2,215	0.0	35	0.0	20	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	1,085	0.0	235	0.0	85	0.0
Malay	595	0.0	4,370	0.0	3,485	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	0.0	3,390	0.0	1,550	0.0
Pangasinan	200	0.0	1,610	0.0	925	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,810	0.4	271,450	1.9	133,780	2.7
Waray-Waray	215	0.0	1,810	0.0	865	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,645	0.0	6,850	0.0	3,590	0.1
Creole languages	135,275	1.6	36,585	0.3	3,230	0.1
Haitian Creole	118,010	1.4	14,220	0.1	470	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	340	0.0	3,385	0.0	265	0.0
Krio	75	0.0	650	0.0	160	0.0
Morisyen	6,810	0.1	5,645	0.0	1,070	0.0
Sango	1,070	0.0	270	0.0	15	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	17,995	0.2	10,235	0.1	835	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	3,010	0.0	4,065	0.0	555	0.0
Dravidian languages	25,390	0.3	272,060	1.9	20,585	0.4
Kannada	925	0.0	12,930	0.1	1,615	0.0
Malayalam	2,530	0.0	48,025	0.3	6,765	0.1
Tamil	20,050	0.2	192,890	1.4	9,740	0.2
Telugu	3,260	0.0	38,190	0.3	4,860	0.1
Tulu	80	0.0	1,225	0.0	205	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	0.0	685	0.0	45	0.0
Georgian	245	0.0	2,170	0.0	240	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0.0	555	0.0	160	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,014,365	12.2	2,941,400	21.0	906,560	18.4
Albanian	4,545	0.1	26,725	0.2	2,195	0.0
Armenian	22,100	0.3	19,610	0.1	1,600	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	95,385	1.1	470,080	3.4	101,395	2.1
Baltic languages	1,105	0.0	9,715	0.1	1,480	0.0
Latvian	440	0.0	4,215	0.0	730	0.0
Lithuanian	660	0.0	5,520	0.0	750	0.0
Slavic languages	94,580	1.1	462,520	3.3	100,340	2.0
Belarusian	410	0.0	1,630	0.0	330	0.0
Bulgarian	8,110	0.1	11,310	0.1	2,475	0.1
Czech	2,165	0.0	13,130	0.1	7,935	0.2
Macedonian	455	0.0	21,070	0.2	505	0.0
Polish	16,790	0.2	134,980	1.0	19,640	0.4
Russian	55,485	0.7	155,340	1.1	42,390	0.9
Rusyn	15	0.0	295	0.0	45	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	11,145	0.1	102,885	0.7	21,625	0.4
Bosnian	3,060	0.0	13,895	0.1	3,150	0.1
Croatian	4,710	0.1	48,075	0.3	11,060	0.2
Serbian	5,285	0.1	58,045	0.4	11,070	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	315	0.0	1,850	0.0	480	0.0
Slovak	1,380	0.0	11,725	0.1	4,315	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	810	0.0	7,235	0.1	1,280	0.0
Ukrainian	10,185	0.1	58,355	0.4	12,205	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	110	0.0	500	0.0	70	0.0
Celtic languages	665	0.0	4,115	0.0	2,675	0.1
Irish	300	0.0	2,345	0.0	1,665	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	135	0.0	715	0.0	260	0.0
Welsh	85	0.0	810	0.0	610	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	165	0.0	285	0.0	160	0.0
Germanic languages	65,625	0.8	257,270	1.8	128,605	2.6
Frisian	65	0.0	1,750	0.0	375	0.0
High German languages	57,640	0.7	175,485	1.3	86,275	1.8
German	44,170	0.5	158,120	1.1	84,325	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	10,370	0.1	25	0.0
Swiss German	1,615	0.0	3,485	0.0	3,030	0.1
Yiddish	12,825	0.2	6,100	0.0	480	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,410	0.1	78,435	0.6	34,480	0.7
Afrikaans	580	0.0	9,255	0.1	9,755	0.2
Dutch	5,170	0.1	55,040	0.4	22,380	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0.0	2,185	0.0	345	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	595	0.0	55	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	0.0	10,245	0.1	2,180	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	735	0.0	2,040	0.0	405	0.0
Scandinavian languages	3,335	0.0	12,565	0.1	12,425	0.3
Danish	860	0.0	5,175	0.0	4,950	0.1
Icelandic	90	0.0	390	0.0	330	0.0
Norwegian	735	0.0	2,385	0.0	3,125	0.1
Swedish	1,905	0.0	5,340	0.0	4,730	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	215	0.0	480	0.0	210	0.0
Greek	50,375	0.6	76,320	0.5	9,005	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	136,020	1.6	1,244,895	8.9	477,485	9.7
Indo-Aryan languages	90,745	1.1	1,049,480	7.5	406,375	8.3
Assamese	75	0.0	725	0.0	100	0.0
Bengali	16,170	0.2	76,980	0.5	6,565	0.1
Gujarati	10,640	0.1	143,240	1.0	14,340	0.3
Hindi	35,765	0.4	436,125	3.1	134,950	2.7
Kacchi	375	0.0	8,140	0.1	2,925	0.1
Kashmiri	115	0.0	1,085	0.0	185	0.0
Konkani	235	0.0	6,745	0.0	775	0.0
Marathi	1,160	0.0	24,775	0.2	3,555	0.1
Nepali	1,375	0.0	17,110	0.1	2,445	0.0
Oriya languages	105	0.0	2,545	0.0	180	0.0
Odia	45	0.0	1,430	0.0	95	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	0.0	1,130	0.0	85	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	34,290	0.4	397,865	2.8	315,000	6.4
Rohingya	250	0.0	370	0.0	55	0.0
Sindhi	230	0.0	5,595	0.0	645	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,610	0.0	21,630	0.2	3,440	0.1
Urdu	21,180	0.3	295,175	2.1	25,780	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	770	0.0	5,965	0.0	1,645	0.0
Iranian languages	48,105	0.6	210,370	1.5	73,745	1.5
Baluchi	0	0.0	520	0.0	155	0.0
Kurdish	1,805	0.0	13,870	0.1	3,875	0.1
Parsi	135	0.0	525	0.0	290	0.0
Pashto	2,210	0.0	20,790	0.1	2,645	0.1
Persian languages	44,745	0.5	183,830	1.3	68,960	1.4
Dari	13,235	0.2	47,640	0.3	8,235	0.2
Iranian Persian	27,430	0.3	122,305	0.9	55,745	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,595	0.1	16,615	0.1	5,780	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	290	0.0	1,040	0.0	200	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0	1,300	0.0	210	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	684,830	8.2	922,975	6.6	211,725	4.3
Catalan	1,250	0.0	770	0.0	565	0.0
Italian	168,040	2.0	312,800	2.2	36,370	0.7
Portuguese	65,605	0.8	208,575	1.5	33,005	0.7
Romanian	44,510	0.5	48,315	0.3	11,210	0.2
Spanish	453,905	5.5	401,205	2.9	143,900	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,105	0.0	2,355	0.0	655	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	285	0.0	910	0.0	320	0.0
Japanese	9,305	0.1	30,705	0.2	41,835	0.9
Korean	9,265	0.1	90,475	0.6	69,935	1.4
Mongolian	320	0.0	745	0.0	565	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	75,835	0.9	106,850	0.8	13,290	0.3
Akan (Twi)	2,385	0.0	17,570	0.1	1,365	0.0
Bamanankan	3,525	0.0	760	0.0	65	0.0
Edo	365	0.0	3,210	0.0	175	0.0
Éwé	2,365	0.0	1,195	0.0	290	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5,820	0.1	1,010	0.0	85	0.0
Ga	375	0.0	1,870	0.0	215	0.0
Ganda	280	0.0	2,760	0.0	415	0.0
Gikuyu	80	0.0	1,080	0.0	130	0.0
Igbo	745	0.0	8,115	0.1	980	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,740	0.1	4,020	0.0	605	0.0
Lingala	14,985	0.2	7,315	0.1	475	0.0
Luba-Kasai	1,205	0.0	1,050	0.0	60	0.0
Mòoré	1,615	0.0	235	0.0	15	0.0
Mwani	80	0.0	520	0.0	10	0.0
Ndebele	180	0.0	855	0.0	190	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	7,310	0.1	4,895	0.0	335	0.0
Shona	345	0.0	3,040	0.0	725	0.0
Soninke	570	0.0	290	0.0	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	85	0.0	630	0.0	105	0.0
Swahili	12,270	0.1	24,360	0.2	5,205	0.1
Wojenaka	2,195	0.0	260	0.0	25	0.0
Wolof	9,930	0.1	1,495	0.0	165	0.0
Yoruba	3,100	0.0	24,375	0.2	1,815	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,915	0.2	12,825	0.1	2,275	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,865	0.0	3,210	0.0	670	0.0
Dinka	10	0.0	470	0.0	115	0.0
Nuer	10	0.0	585	0.0	60	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,845	0.0	2,155	0.0	490	0.0
African, n.o.s.	995	0.0	835	0.0	130	0.0
Sign languages	8,070	0.1	18,990	0.1	7,965	0.2
American Sign Language	1,310	0.0	16,685	0.1	7,020	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	5,740	0.1	380	0.0	15	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,555	0.0	2,600	0.0	1,105	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	107,415	1.3	747,160	5.3	491,660	10.0
Chinese languages	106,915	1.3	734,190	5.2	488,465	9.9
Hakka	810	0.0	8,760	0.1	3,615	0.1
Mandarin	80,520	1.0	467,415	3.3	312,625	6.4
Min Dong	70	0.0	1,450	0.0	215	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,310	0.1	18,020	0.1	24,065	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,255	0.0	6,720	0.0	4,760	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	34,030	0.4	352,135	2.5	246,045	5.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,500	0.0	5,200	0.0	2,215	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	245	0.0	515	0.0	255	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	465	0.0	13,135	0.1	3,375	0.1
Burmese	135	0.0	2,570	0.0	1,730	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0.0	600	0.0	295	0.0
Karenic languages	35	0.0	2,255	0.0	770	0.0
S'gaw Karen	20	0.0	1,970	0.0	705	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	385	0.0	85	0.0
Tibetan	190	0.0	7,475	0.1	590	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	130	0.0	980	0.0	275	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0	565	0.0	215	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	7,330	0.1	12,655	0.1	6,725	0.1
Lao	5,485	0.1	7,370	0.1	1,635	0.0
Thai	2,720	0.0	6,200	0.0	5,310	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0	335	0.0	170	0.0
Turkic languages	17,795	0.2	52,195	0.4	10,910	0.2
Azerbaijani	995	0.0	5,910	0.0	1,665	0.0
Kazakh	125	0.0	710	0.0	230	0.0
Turkish	16,195	0.2	44,815	0.3	9,230	0.2
Uyghur	350	0.0	825	0.0	235	0.0
Uzbek	320	0.0	2,095	0.0	275	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350	0.0	1,075	0.0	295	0.0
Uralic languages	7,595	0.1	52,025	0.4	13,510	0.3
Estonian	230	0.0	4,010	0.0	695	0.0
Finnish	525	0.0	9,455	0.1	3,635	0.1
Hungarian	6,850	0.1	38,690	0.3	9,230	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	835	0.0	2,145	0.0	585	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	205,010	2.5	406,585	2.9	290,210	5.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	193,365	2.3	389,955	2.8	279,670	5.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	116,550	1.4	251,030	1.8	180,085	3.7
