Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	AlbertaMore information: [Province] Remove			CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove
	Counts			Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	4,262,635	...	...	36,991,981	...	...
Population, 2016¹	4,067,175	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.8	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,772,670	...	...	16,284,235	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,941	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.7	...	...	4.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	634,658.27	...	...	8,788,702.80	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	4,262,635	2,127,935	2,134,700	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740
0 to 14 years	809,640	415,870	393,770	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285
0 to 4 years	250,250	128,560	121,690	1,831,195	938,790	892,405
5 to 9 years	278,810	142,850	135,955	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655
10 to 14 years	280,585	144,460	136,120	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225
15 to 64 years	2,823,770	1,416,910	1,406,865	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710
15 to 19 years	249,765	128,745	121,015	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240
20 to 24 years	248,740	128,595	120,150	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430
25 to 29 years	275,465	138,510	136,955	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370
30 to 34 years	323,260	160,175	163,085	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040
35 to 39 years	338,945	168,390	170,560	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835
40 to 44 years	307,665	153,715	153,955	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530
45 to 49 years	277,770	139,705	138,065	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985
50 to 54 years	262,770	131,650	131,120	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685
55 to 59 years	274,150	135,825	138,325	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350
60 to 64 years	265,240	131,600	133,640	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245
65 years and over	629,220	295,155	334,070	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750
65 to 69 years	217,270	106,975	110,295	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665
70 to 74 years	163,890	79,150	84,735	1,847,585	879,850	967,735
75 to 79 years	105,520	49,860	55,660	1,260,930	589,090	671,845
80 to 84 years	70,160	31,510	38,650	840,545	370,905	469,645
85 years and over	72,375	27,660	44,720	861,395	319,540	541,860
85 to 89 years	44,670	18,540	26,130	525,445	212,735	312,705
90 to 94 years	21,430	7,545	13,890	258,035	87,300	170,735
95 to 99 years	5,480	1,405	4,075	68,380	17,670	50,715
100 years and over	795	170	625	9,535	1,830	7,710
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.0	19.5	18.4	16.3	16.9	15.6
15 to 64 years	66.2	66.6	65.9	64.8	65.4	64.2
65 years and over	14.8	13.9	15.6	19.0	17.7	20.2
85 years and over	1.7	1.3	2.1	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	39.0	38.4	39.7	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	38.4	37.6	38.8	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Single-detached house	994,565	...	...	7,872,310	...	...
Semi-detached house	98,740	...	...	746,560	...	...
Row house	127,735	...	...	980,110	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	43,730	...	...	821,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	247,030	...	...	2,738,020	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	74,880	...	...	1,596,155	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,215	...	...	34,880	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45,325	...	...	189,420	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 person	424,055	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
2 persons	551,420	...	...	5,124,800	...	...
3 persons	249,135	...	...	2,194,825	...	...
4 persons	243,400	...	...	2,002,455	...	...
5 or more persons	165,215	...	...	1,260,850	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,177,715	2,088,185	2,089,530	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	3,452,995	1,712,065	1,740,925	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460
Married or living common-law	2,033,945	1,018,425	1,015,520	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595
Married	1,703,285	852,950	850,335	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875
Living common-law	330,655	165,475	165,180	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725
Living common law - Never married	245,650	123,625	122,030	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685
Living common law - Separated	12,835	6,745	6,090	123,830	65,045	58,785
Living common law - Divorced	65,955	32,580	33,375	721,715	365,760	355,950
Living common law - Widowed	6,210	2,520	3,690	87,165	36,860	50,300
Not married and not living common-law	1,419,050	693,640	725,410	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860
Not married and not living common law - Never married	969,780	535,715	434,065	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455
Not married and not living common law - Separated	83,350	36,440	46,910	741,135	319,045	422,090
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	214,460	87,950	126,505	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	151,455	33,530	117,925	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,164,655	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
2 persons	565,900	...	...	5,306,105	...	...
3 persons	240,980	...	...	2,147,825	...	...
4 persons	238,600	...	...	1,953,035	...	...
5 or more persons	119,170	...	...	855,960	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,164,650	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
Total couple families	987,465	...	...	8,576,585	...	...
Married couples	822,175	...	...	6,627,310	...	...
With children⁶	464,975	...	...	3,481,775	...	...
Without children	357,200	...	...	3,145,535	...	...
Common-law couples	165,290	...	...	1,949,275	...	...
With children⁶	60,705	...	...	808,645	...	...
Without children	104,580	...	...	1,140,630	...	...
Total one-parent families	177,190	...	...	1,686,340	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	135,065	...	...	1,302,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	42,125	...	...	383,670	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	4,177,715	2,088,185	2,089,530	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Total - Persons in census families	3,456,645	1,720,145	1,736,505	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,974,930	986,995	987,935	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560
Parents in one-parent families	177,185	42,120	135,060	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670
Children⁶	1,304,525	691,020	613,500	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400
In a two-parent family	1,022,235	538,215	484,020	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805
In a one-parent family	282,290	152,810	129,485	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	721,070	368,045	353,030	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620
Living alone	424,055	207,075	216,980	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520
Living with other relatives⁷	108,100	49,205	58,900	927,345	393,085	534,260
Living with non-relatives only	188,915	111,760	77,155	1,526,645	878,800	647,840
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,945	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,008,210	...	...	8,932,695	...	...
Couple-family households	876,085	...	...	7,627,195	...	...
With children⁶	465,405	...	...	3,789,795	...	...
Without children	410,680	...	...	3,837,400	...	...
One-parent-family households	132,125	...	...	1,305,500	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	47,450	...	...	441,745	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	10,575	...	...	94,235	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	60,780	...	...	450,415	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	82,150	...	...	663,835	...	...
One-person households	424,055	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	3,375,110	1,675,960	1,699,150	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,213,495	1,597,075	1,616,420	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,200	38,400	41,200	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,215,290	1,598,045	1,617,250	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,800	35,200	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,899,265	1,472,130	1,427,140	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	50,400	31,200	35,200	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,426,900	1,262,555	1,164,345	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	51,600	33,600	37,200	43,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,818,115	1,377,385	1,440,730	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	6,120	9,700	9,800	8,500	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	373,185	184,280	188,900	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880	5,720	5,760	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	978,925	473,610	505,320	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,212,650	1,596,250	1,616,400	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,850	72,700	49,160	54,450	62,650	46,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,214,490	1,597,255	1,617,235	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	58,400	42,120	44,920	50,320	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,900,200	1,472,350	1,427,850	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,300	70,100	44,040	50,240	59,500	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,426,940	1,262,995	1,163,950	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,350	67,800	43,920	50,280	58,050	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,817,280	1,376,575	1,440,710	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,440	9,300	11,520	11,170	10,180	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	371,975	183,715	188,265	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,090	6,720	7,450	7,050	6,710	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	972,130	470,475	501,650	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	9,030	9,290	8,920	8,740	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,120,075	641,305	478,775	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	78,500	62,000	63,600	69,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,200	96,300	70,400	77,200	85,400	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	993,770	466,385	527,385	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	26,200	18,400	18,400	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,280	42,280	27,160	29,160	33,960	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	89.0	79.2	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.0	73.8	64.4	66.8	70.6	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.0	11.0	20.9	17.8	13.7	23.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.8	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.0	6.7	5.4	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.7	5.9	4.7	4.0	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	3,375,110	1,675,960	1,699,150	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without total income	161,620	78,885	82,730	1,094,320	545,400	548,915
With total income	3,213,490	1,597,075	1,616,415	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660
Under $10,000 (including loss)	271,260	111,180	160,085	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310
$10,000 to $19,999	307,390	122,515	184,880	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945
$20,000 to $29,999	483,175	210,085	273,090	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570
$30,000 to $39,999	384,115	161,270	222,840	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375
$40,000 to $49,999	332,120	148,870	183,245	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755
$50,000 to $59,999	277,960	132,620	145,340	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330
$60,000 to $69,999	232,840	119,260	113,580	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795
$70,000 to $79,999	187,305	105,100	82,205	1,592,465	887,985	704,480
$80,000 to $89,999	146,920	87,190	59,725	1,239,395	708,430	530,965
$90,000 to $99,999	124,520	73,960	50,560	965,950	553,435	412,510
$100,000 and over	465,885	325,025	140,860	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625
$100,000 to $149,999	291,955	191,190	100,765	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520
$150,000 and over	173,935	133,835	40,100	1,057,615	758,510	299,105
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	3,375,110	1,675,960	1,699,150	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without after-tax income	159,820	77,915	81,900	1,079,955	537,800	542,155
With after-tax income	3,215,295	1,598,045	1,617,245	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	282,760	115,430	167,325	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725
$10,000 to $19,999	320,525	128,425	192,100	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855
$20,000 to $29,999	545,450	237,370	308,080	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845
$30,000 to $39,999	449,440	194,945	254,500	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250
$40,000 to $49,999	388,170	182,160	206,010	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005
$50,000 to $59,999	314,650	160,140	154,510	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920
$60,000 to $69,999	240,015	135,075	104,940	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790
$70,000 to $79,999	178,580	106,080	72,495	1,428,520	814,645	613,875
$80,000 to $89,999	138,170	82,415	55,755	1,027,015	592,405	434,605
$90,000 to $99,999	92,045	59,450	32,595	643,700	402,325	241,380
$100,000 and over	265,490	196,560	68,930	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185
$100,000 to $124,999	121,505	85,805	35,705	792,455	530,970	261,490
$125,000 and over	143,985	110,760	33,225	804,335	578,645	225,695
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	3,375,110	1,675,960	1,699,150	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without employment income	948,210	413,405	534,805	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450
With employment income	2,426,900	1,262,555	1,164,345	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125
Under $5,000 (including loss)	305,715	142,525	163,185	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955
$5,000 to $9,999	186,575	78,780	107,795	1,739,570	765,825	973,750
$10,000 to $19,999	270,795	116,950	153,845	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810
$20,000 to $29,999	212,530	93,955	118,575	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050
$30,000 to $39,999	202,095	92,015	110,080	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190
$40,000 to $49,999	193,315	92,690	100,625	1,859,845	899,795	960,055
$50,000 to $59,999	181,745	89,815	91,930	1,640,805	842,030	798,780
$60,000 to $69,999	161,830	85,450	76,375	1,367,510	754,825	612,685
$70,000 to $79,999	133,940	78,540	55,400	1,099,625	637,060	462,570
$80,000 to $89,999	110,580	67,335	43,240	929,490	539,395	390,095
$90,000 to $99,999	101,430	59,855	41,575	760,035	439,505	320,530
$100,000 and over	366,350	264,635	101,720	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670
$100,000 to $124,999	158,925	103,055	55,870	1,129,445	714,235	415,210
$125,000 and over	207,430	161,580	45,850	1,288,265	936,805	351,460
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	3,375,110	1,675,960	1,699,150	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,147,180	1,561,420	1,585,760	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	54,800	36,400	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,148,375	1,561,645	1,586,735	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,600	33,600	35,200	40,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,869,935	1,456,690	1,413,250	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	54,000	34,400	36,800	44,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,438,175	1,267,255	1,170,925	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	55,200	36,000	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,675,790	1,312,270	1,363,520	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	1,010	4,080	4,240	1,960	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	245,140	118,390	126,750	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,640	7,050	5,720	5,560	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,146,890	1,560,995	1,585,890	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,750	74,200	47,560	52,350	61,250	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,147,975	1,561,230	1,586,750	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,720	59,050	40,520	42,920	49,000	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,871,550	1,456,805	1,414,740	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,350	74,400	45,840	51,040	60,800	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,438,445	1,267,615	1,170,835	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,450	72,000	45,800	50,560	58,800	41,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,676,295	1,312,765	1,363,530	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,720	5,635	7,770	7,950	6,990	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	244,330	117,410	126,920	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	7,020	8,900	7,560	6,880	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,111,760	636,785	474,975	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	77,500	58,800	60,000	66,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,800	95,700	67,800	73,200	81,900	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	941,295	443,225	498,070	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,000	37,200	25,400	24,200	28,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,280	54,050	33,720	35,200	41,280	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.0	87.6	91.2	83.0
Employment income (%)	75.8	78.8	71.0	71.8	75.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4	6.4	14.0	12.3	8.9	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	424,055	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,209,165	...	...	10,582,930	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,700	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...	87,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	424,120	...	...	4,394,500	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,050	...	...	53,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400	...	...	44,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,209,100	...	...	10,584,445	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,500	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	16,810	...	...	165,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,310	...	...	91,750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	12,525	...	...	178,475	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	17,725	...	...	274,140	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	49,050	...	...	637,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	52,025	...	...	505,875	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	41,490	...	...	488,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	48,190	...	...	560,950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	52,710	...	...	572,650	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	51,200	...	...	559,155	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	104,130	...	...	1,093,185	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	106,340	...	...	1,044,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	104,230	...	...	986,460	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	98,820	...	...	921,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	93,990	...	...	844,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	775,675	...	...	6,053,945	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	204,960	...	...	1,753,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	156,945	...	...	1,283,445	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	200,675	...	...	1,545,935	...	...
$200,000 and over	213,100	...	...	1,471,075	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	18,920	...	...	186,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,620	...	...	95,195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	12,950	...	...	183,430	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	18,925	...	...	289,545	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	52,455	...	...	681,900	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	58,000	...	...	589,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	48,620	...	...	582,275	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	56,195	...	...	666,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	62,115	...	...	676,995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	60,880	...	...	655,100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	126,900	...	...	1,285,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	127,780	...	...	1,223,830	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	122,795	...	...	1,137,840	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	117,335	...	...	1,039,375	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	106,445	...	...	911,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	634,290	...	...	4,773,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	214,810	...	...	1,757,035	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	149,640	...	...	1,152,855	...	...
$150,000 and over	269,845	...	...	1,864,100	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,150,150	...	...	10,117,305	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	423,245	...	...	3,929,500	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	527,475	...	...	4,311,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	162,425	...	...	1,547,920	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	612,970	318,840	294,130	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	46,400	40,800	38,400	40,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	41,200	37,200	34,800	36,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,149,555	...	...	10,113,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,100	...	...	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	423,255	...	...	3,926,040	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,400	...	...	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	528,270	...	...	4,318,755	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,000	...	...	160,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	161,495	...	...	1,539,580	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,100	...	...	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,800	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	612,950	318,115	294,835	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,550	60,100	52,750	49,440	52,050	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	49,600	44,960	41,560	43,080	40,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	4,177,715	2,088,185	2,089,535	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
0 to 17 years	953,865	490,345	463,520	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005
0 to 5 years	302,980	155,160	147,820	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775
18 to 64 years	2,638,940	1,317,995	1,320,945	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665
65 years and over	584,915	279,845	305,065	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	382,820	182,970	199,855	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765
0 to 17 years	107,130	54,765	52,370	854,565	439,490	415,075
0 to 5 years	36,250	18,465	17,790	282,315	144,250	138,065
18 to 64 years	213,795	103,030	110,765	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640
65 years and over	61,890	25,180	36,720	985,745	391,695	594,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.2	8.8	9.6	11.1	10.5	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.3	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.0	11.9	12.0	12.7	12.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.8	8.4	9.7	9.4	9.9
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.0	12.0	15.0	12.7	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	4,132,995	2,065,555	2,067,435	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440
0 to 17 years	936,965	481,700	455,265	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505
0 to 5 years	298,005	152,625	145,380	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925
18 to 64 years	2,614,300	1,305,610	1,308,690	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865
65 years and over	581,730	278,250	303,475	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	187,885	96,630	91,255	1,863,335	950,150	913,180
0 to 17 years	43,110	21,925	21,180	319,545	164,490	155,060
0 to 5 years	13,945	7,045	6,900	99,435	50,875	48,560
18 to 64 years	130,620	68,100	62,525	1,344,640	702,660	641,975
65 years and over	14,155	6,605	7,550	199,155	83,010	116,145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	4.7	4.4	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	4.7	4.6	4.8	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.2	4.8	6.0	6.4	5.7
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.4	2.5	3.1	2.7	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	4,177,715	2,088,185	2,089,530	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
In bottom half of the distribution	1,894,410	924,245	970,165	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345
In bottom decile	345,410	172,330	173,080	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070
In second decile	385,215	179,975	205,240	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660
In third decile	380,170	184,770	195,400	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735
In fourth decile	386,560	190,330	196,235	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210
In fifth decile	397,055	196,830	200,215	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670
In top half of the distribution	2,283,310	1,163,940	1,119,365	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900
In sixth decile	406,615	204,040	202,575	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535
In seventh decile	420,810	212,460	208,350	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230
In eighth decile	440,225	223,690	216,535	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530
In ninth decile	470,850	240,765	230,085	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415
In top decile	544,810	282,985	261,825	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	4,177,720	...	...	36,328,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.350	...	...	0.347	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450	...	...	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.307	...	...	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English only	3,894,690	1,960,785	1,933,905	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800
French only	3,105	1,330	1,780	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390
English and French	258,330	119,725	138,605	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330
Neither English nor French	65,705	26,945	38,760	689,725	284,170	405,555
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	4,078,135	2,042,220	2,035,915	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025
French	64,440	32,960	31,485	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110
English and French	15,525	7,680	7,840	476,175	237,635	238,535
Neither English nor French	63,735	25,925	37,810	673,100	275,685	397,420
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	4,055,375	2,028,210	2,027,165	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600
Official languages	3,148,690	1,591,780	1,556,910	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510
English	3,083,840	1,558,570	1,525,265	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835
French	64,855	33,210	31,645	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675
Non-official languages	906,680	436,430	470,250	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090
Indigenous languages³⁹	17,200	8,165	9,035	148,895	71,630	77,265
Algonquian languages	15,155	7,265	7,890	97,125	46,545	50,580
Blackfoot	2,470	1,160	1,315	2,520	1,180	1,340
Cree-Innu languages	12,290	5,920	6,370	67,665	32,715	34,950
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,500	2,825	2,670
Cree languages	12,290	5,920	6,365	53,070	25,645	27,430
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5	155	70	85
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	580	300	280
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	35	30	3,460	1,675	1,785
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	65	25	40	2,475	1,075	1,395
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,590	705	890	5,025	2,345	2,675
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	1,305	650	655	2,850	1,370	1,480
Cree, n.o.s.	9,255	4,495	4,760	38,535	18,810	19,725
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	5	8,465	3,930	4,535
Naskapi	0	0	0	625	310	315
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	5	5,155	2,415	2,745
Mi'kmaq	10	5	5	4,910	2,290	2,620
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	245	125	120
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	385	180	205	21,775	10,230	11,550
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	865	400	460
Oji-Cree	20	5	10	9,310	4,525	4,790
Ojibway languages	355	170	185	11,605	5,300	6,300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10	470	235	235
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	65	25	40
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	235	110	125	1,880	850	1,030
Ojibway, n.o.s.	100	50	50	9,185	4,190	4,995
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages	1,345	610	735	12,885	6,200	6,680
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,335	605	725	12,785	6,155	6,630
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	5	5	625	280	340
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	25	10	15	120	55	60
Dene, n.o.s.	1,075	495	585	8,060	3,865	4,190
Gwich'in	10	0	5	175	70	105
Slavey-Hare languages	150	65	85	1,505	755	755
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	105	45	55	400	195	200
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	10	10	270	120	150
Slavey, n.o.s.	30	10	20	840	440	400
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	150	80	65
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	65	40	25
Tahltan	0	0	0	80	40	40
Tlicho (Dogrib)	35	10	20	1,390	725	670
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	35	5	30
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	5	465	210	255
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10	25	15	10
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	120	40	85
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	15	55
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	25	10	15
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	25	10	20
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	0	120	50	65
Tlingit	0	0	0	50	20	25
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	45	20	25
Haida	0	0	0	45	15	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	145	40	100	33,790	16,480	17,315
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	5	20	560	220	340
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	5	335	140	200
Inuvialuktun	20	5	15	225	85	140
Inuktitut	115	35	80	33,200	16,240	16,955
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	30	10	20
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	355	150	205
Cayuga	0	0	0	35	15	15
Mohawk	10	5	5	275	115	155
Oneida	0	0	0	45	10	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	30	15	15
Michif	60	25	40	485	220	265
Salish languages	10	0	5	1,095	520	575
Halkomelem	0	0	0	185	90	95
Lillooet	0	0	0	100	45	55
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	180	100	80
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	265	125	140
Squamish	0	0	0	25	10	15
Straits	0	0	0	95	40	50
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	0	0	185	80	105
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Siouan languages	445	205	235	1,040	485	555
Assiniboine	10	0	5	70	40	25
Dakota	65	25	40	560	245	315
Stoney	360	175	180	365	180	190
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	45	20	20
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5	1,035	515	515
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	5	590	300	290
Nisga'a	0	0	0	325	155	170
Tsimshian	0	0	0	120	60	60
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	770	385	385
Haisla	0	0	0	85	35	55
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	300	180	120
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	150	70	80
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	220	95	130
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	5	15
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	5	180	75	100
Non-Indigenous languages	889,485	428,270	461,215	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,270	42,330	39,935	698,355	359,625	338,730
Berber languages	335	185	150	27,490	14,715	12,775
Kabyle	220	110	115	24,760	13,130	11,625
Tamazight	95	60	30	2,340	1,365	975
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	395	225	170
Chadic languages	160	85	75	1,985	1,085	905
Hausa	145	80	65	1,315	740	570
Mina	10	5	10	675	340	335
Coptic	55	25	30	1,015	510	505
Cushitic languages	14,995	7,485	7,515	49,410	23,275	26,135
Bilen	650	345	300	2,020	1,085	935
Oromo	3,485	1,780	1,705	5,905	3,015	2,890
Somali	10,750	5,280	5,470	40,730	18,775	21,955
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	115	70	45	755	400	350
Semitic languages	66,720	34,555	32,165	618,450	320,045	298,405
Amharic	8,165	3,925	4,245	25,685	12,090	13,600
Arabic	46,425	24,385	22,045	508,410	265,350	243,060
Aramaic languages	835	405	430	27,690	13,465	14,220
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	445	225	220	17,220	8,320	8,900
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	265	125	140	8,860	4,335	4,525
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	55	70	1,600	805	795
Harari	215	105	110	1,220	550	675
Hebrew	885	455	425	19,495	10,505	8,995
Maltese	55	25	25	4,425	2,080	2,340
Tigrigna	10,065	5,210	4,855	31,075	15,775	15,300
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	35	450	235	220
Austro-Asiatic languages	25,655	11,520	14,135	192,985	87,230	105,750
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,775	800	975	19,525	8,820	10,705
Vietnamese	23,705	10,615	13,090	173,000	78,180	94,820
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	175	100	75	460	230	225
Austronesian languages	131,755	58,110	73,640	565,375	238,875	326,500
Bikol	535	235	295	2,115	940	1,180
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,265	985	1,285	8,215	3,425	4,790
Cebuano	5,210	2,300	2,910	18,945	7,800	11,145
Fijian	120	65	55	605	325	280
Hiligaynon	2,370	1,005	1,370	9,690	3,900	5,795
Ilocano	7,440	3,325	4,110	33,520	14,140	19,380
Indonesian	1,275	510	765	11,910	4,990	6,920
Kankanaey	370	155	220	1,100	465	640
Kinaray-a	165	80	90	670	275	395
Malagasy languages	50	20	30	2,085	990	1,090
Merina	5	0	5	1,245	580	670
Malagasy, n.o.s.	45	20	30	835	415	425
Malay	270	115	155	1,330	570	760
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,275	620	650	5,615	2,635	2,980
Pangasinan	515	235	280	2,050	900	1,150
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	108,395	47,810	60,590	461,150	194,805	266,345
Waray-Waray	415	195	225	1,625	690	935
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,075	475	605	4,740	2,035	2,705
Creole languages	1,745	875	875	78,235	35,650	42,580
Haitian Creole	455	230	225	52,435	23,355	29,085
Jamaican English Creole	60	35	30	600	315	290
Krio	270	130	140	795	365	435
Morisyen	325	165	160	6,125	3,015	3,110
Sango	5	0	5	580	280	300
Creole, n.o.s.	420	215	210	15,550	7,325	8,230
Creole languages, n.i.e.	215	110	105	2,135	1,000	1,140
Dravidian languages	17,170	8,845	8,330	244,165	125,180	118,990
Kannada	585	295	295	6,240	3,215	3,020
Malayalam	8,785	4,450	4,330	54,050	29,375	24,670
Tamil	4,950	2,610	2,340	152,850	75,010	77,845
Telugu	2,715	1,425	1,295	30,045	17,095	12,950
Tulu	75	35	40	615	310	305
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	370	170	195
Georgian	200	110	90	2,180	1,175	1,005
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	565	265	305
Indo-European languages	454,815	224,310	230,505	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520
Albanian	2,345	1,250	1,100	29,265	14,690	14,580
Armenian	490	240	245	33,720	16,335	17,385
Balto-Slavic languages	70,185	32,420	37,760	648,810	297,100	351,710
Baltic languages	885	405	475	10,560	4,425	6,135
Latvian	365	165	205	4,430	1,875	2,555
Lithuanian	515	240	275	6,130	2,555	3,580
Slavic languages	69,305	32,020	37,285	638,250	292,670	345,580
Belarusian	65	30	40	720	325	395
Bulgarian	1,300	640	660	19,035	9,090	9,950
Czech	2,700	1,265	1,435	20,025	9,215	10,815
Macedonian	365	185	185	14,795	7,075	7,720
Polish	17,540	8,130	9,410	160,170	72,120	88,050
Russian	17,735	7,850	9,890	197,905	89,100	108,800
Rusyn	30	20	10	500	240	255
Serbo-Croatian	10,350	5,085	5,270	116,735	56,900	59,835
Bosnian	1,860	905	960	13,820	6,785	7,040
Croatian	4,260	2,105	2,155	43,500	20,755	22,740
Serbian	4,040	1,975	2,065	57,425	28,410	29,015
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	190	100	90	1,995	945	1,045
Slovak	1,865	910	950	15,255	6,930	8,320