Métis	61,010	0.7	134,615	1.0	97,860	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	15,800	0.2	4,310	0.0	1,720	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	3,135	0.0	7,115	0.1	5,980	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	8,515	0.1	9,515	0.1	4,560	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	8,103,470	97.5	13,625,165	97.1	4,625,735	94.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	76,775	0.9	172,535	1.2	136,875	2.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	8,231,705	99.1	13,859,215	98.8	4,779,065	97.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Owner	2,245,605	59.9	3,755,720	68.4	1,363,190	66.8
Renter	1,497,010	39.9	1,724,970	31.4	669,450	32.8
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	6,425	0.2	10,510	0.2	9,190	0.5
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Condominium	515,590	13.8	822,780	15.0	482,755	23.6
Not condominium	3,233,445	86.2	4,668,425	85.0	1,559,075	76.4
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
No bedrooms	32,020	0.9	48,740	0.9	30,855	1.5
1 bedroom	623,295	16.6	769,570	14.0	354,020	17.3
2 bedrooms	1,173,600	31.3	1,205,540	22.0	569,180	27.9
3 bedrooms	1,189,790	31.7	1,918,935	34.9	539,910	26.4
4 or more bedrooms	730,330	19.5	1,548,420	28.2	547,870	26.8
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	1,378,765	36.8	1,579,320	28.8	766,380	37.5
5 rooms	645,635	17.2	775,580	14.1	300,895	14.7
6 rooms	435,225	11.6	791,100	14.4	248,045	12.1
7 rooms	403,225	10.8	708,205	12.9	205,105	10.0
8 or more rooms	886,180	23.6	1,636,990	29.8	521,410	25.5
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	5.8	6.2	6.2	5.8	5.8
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
One person or fewer per room	3,700,720	98.7	5,328,575	97.0	1,984,655	97.2
More than one person per room	48,315	1.3	162,625	3.0	57,180	2.8
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Suitable	3,606,260	96.2	5,122,185	93.3	1,919,140	94.0
Not suitable	142,775	3.8	369,015	6.7	122,700	6.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
1960 or before	879,375	23.5	1,247,430	22.7	256,175	12.5
1961 to 1980	1,114,690	29.7	1,456,110	26.5	550,690	27.0
1981 to 1990	509,120	13.6	711,940	13.0	289,940	14.2
1991 to 2000	385,315	10.3	644,080	11.7	336,315	16.5
2001 to 2005	198,595	5.3	385,045	7.0	122,855	6.0
2006 to 2010	231,930	6.2	348,760	6.4	164,165	8.0
2011 to 2015	212,290	5.7	328,735	6.0	135,725	6.6
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	217,715	5.8	369,095	6.7	185,965	9.1
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	3,512,925	93.7	5,177,155	94.3	1,922,640	94.2
Major repairs needed	236,110	6.3	314,050	5.7	119,195	5.8
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
One-maintainer household	2,097,670	56.0	2,677,880	48.8	1,003,245	49.1
Two-maintainer household	1,561,495	41.7	2,506,110	45.6	904,960	44.3
Three-or-more-maintainer household	89,875	2.4	307,210	5.6	133,630	6.5
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,200	100.0	2,041,835	100.0
15 to 24 years	117,525	3.1	126,385	2.3	57,980	2.8
25 to 34 years	525,540	14.0	727,305	13.2	282,195	13.8
35 to 44 years	647,165	17.3	930,410	16.9	343,380	16.8
45 to 54 years	628,630	16.8	1,013,210	18.5	354,340	17.4
55 to 64 years	760,395	20.3	1,149,345	20.9	407,735	20.0
65 to 74 years	629,965	16.8	876,960	16.0	347,335	17.0
75 to 84 years	336,170	9.0	481,250	8.8	182,155	8.9
85 years and over	103,640	2.8	186,330	3.4	66,710	3.3
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	3,706,605	100.0	5,415,420	100.0	1,988,210	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	3,110,920	83.9	4,103,320	75.8	1,481,365	74.5
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	595,690	16.1	1,312,095	24.2	506,850	25.5
30% to less than 100%	542,060	14.6	1,169,040	21.6	434,390	21.8
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	3,749,035	100.0	5,491,205	100.0	2,041,830	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	901,440	24.0	1,802,285	32.8	683,985	33.5
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	537,090	14.3	1,150,405	20.9	451,550	22.1
Not suitable only	112,775	3.0	262,900	4.8	89,300	4.4
Major repairs needed only	179,840	4.8	201,870	3.7	80,200	3.9
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	15,470	0.4	74,930	1.4	23,945	1.2
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	41,740	1.1	80,990	1.5	29,585	1.4
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,135	0.4	25,420	0.5	7,640	0.4
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,395	0.0	5,765	0.1	1,770	0.1
Acceptable housing	2,847,590	76.0	3,688,915	67.2	1,357,845	66.5
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	3,652,985	100.0	5,272,360	100.0	1,915,755	100.0
In core need	218,275	6.0	639,805	12.1	257,090	13.4
Not in core need	3,434,710	94.0	4,632,550	87.9	1,658,665	86.6
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,227,470	...	3,718,255	...	1,330,795	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.2	62.2	59.7	59.7	57.5	57.5
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.0	10.0	17.7	17.7	19.3	19.3
% in core housing need⁶³	2.1	2.1	6.4	6.4	8.0	8.0
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	1,070	1,440	1,440	1,320	1,320
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	1,195	1,700	1,700	1,668	1,668
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	300,000	700,000	700,000	785,000	785,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	376,800	376,800	807,000	807,000	983,000	983,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,493,510	...	1,722,000	...	663,870	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	8.6	13.7	13.7	11.0	11.0
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	25.2	38.4	38.4	37.8	37.8
% in core housing need⁶³	11.9	11.9	24.9	24.9	24.7	24.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	810	1,300	1,300	1,370	1,370
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	886	886	1,408	1,408	1,494	1,494
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,425	...	10,510	...	9,190	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.2	4.2	8.7	8.7	11.4	11.4
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	440	440	324	324	368	368
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	449	449	380	380	446	446
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	177,300	2.1	169,090	1.2	120,245	2.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	174,610	2.1	166,095	1.2	118,210	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	140,690	1.7	136,445	1.0	100,805	2.1
Métis single ancestry	20,510	0.2	27,835	0.2	16,830	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	13,410	0.2	1,810	0.0	570	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,685	0.0	3,000	0.0	2,040	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,830	0.0	2,660	0.0	1,870	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	760	0.0	175	0.0	70	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	55	0.0	115	0.0	60	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	45	0.0	50	0.0	35	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	203,425	2.4	351,395	2.5	191,640	3.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	200,985	2.4	342,985	2.4	184,975	3.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	177,925	2.1	246,415	1.8	123,735	2.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,935	0.2	93,245	0.7	59,905	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,120	0.0	3,325	0.0	1,330	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,435	0.0	8,405	0.1	6,665	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,800	0.0	7,595	0.1	6,390	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	0.0	535	0.0	170	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	0.0	215	0.0	80	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	0.0	60	0.0	20	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	7,927,760	95.4	13,511,270	96.3	4,604,055	93.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	7,790,215	93.8	12,633,260	90.0	4,359,045	88.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,570,720	18.9	2,554,125	18.2	812,305	16.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,219,495	74.9	10,079,140	71.8	3,546,745	72.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	518,265	6.2	1,398,490	10.0	556,895	11.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	6,892,110	83.0	9,437,320	67.3	3,319,230	67.5
Immigrants⁸¹	1,210,600	14.6	4,206,585	30.0	1,425,710	29.0
Before 1980	187,200	2.3	860,305	6.1	280,160	5.7
1980 to 1990	124,610	1.5	506,195	3.6	164,445	3.3
1991 to 2000	190,495	2.3	852,765	6.1	299,115	6.1
2001 to 2010	312,210	3.8	941,630	6.7	316,915	6.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	396,090	4.8	1,045,695	7.5	365,075	7.4
2011 to 2015	193,345	2.3	461,010	3.3	167,650	3.4
2016 to 2021	202,740	2.4	584,680	4.2	197,425	4.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	205,770	2.5	387,850	2.8	171,000	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,210,600	100.0	4,206,585	100.0	1,425,715	100.0
Under 5 years	112,295	9.3	375,395	8.9	117,555	8.2
5 to 14 years	201,385	16.6	734,680	17.5	226,910	15.9
15 to 24 years	213,035	17.6	840,165	20.0	275,435	19.3
25 to 44 years	594,845	49.1	1,851,675	44.0	639,200	44.8
45 years and over	89,045	7.4	404,670	9.6	166,605	11.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,210,600	100.0	4,206,585	100.0	1,425,715	100.0
Americas	264,885	21.9	629,550	15.0	126,075	8.8
Brazil	9,705	0.8	23,125	0.5	8,765	0.6
Colombia	29,670	2.5	32,520	0.8	5,450	0.4
El Salvador	11,515	1.0	21,780	0.5	5,770	0.4