Slovene (Slovenian)	555	245	305	7,965	3,425	4,535
Ukrainian	16,750	7,630	9,125	84,705	38,005	46,695
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	440	235	205
Celtic languages	295	165	130	2,150	1,110	1,045
Irish	75	45	25	665	355	315
Scottish Gaelic	50	20	20	425	210	210
Welsh	145	75	65	825	410	420
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	230	135	95
Germanic languages	93,145	45,830	47,320	463,400	221,365	242,035
Frisian	250	145	105	1,570	800	775
High German languages	60,990	29,660	31,325	301,570	142,580	158,990
German	59,835	29,055	30,775	272,865	128,250	144,615
Pennsylvania German	20	10	10	9,065	4,530	4,540
Swiss German	1,045	550	495	7,575	3,740	3,835
Yiddish	90	50	45	12,060	6,060	6,005
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	28,670	14,425	14,245	138,655	67,815	70,840
Afrikaans	3,150	1,555	1,595	12,270	6,175	6,095
Dutch	13,140	6,605	6,535	80,315	39,000	41,310
Low German, n.o.s.	3,060	1,545	1,510	8,670	4,255	4,420
Low Saxon	260	145	120	1,270	650	625
Plautdietsch	8,815	4,455	4,355	33,200	16,410	16,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	245	120	125	2,935	1,325	1,605
Scandinavian languages	3,155	1,540	1,615	20,275	9,500	10,775
Danish	1,850	945	910	9,945	4,750	5,195
Icelandic	95	45	55	905	430	480
Norwegian	525	245	285	3,535	1,675	1,860
Swedish	680	310	370	5,890	2,645	3,245
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	85	50	30	1,330	670	660
Greek	2,820	1,430	1,385	93,335	45,860	47,470
Indo-Iranian languages	197,415	100,095	97,320	1,659,505	847,400	812,105
Indo-Aryan languages	176,130	89,315	86,820	1,358,645	697,075	661,575
Assamese	85	45	40	545	265	280
Bengali	7,735	3,900	3,835	87,580	45,160	42,425
Gujarati	15,330	7,920	7,415	138,985	73,335	65,655
Hindi	18,815	9,525	9,285	152,825	79,585	73,240
Kacchi	1,625	720	905	6,930	3,100	3,830
Kashmiri	125	65	60	745	395	350
Konkani	345	170	180	3,425	1,675	1,745
Marathi	1,910	970	935	14,145	7,330	6,810
Nepali	5,900	3,035	2,865	23,425	11,920	11,510
Oriya languages	185	100	90	1,775	940	835
Odia	130	70	60	1,125	615	510
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	30	30	645	325	320
Punjabi (Panjabi)	91,070	46,205	44,870	666,585	341,515	325,065
Rohingya	30	20	15	545	265	280
Sindhi	685	345	340	3,985	2,070	1,915
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,700	1,380	1,325	18,000	8,895	9,110
Urdu	28,635	14,425	14,210	235,290	118,540	116,755
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	945	495	445	3,865	2,085	1,780
Iranian languages	21,225	10,750	10,470	300,555	150,160	150,390
Baluchi	65	40	25	555	305	250
Kurdish	2,010	1,035	975	16,485	8,770	7,715
Parsi	25	15	10	555	310	240
Pashto	2,960	1,505	1,460	19,520	10,170	9,355
Persian languages	16,065	8,115	7,955	262,625	130,180	132,440
Dari	5,005	2,490	2,515	57,220	28,070	29,155
Iranian Persian	9,030	4,585	4,445	179,425	89,070	90,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,035	1,040	995	25,975	13,040	12,930
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	815	425	390
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	305	165	140
Italic (Romance) languages	88,045	42,845	45,205	1,194,290	574,295	619,995
Catalan	70	30	45	905	470	440
Italian	9,505	4,745	4,755	319,505	154,295	165,205
Portuguese	9,910	4,750	5,165	240,680	115,235	125,450
Romanian	7,425	3,635	3,790	93,160	44,185	48,975
Spanish	61,090	29,655	31,435	538,870	259,500	279,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	1,165	610	550
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	385	195	185
Japanese	4,575	1,550	3,025	43,850	14,205	29,650
Korean	19,240	8,935	10,305	170,400	77,075	93,325
Mongolian	565	255	310	1,850	800	1,050
Niger-Congo languages	16,500	8,265	8,235	108,295	52,850	55,440
Akan (Twi)	1,660	855	800	13,120	6,400	6,720
Bamanankan	30	20	10	1,855	1,000	860
Edo	245	125	115	1,685	745	940
Éwé	225	125	95	1,955	1,030	920
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	190	100	95	3,520	1,825	1,695
Ga	125	60	60	815	400	415
Ganda	315	160	160	1,890	885	1,010
Gikuyu	160	75	85	760	320	440
Igbo	1,380	725	650	5,175	2,720	2,460
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,135	550	585	7,380	3,365	4,015
Lingala	205	110	100	4,260	1,925	2,335
Luba-Kasai	55	30	30	520	245	275
Mòoré	40	20	20	515	260	260
Mwani	200	100	95	695	365	325
Ndebele	390	190	205	920	420	500
Rundi (Kirundi)	655	305	350	8,660	4,035	4,625
Shona	1,105	530	580	3,605	1,665	1,940
Soninke	25	10	10	505	315	190
Sotho-Tswana languages	150	50	100	520	200	320
Swahili	2,455	1,165	1,290	16,000	7,630	8,370
Wojenaka	25	10	15	1,030	495	535
Wolof	265	145	115	4,890	2,605	2,285
Yoruba	3,205	1,710	1,490	15,015	7,605	7,410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,265	1,090	1,170	13,000	6,405	6,590
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,450	1,275	1,175	6,920	3,565	3,355
Dinka	1,040	575	470	1,865	1,000	865
Nuer	625	290	335	1,090	515	570
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	650	340	310	3,395	1,745	1,645
African, n.o.s.	130	70	60	575	305	270
Sign languages	840	440	400	6,955	3,710	3,250
American Sign Language	695	370	330	4,965	2,635	2,335
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	990	520	465
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	1,005	555	450
Sino-Tibetan languages	118,025	54,995	63,030	1,309,825	602,025	707,800
Chinese languages	115,870	53,935	61,940	1,292,640	593,580	699,055
Hakka	880	405	470	9,765	4,420	5,345
Mandarin	54,135	25,165	28,970	679,255	310,750	368,510
Min Dong	55	25	30	1,310	665	645
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,400	1,040	1,360	27,805	12,415	15,390
Wu (Shanghainese)	440	215	225	8,880	3,995	4,880
Yue (Cantonese)	56,280	26,280	30,005	553,380	255,540	297,835
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,605	760	845	11,610	5,500	6,110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	630	295	330
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,055	1,015	1,040	16,600	8,160	8,445
Burmese	415	205	215	3,305	1,590	1,710
Kuki-Chin languages	130	60	70	870	400	475
Karenic languages	725	365	355	4,520	2,240	2,275
S'gaw Karen	585	290	290	3,900	1,940	1,960
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	615	305	315
Tibetan	670	335	335	7,025	3,475	3,545
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	120	55	60	890	445	440
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	585	285	295
Tai-Kadai languages	3,040	1,110	1,935	22,350	8,605	13,745
Lao	950	460	490	11,485	5,475	6,010
Thai	2,010	620	1,390	10,455	2,960	7,495
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	85	35	55	410	165	240
Turkic languages	4,335	2,360	1,975	53,520	28,385	25,135
Azerbaijani	440	235	200	4,490	2,460	2,030
Kazakh	90	35	55	540	230	305
Turkish	3,290	1,825	1,460	44,190	23,615	20,570
Uyghur	130	60	70	1,355	660	690
Uzbek	240	130	110	1,805	890	920
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	65	75	1,150	530	620
Uralic languages	6,120	2,890	3,230	68,180	31,000	37,180
Estonian	165	75	90	4,485	1,945	2,535
Finnish	700	285	415	12,200	5,075	7,120
Hungarian	5,255	2,530	2,725	51,500	23,980	27,525
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	85	80	1,060	540	520
Multiple responses	166,455	80,575	85,890	1,475,690	719,210	756,480
English and French	17,600	8,520	9,085	291,325	142,420	148,905
English and non-official language(s)	131,195	63,735	67,465	921,480	450,685	470,800
French and non-official language(s)	3,125	1,535	1,590	117,910	57,875	60,040
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,425	1,160	1,270	52,880	25,900	26,975
Multiple non-official languages	12,105	5,625	6,480	92,095	42,330	49,765
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	3,183,975	1,606,395	1,577,580	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270
French	15,490	7,660	7,835	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685
Non-official language	272,985	131,515	141,475	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315
Indigenous³⁹	3,700	1,890	1,805	50,460	25,385	25,080
Non-Indigenous	269,280	129,620	139,665	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240
English and French	41,100	19,580	21,515	953,760	465,560	488,205
English and non-official language(s)	664,935	323,185	341,750	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570
French and non-official language(s)	1,590	725	865	395,320	188,195	207,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	17,280	8,175	9,105	455,760	217,995	237,770
Multiple non-official languages	24,475	11,545	12,930	200,320	93,165	107,155
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	4,054,960	2,027,555	2,027,400	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035
Official languages	3,504,300	1,758,870	1,745,425	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850
English	3,481,545	1,747,645	1,733,895	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485
French	22,755	11,225	11,530	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365
Non-official languages	550,665	268,690	281,975	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	7,175	3,615	3,565	85,835	42,950	42,885
Algonquian languages	6,355	3,210	3,140	50,135	25,010	25,120
Blackfoot	965	490	475	980	495	480
Cree-Innu languages	5,290	2,670	2,615	38,255	19,165	19,090
Atikamekw	0	0	0	4,345	2,285	2,060
Cree languages	5,290	2,670	2,615	26,700	13,425	13,270
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	50	30	30
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	560	300	265
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	5	5	2,545	1,225	1,315
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0	665	305	360
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	475	235	240	1,455	730	725
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	290	150	145	830	430	405
Cree, n.o.s.	4,510	2,275	2,230	20,585	10,400	10,180
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	6,710	3,190	3,520
Naskapi	0	0	0	505	260	245
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	2,650	1,250	1,395
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	2,595	1,225	1,365
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	55	25	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	95	45	45	8,250	4,100	4,155
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	230	105	120
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	4,540	2,305	2,235
Ojibway languages	90	45	45	3,480	1,685	1,800
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	145	70	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	25	10	15
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	60	30	30	390	195	200
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	5	15	2,925	1,405	1,515
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	685	345	340	7,260	3,675	3,585
Northern Athabaskan languages	680	340	340	7,230	3,655	3,575
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	220	100	125
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	10	0	10	30	10	15
Dene, n.o.s.	585	300	290	5,255	2,610	2,650
Gwich'in	0	0	0	35	15	20
Slavey-Hare languages	70	40	35	705	390	315
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	60	30	30	200	110	95
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	5	0	115	60	55
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0	5	395	220	175
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	5
Tahltan	0	0	0	5	5	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	755	420	335
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	165	85	75
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	5	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	5
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	40	20	20
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	5
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	27,295	13,695	13,600
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	95	45	55
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	50	25	25
Inuktitut	15	5	10	27,140	13,625	13,520
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	100	45	55
Cayuga	0	0	0	15	10	5
Mohawk	0	0	0	65	30	40
Oneida	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Michif	15	10	10	150	80	70
Salish languages	5	5	0	260	130	130
Halkomelem	0	0	0	50	20	30
Lillooet	0	0	0	35	20	20
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	35	20	10
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	85	40	40
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0	30	15	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	15	5	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	0
Siouan languages	100	45	55	240	110	130
Assiniboine	0	0	0	10	5	10
Dakota	10	5	5	120	65	60
Stoney	85	35	45	90	40	55
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	15	5	5
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	220	115	105
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	120	65	55
Nisga'a	0	0	0	85	40	45
Tsimshian	0	0	0	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	70	25	40
Haisla	0	0	0	10	5	5
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	20	5	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	25	5	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	85	40	40
Non-Indigenous languages	543,490	265,075	278,415	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	52,375	26,290	26,085	395,840	197,010	198,830
Berber languages	165	85	80	11,295	5,940	5,355
Kabyle	95	50	45	10,180	5,325	4,850
Tamazight	55	30	25	840	455	380
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	280	155	130
Chadic languages	105	60	45	835	425	410
Hausa	105	60	45	635	330	305
Mina	0	0	0	200	95	105
Coptic	15	5	5	545	265	280
Cushitic languages	10,170	5,010	5,155	30,375	14,115	16,260
Bilen	490	255	240	1,645	890	760
Oromo	2,580	1,305	1,270	3,890	1,935	1,960
Somali	7,045	3,425	3,620	24,410	11,075	13,335
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	425	215	205
Semitic languages	41,920	21,120	20,800	352,790	176,270	176,520
Amharic	5,025	2,385	2,635	14,030	6,470	7,565
Arabic	28,040	14,195	13,840	285,915	143,650	142,260
Aramaic languages	630	310	325	20,740	9,940	10,800
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	310	155	160	12,935	6,150	6,785
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	190	90	95	6,585	3,185	3,400
Aramaic, n.o.s.	135	65	65	1,220	605	615
Harari	140	70	70	680	305	380
Hebrew	415	215	200	8,515	4,355	4,160
Maltese	10	5	5	795	360	435
Tigrigna	7,600	3,905	3,700	21,860	11,050	10,810
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	20	250	135	115
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,075	7,795	9,285	127,730	58,660	69,070
Khmer (Cambodian)	975	430	545	10,650	4,765	5,880
Vietnamese	15,945	7,280	8,670	116,785	53,735	63,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	155	90	65	300	160	135
Austronesian languages	82,190	38,845	43,345	326,245	149,550	176,700
Bikol	200	100	100	760	370	395
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,250	595	660	4,125	1,895	2,230
Cebuano	2,990	1,435	1,555	10,195	4,720	5,480
Fijian	25	15	10	200	110	85
Hiligaynon	1,290	610	680	5,015	2,265	2,750
Ilocano	4,450	2,075	2,375	18,350	8,350	10,000
Indonesian	435	215	220	4,150	1,985	2,170
Kankanaey	210	95	120	585	265	320
Kinaray-a	85	40	45	320	150	170
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	725	370	355
Merina	0	0	0	330	165	170
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10	390	205	190
Malay	65	30	30	280	145	140
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	700	330	370	3,030	1,435	1,590
Pangasinan	180	85	95	680	310	375
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	69,570	32,865	36,705	275,045	125,870	149,170
Waray-Waray	205	100	110	680	325	360
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	500	245	255	2,100	1,000	1,105
Creole languages	1,010	485	525	35,195	15,455	19,740
Haitian Creole	295	140	155	22,610	9,620	12,990
Jamaican English Creole	45	15	25	300	125	175
Krio	120	55	60	360	150	210
Morisyen	235	115	115	3,640	1,760	1,880
Sango	0	0	0	295	135	160
Creole, n.o.s.	205	105	100	7,120	3,275	3,845
Creole languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	870	395	475
Dravidian languages	11,840	5,985	5,855	169,705	85,265	84,440
Kannada	305	150	160	3,060	1,575	1,485
Malayalam	6,270	3,150	3,120	35,390	19,010	16,380
Tamil	3,480	1,790	1,690	112,335	54,240	58,095
Telugu	1,705	860	845	18,470	10,215	8,250
Tulu	45	20	20	240	120	120
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	205	105	105
Georgian	130	75	60	1,335	730	610
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	215	105	120
Indo-European languages	265,460	131,850	133,610	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380
Albanian	1,040	550	490	14,110	7,005	7,100
Armenian	245	115	125	21,970	10,415	11,550
Balto-Slavic languages	28,760	13,815	14,945	303,480	143,495	159,985
Baltic languages	345	175	170	2,495	1,120	1,380
Latvian	140	75	65	880	395	485
Lithuanian	205	105	105	1,615	720	895
Slavic languages	28,415	13,640	14,775	300,985	142,375	158,610
Belarusian	20	10	10	215	100	115
Bulgarian	595	290	305	10,315	5,005	5,310
Czech	765	365	400	5,680	2,705	2,980
Macedonian	180	95	90	6,105	2,880	3,225
Polish	6,810	3,230	3,575	65,140	30,225	34,915
Russian	10,885	5,205	5,680	125,780	59,290	66,490
Rusyn	10	10	5	290	155	135
Serbo-Croatian	4,370	2,105	2,265	53,150	25,720	27,430
Bosnian	750	360	395	6,480	3,135	3,345
Croatian	1,525	740	785	14,925	6,965	7,960
Serbian	2,055	990	1,065	31,110	15,310	15,800
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	20	20	640	315	325
Slovak	585	285	295	5,015	2,410	2,605
Slovene (Slovenian)	105	50	50	1,375	595	785
Ukrainian	4,080	1,990	2,090	27,825	13,250	14,580
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	95	55	40
Celtic languages	50	25	25	555	295	265
Irish	15	5	5	310	165	145
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	15	105	55	55
Welsh	10	5	5	100	55	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	40	25	15
Germanic languages	40,925	20,195	20,730	140,450	68,575	71,875
Frisian	40	25	20	270	110	155
High German languages	29,275	14,360	14,920	103,780	50,460	53,325
German	29,025	14,235	14,790	86,820	41,815	45,005
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	7,270	3,640	3,630
Swiss German	240	115	125	1,750	870	875
Yiddish	10	5	5	7,950	4,140	3,810
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,310	5,675	5,630	33,710	16,730	16,980
Afrikaans	1,720	850	870	6,095	3,055	3,035
Dutch	1,520	725	800	8,100	3,950	4,150
Low German, n.o.s.	2,280	1,170	1,115	4,965	2,480	2,485
Low Saxon	135	65	65	490	240	245
Plautdietsch	5,620	2,850	2,770	13,845	6,895	6,945
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20	220	100	120
Scandinavian languages	280	130	150	1,940	920	1,020
Danish	100	50	50	615	280	340
Icelandic	25	10	10	175	75	95
Norwegian	35	15	20	260	125	135
Swedish	130	55	75	890	435	450
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	740	355	390
Greek	935	430	505	38,300	17,490	20,810
Indo-Iranian languages	146,225	73,640	72,580	1,167,370	590,435	576,930
Indo-Aryan languages	132,370	66,780	65,590	962,820	490,815	472,000
Assamese	40	20	20	215	110	110
Bengali	5,085	2,505	2,580	56,750	28,435	28,315
Gujarati	10,620	5,435	5,185	92,005	47,790	44,215
Hindi	12,295	6,225	6,075	91,930	47,555	44,375
Kacchi	830	345	480	3,055	1,310	1,750
Kashmiri	70	35	40	270	130	140
Konkani	130	65	70	880	415	470
Marathi	1,145	570	570	7,460	3,800	3,660
Nepali	4,280	2,200	2,080	16,835	8,595	8,235
Oriya languages	75	40	35	795	420	375
Odia	55	30	25	525	275	250
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	15	10	270	145	130
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75,180	38,085	37,090	520,390	266,775	253,610
Rohingya	15	10	10	410	195	215
Sindhi	405	205	200	2,110	1,060	1,050
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,595	790	805	9,665	4,775	4,890
Urdu	20,080	9,990	10,085	158,040	78,420	79,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	520	255	265	2,015	1,040	975
Iranian languages	13,835	6,850	6,980	204,420	99,545	104,875
Baluchi	35	20	15	330	170	155
Kurdish	1,310	655	660	10,380	5,245	5,135
Parsi	15	5	10	280	130	150
Pashto	1,920	960	960	13,215	6,670	6,545
Persian languages	10,495	5,190	5,310	179,745	87,075	92,670
Dari	2,990	1,435	1,560	36,190	17,395	18,795
Iranian Persian	6,150	3,065	3,080	125,840	61,060	64,780
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,360	690	670	17,715	8,620	9,095
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	475	250	225
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	125	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages	47,235	23,055	24,180	577,735	273,965	303,770
Catalan	45	20	25	370	185	190
Italian	2,140	915	1,220	92,755	38,750	54,005
Portuguese	4,585	2,230	2,355	118,730	56,685	62,045
Romanian	3,525	1,745	1,775	48,090	23,135	24,955
Spanish	36,925	18,135	18,790	317,365	155,005	162,360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	425	210	220
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	190	95	95
Japanese	2,195	920	1,275	20,055	8,290	11,765
Korean	14,510	6,915	7,590	125,525	58,250	67,275
Mongolian	360	165	200	1,050	505	545
Niger-Congo languages	6,470	3,055	3,415	38,600	18,055	20,545
Akan (Twi)	750	370	380	6,000	2,755	3,240
Bamanankan	15	10	5	560	280	280
Edo	40	25	20	365	150	215
Éwé	50	30	25	470	225	245
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	145	70	75	1,315	665	650
Ga	30	15	20	260	115	150
Ganda	110	50	60	555	260	295
Gikuyu	20	10	10	105	50	55
Igbo	445	215	225	1,530	770	765
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	565	255	315	2,720	1,205	1,520
Lingala	140	60	80	1,520	655	860
Luba-Kasai	20	10	15	90	35	60
Mòoré	20	10	10	70	30	35
Mwani	50	30	25	160	85	75
Ndebele	140	65	80	295	130	160
Rundi (Kirundi)	330	160	175	3,780	1,760	2,025
Shona	375	180	195	1,035	480	555
Soninke	15	5	5	235	145	85
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	35	130	45	85
Swahili	1,100	505	595	7,055	3,290	3,765
Wojenaka	5	5	5	290	130	160
Wolof	175	100	80	1,945	1,040	910
Yoruba	1,175	565	610	5,395	2,505	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	670	300	375	2,720	1,250	1,470
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,265	640	625	3,155	1,555	1,600
Dinka	560	310	245	900	485	420
Nuer	400	185	220	645	295	355
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	280	135	145	1,465	705	760
African, n.o.s.	20	10	10	140	75	70
Sign languages	1,325	765	560	12,160	7,005	5,160
American Sign Language	1,065	610	455	8,175	4,660	3,515
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	1,475	830	645
Sign languages, n.i.e.	255	150	105	2,520	1,515	1,000
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,325	38,350	42,970	967,965	450,210	517,755
Chinese languages	79,775	37,570	42,200	955,685	444,115	511,565
Hakka	310	125	180	3,625	1,645	1,985
Mandarin	40,005	19,245	20,765	530,945	249,675	281,270
Min Dong	20	5	10	775	370	405
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	985	405	575	13,945	6,255	7,685
Wu (Shanghainese)	265	130	140	5,750	2,705	3,050
Yue (Cantonese)	37,205	17,195	20,010	393,430	180,000	213,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	965	455	505	6,985	3,360	3,625
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	225	110	115
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,505	765	745	11,990	5,960	6,035
Burmese	250	125	125	2,075	1,010	1,070
Kuki-Chin languages	120	60	60	660	320	340
Karenic languages	565	280	280	3,400	1,725	1,675
S'gaw Karen	460	230	225	2,960	1,500	1,460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	440	225	210
Tibetan	510	265	245	5,395	2,680	2,705
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	465	225	240
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	290	135	155
Tai-Kadai languages	1,410	655	755	10,120	4,660	5,460
Lao	430	205	230	5,955	2,850	3,105
Thai	930	430	495	3,955	1,725	2,230
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	210	85	125
Turkic languages	2,685	1,405	1,285	32,490	16,530	15,960
Azerbaijani	235	115	120	2,200	1,095	1,105
Kazakh	25	15	10	105	55	50
Turkish	2,180	1,145	1,035	27,970	14,290	13,685
Uyghur	80	40	40	850	420	435
Uzbek	125	65	55	950	470	480
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	410	195	210
Uralic languages	1,805	860	945	18,790	8,625	10,165
Estonian	25	10	10	615	245	370
Finnish	110	55	50	1,880	825	1,050
Hungarian	1,675	795	880	16,295	7,550	8,745
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	390	195	195
Multiple responses	166,875	81,225	85,650	1,563,345	758,295	805,045
English and French	8,010	3,875	4,130	230,955	112,070	118,880
English and non-official language(s)	152,980	74,600	78,375	1,123,355	546,255	577,095
French and non-official language(s)	770	345	430	125,525	60,405	65,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,755	845	915	56,805	27,370	29,430
Multiple non-official languages	3,355	1,560	1,795	26,705	12,190	14,515
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	4,221,835	2,108,780	2,113,050	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085
None	3,610,710	1,812,855	1,797,850	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980
English	224,860	111,370	113,495	1,956,965	969,380	987,580
French	30,900	14,530	16,375	571,040	268,530	302,510
Non-official language	279,795	133,050	146,750	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260
Indigenous³⁹	10,470	4,835	5,630	63,565	29,285	34,280
Non-Indigenous	269,325	128,210	141,115	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975
English and French	2,825	1,370	1,455	86,185	42,600	43,585
English and non-official language(s)	34,750	17,340	17,410	323,845	161,995	161,850
French and non-official language(s)	7,875	3,655	4,220	134,565	61,575	72,995
English, French and non-official language(s)	565	295	275	11,870	5,975	5,895
Multiple non-official languages	29,550	14,325	15,225	234,905	115,470	119,430
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	4,177,720	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310
Official languages	4,113,035	2,061,660	2,051,375	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360
English	4,109,720	2,060,230	2,049,495	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470
French	260,415	119,860	140,560	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875
Non-official languages	1,215,795	587,465	628,325	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400
Indigenous languages³⁹	32,910	15,640	17,275	243,155	116,360	126,795
Algonquian languages	29,220	13,945	15,275	163,815	78,135	85,675
Blackfoot	6,605	3,085	3,515	6,680	3,120	3,560
Cree-Innu languages	22,000	10,590	11,410	105,850	50,975	54,870
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,815	3,455	3,360
Cree languages	21,980	10,585	11,395	87,875	42,340	45,530
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0	420	220	200
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	15	10	0	895	450	445
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	190	100	90	4,880	2,320	2,555
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	150	60	85	4,675	2,025	2,645
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	4,265	1,840	2,425	12,005	5,440	6,555
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,155	1,060	1,100	5,110	2,460	2,650
Cree, n.o.s.	15,405	7,600	7,800	61,000	29,930	31,070
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	15	10,745	4,935	5,805
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,035	515	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	50	25	25	10,035	4,770	5,260
Mi'kmaq	50	25	25	9,245	4,370	4,880
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	820	420	400
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,050	480	570	42,865	20,015	22,850
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	10	1,950	895	1,060
Oji-Cree	40	10	30	15,305	7,450	7,855
Ojibway languages	1,020	470	555	26,160	11,930	14,235
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	70	40	35	2,035	875	1,165
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	215	80	135
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	635	290	345	3,625	1,670	1,955
Ojibway, n.o.s.	320	135	185	20,720	9,495	11,225
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	165	100	65
Athabaskan languages	2,510	1,145	1,365	20,390	9,635	10,755
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,490	1,140	1,350	20,135	9,515	10,620
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	0	15	1,550	680	870
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	60	25	30	270	125	145
Dene, n.o.s.	1,760	840	920	11,560	5,470	6,085
Gwich'in	20	15	10	295	115	180
Slavey-Hare languages	395	165	230	2,330	1,140	1,190
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	285	120	165	775	355	420
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	25	15	15	415	195	215
Slavey, n.o.s.	125	45	80	1,210	620	590
Tahltan languages	20	15	10	480	265	220
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	245	130	115
Tahltan	15	10	0	235	140	100
Tlicho (Dogrib)	80	35	45	2,140	1,080	1,060
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	135	40	95
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	870	400	470
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100	175	75	100
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	320	120	190
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	135	50	85
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	140	50	85
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	50	25	25
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	0	290	140	150
Tlingit	15	0	10	150	75	75
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	110	55	55
Haida	15	10	10	245	90	155
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	180	60	120	42,795	20,980	21,820
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10	1,140	505	630
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	795	365	430
Inuvialuktun	20	10	10	350	145	205
Inuktitut	160	55	100	41,680	20,495	21,185
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	70	30	40
Iroquoian languages	40	15	25	2,055	880	1,175
Cayuga	0	0	0	230	95	135
Mohawk	40	10	25	1,605	655	950
Oneida	0	0	0	210	105	110
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	25
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	20	0	15	215	90	120
Michif	235	105	130	1,905	850	1,050
Salish languages	20	20	10	5,305	2,555	2,755
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,415	670	745
Lillooet	0	0	0	600	285	305
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	10	0	510	300	215
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	1,090	510	580
Squamish	0	0	0	350	165	185
Straits	0	0	0	325	135	185
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	705	320	390
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	360	190	175
Siouan languages	1,155	580	580	2,965	1,465	1,495
Assiniboine	130	55	70	370	195	175
Dakota	200	105	95	1,530	715	810
Stoney	890	455	430	925	470	455
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	325	180	140
Tsimshian languages	15	10	10	2,665	1,335	1,335
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	1,135	555	580
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,110	595	515
Tsimshian	10	0	0	465	210	255
Wakashan languages	30	10	20	2,205	1,010	1,200
Haisla	0	0	0	295	145	145
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	335	170	170
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	10	820	355	465
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	700	315	390
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	645	310	335
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	105	35	65	855	405	450
Non-Indigenous languages	1,183,510	572,060	611,450	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825
Afro-Asiatic languages	123,440	63,820	59,620	1,100,035	565,845	534,195
Berber languages	630	370	260	42,835	22,775	20,060
Kabyle	425	215	210	37,415	19,660	17,755
Tamazight	180	135	45	4,735	2,720	2,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	1,330	750	575
Chadic languages	845	500	345	7,090	3,740	3,350
Hausa	810	470	335	5,080	2,695	2,380
Mina	35	30	10	2,010	1,040	965
Coptic	135	70	65	3,690	1,790	1,900
Cushitic languages	20,915	10,520	10,385	71,930	34,430	37,500
Bilen	810	415	385	2,745	1,490	1,260
Oromo	5,390	2,775	2,610	9,635	4,860	4,780
Somali	14,865	7,395	7,475	59,005	27,735	31,270