Guyana	2,350	0.2	77,635	1.8	1,400	0.1
Haiti	86,105	7.1	11,375	0.3	490	0.0
Jamaica	4,485	0.4	122,770	2.9	4,295	0.3
Mexico	17,390	1.4	33,380	0.8	13,385	0.9
Peru	13,885	1.1	11,455	0.3	3,510	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	3,820	0.3	52,750	1.3	2,725	0.2
United States of America	24,945	2.1	111,390	2.6	59,920	4.2
Other places of birth in Americas	61,020	5.0	131,370	3.1	20,355	1.4
Europe	309,015	25.5	1,049,725	25.0	307,495	21.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,015	0.3	21,150	0.5	4,510	0.3
Croatia	2,015	0.2	24,270	0.6	5,390	0.4
France	93,160	7.7	15,240	0.4	7,025	0.5
Germany	8,385	0.7	54,275	1.3	30,910	2.2
Greece	16,130	1.3	31,650	0.8	3,350	0.2
Hungary	2,930	0.2	18,530	0.4	5,115	0.4
Italy	43,975	3.6	135,640	3.2	13,410	0.9
Netherlands	1,655	0.1	39,490	0.9	16,070	1.1
Poland	9,670	0.8	88,785	2.1	14,305	1.0
Portugal	17,000	1.4	95,490	2.3	7,785	0.5
Romania	27,515	2.3	40,475	1.0	9,370	0.7
Russian Federation	11,690	1.0	44,165	1.0	12,170	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	1,610	0.1	22,295	0.5	4,565	0.3
Ukraine	9,660	0.8	43,070	1.0	9,450	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,290	1.0	239,485	5.7	116,525	8.2
Other places of birth in Europe	47,310	3.9	135,725	3.2	47,545	3.3
Africa	302,010	24.9	287,920	6.8	53,330	3.7
Algeria	72,835	6.0	4,355	0.1	510	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15,595	1.3	10,220	0.2	1,005	0.1
Egypt	20,325	1.7	39,345	0.9	3,310	0.2
Eritrea	600	0.0	14,200	0.3	2,485	0.2
Ethiopia	1,045	0.1	19,415	0.5	2,590	0.2
Morocco	68,865	5.7	8,105	0.2	1,270	0.1
Nigeria	2,210	0.2	37,420	0.9	3,585	0.3
Somalia	675	0.1	20,335	0.5	1,240	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,025	0.1	21,540	0.5	15,380	1.1
Other places of birth in Africa	118,820	9.8	112,985	2.7	21,955	1.5
Asia	332,925	27.5	2,225,590	52.9	905,585	63.5
Afghanistan	9,545	0.8	38,580	0.9	6,245	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	20,235	1.7	103,795	2.5	45,970	3.2
Iraq	4,085	0.3	63,255	1.5	7,000	0.5
Lebanon	42,280	3.5	38,170	0.9	2,455	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	26,845	2.2	45,685	1.1	6,545	0.5
Turkey	7,450	0.6	20,795	0.5	3,095	0.2
China⁹⁰	52,500	4.3	355,955	8.5	217,970	15.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,900	0.4	108,480	2.6	78,855	5.5
Korea, South⁹²	5,180	0.4	62,750	1.5	47,520	3.3
Taiwan	2,500	0.2	18,105	0.4	40,445	2.8
Philippines	31,350	2.6	268,580	6.4	131,645	9.2
Viet Nam	25,485	2.1	86,315	2.1	32,390	2.3
Bangladesh	8,965	0.7	46,260	1.1	3,035	0.2
India	24,990	2.1	495,750	11.8	197,115	13.8
Pakistan	11,250	0.9	165,530	3.9	13,345	0.9
Sri Lanka	10,910	0.9	112,730	2.7	5,375	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	44,455	3.7	194,855	4.6	66,580	4.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,765	0.1	13,810	0.3	33,225	2.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	202,740	100.0	584,680	100.0	197,420	100.0
Americas	30,910	15.2	68,450	11.7	22,835	11.6
Brazil	2,575	1.3	8,725	1.5	5,130	2.6
Colombia	4,295	2.1	4,260	0.7	1,075	0.5
Haiti	8,600	4.2	1,550	0.3	35	0.0
Jamaica	215	0.1	9,970	1.7	1,005	0.5
Mexico	2,520	1.2	5,810	1.0	3,045	1.5
United States of America	4,140	2.0	17,945	3.1	8,760	4.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,690	0.8	3,400	0.6	530	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	6,860	3.4	16,795	2.9	3,265	1.7
Europe	33,705	16.6	47,295	8.1	25,290	12.8
France	20,980	10.3	3,225	0.6	1,730	0.9
Germany	530	0.3	1,685	0.3	1,380	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	100	0.0	2,225	0.4	2,420	1.2
Italy	700	0.3	1,770	0.3	995	0.5
Russian Federation	1,365	0.7	5,150	0.9	2,075	1.1
Ukraine	1,660	0.8	6,035	1.0	1,935	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	975	0.5	8,000	1.4	7,675	3.9
Other places of birth in Europe	7,395	3.6	19,200	3.3	7,090	3.6
Africa	70,310	34.7	64,910	11.1	10,465	5.3
Algeria	13,975	6.9	1,130	0.2	65	0.0
Burundi	2,290	1.1	1,790	0.3	110	0.1
Cameroon	8,830	4.4	1,585	0.3	120	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	4,055	2.0	2,275	0.4	340	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	6,305	3.1	1,085	0.2	40	0.0
Egypt	2,385	1.2	6,370	1.1	610	0.3
Eritrea	300	0.1	7,145	1.2	1,515	0.8
Ethiopia	155	0.1	3,480	0.6	620	0.3
Morocco	9,515	4.7	1,890	0.3	275	0.1
Nigeria	995	0.5	16,570	2.8	1,770	0.9
Somalia	75	0.0	3,345	0.6	255	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	190	0.1	2,915	0.5	1,965	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	100	0.0	2,095	0.4	235	0.1
Tunisia	6,640	3.3	820	0.1	115	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	14,505	7.2	12,405	2.1	2,420	1.2
Asia	67,305	33.2	401,940	68.7	134,395	68.1
Afghanistan	2,515	1.2	7,225	1.2	1,325	0.7
Bangladesh	1,190	0.6	7,710	1.3	655	0.3
China⁹⁰	10,735	5.3	54,645	9.3	31,450	15.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	150	0.1	2,620	0.4	2,515	1.3
India	8,460	4.2	139,660	23.9	39,390	20.0
Iran⁸⁸	4,135	2.0	13,215	2.3	5,850	3.0
Iraq	715	0.4	12,940	2.2	1,545	0.8
Israel	395	0.2	2,270	0.4	605	0.3
Japan	325	0.2	1,460	0.2	2,090	1.1
Jordan	565	0.3	2,610	0.4	395	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,355	0.7	6,935	1.2	7,220	3.7
Lebanon	3,620	1.8	4,365	0.7	395	0.2
Nepal	245	0.1	2,445	0.4	405	0.2
Pakistan	2,160	1.1	23,970	4.1	2,390	1.2
Philippines	8,480	4.2	45,235	7.7	21,220	10.7
Saudi Arabia	1,390	0.7	6,110	1.0	565	0.3
Sri Lanka	710	0.4	5,895	1.0	710	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	13,390	6.6	30,180	5.2	4,955	2.5
Turkey	800	0.4	7,060	1.2	1,025	0.5
United Arab Emirates	975	0.5	5,310	0.9	620	0.3
Viet Nam	1,620	0.8	6,020	1.0	2,845	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	3,390	1.7	14,075	2.4	6,215	3.1
Oceania and other⁹³	510	0.3	2,090	0.4	4,440	2.2
Australia	295	0.1	1,620	0.3	3,280	1.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	220	0.1	470	0.1	1,160	0.6
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,471,845	17.7	4,725,795	33.7	1,657,625	33.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	883,485	10.6	3,180,170	22.7	1,068,600	21.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	5,953,145	71.7	6,125,785	43.7	2,189,720	44.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,023,400	100.0	3,346,285	100.0	1,145,550	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	559,935	54.7	1,669,195	49.9	661,395	57.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	267,870	26.2	697,905	20.9	273,695	23.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	292,070	28.5	971,295	29.0	387,700	33.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	272,255	26.6	1,037,680	31.0	372,185	32.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	175,740	17.2	587,735	17.6	97,720	8.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	15,470	1.5	51,675	1.5	14,250	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,023,400	100.0	3,346,285	100.0	1,145,550	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	89,850	8.8	262,835	7.9	27,320	2.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	94,185	9.2	289,330	8.6	138,760	12.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	25,505	2.5	79,320	2.4	40,690	3.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	48,805	4.8	179,715	5.4	71,860	6.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	8,935	0.9	19,030	0.6	5,145	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	756,120	73.9	2,516,055	75.2	861,775	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,340,735	16.1	4,817,360	34.3	1,689,490	34.4
South Asian	127,990	1.5	1,515,295	10.8	473,965	9.6
Chinese	115,240	1.4	820,245	5.8	550,590	11.2
Black	422,405	5.1	768,740	5.5	61,760	1.3
Filipino	44,885	0.5	363,650	2.6	174,280	3.5
Arab	280,075	3.4	284,215	2.0	28,010	0.6
Latin American	172,925	2.1	249,190	1.8	65,970	1.3
Southeast Asian	70,455	0.8	167,845	1.2	71,785	1.5
West Asian	43,985	0.5	212,185	1.5	69,270	1.4
Korean	10,360	0.1	99,425	0.7	72,815	1.5
Japanese	5,305	0.1	31,420	0.2	44,120	0.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	12,150	0.1	124,120	0.9	18,080	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	34,960	0.4	181,025	1.3	58,840	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	6,967,745	83.9	9,214,395	65.7	3,226,450	65.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	8,308,475	100.0	14,031,755	100.0	4,915,940	100.0
Canadian	2,412,040	29.0	1,621,655	11.6	459,320	9.3
English	177,710	2.1	2,347,685	16.7	1,019,250	20.7
Irish	404,190	4.9	1,999,985	14.3	627,920	12.8
Scottish	192,685	2.3	1,937,010	13.8	774,455	15.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,778,900	21.4	1,039,385	7.4	312,750	6.4
German	124,305	1.5	1,058,075	7.5	539,145	11.0
Chinese	123,985	1.5	821,835	5.9	517,805	10.5
Italian	316,315	3.8	905,105	6.5	162,485	3.3
Indian (India)	65,790	0.8	764,435	5.4	275,975	5.6
Ukrainian	38,685	0.5	342,260	2.4	210,100	4.3
Dutch	22,385	0.3	478,860	3.4	189,985	3.9
Polish	63,505	0.8	461,090	3.3	134,635	2.7
Québécois	931,940	11.2	28,035	0.2	6,240	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,655	0.5	462,995	3.3	191,025	3.9
Filipino	43,580	0.5	355,680	2.5	172,915	3.5
French Canadian	588,805	7.1	199,845	1.4	39,930	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	149,955	1.8	221,315	1.6	82,175	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	138,030	1.7	160,660	1.1	105,005	2.1
Métis	44,275	0.5	131,780	0.9	85,205	1.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	99,420	1.2	182,785	1.3	102,475	2.1
Russian	47,195	0.6	187,460	1.3	121,755	2.5
Norwegian	8,215	0.1	62,840	0.4	137,170	2.8
Welsh	11,260	0.1	188,980	1.3	104,225	2.1
Portuguese	64,385	0.8	300,600	2.1	39,755	0.8
American	46,600	0.6	129,750	0.9	71,530	1.5
Spanish	77,735	0.9	143,840	1.0	54,365	1.1
Swedish	6,965	0.1	68,260	0.5	103,630	2.1
Hungarian	23,360	0.3	149,040	1.1	51,915	1.1
Acadian	83,945	1.0	34,125	0.2	7,025	0.1
Pakistani	16,645	0.2	212,650	1.5	19,050	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	73,930	0.9	149,265	1.1	18,520	0.4
Jewish	57,320	0.7	155,180	1.1	34,395	0.7
Punjabi	8,765	0.1	119,085	0.8	93,395	1.9
Vietnamese	45,570	0.5	122,735	0.9	51,890	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	104,735	1.3	110,250	0.8	12,590	0.3
Greek	69,705	0.8	143,065	1.0	23,300	0.5
Jamaican	11,395	0.1	201,945	1.4	9,865	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,820	0.2	110,750	0.8	47,650	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	21,540	0.3	20,025	0.1	24,875	0.5
Korean	10,655	0.1	100,025	0.7	72,025	1.5
Romanian	46,765	0.6	86,435	0.6	30,195	0.6
Lebanese	78,210	0.9	80,345	0.6	8,440	0.2
Iranian	25,825	0.3	109,410	0.8	49,390	1.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	81,820	1.0	73,665	0.5	13,865	0.3
Danish	5,260	0.1	52,170	0.4	54,865	1.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35,315	0.4	61,790	0.4	24,140	0.5
Sikh	5,175	0.1	77,805	0.6	69,100	1.4
Austrian	11,030	0.1	63,920	0.5	45,280	0.9
Belgian	48,380	0.6	56,860	0.4	19,505	0.4
Haitian	156,065	1.9	17,930	0.1	1,215	0.0
Hindu	8,930	0.1	106,970	0.8	19,405	0.4
Mexican	34,305	0.4	54,725	0.4	28,445	0.6
Mennonite	695	0.0	38,095	0.3	20,925	0.4
Swiss	22,980	0.3	56,510	0.4	28,520	0.6
Finnish	3,120	0.0	76,275	0.5	33,680	0.7
Sri Lankan	12,400	0.1	105,765	0.8	6,440	0.1
Croatian	6,790	0.1	79,240	0.6	23,750	0.5
Japanese	7,460	0.1	42,250	0.3	54,640	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,020	0.0	83,435	0.6	20,125	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	20,235	0.2	21,650	0.2	4,840	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,075	0.0	31,395	0.2	30,950	0.6
Muslim	16,665	0.2	62,780	0.4	8,220	0.2
Egyptian	30,240	0.4	54,210	0.4	5,810	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	27,170	0.3	48,595	0.3	11,730	0.2
Tamil	7,615	0.1	86,580	0.6	3,380	0.1
Icelandic	1,135	0.0	13,915	0.1	25,910	0.5
Colombian	39,485	0.5	39,420	0.3	7,315	0.1
Moroccan	81,230	1.0	12,300	0.1	2,020	0.0
Czech	5,705	0.1	39,400	0.3	22,425	0.5
Syrian	31,590	0.4	42,525	0.3	6,550	0.1
Guyanese	3,410	0.0	85,455	0.6	2,420	0.0
Afghan	13,095	0.2	61,255	0.4	9,605	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	14,505	0.2	59,655	0.4	4,515	0.1
Serbian	5,355	0.1	64,415	0.5	12,660	0.3
Ojibway	1,120	0.0	52,770	0.4	5,145	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,830	0.0	29,950	0.2	4,530	0.1
Hong Konger	1,920	0.0	41,120	0.3	30,020	0.6
Ontarian	5,890	0.1	64,245	0.5	3,315	0.1
Persian	8,185	0.1	46,445	0.3	19,155	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,670	0.1	59,110	0.4	4,120	0.1
Turkish	15,620	0.2	43,555	0.3	8,070	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	17,970	0.2	6,160	0.0	2,120	0.0
Bangladeshi	11,075	0.1	47,195	0.3	3,740	0.1
Algerian	65,860	0.8	4,970	0.0	915	0.0
Brazilian	15,775	0.2	33,905	0.2	12,435	0.3
Nigerian	3,200	0.0	36,750	0.3	4,110	0.1
Armenian	30,720	0.4	30,860	0.2	4,040	0.1
Slovak	4,070	0.0	37,165	0.3	11,565	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,205	0.1	32,880	0.2	11,810	0.2
Somali	2,090	0.0	41,640	0.3	2,665	0.1
Taiwanese	3,605	0.0	17,960	0.1	37,530	0.8
Iraqi	4,385	0.1	42,980	0.3	4,590	0.1
Salvadorean	17,265	0.2	24,740	0.2	6,580	0.1
African Caribbean	9,305	0.1	43,475	0.3	1,640	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,425	0.0	32,785	0.2	10,735	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,955	0.1	38,000	0.3	5,140	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	9,190	0.1	39,165	0.3	2,715	0.1
Algonquin	29,880	0.4	20,910	0.1	1,880	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	3,140	0.0	42,575	0.3	1,855	0.0
Lithuanian	5,455	0.1	29,870	0.2	7,330	0.1
South African	1,045	0.0	21,965	0.2	13,965	0.3
Australian	1,820	0.0	14,775	0.1	18,505	0.4
Palestinian	6,500	0.1	30,365	0.2	2,750	0.1
Chilean	14,420	0.2	14,370	0.1	6,220	0.1
Congolese	24,070	0.3	12,815	0.1	1,500	0.0
Nova Scotian	1,430	0.0	10,195	0.1	2,015	0.0
Ethiopian	1,440	0.0	20,625	0.1	2,720	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	6,335	0.1	22,825	0.2	5,295	0.1
Peruvian	19,055	0.2	15,260	0.1	4,260	0.1
Yoruba	2,820	0.0	19,350	0.1	1,350	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	17,600	0.2	15,155	0.1	3,350	0.1
Berber	36,540	0.4	3,055	0.0	605	0.0
Albanian	4,650	0.1	29,575	0.2	2,455	0.0
Maltese	1,095	0.0	33,825	0.2	2,750	0.1
Macedonian	680	0.0	35,925	0.3	1,235	0.0
Slovenian	2,395	0.0	25,085	0.2	5,340	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	7,000	0.1	13,170	0.1	7,865	0.2
New Brunswicker	4,900	0.1	5,865	0.0	875	0.0
Gujarati	1,340	0.0	25,995	0.2	2,670	0.1
Eritrean	800	0.0	17,165	0.1	2,245	0.0
African Canadian	3,715	0.0	20,025	0.1	1,535	0.0
Israeli	6,750	0.1	20,570	0.1	3,645	0.1
Mohawk	6,635	0.1	20,595	0.1	2,355	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,620	0.0	12,115	0.1	6,545	0.1
Bulgarian	9,500	0.1	15,900	0.1	3,720	0.1
Albertan	410	0.0	1,185	0.0	3,430	0.1
Ghanaian	3,385	0.0	20,935	0.1	1,670	0.0
Barbadian	4,840	0.1	21,205	0.2	1,950	0.0
African American	3,255	0.0	16,380	0.1	4,500	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,310	0.0	16,400	0.1	5,580	0.1
Tunisian	26,015	0.3	2,430	0.0	550	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,885	0.0	15,800	0.1	5,285	0.1
Cuban	10,280	0.1	14,785	0.1	1,770	0.0
Bosnian	2,415	0.0	16,065	0.1	3,785	0.1
Venezuelan	8,690	0.1	12,885	0.1	1,835	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	23,940	0.3	1,010	0.0	180	0.0
Latvian	1,640	0.0	16,070	0.1	4,860	0.1
Bengali	4,560	0.1	16,665	0.1	1,370	0.0
Cameroonian	18,610	0.2	4,295	0.0	335	0.0
Guatemalan	10,375	0.1	10,175	0.1	2,415	0.0
Indonesian	1,970	0.0	10,645	0.1	8,440	0.2
Laotian	7,485	0.1	10,870	0.1	2,485	0.1
Ilocano	1,445	0.0	10,560	0.1	4,765	0.1
Northern Irish	1,200	0.0	14,875	0.1	4,550	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,695	0.0	10,135	0.1	5,445	0.1
British Columbian	280	0.0	1,020	0.0	20,450	0.4
Ecuadorian	2,550	0.0	18,835	0.1	1,135	0.0
Franco Ontarian	4,245	0.1	18,755	0.1	360	0.0
Argentinian	5,890	0.1	11,950	0.1	2,625	0.1
Estonian	885	0.0	14,025	0.1	4,695	0.1
Kurdish	2,805	0.0	13,495	0.1	3,375	0.1
Fijian	50	0.0	2,345	0.0	16,120	0.3
Jatt	605	0.0	9,195	0.1	8,370	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	6,565	0.1	8,040	0.1	2,695	0.1
Coptic	4,750	0.1	14,845	0.1	760	0.0
Thai	3,230	0.0	7,850	0.1	5,745	0.1
Dominican	10,875	0.1	8,585	0.1	860	0.0
Nepali	980	0.0	11,585	0.1	2,305	0.0
Kabyle	19,520	0.2	570	0.0	75	0.0
Assyrian	835	0.0	17,080	0.1	695	0.0
Igbo	880	0.0	8,595	0.1	890	0.0
Byelorussian	2,825	0.0	9,730	0.1	2,610	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	0.0	285	0.0	1,025	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	430	0.0	3,445	0.0	2,015	0.0
Abenaki	16,400	0.2	1,300	0.0	215	0.0
Moldovan	9,595	0.1	4,295	0.0	1,415	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	8,890	0.1	5,550	0.0	1,285	0.0
New Zealander	625	0.0	4,865	0.0	7,840	0.2
Sudanese	500	0.0	9,200	0.1	945	0.0
Breton	15,500	0.2	650	0.0	365	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	140	0.0	12,085	0.1	1,655	0.0
Malaysian	840	0.0	7,360	0.1	5,420	0.1
Plains Cree	180	0.0	365	0.0	715	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10,290	0.1	3,660	0.0	780	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	12,745	0.2	2,070	0.0	390	0.0
Saskatchewanian	245	0.0	1,755	0.0	2,890	0.1
Buddhist	1,365	0.0	8,440	0.1	2,950	0.1
Gaspesian	14,470	0.2	700	0.0	90	0.0
Norman	11,125	0.1	2,250	0.0	745	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	475	0.0	9,250	0.1	1,830	0.0
Ivorian	11,565	0.1	2,270	0.0	135	0.0
Saulteaux	155	0.0	735	0.0	845	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	1,485	0.0	6,980	0.0	935	0.0
Burundian	7,640	0.1	4,105	0.0	380	0.0
Tigrinya	410	0.0	5,290	0.0	1,145	0.0
Nicaraguan	2,845	0.0	6,575	0.0	1,890	0.0
Mauritian	5,770	0.1	5,050	0.0	1,160	0.0
Kenyan	525	0.0	6,970	0.0	2,215	0.0
Oji-Cree	65	0.0	7,300	0.1	250	0.0
Vincentian	3,135	0.0	9,080	0.1	345	0.0
Jordanian	1,455	0.0	9,040	0.1	925	0.0
Manitoban	480	0.0	1,505	0.0	1,760	0.0
Cape Bretoner	205	0.0	3,040	0.0	420	0.0
Rwandan	6,315	0.1	3,450	0.0	635	0.0
Grenadian	1,445	0.0	10,250	0.1	350	0.0
Malayali	450	0.0	8,100	0.1	980	0.0
Chaldean	265	0.0	10,280	0.1	850	0.0
Sinhalese	520	0.0	8,060	0.1	1,285	0.0
Mayan	3,420	0.0	4,085	0.0	1,855	0.0
Honduran	4,025	0.0	3,735	0.0	1,500	0.0
Cherokee	640	0.0	3,555	0.0	2,920	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	0.0	1,350	0.0	150	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	500	0.0	8,830	0.1	385	0.0
Flemish	1,595	0.0	3,565	0.0	1,540	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	340	0.0	6,730	0.0	905	0.0
Senegalese	8,040	0.1	1,155	0.0	105	0.0
Azerbaijani	990	0.0	6,235	0.0	1,400	0.0
Sicilian	2,155	0.0	5,840	0.0	935	0.0
Pashtun	750	0.0	6,385	0.0	945	0.0
Malay	495	0.0	3,910	0.0	2,625	0.1
Goan	300	0.0	7,930	0.1	750	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	4,405	0.1	3,150	0.0	320	0.0
Tibetan	260	0.0	7,380	0.1	715	0.0
Zimbabwean	425	0.0	3,780	0.0	1,240	0.0
Burmese	580	0.0	4,290	0.0	2,225	0.0
Mongolian	1,165	0.0	3,585	0.0	1,955	0.0
Azorean	2,010	0.0	6,085	0.0	380	0.0
Atikamekw	8,265	0.1	85	0.0	0	0.0
Bamileke	6,515	0.1	1,100	0.0	55	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	180	0.0	7,605	0.1	75	0.0
Ugandan	240	0.0	4,685	0.0	1,145	0.0
Oromo	90	0.0	3,015	0.0	575	0.0
Tanzanian	485	0.0	4,865	0.0	945	0.0
Yemeni	795	0.0	5,300	0.0	420	0.0
Central African	5,620	0.1	1,630	0.0	35	0.0
Libyan	980	0.0	4,200	0.0	650	0.0
Basque	3,800	0.0	1,515	0.0	1,165	0.0