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	170	90	80	1,400	760	645
Semitic languages	105,580	54,910	50,670	1,015,485	524,700	490,780
Amharic	15,775	8,070	7,700	48,305	23,910	24,395
Arabic	76,760	40,430	36,335	838,045	436,510	401,540
Aramaic languages	1,125	625	495	39,655	19,690	19,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	470	260	205	23,865	11,765	12,100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	435	255	190	13,285	6,625	6,655
Aramaic, n.o.s.	235	125	105	3,195	1,625	1,570
Harari	365	190	175	2,000	925	1,075
Hebrew	3,710	1,935	1,770	83,205	42,515	40,685
Maltese	80	40	40	6,535	3,080	3,450
Tigrigna	15,380	7,855	7,515	45,970	23,120	22,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	420	285	130	1,760	1,065	695
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,940	16,645	19,295	260,030	120,035	139,995
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,685	1,275	1,410	28,390	13,100	15,290
Vietnamese	33,020	15,240	17,785	232,800	107,435	125,355
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	390	225	165	910	455	455
Austronesian languages	181,630	80,370	101,260	793,275	336,445	456,840
Bikol	1,140	605	535	4,260	1,975	2,275
Bisaya, n.o.s.	3,010	1,285	1,720	10,990	4,625	6,375
Cebuano	8,560	3,850	4,710	33,045	13,790	19,250
Fijian	330	170	165	1,765	900	865
Hiligaynon	3,750	1,590	2,160	16,385	6,650	9,735
Ilocano	13,710	5,825	7,885	61,680	25,280	36,400
Indonesian	2,410	1,045	1,355	19,815	8,895	10,915
Kankanaey	615	230	380	1,950	770	1,175
Kinaray-a	175	95	80	860	345	510
Malagasy languages	80	30	45	3,885	1,960	1,920
Merina	0	0	0	2,355	1,215	1,140
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	30	35	1,565	785	780
Malay	1,705	805	900	10,770	4,995	5,775
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	2,670	1,210	1,465	10,555	4,690	5,865
Pangasinan	1,215	560	660	4,455	1,885	2,575
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	172,625	76,255	96,375	737,565	310,735	426,830
Waray-Waray	1,015	460	550	4,520	1,910	2,610
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,045	2,295	2,750	20,140	8,785	11,355
Creole languages	5,360	2,730	2,630	184,840	85,045	99,790
Haitian Creole	1,435	765	670	134,895	61,215	73,680
Jamaican English Creole	480	210	275	4,875	2,200	2,675
Krio	530	260	270	1,955	870	1,090
Morisyen	855	425	430	15,345	7,620	7,725
Sango	30	25	0	1,535	785	750
Creole, n.o.s.	1,250	670	585	31,220	14,400	16,825
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,160	580	580	9,585	4,575	5,005
Dravidian languages	25,790	13,240	12,545	359,485	185,160	174,325
Kannada	1,785	915	870	18,420	9,660	8,760
Malayalam	12,090	6,195	5,890	77,910	42,025	35,890
Tamil	10,105	5,340	4,760	237,890	119,570	118,320
Telugu	5,040	2,575	2,465	54,685	30,575	24,110
Tulu	160	80	75	1,765	935	835
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	970	450	520
Georgian	315	175	140	3,015	1,565	1,445
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	720	365	360
Indo-European languages	607,625	300,360	307,265	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195
Albanian	3,130	1,730	1,405	38,345	19,410	18,935
Armenian	795	440	355	44,500	21,675	22,825
Balto-Slavic languages	88,305	41,660	46,640	820,305	384,390	435,915
Baltic languages	975	425	545	13,890	5,900	7,985
Latvian	330	130	195	6,020	2,595	3,425
Lithuanian	650	300	350	7,895	3,325	4,570
Slavic languages	87,775	41,425	46,350	809,985	380,025	429,960
Belarusian	280	120	165	2,825	1,185	1,640
Bulgarian	1,680	800	880	24,210	11,805	12,400
Czech	3,880	1,930	1,950	28,625	13,595	15,030
Macedonian	635	295	345	23,015	10,965	12,050
Polish	22,385	10,655	11,730	204,460	94,135	110,325
Russian	29,760	14,030	15,725	309,235	145,375	163,860
Rusyn	40	35	15	680	345	330
Serbo-Croatian	13,860	6,820	7,035	155,775	76,800	78,975
Bosnian	3,470	1,675	1,795	25,380	12,555	12,825
Croatian	6,945	3,440	3,510	73,845	36,015	37,830
Serbian	6,415	3,155	3,260	83,735	41,550	42,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	260	115	140	3,085	1,590	1,500
Slovak	2,540	1,165	1,375	20,905	9,455	11,450
Slovene (Slovenian)	770	335	440	10,650	4,715	5,935
Ukrainian	23,340	10,625	12,715	131,655	59,230	72,425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	770	385	385
Celtic languages	1,175	565	610	10,485	5,430	5,055
Irish	535	260	275	5,360	2,940	2,415
Scottish Gaelic	240	110	130	2,170	1,050	1,120
Welsh	335	170	165	2,170	1,015	1,155
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	910	495	415
Germanic languages	107,065	53,150	53,915	658,705	319,800	338,905
Frisian	385	175	210	2,835	1,480	1,350
High German languages	66,405	33,105	33,300	453,995	222,215	231,780
German	65,370	32,550	32,820	419,195	204,840	214,355
Pennsylvania German	30	15	10	10,565	5,260	5,305
Swiss German	1,585	785	800	10,465	5,025	5,440
Yiddish	215	135	85	20,155	10,105	10,045
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	38,720	19,390	19,320	191,840	93,435	98,405
Afrikaans	5,940	3,005	2,935	29,670	15,335	14,335
Dutch	17,170	8,515	8,655	107,985	51,330	56,650
Low German, n.o.s.	4,055	2,030	2,020	10,555	5,245	5,315
Low Saxon	290	150	140	1,310	640	670
Plautdietsch	11,395	5,810	5,590	41,165	20,590	20,575
Vlaams (Flemish)	370	180	195	3,985	1,825	2,155
Scandinavian languages	5,305	2,545	2,760	37,500	17,205	20,300
Danish	2,525	1,295	1,225	14,700	6,805	7,900
Icelandic	135	45	85	1,475	685	790
Norwegian	1,235	555	680	8,860	4,180	4,675
Swedish	1,620	760	855	14,620	6,765	7,855
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	105	60	45	1,275	720	555
Greek	4,645	2,365	2,280	145,060	71,685	73,375
Indo-Iranian languages	266,095	135,440	130,660	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990
Indo-Aryan languages	242,500	123,495	119,005	1,918,570	989,350	929,220
Assamese	190	105	90	1,155	590	565
Bengali	10,675	5,385	5,285	120,605	62,330	58,270
Gujarati	24,780	12,630	12,150	209,415	110,000	99,405
Hindi	94,015	48,065	45,945	761,425	395,410	366,015
Kacchi	3,495	1,550	1,945	15,085	6,785	8,300
Kashmiri	335	160	175	1,830	965	865
Konkani	860	430	425	8,950	4,300	4,645
Marathi	4,030	2,080	1,950	35,230	18,210	17,020
Nepali	6,995	3,620	3,370	30,660	15,680	14,980
Oriya languages	245	115	135	3,235	1,665	1,570
Odia	80	35	45	1,710	925	785
Oriya, n.o.s.	170	85	90	1,550	755	795
Punjabi (Panjabi)	126,385	64,695	61,690	942,170	488,075	454,090
Rohingya	0	0	0	765	345	420
Sindhi	1,380	755	620	8,385	4,480	3,910
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,960	1,950	2,010	33,050	16,645	16,400
Urdu	51,540	26,420	25,125	414,870	211,895	202,975
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	2,125	1,155	970	11,320	6,280	5,040
Iranian languages	27,205	13,830	13,380	370,520	186,750	183,770
Baluchi	95	60	35	985	565	420
Kurdish	2,510	1,335	1,180	24,035	13,005	11,030
Parsi	35	20	10	1,000	535	470
Pashto	4,550	2,335	2,220	31,695	16,810	14,885
Persian languages	20,940	10,630	10,310	326,285	163,665	162,620
Dari	7,385	3,640	3,745	78,220	38,765	39,460
Iranian Persian	11,130	5,755	5,370	222,160	111,750	110,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,710	1,390	1,320	30,345	15,460	14,880
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	205	105	100	1,830	970	855
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	315	185	130	2,135	1,245	895
Italic (Romance) languages	154,035	74,195	79,845	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575
Catalan	155	75	80	2,855	1,560	1,305
Italian	19,480	9,525	9,960	547,655	263,950	283,705
Portuguese	14,645	7,290	7,355	336,865	164,985	171,880
Romanian	9,765	4,930	4,830	116,520	55,570	60,950
Spanish	116,070	55,430	60,640	1,171,450	548,315	623,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	455	270	185	4,890	2,835	2,060
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	300	135	165	1,965	1,025	940
Japanese	10,925	4,845	6,080	98,070	43,380	54,690
Korean	23,030	10,705	12,325	203,885	92,275	111,605
Mongolian	790	355	435	2,545	1,085	1,455
Niger-Congo languages	41,335	20,960	20,375	267,520	131,495	136,025
Akan (Twi)	3,555	1,805	1,755	26,240	12,585	13,660
Bamanankan	130	80	55	4,950	2,570	2,380
Edo	735	400	335	4,945	2,315	2,630
Éwé	490	265	225	4,645	2,490	2,165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	475	270	205	7,840	4,100	3,740
Ga	515	265	255	3,255	1,565	1,685
Ganda	730	350	380	4,650	2,055	2,600
Gikuyu	420	205	210	1,850	750	1,100
Igbo	4,685	2,390	2,295	18,365	9,345	9,020
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,955	1,010	945	13,515	6,305	7,210
Lingala	1,555	790	765	25,720	12,260	13,460
Luba-Kasai	205	95	110	2,695	1,300	1,395
Mòoré	110	50	60	2,085	1,055	1,035
Mwani	330	180	145	1,080	585	490
Ndebele	950	465	480	2,425	1,140	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,305	675	630	14,825	7,070	7,755
Shona	2,160	1,035	1,130	7,280	3,440	3,845
Soninke	125	65	55	1,010	650	360
Sotho-Tswana languages	320	140	180	1,305	580	725
Swahili	9,495	5,040	4,455	57,295	28,950	28,340
Wojenaka	145	85	60	2,820	1,440	1,380
Wolof	730	400	330	12,940	6,925	6,015
Yoruba	10,490	5,265	5,220	50,935	25,265	25,675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,385	3,160	3,230	43,625	21,935	21,685
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,615	1,890	1,725	11,090	5,570	5,530
Dinka	1,595	850	740	2,815	1,470	1,345
Nuer	745	355	395	1,490	685	805
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,285	695	590	6,815	3,425	3,385
African, n.o.s.	440	240	200	2,760	1,485	1,275
Sign languages	6,525	2,455	4,070	49,535	19,685	29,850
American Sign Language	5,685	2,100	3,585	37,620	14,430	23,195
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	20	6,195	2,525	3,670
Sign languages, n.i.e.	970	415	550	7,450	3,515	3,940
Sino-Tibetan languages	144,545	68,355	76,190	1,550,930	721,520	829,410
Chinese languages	141,465	66,830	74,635	1,528,860	710,700	818,160
Hakka	1,450	630	820	14,830	6,845	7,980
Mandarin	82,095	38,175	43,915	987,300	452,995	534,305
Min Dong	55	25	35	1,825	840	980
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,250	1,825	2,425	51,755	22,840	28,920
Wu (Shanghainese)	615	280	335	13,660	6,060	7,600
Yue (Cantonese)	74,960	35,260	39,700	724,925	335,185	389,740
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,795	860	930	11,720	5,695	6,020
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	1,185	560	625
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,035	1,510	1,520	22,300	10,955	11,345
Burmese	895	450	450	5,935	2,910	3,025
Kuki-Chin languages	160	75	80	1,140	520	620
Karenic languages	1,095	555	545	5,705	2,790	2,915
S'gaw Karen	970	485	480	5,030	2,490	2,545
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	170	90	80	845	395	450
Tibetan	825	435	390	9,160	4,565	4,590
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	325	135	195	1,940	890	1,050
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	240	75	160	1,220	540	680
Tai-Kadai languages	4,335	1,770	2,565	33,705	14,255	19,440
Lao	1,515	755	760	17,630	8,320	9,310
Thai	3,030	1,125	1,905	18,575	6,955	11,615
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	220	90	130	800	330	465
Turkic languages	7,450	4,015	3,435	91,375	47,575	43,800
Azerbaijani	950	500	445	9,875	5,380	4,490
Kazakh	235	110	125	1,415	600	815
Turkish	5,830	3,285	2,540	78,500	41,130	37,365
Uyghur	205	80	120	1,660	790	875
Uzbek	435	225	210	3,290	1,645	1,640
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	260	110	140	2,150	980	1,165
Uralic languages	7,950	3,810	4,140	85,055	39,290	45,765
Estonian	245	105	135	5,315	2,320	2,990
Finnish	1,020	480	540	15,325	6,735	8,590
Hungarian	6,700	3,235	3,465	64,625	30,320	34,300
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,135	630	505	5,545	2,750	2,790
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,177,715	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	284,470	137,665	146,800	1,807,250	877,645	929,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	276,060	133,625	142,435	1,743,165	847,385	895,785
First Nations (North American Indian)	145,640	70,360	75,285	1,048,405	506,515	541,890
Métis	127,470	61,780	65,690	624,220	306,220	318,000
Inuk (Inuit)	2,945	1,480	1,465	70,540	34,645	35,895
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	4,785	2,435	2,350	28,855	13,645	15,215
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	3,620	1,610	2,010	35,225	16,620	18,610
Non-Indigenous identity	3,893,245	1,950,565	1,942,685	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,177,715	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	126,530	61,050	65,485	831,720	402,310	429,405
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,051,185	2,027,185	2,024,000	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Owner	1,157,495	...	...	9,955,975	...	...
Renter	465,220	...	...	4,953,840	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10,505	...	...	69,130	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Condominium	294,875	...	...	2,248,280	...	...
Not condominium	1,338,345	...	...	12,730,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
No bedrooms	9,160	...	...	132,060	...	...
1 bedroom	158,300	...	...	2,124,485	...	...
2 bedrooms	350,400	...	...	3,829,965	...	...
3 bedrooms	566,750	...	...	4,982,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	548,610	...	...	3,909,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	427,120	...	...	4,662,125	...	...
5 rooms	258,680	...	...	2,323,910	...	...
6 rooms	235,145	...	...	2,037,185	...	...
7 rooms	206,130	...	...	1,796,855	...	...
8 or more rooms	506,150	...	...	4,158,855	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,589,600	...	...	14,625,230	...	...
More than one person per room	43,620	...	...	353,715	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Suitable	1,556,960	...	...	14,173,290	...	...
Not suitable	76,260	...	...	805,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1960 or before	168,925	...	...	3,027,045	...	...
1961 to 1980	428,655	...	...	4,171,840	...	...
1981 to 1990	188,550	...	...	1,982,515	...	...
1991 to 2000	224,315	...	...	1,805,985	...	...
2001 to 2005	152,840	...	...	959,860	...	...
2006 to 2010	168,905	...	...	1,034,925	...	...
2011 to 2015	161,095	...	...	967,540	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	139,935	...	...	1,029,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,543,795	...	...	14,059,395	...	...
Major repairs needed	89,420	...	...	919,545	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One-maintainer household	802,915	...	...	7,659,700	...	...
Two-maintainer household	745,175	...	...	6,631,755	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	85,130	...	...	687,485	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
15 to 24 years	51,475	...	...	424,695	...	...
25 to 34 years	260,820	...	...	2,077,895	...	...
35 to 44 years	341,390	...	...	2,600,000	...	...
45 to 54 years	304,080	...	...	2,646,945	...	...
55 to 64 years	311,335	...	...	3,046,560	...	...
65 to 74 years	222,825	...	...	2,432,140	...	...
75 to 84 years	105,505	...	...	1,292,805	...	...
85 years and over	35,775	...	...	457,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,588,960	...	...	14,687,350	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,251,370	...	...	11,612,640	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	337,585	...	...	3,074,715	...	...
30% to less than 100%	306,355	...	...	2,742,920	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,633,220	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	463,775	...	...	4,379,420	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	304,300	...	...	2,728,995	...	...
Not suitable only	58,970	...	...	595,110	...	...
Major repairs needed only	61,750	...	...	645,465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	11,080	...	...	135,770	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,460	...	...	199,355	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	5,470	...	...	64,095	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	740	...	...	10,630	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,169,450	...	...	10,599,520	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,557,725	...	...	14,355,555	...	...
In core need	154,230	...	...	1,451,025	...	...