Uruguayan	1,995	0.0	4,720	0.0	515	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,870	0.0	4,055	0.0	405	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,975	0.0	3,605	0.0	655	0.0
Igorot	340	0.0	2,245	0.0	1,330	0.0
Fulani	5,445	0.1	1,165	0.0	85	0.0
Woodland Cree	50	0.0	275	0.0	105	0.0
Guinean	5,530	0.1	1,120	0.0	135	0.0
St. Lucian	520	0.0	5,850	0.0	180	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	115	0.0	1,900	0.0	280	0.0
Maliseet	3,070	0.0	615	0.0	100	0.0
Beninese	4,790	0.1	1,325	0.0	100	0.0
Telugu	320	0.0	4,755	0.0	615	0.0
Roma	525	0.0	3,470	0.0	1,205	0.0
Costa Rican	1,815	0.0	2,735	0.0	1,075	0.0
African Nova Scotian	365	0.0	1,650	0.0	145	0.0
Malagasy	5,215	0.1	555	0.0	110	0.0
Kashmiri	280	0.0	3,905	0.0	545	0.0
Singaporean	160	0.0	2,320	0.0	2,630	0.1
Karen	55	0.0	2,365	0.0	980	0.0
Edo	425	0.0	3,515	0.0	205	0.0
Tajik	635	0.0	4,150	0.0	665	0.0
Amhara	160	0.0	3,135	0.0	305	0.0
Paraguayan	315	0.0	855	0.0	1,095	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	8,308,480	100.0	14,031,750	100.0	4,915,945	100.0
Buddhist	48,365	0.6	164,215	1.2	83,860	1.7
Christian	5,385,240	64.8	7,315,810	52.1	1,684,870	34.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	464,020	5.6	1,070,190	7.6	434,920	8.8
Anabaptist	800	0.0	57,795	0.4	21,275	0.4
Anglican	55,290	0.7	525,425	3.7	137,485	2.8
Baptist	33,755	0.4	165,400	1.2	57,265	1.2
Catholic	4,472,555	53.8	3,654,825	26.0	588,140	12.0
Christian Orthodox	145,805	1.8	329,850	2.4	45,135	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	27,970	0.3	48,290	0.3	25,715	0.5
Latter Day Saints	4,600	0.1	16,420	0.1	12,875	0.3
Lutheran	4,875	0.1	114,810	0.8	46,395	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,255	0.0	35,320	0.3	7,290	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	39,700	0.5	174,605	1.2	41,140	0.8
Presbyterian	8,010	0.1	202,275	1.4	28,040	0.6
Reformed	1,220	0.0	47,400	0.3	12,455	0.3
United Church	19,595	0.2	570,830	4.1	129,000	2.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	104,790	1.3	302,375	2.2	97,745	2.0
Hindu	47,390	0.6	573,700	4.1	81,320	1.7
Jewish	84,530	1.0	196,100	1.4	26,850	0.5
Muslim	421,710	5.1	942,990	6.7	125,915	2.6
Sikh	23,345	0.3	300,435	2.1	290,870	5.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	3,790	0.0	15,985	0.1	11,570	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	26,385	0.3	88,845	0.6	51,440	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	2,267,720	27.3	4,433,675	31.6	2,559,250	52.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	8,228,540	100.0	13,904,805	100.0	4,875,955	100.0
Non-movers	7,283,250	88.5	12,295,685	88.4	4,169,710	85.5
Movers	945,290	11.5	1,609,120	11.6	706,245	14.5
Non-migrants	543,670	6.6	914,170	6.6	395,215	8.1
Migrants	401,625	4.9	694,950	5.0	311,030	6.4
Internal migrants	349,095	4.2	570,275	4.1	251,245	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	321,005	3.9	516,425	3.7	187,990	3.9
Interprovincial migrants	28,085	0.3	53,850	0.4	63,250	1.3
External migrants	52,530	0.6	124,670	0.9	59,785	1.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	7,886,185	100.0	13,349,180	100.0	4,699,740	100.0
Non-movers	4,810,540	61.0	8,361,770	62.6	2,639,500	56.2
Movers	3,075,650	39.0	4,987,410	37.4	2,060,245	43.8
Non-migrants	1,312,590	16.6	2,087,055	15.6	757,040	16.1
Migrants	1,763,060	22.4	2,900,355	21.7	1,303,200	27.7
Internal migrants	1,442,970	18.3	2,167,365	16.2	1,016,025	21.6
Intraprovincial migrants	1,359,165	17.2	1,938,720	14.5	799,455	17.0
Interprovincial migrants	83,805	1.1	228,640	1.7	216,565	4.6
External migrants	320,090	4.1	732,990	5.5	287,175	6.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,825	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,426,055	20.6	1,969,920	16.7	643,330	15.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	5,492,670	79.4	9,812,905	83.3	3,557,095	84.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	100.0	7,584,645	100.0	2,691,860	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	642,800	14.5	757,455	10.0	259,010	9.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,791,730	85.5	6,827,190	90.0	2,432,850	90.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	100.0	11,782,820	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,256,550	18.2	1,799,890	15.3	565,665	13.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,482,020	21.4	3,204,170	27.2	1,238,000	29.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,180,150	60.4	6,778,765	57.5	2,396,755	57.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,551,215	36.9	3,250,175	27.6	1,197,050	28.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,096,360	15.8	592,485	5.0	323,635	7.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	793,030	11.5	287,155	2.4	133,020	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	303,330	4.4	305,330	2.6	190,615	4.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,202,040	17.4	2,389,205	20.3	711,810	16.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	252,815	3.7	268,480	2.3	161,600	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,628,940	23.5	3,528,600	29.9	1,199,710	28.6
Bachelor's degree	1,011,695	14.6	2,307,685	19.6	775,145	18.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	149,425	2.2	224,820	1.9	84,000	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	43,755	0.6	90,530	0.8	32,985	0.8
Master's degree	360,795	5.2	786,440	6.7	264,145	6.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	63,270	0.9	119,125	1.0	43,440	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	100.0	7,584,645	100.0	2,691,860	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	525,155	11.8	667,665	8.8	216,660	8.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	752,855	17.0	1,770,810	23.3	694,785	25.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,156,515	71.2	5,146,170	67.8	1,780,415	66.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,849,290	41.7	2,356,375	31.1	838,680	31.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	836,455	18.9	384,770	5.1	217,350	8.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	609,895	13.8	184,665	2.4	88,765	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	226,565	5.1	200,110	2.6	128,590	4.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	838,140	18.9	1,787,580	23.6	507,405	18.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	174,695	3.9	184,030	2.4	113,915	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,307,225	29.5	2,789,795	36.8	941,735	35.0
Bachelor's degree	802,755	18.1	1,798,010	23.7	610,735	22.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	119,460	2.7	173,205	2.3	63,310	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	33,445	0.8	71,055	0.9	24,675	0.9
Master's degree	302,065	6.8	658,060	8.7	212,745	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	49,500	1.1	89,470	1.2	30,275	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	6,918,725	100.0	11,782,820	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,738,575	39.6	5,004,055	42.5	1,803,665	42.9
Education	292,470	4.2	358,255	3.0	158,060	3.8
13. Education	292,470	4.2	358,255	3.0	158,060	3.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	166,900	2.4	258,480	2.2	109,100	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	23,530	0.3	26,160	0.2	13,390	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	143,365	2.1	232,325	2.0	95,715	2.3
Humanities	228,770	3.3	388,160	3.3	143,340	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	35,440	0.5	40,335	0.3	16,850	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	14,855	0.2	99,000	0.8	35,465	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	107,105	1.5	112,250	1.0	48,620	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,195	0.0	10,520	0.1	2,860	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	11,135	0.2	26,705	0.2	7,705	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,385	0.1	28,715	0.2	12,220	0.3
54. History	17,420	0.3	54,415	0.5	16,035	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	31,240	0.5	16,220	0.1	3,580	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	430,845	6.2	928,970	7.9	288,970	6.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,980	0.1	12,940	0.1	5,140	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	57,080	0.8	106,350	0.9	31,375	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	79,155	1.1	154,370	1.3	39,140	0.9
22. Legal professions and studies	77,880	1.1	144,535	1.2	44,255	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	12,015	0.2	24,040	0.2	6,625	0.2
42. Psychology	65,230	0.9	142,265	1.2	52,080	1.2
45. Social sciences	134,510	1.9	344,465	2.9	110,350	2.6
Business, management and public administration	950,820	13.7	1,472,490	12.5	493,290	11.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	780	0.0	2,340	0.0	645	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	55,355	0.8	123,510	1.0	30,855	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	894,690	12.9	1,346,635	11.4	461,790	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	158,655	2.3	303,310	2.6	106,515	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	57,680	0.8	133,895	1.1	44,910	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	25,605	0.4	69,195	0.6	25,655	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	24,115	0.3	6,440	0.1	1,880	0.0
40. Physical sciences	42,530	0.6	80,200	0.7	30,600	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	8,730	0.1	13,585	0.1	3,470	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	177,780	2.6	367,845	3.1	105,555	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	147,845	2.1	284,925	2.4	83,795	2.0
25. Library science	11,610	0.2	16,090	0.1	6,145	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	15,160	0.2	56,120	0.5	13,030	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,170	0.0	10,705	0.1	2,580	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	866,885	12.5	1,274,815	10.8	458,590	10.9
04. Architecture and related services	33,975	0.5	61,850	0.5	19,025	0.5
14. Engineering	181,290	2.6	414,085	3.5	119,995	2.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	161,440	2.3	278,410	2.4	83,585	2.0
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	180	0.0	185	0.0	115	0.0
46. Construction trades	189,550	2.7	197,795	1.7	104,445	2.5
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	179,610	2.6	208,980	1.8	86,325	2.1
48. Precision production	120,835	1.7	113,510	1.0	45,110	1.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	99,230	1.4	132,765	1.1	60,510	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,510	0.9	86,885	0.7	31,920	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	34,715	0.5	45,885	0.4	28,595	0.7
Health and related fields	515,215	7.4	939,610	8.0	350,930	8.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0	25	0.0	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	29,140	0.4	84,485	0.7	27,000	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	470,150	6.8	828,240	7.0	312,980	7.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	845	0.0	2,335	0.0	725	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	15,080	0.2	24,520	0.2	10,230	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	291,295	4.2	351,505	3.0	121,210	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	154,335	2.2	181,985	1.5	76,425	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	355	0.0	2,135	0.0	505	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,450	0.0	2,200	0.0	1,025	0.0
43. Security and protective services	57,625	0.8	110,890	0.9	15,820	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	77,545	1.1	54,295	0.5	27,425	0.7
Other¹⁷⁹	1,280	0.0	2,555	0.0	685	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	4,434,525	100.0	7,584,650	100.0	2,691,865	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,278,015	28.8	2,438,475	32.2	911,450	33.9
Education	195,595	4.4	242,725	3.2	99,640	3.7
13. Education	195,595	4.4	242,725	3.2	99,640	3.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	129,065	2.9	199,945	2.6	85,350	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,205	0.4	18,425	0.2	9,815	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	110,860	2.5	181,520	2.4	75,530	2.8
Humanities	144,140	3.3	279,505	3.7	103,360	3.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	26,015	0.6	29,620	0.4	12,735	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	10,825	0.2	71,745	0.9	25,770	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	61,125	1.4	83,455	1.1	35,310	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,415	0.0	7,195	0.1	1,895	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	7,300	0.2	19,380	0.3	5,780	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,765	0.1	18,420	0.2	7,845	0.3
54. History	12,190	0.3	39,275	0.5	11,615	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	20,500	0.5	10,415	0.1	2,410	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	334,475	7.5	729,685	9.6	226,805	8.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,905	0.1	10,515	0.1	4,220	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	47,510	1.1	88,895	1.2	26,730	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	64,690	1.5	119,090	1.6	29,960	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	59,965	1.4	117,900	1.6	34,935	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	8,380	0.2	18,585	0.2	5,150	0.2
42. Psychology	48,920	1.1	107,035	1.4	39,250	1.5
45. Social sciences	101,105	2.3	267,660	3.5	86,555	3.2
Business, management and public administration	741,390	16.7	1,161,875	15.3	379,485	14.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	545	0.0	1,785	0.0	445	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	43,070	1.0	98,675	1.3	22,625	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	697,775	15.7	1,061,420	14.0	356,415	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	102,055	2.3	220,805	2.9	77,340	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	46,430	1.0	100,550	1.3	33,945	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,010	0.3	50,505	0.7	18,520	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,205	0.1	5,100	0.1	1,545	0.1
40. Physical sciences	31,410	0.7	55,565	0.7	21,390	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	6,010	0.1	9,090	0.1	1,935	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	147,350	3.3	304,045	4.0	87,185	3.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	126,845	2.9	244,700	3.2	72,700	2.7
25. Library science	7,990	0.2	9,860	0.1	3,600	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,365	0.2	40,875	0.5	8,865	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,145	0.0	8,610	0.1	2,010	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	665,365	15.0	932,505	12.3	327,735	12.2
04. Architecture and related services	27,250	0.6	48,030	0.6	14,690	0.5
14. Engineering	152,450	3.4	326,190	4.3	93,760	3.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	121,270	2.7	202,375	2.7	57,590	2.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	170	0.0	165	0.0	100	0.0
46. Construction trades	142,000	3.2	137,150	1.8	74,045	2.8
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	133,660	3.0	143,480	1.9	57,950	2.2
48. Precision production	88,560	2.0	75,115	1.0	29,605	1.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	79,190	1.8	100,525	1.3	45,705	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	51,620	1.2	64,365	0.8	23,700	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	27,565	0.6	36,155	0.5	22,005	0.8
Health and related fields	387,725	8.7	703,890	9.3	258,665	9.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,615	0.5	64,360	0.8	20,980	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	352,905	8.0	619,520	8.2	229,855	8.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	730	0.0	1,960	0.0	580	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	11,475	0.3	18,030	0.2	7,245	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,120	5.2	268,815	3.5	88,615	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	120,395	2.7	136,310	1.8	56,165	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	280	0.0	1,600	0.0	305	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	900	0.0	1,180	0.0	450	0.0
43. Security and protective services	45,820	1.0	89,470	1.2	12,270	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	61,730	1.4	40,255	0.5	19,425	0.7
Other¹⁷⁹	1,040	0.0	1,860	0.0	535	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	4,434,525	100.0	7,584,650	100.0	2,691,865	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,278,015	28.8	2,438,475	32.2	911,450	33.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	3,156,515	71.2	5,146,175	67.8	1,780,415	66.1
Location of study inside Canada	2,742,030	61.8	3,921,795	51.7	1,316,405	48.9
Same as province or territory of residence	2,625,165	59.2	3,634,290	47.9	1,029,000	38.2
Different than province or territory of residence	116,855	2.6	287,505	3.8	287,405	10.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	414,490	9.3	1,224,380	16.1	464,010	17.2
Americas	81,780	1.8	229,280	3.0	84,155	3.1
United States of America	22,720	0.5	140,770	1.9	57,255	2.1
Mexico	9,685	0.2	11,625	0.2	8,850	0.3
Cuba	3,325	0.1	3,715	0.0	310	0.0
Haiti	9,100	0.2	1,250	0.0	20	0.0
Jamaica	215	0.0	9,200	0.1	655	0.0
Brazil	8,640	0.2	17,755	0.2	8,395	0.3
Colombia	11,880	0.3	12,705	0.2	2,315	0.1
Peru	3,210	0.1	2,750	0.0	945	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,615	0.1	5,530	0.1	815	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	9,395	0.2	23,985	0.3	4,590	0.2
Europe	138,260	3.1	224,050	3.0	92,195	3.4
Belgium	4,415	0.1	1,650	0.0	755	0.0
France	77,225	1.7	11,580	0.2	5,075	0.2
Germany	2,410	0.1	7,115	0.1	5,805	0.2
Netherlands	935	0.0	4,345	0.1	2,315	0.1
Switzerland	2,520	0.1	2,525	0.0	1,915	0.1
Hungary	370	0.0	2,960	0.0	945	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	5,245	0.1	2,080	0.0	455	0.0
Poland	1,700	0.0	16,450	0.2	2,960	0.1
Romania	10,370	0.2	14,985	0.2	3,515	0.1
Russian Federation	5,330	0.1	19,185	0.3	5,880	0.2
Ukraine	4,615	0.1	18,225	0.2	4,345	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	465	0.0	6,925	0.1	5,665	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,955	0.2	72,655	1.0	38,270	1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	715	0.0	3,415	0.0	840	0.0
Italy	2,330	0.1	3,895	0.1	1,610	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	345	0.0	5,750	0.1	1,565	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	10,325	0.2	30,300	0.4	10,275	0.4
Africa	95,260	2.1	65,145	0.9	12,250	0.5
Nigeria	1,835	0.0	15,165	0.2	1,315	0.0
Algeria	30,560	0.7	1,550	0.0	130	0.0
Morocco	19,240	0.4	2,180	0.0	470	0.0
Tunisia	10,865	0.2	805	0.0	160	0.0
Egypt	6,245	0.1	17,195	0.2	1,490	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	585	0.0	6,770	0.1	5,860	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	25,925	0.6	21,480	0.3	2,825	0.1
Asia	96,865	2.2	686,295	9.0	258,905	9.6
Iran⁸⁸	9,440	0.2	35,535	0.5	16,325	0.6
Iraq	795	0.0	12,270	0.2	1,465	0.1
Israel	1,315	0.0	6,675	0.1	1,345	0.0
Lebanon	9,840	0.2	7,235	0.1	550	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	5,960	0.1	7,515	0.1	805	0.0
Turkey	1,210	0.0	7,585	0.1	1,680	0.1
China⁹⁰	20,740	0.5	92,585	1.2	59,350	2.2
Taiwan	665	0.0	3,535	0.0	8,905	0.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	405	0.0	8,875	0.1	7,025	0.3