Not in core need	1,403,495	...	...	12,904,530	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,131,995	...	...	9,807,720	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.2	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.0	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	...	...	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,678	...	...	1,498	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	472,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	448,800	...	...	618,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	463,570	...	...	4,936,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.0	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.7	...	...	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,332	...	...	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,505	...	...	69,130	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.5	...	...	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	302	...	...	284	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	350	...	...	327	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	4,177,715	2,088,230	2,089,480	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	135,650	66,545	69,110	985,200	480,950	504,245
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	131,200	64,375	66,820	963,705	470,850	492,855
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	101,455	49,465	51,990	763,230	371,400	391,825
Métis single ancestry	28,695	14,340	14,355	146,010	72,680	73,325
Inuit single ancestry	1,050	570	480	54,475	26,770	27,700
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	4,455	2,175	2,285	21,490	10,095	11,395
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	4,090	1,985	2,100	17,665	8,215	9,450
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	160	75	90	2,430	1,185	1,250
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	160	85	70	1,070	530	535
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	25	25	320	165	155
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	187,365	90,475	96,890	1,219,285	585,590	633,690
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	180,640	87,270	93,375	1,183,350	568,980	614,365
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	102,335	49,695	52,640	801,630	384,550	417,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	76,055	36,420	39,640	362,130	174,975	187,150
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,255	1,155	1,095	19,595	9,450	10,150
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	6,720	3,210	3,515	35,930	16,605	19,320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,150	2,915	3,235	31,815	14,790	17,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	315	140	175	2,785	1,190	1,595
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	130	70	1,005	500	505
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	15	40	330	125	210
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	3,854,695	1,931,210	1,923,485	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	4,177,720	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	3,792,705	1,903,020	1,889,685	33,143,225	16,360,910	16,782,315
Canadian citizens aged under 18	900,670	463,925	436,745	6,784,875	3,486,545	3,298,330
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,892,035	1,439,095	1,452,945	26,358,355	12,874,365	13,483,990
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	385,010	185,215	199,795	3,185,250	1,576,255	1,608,995
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	4,177,720	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,141,915	1,585,765	1,556,150	27,042,120	13,461,515	13,580,610
Immigrants⁸¹	970,970	468,250	502,725	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,340
Before 1980	127,275	62,275	65,005	1,540,610	731,340	809,265
1980 to 1990	91,320	44,550	46,770	924,320	443,805	480,520
1991 to 2000	126,605	60,125	66,480	1,511,475	708,315	803,165
2001 to 2010	239,260	115,815	123,445	1,930,525	911,190	1,019,340
2011 to 2021⁸²	386,510	185,485	201,025	2,454,570	1,181,515	1,273,055
2011 to 2015	193,335	93,675	99,665	1,126,330	536,615	589,715
2016 to 2021	193,175	91,810	101,360	1,328,240	644,900	683,335
Non-permanent residents⁸³	64,830	34,215	30,610	924,850	499,490	425,365
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	970,975	468,250	502,725	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Under 5 years	85,135	43,645	41,485	748,265	377,795	370,470
5 to 14 years	169,075	87,630	81,440	1,438,440	730,675	707,765
15 to 24 years	175,855	81,330	94,525	1,594,290	720,630	873,660
25 to 44 years	450,070	213,555	236,510	3,783,335	1,782,805	2,000,525
45 years and over	90,845	42,090	48,760	797,180	364,260	432,920
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	970,975	468,250	502,725	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Americas	110,855	51,790	59,065	1,203,180	546,325	656,855
Brazil	3,800	1,590	2,210	48,450	22,405	26,050
Colombia	10,385	4,855	5,535	80,570	36,675	43,900
El Salvador	6,940	3,340	3,600	49,450	24,430	25,015
Guyana	2,375	1,175	1,205	85,530	37,870	47,660
Haiti	1,370	745	625	99,945	44,585	55,360
Jamaica	8,695	4,160	4,530	145,360	63,430	81,925
Mexico	17,990	8,935	9,055	90,585	42,215	48,370
Peru	1,905	825	1,075	31,420	13,925	17,490
Trinidad and Tobago	3,360	1,560	1,800	65,035	29,110	35,930
United States of America	30,540	13,490	17,050	256,090	115,380	140,705
Other places of birth in Americas	23,500	11,110	12,395	250,760	116,305	134,460
Europe	180,590	90,195	90,395	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,335	2,155	2,185	35,925	17,705	18,220
Croatia	3,405	1,710	1,700	36,675	18,115	18,560
France	2,720	1,330	1,390	121,525	63,845	57,685
Germany	16,635	8,000	8,635	126,470	60,560	65,915
Greece	1,895	1,035	855	54,715	27,050	27,665
Hungary	3,080	1,505	1,580	31,050	14,595	16,450
Italy	6,990	3,605	3,380	204,065	101,445	102,625
Netherlands	12,730	6,680	6,050	75,830	39,020	36,810
Poland	15,595	7,280	8,315	135,030	60,660	74,370
Portugal	3,730	1,895	1,835	128,795	62,880	65,910
Romania	7,190	3,585	3,605	86,770	40,820	45,955
Russian Federation	7,470	3,205	4,260	81,840	35,185	46,650
Serbia⁸⁶	2,220	1,075	1,145	31,925	15,480	16,450
Ukraine	8,915	4,050	4,870	81,135	36,840	44,295
United Kingdom⁸⁷	56,675	29,555	27,125	464,135	229,710	234,430
Other places of birth in Europe	26,990	13,535	13,460	271,725	131,935	139,790
Africa	119,295	60,715	58,580	821,735	412,365	409,375
Algeria	1,220	665	560	79,660	41,065	38,600
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,215	1,640	1,575	33,110	15,775	17,340
Egypt	6,760	3,660	3,095	73,710	38,730	34,980
Eritrea	9,720	5,230	4,495	31,385	16,575	14,815
Ethiopia	14,420	7,085	7,340	41,715	19,955	21,760
Morocco	2,130	1,100	1,035	81,775	41,085	40,685
Nigeria	21,065	10,925	10,145	81,290	41,665	39,620
Somalia	8,545	4,260	4,285	32,500	14,600	17,900
South Africa, Republic of	8,960	4,430	4,535	51,590	25,740	25,855
Other places of birth in Africa	43,250	21,720	21,530	314,995	157,170	157,825
Asia	549,965	260,520	289,440	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420
Afghanistan	6,585	3,235	3,350	62,450	30,940	31,515
Iran⁸⁸	8,865	4,625	4,245	182,940	92,300	90,645
Iraq	6,220	3,225	2,990	84,130	42,660	41,465
Lebanon	9,960	5,375	4,585	95,725	50,675	45,055
Syria⁸⁹	9,975	5,310	4,665	97,590	49,855	47,735
Turkey	2,830	1,575	1,260	35,270	18,835	16,435
China⁹⁰	61,390	27,935	33,455	715,835	317,970	397,860
Hong Kong⁹¹	18,725	9,090	9,630	213,855	100,480	113,375
Korea, South⁹²	16,180	7,545	8,635	138,355	63,025	75,325
Taiwan	3,395	1,415	1,980	65,365	28,725	36,635
Philippines	167,735	74,205	93,530	719,580	305,115	414,460
Viet Nam	27,880	12,700	15,180	182,095	82,670	99,425
Bangladesh	6,035	3,080	2,960	70,090	35,675	34,415
India	122,150	61,405	60,740	898,050	451,120	446,930
Pakistan	30,810	15,690	15,120	234,105	118,390	115,715
Sri Lanka	4,930	2,490	2,445	136,240	66,215	70,030
Other places of birth in Asia	46,305	21,615	24,690	375,340	175,930	199,410
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10,275	5,030	5,240	61,965	31,055	30,910
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	193,170	91,815	101,360	1,328,240	644,900	683,340
Americas	19,300	8,985	10,320	154,490	74,275	80,215
Brazil	1,365	555	810	19,895	9,340	10,560
Colombia	1,310	535	775	11,455	5,090	6,365
Haiti	220	135	85	10,550	5,155	5,400
Jamaica	2,130	985	1,145	15,155	7,740	7,420
Mexico	4,165	2,140	2,025	17,150	8,405	8,745
United States of America	5,175	2,460	2,715	39,875	19,790	20,085
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,220	525	695	7,060	2,980	4,075
Other places of birth in Americas	3,715	1,645	2,070	33,350	15,785	17,570
Europe	15,750	7,955	7,795	134,425	69,310	65,120
France	405	200	200	27,175	14,560	12,610
Germany	750	310	445	5,365	2,660	2,705
Ireland⁹⁶	1,060	640	425	6,355	4,000	2,350
Italy	470	285	180	4,240	2,470	1,770
Russian Federation	1,090	395	695	10,905	4,335	6,570
Ukraine	2,045	920	1,125	14,515	6,570	7,945
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,800	2,170	1,630	22,755	13,550	9,200
Other places of birth in Europe	6,135	3,045	3,090	43,120	21,160	21,960
Africa	34,320	16,870	17,450	206,965	102,875	104,090
Algeria	155	50	105	15,745	7,530	8,220
Burundi	450	220	230	4,935	2,420	2,510
Cameroon	905	385	520	11,795	5,545	6,250
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	920	450	465	8,915	4,200	4,720
Côte d'Ivoire	265	125	140	7,915	3,795	4,125
Egypt	1,190	595	595	12,120	6,285	5,835
Eritrea	5,120	2,665	2,450	16,330	8,755	7,575
Ethiopia	3,960	1,865	2,100	9,385	4,415	4,970
Morocco	510	215	290	12,835	6,025	6,810
Nigeria	9,840	4,950	4,890	40,360	20,575	19,780
Somalia	1,960	970	985	6,315	3,240	3,075
South Africa, Republic of	1,950	1,025	930	8,510	4,290	4,220
Sudan⁹⁷	1,135	530	605	4,690	2,375	2,315
Tunisia	250	150	105	8,155	4,185	3,975
Other places of birth in Africa	5,725	2,680	3,040	38,960	19,250	19,715
Asia	122,360	57,210	65,145	823,205	393,110	430,090
Afghanistan	1,350	655	700	12,730	6,290	6,440
Bangladesh	1,135	540	590	13,185	6,670	6,515
China⁹⁰	9,495	4,095	5,400	118,035	50,365	67,665
Hong Kong⁹¹	730	330	395	6,495	2,880	3,620
India	31,815	16,070	15,745	246,995	128,205	118,790
Iran⁸⁸	1,420	665	750	25,650	12,310	13,340
Iraq	1,305	625	680	17,715	8,835	8,875
Israel	660	365	295	4,850	2,565	2,290
Japan	335	50	285	4,445	1,035	3,410
Jordan	455	235	220	4,635	2,375	2,260
Korea, South⁹²	3,425	1,440	1,990	20,985	8,790	12,200
Lebanon	955	455	500	9,980	5,120	4,860
Nepal	1,365	670	695	4,890	2,475	2,415
Pakistan	4,085	1,950	2,130	36,255	18,070	18,190
Philippines	47,605	21,395	26,215	151,490	66,720	84,765
Saudi Arabia	690	360	325	9,560	5,195	4,365
Sri Lanka	740	370	365	8,480	4,010	4,465
Syria⁸⁹	7,295	3,900	3,400	63,130	32,725	30,410
Turkey	845	405	440	10,150	5,520	4,635
United Arab Emirates	690	375	315	8,405	4,325	4,085
Viet Nam	1,760	580	1,180	14,725	5,605	9,125
Other places of birth in Asia	4,205	1,670	2,540	30,410	13,035	17,375
Oceania and other⁹³	1,445	785	655	9,160	5,335	3,825
Australia	940	510	430	6,535	3,845	2,685
Other places of birth⁹⁸	500	280	220	2,625	1,490	1,135
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	4,177,715	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,074,140	522,255	551,885	9,606,595	4,631,905	4,974,690
Second generation¹⁰¹	777,505	391,285	386,215	6,393,310	3,207,980	3,185,330
Third generation or more¹⁰²	2,326,075	1,174,690	1,151,385	20,328,565	10,097,280	10,231,290
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	843,700	405,975	437,720	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	471,325	236,805	234,520	3,673,705	1,837,625	1,836,090
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	192,785	116,035	76,755	1,556,675	935,790	620,885
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	278,535	120,765	157,765	2,117,030	901,835	1,215,200
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	240,090	98,410	141,680	2,016,010	821,325	1,194,685
Refugees¹⁰⁸	123,970	66,715	57,255	1,039,275	543,725	495,550
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	8,315	4,050	4,265	91,900	42,145	49,755
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	843,700	405,975	437,720	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	29,815	17,215	12,595	416,105	222,895	193,205
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	126,640	57,515	69,125	705,405	324,370	381,035
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,340	12,430	11,910	183,250	92,135	91,110
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	47,540	25,735	21,805	377,130	188,535	188,590
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,740	1,430	2,305	39,540	15,685	23,855
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	611,625	291,650	319,975	5,099,470	2,401,190	2,698,280
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	4,177,715	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,161,420	571,535	589,885	9,639,205	4,712,790	4,926,415
South Asian	297,650	152,030	145,620	2,571,400	1,324,120	1,247,275
Chinese	164,235	79,520	84,710	1,715,770	808,745	907,035
Black	177,940	90,375	87,570	1,547,870	754,100	793,765
Filipino	216,710	99,540	117,170	957,355	427,755	529,600
Arab	69,505	36,555	32,955	694,015	362,845	331,170
Latin American	66,520	32,115	34,405	580,235	281,030	299,200
Southeast Asian	54,005	25,215	28,790	390,340	184,120	206,220
West Asian	25,075	12,835	12,240	360,495	181,795	178,695
Korean	24,365	11,600	12,770	218,140	101,855	116,285
Japanese	13,560	6,135	7,425	98,890	42,315	56,575
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	12,100	5,985	6,120	172,885	83,310	89,580
Multiple visible minorities	39,745	19,625	20,120	331,805	160,790	171,010
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	3,016,295	1,516,700	1,499,605	26,689,275	13,224,375	13,464,900
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	4,177,720	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian	484,655	251,795	232,860	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530
English	766,070	376,940	389,130	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580
Irish	561,915	270,440	291,470	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505
Scottish	631,015	309,855	321,160	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580
French, n.o.s.¹²²	340,900	167,270	173,635	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250
German	641,025	317,325	323,705	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230
Chinese	177,990	85,545	92,440	1,713,870	806,365	907,500
Italian	98,730	49,855	48,875	1,546,390	774,250	772,140
Indian (India)	155,700	79,060	76,640	1,347,715	691,535	656,185
Ukrainian	343,640	169,070	174,575	1,258,635	612,455	646,175
Dutch	174,625	87,015	87,610	988,585	489,045	499,545
Polish	169,925	82,005	87,915	982,820	472,290	510,525
Québécois	5,380	2,810	2,570	981,635	490,130	491,510
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	124,835	63,065	61,770	938,950	462,420	476,530
Filipino	203,955	94,020	109,935	925,490	414,915	510,570
French Canadian	32,365	15,655	16,710	906,315	441,610	464,705
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	73,475	37,700	35,780	691,260	347,080	344,175
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	73,355	35,940	37,415	632,340	304,220	328,120
Métis	115,455	55,915	59,535	560,335	271,985	288,350
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	70,790	36,360	34,425	551,910	278,060	273,850
Russian	97,890	46,455	51,435	548,140	260,075	288,065
Norwegian	154,535	74,455	80,085	466,500	224,290	242,210
Welsh	76,810	36,840	39,970	455,720	216,490	239,230
Portuguese	21,415	10,745	10,680	448,305	222,770	225,535
American	66,100	32,535	33,560	353,495	172,240	181,255
Spanish	40,165	18,395	21,770	342,040	160,475	181,570