Japan	1,395	0.0	6,310	0.1	8,185	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	2,275	0.1	21,145	0.3	19,605	0.7
Philippines	14,170	0.3	109,885	1.4	55,140	2.0
Viet Nam	1,730	0.0	5,120	0.1	2,145	0.1
Bangladesh	2,530	0.1	16,250	0.2	1,135	0.0
Sri Lanka	970	0.0	11,075	0.1	975	0.0
India	13,730	0.3	245,655	3.2	60,565	2.2
Pakistan	2,210	0.0	53,750	0.7	3,935	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	7,490	0.2	35,295	0.5	9,780	0.4
Oceania	2,325	0.1	19,605	0.3	16,505	0.6
Australia	1,795	0.0	16,965	0.2	12,315	0.5
New Zealand	400	0.0	2,445	0.0	3,340	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	130	0.0	200	0.0	855	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	6,918,730	...	11,782,820	...	4,200,425	...
In the labour force	4,435,465	...	7,399,200	...	2,657,275	...
Employed	4,100,450	...	6,492,895	...	2,433,600	...
Unemployed	335,015	...	906,310	...	223,675	...
Not in the labour force	2,483,265	...	4,383,620	...	1,543,145	...
Participation rate	64.1	64.1	62.8	62.8	63.3	63.3
Employment rate	59.3	59.3	55.1	55.1	57.9	57.9
Unemployment rate	7.6	7.6	12.2	12.2	8.4	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	6,918,725	100.0	11,782,820	100.0	4,200,425	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	2,442,685	35.3	4,469,170	37.9	1,563,830	37.2
Worked	4,476,045	64.7	7,313,650	62.1	2,636,595	62.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	2,360,025	34.1	3,982,300	33.8	1,350,335	32.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	2,116,020	30.6	3,331,350	28.3	1,286,260	30.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.3	41.1	41.1	40.9	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	4,435,460	100.0	7,399,205	100.0	2,657,275	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	2.0	212,505	2.9	54,165	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	4,344,910	98.0	7,186,695	97.1	2,603,110	98.0
Employee	3,814,195	86.0	6,109,070	82.6	2,144,475	80.7
Permanent position	3,190,685	71.9	5,166,275	69.8	1,788,175	67.3
Temporary position	623,510	14.1	942,795	12.7	356,305	13.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	217,905	4.9	324,250	4.4	116,190	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	405,605	9.1	618,540	8.4	240,110	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	530,720	12.0	1,077,625	14.6	458,635	17.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	4,435,460	100.0	7,399,205	100.0	2,657,275	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	2.0	212,505	2.9	54,165	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	4,344,910	98.0	7,186,695	97.1	2,603,110	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	79,745	1.8	95,240	1.3	32,255	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	778,905	17.6	1,328,155	17.9	446,160	16.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	360,495	8.1	685,390	9.3	209,185	7.9
3 Health occupations	359,665	8.1	543,565	7.3	199,185	7.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	558,725	12.6	871,260	11.8	309,360	11.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	146,560	3.3	232,200	3.1	110,585	4.2
6 Sales and service occupations	1,064,155	24.0	1,735,930	23.5	666,705	25.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	702,290	15.8	1,175,410	15.9	469,450	17.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	86,625	2.0	148,055	2.0	72,075	2.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	207,740	4.7	371,490	5.0	88,155	3.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	4,435,460	100.0	7,399,205	100.0	2,657,275	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	2.0	212,505	2.9	54,165	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	4,344,910	98.0	7,186,695	97.1	2,603,110	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	79,050	1.8	104,895	1.4	60,320	2.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	24,890	0.6	34,360	0.5	24,955	0.9
22 Utilities	31,005	0.7	55,230	0.7	14,820	0.6
23 Construction	296,035	6.7	538,340	7.3	234,345	8.8
31-33 Manufacturing	449,115	10.1	655,935	8.9	152,790	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	147,340	3.3	244,910	3.3	80,165	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	514,090	11.6	798,090	10.8	301,060	11.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	209,445	4.7	379,485	5.1	142,230	5.4
51 Information and cultural industries	94,130	2.1	169,120	2.3	71,295	2.7
52 Finance and insurance	169,985	3.8	399,030	5.4	95,560	3.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	63,030	1.4	152,050	2.1	59,155	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	345,345	7.8	681,235	9.2	238,650	9.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,605	0.1	26,240	0.4	5,785	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	171,345	3.9	324,285	4.4	110,215	4.1
61 Educational services	340,885	7.7	531,260	7.2	192,855	7.3
62 Health care and social assistance	617,200	13.9	859,910	11.6	319,525	12.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	72,700	1.6	130,490	1.8	60,775	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	232,480	5.2	390,675	5.3	182,105	6.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	190,470	4.3	283,115	3.8	113,780	4.3
91 Public administration	290,765	6.6	428,030	5.8	142,730	5.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	4,747,110	100.0	7,885,710	100.0	2,855,890	100.0
English	350,525	7.4	7,181,805	91.1	2,617,625	91.7
French	3,032,290	63.9	52,565	0.7	3,090	0.1
Non-official language	18,820	0.4	74,365	0.9	52,925	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	4,175	0.1	305	0.0	140	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,650	0.3	74,060	0.9	52,790	1.8
English and French	1,245,535	26.2	285,005	3.6	21,550	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	25,875	0.5	275,330	3.5	154,255	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	20,370	0.4	355	0.0	80	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	52,970	1.1	10,820	0.1	2,520	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	725	0.0	5,475	0.1	3,840	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	4,747,110	100.0	7,885,710	100.0	2,855,890	100.0
Single responses	4,477,745	94.3	7,783,760	98.7	2,820,225	98.8
Official languages	4,441,500	93.6	7,649,065	97.0	2,726,710	95.5
English	668,485	14.1	7,555,160	95.8	2,720,275	95.3
French	3,773,015	79.5	93,910	1.2	6,430	0.2
Non-official languages	36,245	0.8	134,690	1.7	93,520	3.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10,220	0.2	1,240	0.0	290	0.0
Algonquian languages	6,520	0.1	1,185	0.0	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	6,480	0.1	155	0.0	0	0.0
Atikamekw	1,015	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	3,730	0.1	155	0.0	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	110	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	760	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	2,830	0.1	145	0.0	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	1,570	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	155	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0.0	1,030	0.0	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0	465	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0	560	0.0	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0	25	0.0	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0	535	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	55	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	55	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	3,690	0.1	30	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	3,690	0.1	30	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	125	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0	35	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0	0	0.0	30	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	40	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	0	0.0	20	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	40	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,030	0.5	133,450	1.7	93,230	3.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465	0.1	4,830	0.1	520	0.0
Berber languages	35	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kabyle	30	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0.0	210	0.0	10	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Somali	0	0.0	190	0.0	10	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,425	0.1	4,615	0.1	500	0.0
Amharic	0	0.0	60	0.0	20	0.0
Arabic	2,235	0.0	3,735	0.0	355	0.0
Aramaic languages	10	0.0	410	0.0	25	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0	320	0.0	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0	85	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hebrew	160	0.0	315	0.0	60	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0.0	90	0.0	45	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,640	0.0	3,365	0.0	2,720	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	0.0	140	0.0	30	0.0
Vietnamese	1,325	0.0	3,225	0.0	2,695	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	150	0.0	1,530	0.0	855	0.0
Bikol	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0.0	55	0.0	20	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0.0	40	0.0	40	0.0
Indonesian	0	0.0	65	0.0	85	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	0.0	1,330	0.0	680	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	25	0.0	15	0.0
Creole languages	330	0.0	50	0.0	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	325	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	160	0.0	2,660	0.0	75	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0.0	160	0.0	15	0.0
Tamil	150	0.0	2,440	0.0	55	0.0
Telugu	0	0.0	55	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Georgian	0	0.0	70	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,485	0.3	50,205	0.6	30,820	1.1
Albanian	15	0.0	270	0.0	20	0.0
Armenian	310	0.0	195	0.0	20	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,025	0.0	6,865	0.1	915	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0.0	65	0.0	15	0.0
Latvian	0	0.0	30	0.0	15	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0.0	40	0.0	0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,025	0.0	6,790	0.1	900	0.0
Bulgarian	55	0.0	60	0.0	10	0.0
Czech	15	0.0	40	0.0	25	0.0
Macedonian	0	0.0	75	0.0	0	0.0
Polish	135	0.0	1,765	0.0	85	0.0
Russian	735	0.0	3,295	0.0	645	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	0.0	605	0.0	90	0.0
Bosnian	0	0.0	85	0.0	10	0.0
Croatian	10	0.0	135	0.0	10	0.0
Serbian	20	0.0	395	0.0	75	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slovak	0	0.0	20	0.0	0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	0.0	910	0.0	30	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,420	0.0	7,320	0.1	680	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
High German languages	1,345	0.0	5,945	0.1	450	0.0
German	300	0.0	3,210	0.0	400	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	2,555	0.0	0	0.0
Swiss German	35	0.0	135	0.0	50	0.0
Yiddish	1,000	0.0	50	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	0.0	1,275	0.0	195	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0	25	0.0	0	0.0
Dutch	35	0.0	680	0.0	85	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	55	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0	515	0.0	105	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	0.0	90	0.0	35	0.0
Danish	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0.0	15	0.0	20	0.0
Swedish	15	0.0	50	0.0	15	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Greek	420	0.0	355	0.0	50	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,550	0.1	19,460	0.2	25,450	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,950	0.0	15,015	0.2	23,425	0.8
Bengali	115	0.0	440	0.0	10	0.0
Gujarati	35	0.0	850	0.0	10	0.0
Hindi	145	0.0	1,145	0.0	555	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Marathi	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Nepali	0	0.0	150	0.0	10	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,480	0.0	10,235	0.1	22,730	0.8
Sindhi	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0	75	0.0	0	0.0
Urdu	160	0.0	2,080	0.0	100	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian languages	600	0.0	4,435	0.1	2,020	0.1
Kurdish	0	0.0	125	0.0	25	0.0
Pashto	25	0.0	85	0.0	0	0.0
Persian languages	570	0.0	4,210	0.1	1,985	0.1
Dari	185	0.0	415	0.0	110	0.0
Iranian Persian	365	0.0	3,415	0.0	1,710	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	0.0	380	0.0	170	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,725	0.2	15,735	0.2	3,675	0.1
Catalan	10	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Italian	445	0.0	1,005	0.0	120	0.0
Portuguese	485	0.0	5,645	0.1	555	0.0
Romanian	230	0.0	300	0.0	60	0.0
Spanish	6,530	0.1	8,765	0.1	2,940	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Japanese	220	0.0	1,075	0.0	2,015	0.1
Korean	370	0.0	5,460	0.1	6,855	0.2
Mongolian	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	0.0	170	0.0	15	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0	15	0.0	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lingala	15	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swahili	35	0.0	60	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0.0	30	0.0	10	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages	325	0.0	845	0.0	300	0.0
American Sign Language	30	0.0	795	0.0	285	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	265	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	40	0.0	10	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,580	0.1	61,525	0.8	48,730	1.7
Chinese languages	6,580	0.1	61,360	0.8	48,670	1.7
Hakka	0	0.0	45	0.0	0	0.0
Mandarin	4,285	0.1	37,260	0.5	28,465	1.0
Min Dong	0	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	0.0	150	0.0	235	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0	0	0.0	15	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,195	0.0	23,610	0.3	19,865	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	0.0	250	0.0	85	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0.0	135	0.0	60	0.0
Burmese	0	0.0	15	0.0	30	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0	45	0.0	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0	80	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	25	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	0.0	330	0.0	205	0.0
Lao	10	0.0	50	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	40	0.0	275	0.0	200	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	0.0	970	0.0	60	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0.0	35	0.0	0	0.0
Turkish	135	0.0	905	0.0	55	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0	30	0.0	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	0.0	350	0.0	50	0.0
Estonian	0	0.0	65	0.0	0	0.0
Finnish	10	0.0	55	0.0	20	0.0
Hungarian	15	0.0	230	0.0	30	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	10	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple responses	269,365	5.7	101,955	1.3	35,660	1.2
English and French	249,945	5.3	46,525	0.6	2,470	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,150	0.2	53,330	0.7	32,195	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	6,010	0.1	155	0.0	35	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,165	0.1	880	0.0	130	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	90	0.0	1,060	0.0	825	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	4,747,110	100.0	7,885,710	100.0	2,855,890	100.0
None	3,655,520	77.0	7,400,850	93.9	2,703,945	94.7
English	720,960	15.2	89,345	1.1	36,055	1.3
French	302,145	6.4	199,430	2.5	16,140	0.6
Non-official language	32,245	0.7	154,150	2.0	79,300	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	3,025	0.1	2,895	0.0	1,320	0.0
Non-Indigenous	29,220	0.6	151,255	1.9	77,980	2.7
English and French	2,520	0.1	270	0.0	70	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	19,400	0.4	7,395	0.1	4,745	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	11,070	0.2	7,510	0.1	1,945	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	0.0	50	0.0	10	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,965	0.1	26,705	0.3	13,685	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	4,100,450	100.0	6,492,895	100.0	2,433,600	100.0
Worked at home	897,770	21.9	1,929,760	29.7	549,845	22.6
Worked outside Canada	8,355	0.2	29,740	0.5	10,065	0.4
No fixed workplace address	442,035	10.8	765,180	11.8	373,475	15.3
Usual place of work	2,752,285	67.1	3,768,210	58.0	1,500,215	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	2,752,285	100.0	3,768,210	100.0	1,500,215	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,475,055	53.6	2,212,620	58.7	774,620	51.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	419,210	15.2	653,055	17.3	638,825	42.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	823,150	29.9	885,485	23.5	77,845	5.2
Commute to a different province or territory	34,875	1.3	17,050	0.5	8,920	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	3,194,325	100.0	4,533,390	100.0	1,873,690	100.0
Car, truck or van	2,633,265	82.4	3,790,545	83.6	1,497,765	79.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	2,482,735	77.7	3,451,650	76.1	1,376,410	73.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	150,535	4.7	338,895	7.5	121,350	6.5
Public transit	287,345	9.0	390,140	8.6	174,045	9.3
Walked	178,645	5.6	208,380	4.6	121,550	6.5
Bicycle	40,420	1.3	37,665	0.8	36,790	2.0
Other method	54,645	1.7	106,655	2.4	43,535	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	3,194,325	100.0	4,533,390	100.0	1,873,690	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	1,005,850	31.5	1,283,185	28.3	595,470	31.8
15 to 29 minutes	1,110,975	34.8	1,527,580	33.7	637,130	34.0
30 to 44 minutes	635,870	19.9	934,230	20.6	369,645	19.7
45 to 59 minutes	235,140	7.4	375,215	8.3	137,115	7.3
60 minutes and over	206,480	6.5	413,180	9.1	134,330	7.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	3,194,325	100.0	4,533,390	100.0	1,873,690	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	241,420	7.6	351,800	7.8	125,470	6.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	569,745	17.8	797,475	17.6	298,120	15.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	935,640	29.3	1,066,580	23.5	449,315	24.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	626,895	19.6	938,175	20.7	418,635	22.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	330,930	10.4	632,825	14.0	303,745	16.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	489,685	15.3	746,530	16.5	278,405	14.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,677,585	100.0	2,781,415	100.0	884,130	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	303,835	18.1	349,875	12.6	55,575	6.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,373,745	81.9	2,431,540	87.4	828,550	93.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	1,222,970	100.0	2,047,210	100.0	651,050	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	230,080	18.8	268,250	13.1	43,010	6.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	175,305	14.3	179,995	8.8	23,960	3.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	54,775	4.5	88,260	4.3	19,050	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	992,895	81.2	1,778,960	86.9	608,040	93.4

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 13, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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