Swedish	92,975	43,950	49,025	334,505	156,840	177,665
Hungarian	51,360	25,175	26,185	320,150	155,755	164,395
Acadian	10,110	5,175	4,935	305,170	145,500	159,675
Pakistani	39,535	20,140	19,390	303,260	154,435	148,825
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	34,225	17,015	17,210	301,955	148,335	153,625
Jewish	14,405	7,195	7,210	282,015	141,530	140,490
Punjabi	37,585	19,270	18,315	279,950	145,620	134,330
Vietnamese	39,395	18,815	20,580	275,530	131,075	144,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	23,860	12,675	11,185	263,710	138,210	125,500
Greek	13,980	7,290	6,690	262,140	132,975	129,160
Jamaican	15,620	7,845	7,775	249,070	119,265	129,805
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	31,255	15,030	16,225	226,220	107,785	118,435
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	62,465	30,145	32,315	219,855	105,825	114,030
Korean	24,170	11,505	12,660	217,650	101,805	115,845
Romanian	31,530	14,880	16,650	215,885	103,720	112,165
Lebanese	28,480	14,600	13,880	210,605	107,990	102,615
Iranian	10,550	5,380	5,165	200,465	100,790	99,675
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	14,380	7,135	7,240	200,340	99,800	100,540
Danish	56,190	27,550	28,640	196,945	96,220	100,725
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	26,435	12,745	13,695	194,840	94,035	100,810
Sikh	28,860	15,005	13,855	194,640	101,255	93,385
Austrian	36,220	17,895	18,325	189,535	92,740	96,800
Belgian	21,985	10,715	11,270	182,175	90,150	92,030
Haitian	2,460	1,255	1,200	178,990	84,510	94,490
Hindu	20,535	10,485	10,050	166,160	87,665	78,495
Mexican	25,450	12,870	12,580	155,495	77,435	78,055
Mennonite	31,565	15,825	15,740	155,095	77,735	77,360
Swiss	22,450	11,045	11,405	145,570	72,015	73,555
Finnish	18,705	9,040	9,665	144,055	69,270	74,785
Sri Lankan	5,140	2,600	2,540	132,410	65,175	67,240
Croatian	13,720	6,830	6,890	130,820	64,915	65,905
Japanese	18,605	8,565	10,040	129,425	56,850	72,580
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	8,945	4,525	4,420	120,125	60,575	59,550
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	8,305	4,030	4,275	111,605	53,700	57,905
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25,800	13,080	12,720	110,735	54,730	56,005
Muslim	12,420	6,350	6,065	105,620	54,095	51,525
Egyptian	9,585	5,080	4,505	105,245	55,230	50,020
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	12,105	5,985	6,125	104,765	51,375	53,395
Tamil	3,160	1,645	1,515	102,170	51,165	51,005
Icelandic	19,720	9,865	9,850	101,990	50,370	51,620
Colombian	11,115	5,380	5,735	100,555	47,995	52,560
Moroccan	2,620	1,375	1,250	99,980	50,835	49,150
Czech	19,730	9,465	10,260	98,925	47,495	51,430
Syrian	9,520	4,880	4,645	98,250	49,385	48,865
Guyanese	3,370	1,715	1,655	97,210	46,270	50,940
Afghan	10,380	5,155	5,225	96,810	48,255	48,550
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	6,880	3,570	3,310	94,585	44,335	50,250
Serbian	7,410	3,655	3,760	93,360	46,945	46,410
Ojibway	4,680	2,280	2,395	92,220	44,610	47,600
Newfoundlander	8,615	4,495	4,125	91,670	45,665	46,005
Hong Konger	6,715	3,340	3,375	81,680	39,485	42,195
Ontarian	3,155	1,505	1,655	80,555	39,675	40,880
Persian	4,640	2,425	2,215	80,340	41,415	38,925
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,595	2,300	2,295	77,405	37,655	39,750
Turkish	6,670	3,725	2,945	76,745	39,955	36,795
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	3,935	2,065	1,870	76,675	37,315	39,365
Bangladeshi	6,525	3,435	3,090	75,425	39,085	36,335
Algerian	1,300	680	620	73,770	38,035	35,740
Brazilian	5,000	2,340	2,655	71,755	34,670	37,085
Nigerian	14,600	7,585	7,015	69,540	34,680	34,860
Armenian	1,870	930	940	68,850	34,105	34,745
Slovak	10,525	5,200	5,320	68,210	33,475	34,740
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,430	3,470	3,965	66,780	31,525	35,255
Somali	16,310	8,160	8,150	65,555	31,555	33,995
Taiwanese	3,630	1,510	2,120	64,020	29,280	34,740
Iraqi	4,725	2,385	2,345	59,300	29,865	29,435
Salvadorean	7,055	3,475	3,580	59,280	29,150	30,130
African Caribbean	2,290	1,180	1,110	59,050	26,385	32,670
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	7,445	3,460	3,980	58,870	27,845	31,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,800	3,120	2,680	58,840	30,560	28,280
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	3,670	1,735	1,930	57,195	25,715	31,475
Algonquin	1,680	820	860	56,070	27,025	29,040
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	2,215	995	1,220	52,085	23,685	28,395
Lithuanian	5,670	2,635	3,035	52,040	24,510	27,530
South African	8,400	4,055	4,345	49,840	24,885	24,955
Australian	8,395	4,275	4,125	46,765	24,165	22,595
Palestinian	4,425	2,365	2,060	45,905	23,930	21,975
Chilean	7,350	3,765	3,590	45,685	22,520	23,165
Congolese	3,540	1,815	1,725	45,260	22,000	23,260
Nova Scotian	2,590	1,280	1,310	44,720	21,700	23,025
Ethiopian	13,505	6,620	6,875	42,545	20,675	21,875
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,735	2,690	3,045	42,405	20,105	22,300
Peruvian	2,670	1,270	1,395	42,295	19,925	22,370
Yoruba	8,895	4,535	4,360	42,075	21,740	20,330
Cambodian (Khmer)	4,535	2,235	2,295	41,950	19,835	22,115
Berber	995	550	450	41,700	22,325	19,370
Albanian	3,240	1,810	1,430	41,620	21,050	20,570
Maltese	1,535	800	730	40,670	20,210	20,455
Macedonian	925	440	485	39,440	19,500	19,940
Slovenian	3,860	1,935	1,925	38,595	18,785	19,815
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	5,220	2,505	2,715	38,520	18,935	19,585
New Brunswicker	1,545	790	760	37,670	18,235	19,435
Gujarati	4,210	2,140	2,070	36,970	19,580	17,385
Eritrean	11,010	5,580	5,430	36,290	18,185	18,110
African Canadian	2,605	1,305	1,305	35,395	17,140	18,250
Israeli	1,920	995	925	35,345	18,410	16,940
Mohawk	1,965	1,020	950	33,330	16,485	16,845
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	8,235	3,925	4,310	33,135	15,355	17,775
Bulgarian	2,490	1,205	1,290	33,085	16,235	16,850
Albertan	26,600	13,605	12,990	32,575	16,525	16,055
Ghanaian	4,015	2,025	1,995	31,720	15,650	16,065
Barbadian	1,725	835	895	31,440	15,265	16,175
African American	3,250	1,665	1,585	31,430	15,700	15,730
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	4,085	1,990	2,095	30,565	14,635	15,930
Tunisian	855	440	415	30,465	16,585	13,875
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,640	1,890	1,745	30,220	15,225	14,995
Cuban	2,125	985	1,140	30,065	14,830	15,235
Bosnian	4,170	2,065	2,100	28,490	14,320	14,170
Venezuelan	4,240	2,015	2,220	28,395	13,220	15,175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	250	110	140	28,225	13,490	14,735
Latvian	2,920	1,450	1,470	28,140	13,515	14,620
Bengali	2,190	1,090	1,095	26,675	13,830	12,850
Cameroonian	2,205	1,060	1,140	26,535	12,960	13,580
Guatemalan	2,395	1,185	1,210	26,460	13,920	12,540
Indonesian	3,640	1,660	1,985	26,330	11,910	14,415
Laotian	2,460	1,225	1,235	25,875	12,500	13,375
Ilocano	6,045	2,785	3,255	25,575	11,860	13,715
Northern Irish	2,525	1,205	1,320	25,200	12,495	12,710
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,405	1,230	1,175	24,420	12,265	12,155
British Columbian	1,940	965	980	24,325	12,230	12,095
Ecuadorian	980	465	515	24,255	11,510	12,745
Franco Ontarian	320	190	130	24,110	11,540	12,570
Argentinian	2,030	1,030	1,000	23,500	11,665	11,840
Estonian	2,640	1,280	1,365	23,455	11,080	12,375
Kurdish	2,290	1,180	1,110	23,130	12,670	10,460
Fijian	4,155	2,040	2,115	23,020	11,040	11,980
Jatt	2,875	1,445	1,430	22,785	11,695	11,090
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,195	1,125	1,070	22,785	11,680	11,105
Coptic	1,285	650	635	22,570	11,405	11,165
Thai	3,535	1,240	2,295	22,275	8,525	13,750
Dominican	1,005	525	480	22,125	10,615	11,510
Nepali	5,140	2,655	2,485	21,975	11,215	10,765
Kabyle	225	125	95	20,565	10,595	9,975
Assyrian	690	345	350	19,685	9,730	9,955
Igbo	5,245	2,750	2,495	19,305	9,890	9,415
Byelorussian	2,310	1,120	1,190	18,850	9,055	9,795
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	4,220	2,020	2,200	18,745	9,030	9,710
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	11,115	5,290	5,830	18,545	8,975	9,570
Abenaki	135	65	70	18,420	8,545	9,870
Moldovan	2,070	1,065	1,005	18,190	8,850	9,340
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,360	645	710	17,955	8,625	9,330
New Zealander	3,175	1,630	1,545	17,755	9,275	8,470
Sudanese	5,225	2,690	2,530	17,485	8,825	8,665
Breton	320	155	165	17,465	8,710	8,755
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,950	770	1,180	17,315	7,300	10,020
Malaysian	2,640	1,205	1,435	17,050	7,935	9,115
Plains Cree	5,360	2,660	2,705	16,570	8,255	8,310
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	965	470	490	16,315	8,565	7,750
Huron (Wendat)	240	140	105	15,910	7,715	8,195
Saskatchewanian	4,150	1,935	2,210	15,780	7,505	8,280
Buddhist	2,200	1,080	1,125	15,660	7,485	8,175
Gaspesian	80	55	25	15,650	7,290	8,360
Norman	495	330	165	15,340	8,155	7,190
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	2,715	1,400	1,315	15,055	7,180	7,875
Ivorian	685	330	360	15,010	7,255	7,755
Saulteaux	1,990	910	1,075	14,265	6,730	7,535
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	550	240	315	14,260	6,525	7,735
Burundian	1,155	575	580	14,110	6,810	7,295
Tigrinya	5,075	2,745	2,325	13,910	7,435	6,470
Nicaraguan	1,780	895	880	13,840	6,730	7,120
Mauritian	985	450	540	13,755	7,020	6,730
Kenyan	2,710	1,315	1,395	13,565	6,510	7,055
Oji-Cree	135	40	95	13,525	6,610	6,915
Vincentian	445	200	250	13,245	5,800	7,445
Jordanian	1,175	575	600	13,225	7,055	6,170
Manitoban	1,595	845	750	13,095	6,530	6,565
Cape Bretoner	665	305	355	13,065	6,175	6,885
Rwandan	1,605	860	745	12,890	6,150	6,740
Grenadian	600	245	355	12,890	5,965	6,930
Malayali	1,705	900	800	12,490	6,580	5,910
Chaldean	255	140	115	12,115	6,080	6,035
Sinhalese	1,220	590	630	12,080	5,905	6,170
Mayan	1,405	710	695	11,710	5,980	5,730
Honduran	905	395	515	10,920	5,370	5,550
Cherokee	2,075	1,030	1,040	10,825	5,080	5,745
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	910	460	455	10,750	5,130	5,620
Indo-Caribbean	310	150	155	10,490	4,710	5,775
Flemish	1,530	740	785	10,275	4,950	5,325
United Empire Loyalist	520	250	265	10,015	4,975	5,045
Senegalese	380	215	155	9,955	5,115	4,840
Azerbaijani	975	500	475	9,915	5,165	4,750
Sicilian	345	185	155	9,835	5,135	4,695
Pashtun	1,370	715	650	9,825	5,195	4,625
Malay	1,785	855	925	9,795	4,725	5,065
Goan	565	295	270	9,700	4,710	4,990
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	865	440	435	9,455	4,705	4,755
Tibetan	850	455	395	9,350	4,650	4,700
Zimbabwean	2,825	1,300	1,530	9,165	4,435	4,725
Burmese	1,115	535	580	9,150	4,385	4,760
Mongolian	1,690	805	885	9,090	4,240	4,850
Azorean	230	100	130	8,970	4,235	4,735
Atikamekw	30	20	10	8,400	4,270	4,125
Bamileke	340	185	160	8,315	4,220	4,090
Indo-Guyanese	250	135	110	8,310	3,765	4,545
Ugandan	1,595	780	815	8,285	3,910	4,375
Oromo	3,745	2,025	1,715	8,255	4,425	3,830
Tanzanian	1,500	775	725	8,140	3,945	4,195
Yemeni	1,160	565	595	8,115	3,995	4,130
Central African	320	165	155	8,080	3,830	4,250
Libyan	1,010	620	395	7,945	4,265	3,680
Basque	475	235	240	7,745	4,030	3,710
Uruguayan	285	145	145	7,660	3,870	3,790
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	840	400	445	7,640	3,835	3,805
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	735	410	330	7,635	3,690	3,950
Igorot	2,535	1,145	1,395	7,535	3,305	4,230
Fulani	370	190	180	7,480	3,865	3,620
Woodland Cree	2,295	1,120	1,180	7,415	3,615	3,800
Guinean	370	190	185	7,390	3,700	3,695
St. Lucian	535	235	300	7,285	3,340	3,945
Prince Edward Islander	585	280	310	7,225	3,355	3,875
Maliseet	110	55	55	7,220	3,515	3,705
Beninese	320	160	165	6,810	3,630	3,180
Telugu	580	310	270	6,670	3,730	2,945
Roma	655	305	350	6,545	3,225	3,320
Costa Rican	595	290	305	6,500	3,265	3,230
African Nova Scotian	225	120	105	6,480	2,945	3,535
Malagasy	125	50	75	6,255	3,085	3,170
Kashmiri	1,195	575	620	6,165	3,020	3,145
Singaporean	780	340	440	6,060	2,755	3,305
Karen	1,120	560	560	6,050	3,065	2,985
Edo	1,145	625	525	5,985	2,995	2,995
Tajik	370	185	190	5,980	2,965	3,015
Amhara	1,755	925	825	5,945	3,010	2,930
Paraguayan	310	125	185	5,925	2,855	3,075
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	4,177,715	2,088,235	2,089,485	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Buddhist	42,830	19,140	23,690	356,975	157,435	199,540
Christian	2,009,820	952,440	1,057,385	19,373,325	9,131,320	10,242,005
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	429,375	207,320	222,055	2,760,760	1,319,760	1,440,995
Anabaptist	20,035	10,075	9,960	144,145	70,095	74,050
Anglican	95,560	43,925	51,635	1,134,315	515,270	619,045
Baptist	44,605	20,650	23,955	436,940	200,325	236,615
Catholic	833,025	399,750	433,275	10,880,360	5,193,345	5,687,010
Christian Orthodox	63,775	30,995	32,775	623,010	301,055	321,955
Jehovah's Witness	18,185	7,955	10,235	137,255	59,505	77,750
Latter Day Saints	47,125	22,540	24,580	87,725	41,365	46,360
Lutheran	78,925	36,470	42,455	328,045	150,115	177,925
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	9,640	4,400	5,240	100,655	46,640	54,020
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	53,900	25,250	28,655	399,025	180,870	218,155
Presbyterian	22,850	10,360	12,495	301,400	136,440	164,960
Reformed	14,735	7,310	7,430	79,870	39,250	40,620
United Church	153,820	67,205	86,615	1,214,185	531,740	682,445
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	124,265	58,235	66,030	745,650	345,540	400,110
Hindu	78,520	40,435	38,085	828,195	430,135	398,060
Jewish	11,390	5,475	5,915	335,295	164,220	171,070
Muslim	202,535	103,635	98,900	1,775,715	904,205	871,510
Sikh	103,600	52,505	51,100	771,790	394,345	377,445
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	19,755	9,640	10,120	80,685	38,460	42,230
Other religions and spiritual traditions	33,220	14,325	18,905	229,015	97,645	131,370
No religion and secular perspectives	1,676,045	890,645	785,400	12,577,475	6,619,395	5,958,080
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	4,131,540	2,064,715	2,066,825	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600
Non-movers	3,583,005	1,793,310	1,789,695	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050
Movers	548,535	271,400	277,130	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550
Non-migrants	367,325	182,230	185,100	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005
Migrants	181,205	89,170	92,035	1,813,155	895,610	917,550
Internal migrants	152,655	75,275	77,380	1,519,200	748,025	771,180
Intraprovincial migrants	107,180	52,880	54,295	1,250,235	612,810	637,425
Interprovincial migrants	45,475	22,390	23,090	268,965	135,215	133,750
External migrants	28,555	13,900	14,650	293,955	147,585	146,370
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	3,930,000	1,961,005	1,969,000	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080
Non-movers	2,314,250	1,158,665	1,155,590	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660
Movers	1,615,755	802,340	813,415	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420
Non-migrants	854,765	427,660	427,105	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460
Migrants	760,990	374,680	386,305	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955
Internal migrants	596,980	295,120	301,860	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755
Intraprovincial migrants	431,785	213,950	217,830	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105
Interprovincial migrants	165,195	81,160	84,035	921,345	459,695	461,650
External migrants	164,015	79,565	84,445	1,692,390	859,195	833,200
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	595,665	322,765	272,900	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,779,465	1,353,090	1,426,375	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,298,165	1,141,780	1,156,380	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	274,480	156,485	117,990	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,023,680	985,290	1,038,390	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,375,135	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
No certificate, diploma or degree	522,835	275,555	247,275	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	972,110	482,900	489,215	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,880,185	917,400	962,790	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,014,810	524,770	490,045	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	295,285	232,120	63,165	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	87,195	51,295	35,900	1,458,160	827,980	630,185
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	208,090	180,830	27,260	1,183,395	983,525	199,870
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	612,690	250,540	362,145	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	106,840	42,105	64,735	896,755	372,560	524,195
Bachelor's degree or higher	865,370	392,625	472,745	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955
Bachelor's degree	605,025	265,105	339,925	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	44,915	19,815	25,100	556,510	243,200	313,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	23,880	12,100	11,775	214,105	108,000	106,105
Master's degree	164,245	79,220	85,025	1,740,605	824,250	916,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,315	16,385	10,920	279,660	165,795	113,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,298,160	1,141,780	1,156,385	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	227,880	126,960	100,920	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	581,820	298,415	283,405	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,488,465	716,410	772,060	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	774,420	401,065	373,355	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	220,930	175,185	45,745	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	61,815	37,400	24,415	1,050,285	586,420	463,865
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	159,110	137,785	21,330	836,220	693,830	142,395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	472,155	193,510	278,645	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	81,335	32,370	48,965	623,090	261,035	362,050
Bachelor's degree or higher	714,040	315,340	398,700	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215
Bachelor's degree	497,885	213,625	284,260	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	35,125	15,110	20,020	430,875	179,230	251,645
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,045	9,435	10,615	167,730	75,120	92,615
Master's degree	139,935	65,290	74,645	1,446,435	659,295	787,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,050	11,880	9,165	209,445	115,530	93,915
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,494,945	758,460	736,490	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900
Education	129,710	30,305	99,400	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
13. Education	129,710	30,305	99,400	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	49,820	20,045	29,775	631,255	274,065	357,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,805	4,125	1,675	74,785	53,390	21,395
50. Visual and performing arts	44,015	15,915	28,100	556,470	220,680	335,790
Humanities	75,030	29,415	45,615	926,560	354,120	572,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	7,385	1,545	5,845	106,345	23,460	82,885
23. English language and literature/letters	15,425	4,255	11,170	184,600	53,020	131,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,015	8,710	15,315	316,050	119,215	196,830
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,165	400	760	18,935	6,835	12,095
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,555	3,090	2,465	57,745	33,040	24,700
39. Theology and religious vocations	11,680	6,855	4,830	77,510	46,140	31,365
54. History	8,065	4,165	3,895	108,935	58,310	50,620
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,735	400	1,335	56,440	14,090	42,345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	177,435	57,365	120,070	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,750	620	2,130	29,430	7,065	22,365
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,730	8,340	13,395	233,400	88,205	145,200
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,220	2,090	27,125	344,150	27,905	316,240
22. Legal professions and studies	31,215	10,250	20,965	325,785	115,335	210,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,045	1,025	2,015	49,855	16,000	33,850
42. Psychology	31,925	7,565	24,355	327,965	79,295	248,665
45. Social sciences	57,565	27,475	30,085	705,540	336,960	368,580
Business, management and public administration	390,110	151,140	238,975	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	160	455	5,335	1,705	3,630
44. Public administration and social service professions	23,375	4,465	18,910	272,240	55,995	216,245
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	366,120	146,520	219,605	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	80,425	40,180	40,245	719,715	353,540	366,175
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	29,505	11,950	17,555	297,055	121,615	175,435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	18,630	8,340	10,295	155,955	72,245	83,705
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,115	400	715	35,380	14,950	20,430
40. Physical sciences	26,315	17,555	8,760	196,620	130,745	65,875
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,860	1,930	2,930	34,710	13,985	20,730
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	71,380	45,230	26,150	804,230	531,435	272,795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	58,030	39,530	18,500	643,145	454,370	188,775
25. Library science	4,400	600	3,800	43,085	7,100	35,985
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,770	4,330	3,435	99,360	57,560	41,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,190	765	420	18,640	12,400	6,240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	461,075	411,075	49,995	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900
04. Architecture and related services	12,095	7,465	4,625	135,020	81,930	53,090
14. Engineering	114,735	92,365	22,370	900,475	723,080	177,395
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	106,575	91,350	15,225	726,155	638,355	87,800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	25	25	580	190	390
46. Construction trades	95,890	92,650	3,240	703,905	683,060	20,845
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	82,805	80,150	2,655	659,480	640,895	18,590
48. Precision production	48,925	47,075	1,850	380,505	363,710	16,795
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	51,710	28,660	23,055	407,545	234,360	173,175
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	35,010	19,075	15,935	262,580	140,520	122,070
03. Natural resources and conservation	16,700	9,575	7,120	144,960	93,845	51,115
Health and related fields	295,415	56,225	239,190	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	40	10	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	20,505	9,625	10,885	180,785	89,005	91,780
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	267,750	42,785	224,965	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	475	180	295	5,255	1,425	3,825
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,680	3,635	3,050	64,030	34,630	29,400
Personal, protective and transportation services	97,660	47,575	50,075	1,006,425	520,970	485,455
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	57,430	15,580	41,845	548,520	151,115	397,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	365	335	30	3,965	3,520	445
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	705	605	100	6,900	6,210	690
43. Security and protective services	19,025	12,445	6,580	227,835	160,930	66,905
49. Transportation and materials moving	20,125	18,615	1,520	219,205	199,190	20,010
Other¹⁷⁹	420	190	235	5,305	1,640	3,665
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,298,165	1,141,775	1,156,385	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	809,700	425,375	384,325	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Education	92,240	19,980	72,255	742,175	158,185	583,990
13. Education	92,240	19,980	72,255	742,175	158,185	583,990
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	39,730	15,620	24,110	490,455	210,500	279,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	4,065	2,750	1,315	54,645	38,170	16,475
50. Visual and performing arts	35,665	12,875	22,790	435,815	172,330	263,480
Humanities	58,200	22,205	35,990	649,695	241,235	408,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,945	1,210	4,740	79,235	16,400	62,835
23. English language and literature/letters	12,145	3,310	8,825	134,815	37,610	97,210
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,305	6,800	12,500	216,725	80,505	136,220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	890	295	590	12,910	4,540	8,370
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,385	2,430	1,950	41,640	23,645	17,990
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,135	4,740	3,395	48,920	29,245	19,675
54. History	6,205	3,160	3,040	78,415	40,800	37,615
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,190	250	940	37,045	8,490	28,555
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,530	45,555	100,975	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,315	515	1,800	23,895	5,520	18,370
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,890	6,940	11,950	196,475	72,125	124,350
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	23,325	1,630	21,690	270,970	20,095	250,875
22. Legal professions and studies	25,940	7,730	18,210	261,265	82,850	178,420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,545	825	1,715	37,830	12,160	25,670
42. Psychology	25,775	5,750	20,025	249,205	55,840	193,365
45. Social sciences	47,735	22,165	25,570	549,090	254,250	294,840
Business, management and public administration	317,125	121,510	195,615	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	450	135	315	3,995	1,335	2,665
44. Public administration and social service professions	18,680	3,200	15,480	213,140	40,230	172,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	297,995	118,175	179,820	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685
Physical and life sciences and technologies	61,555	29,465	32,090	513,555	241,780	271,785
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	23,290	9,185	14,105	227,460	90,390	137,075
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	14,260	6,255	8,010	108,350	48,075	60,280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	900	315	580	14,270	5,690	8,580
40. Physical sciences	19,655	12,320	7,335	140,510	88,540	51,970
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,445	1,385	2,055	22,960	9,090	13,870
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	61,125	39,035	22,085	667,305	445,970	221,330
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	51,435	34,910	16,530	554,185	392,835	161,350
25. Library science	2,945	460	2,490	27,610	4,720	22,885
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,775	3,080	2,700	70,940	39,000	31,940
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	965	590	370	14,565	9,415	5,155
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	362,315	318,170	44,135	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420
04. Architecture and related services	9,600	5,585	4,020	105,845	61,230	44,605
14. Engineering	95,200	75,075	20,125	724,235	568,385	155,850
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	84,485	71,240	13,245	536,600	464,510	72,090
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	10	30	510	160	350
46. Construction trades	73,955	71,080	2,875	510,105	493,000	17,100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	61,780	59,485	2,290	467,225	452,385	14,840
48. Precision production	37,260	35,705	1,555	266,690	253,110	13,585
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	40,085	20,610	19,475	314,120	170,440	143,680
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	26,160	12,965	13,205	199,335	99,700	99,635
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,925	7,650	6,275	114,780	70,745	44,040
Health and related fields	232,820	45,895	186,920	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	16,345	7,640	8,705	139,280	67,885	71,385
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	210,650	35,325	175,320	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	400	145	255	4,430	945	3,485
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,430	2,785	2,645	48,115	23,255	24,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	76,410	38,205	38,205	772,450	399,835	372,615
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	43,535	12,080	31,455	414,520	112,935	301,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	300	275	25	2,955	2,575	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	445	390	55	3,850	3,415	435
43. Security and protective services	15,885	10,385	5,505	183,025	128,295	54,725
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,245	15,080	1,165	168,105	152,620	15,485
Other¹⁷⁹	350	145	205	4,075	1,150	2,930
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	2,298,165	1,141,775	1,156,385	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	809,700	425,375	384,325	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,488,465	716,405	772,060	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100
Location of study inside Canada	1,157,790	563,035	594,750	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130
Same as province or territory of residence	886,080	429,870	456,210	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830
Different than province or territory of residence	271,710	133,165	138,545	1,239,495	602,195	637,300
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	330,675	153,370	177,305	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970
Americas	54,515	26,775	27,740	483,810	238,040	245,775
United States of America	34,460	17,900	16,555	279,005	143,575	135,435
Mexico	4,820	2,255	2,565	36,400	16,175	20,230
Cuba	625	300	320	8,345	4,275	4,070
Haiti	190	125	65	10,620	5,645	4,970
Jamaica	1,470	665	805	12,780	6,110	6,670
Brazil	2,480	1,000	1,475	40,050	18,445	21,605
Colombia	3,200	1,335	1,865	31,165	13,875	17,295
Peru	640	220	420	7,780	3,025	4,750
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,395	995	1,400	12,655	5,330	7,320
Other locations of study in Americas	4,235	1,975	2,265	45,000	21,575	23,425
Europe	54,920	28,570	26,350	543,725	281,205	262,520
Belgium	510	320	190	7,795	4,260	3,535
France	2,005	1,045	960	97,770	53,930	43,840
Germany	3,195	1,670	1,520	22,450	12,070	10,380
Netherlands	2,110	1,215	890	10,825	6,065	4,765
Switzerland	945	515	435	8,470	4,420	4,050
Hungary	645	310	335	5,160	2,465	2,700
Moldova¹⁸³	980	445	540	9,055	4,165	4,890
Poland	3,150	1,350	1,805	25,215	11,115	14,100
Romania	2,790	1,455	1,335	32,250	16,190	16,060
Russian Federation	3,450	1,515	1,935	36,095	16,250	19,845
Ukraine	4,305	1,940	2,365	36,405	16,635	19,775
Ireland⁹⁶	1,865	1,115	750	16,040	9,175	6,865
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20,280	11,190	9,090	151,900	81,980	69,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	730	375	360	6,030	2,915	3,115
Italy	660	360	300	8,895	5,055	3,840
Serbia⁸⁶	755	365	390	8,745	4,470	4,280
Other locations of study in Europe	6,550	3,385	3,165	60,615	30,055	30,560
Africa	26,775	13,770	13,005	216,815	111,010	105,805
Nigeria	7,795	3,825	3,970	33,280	16,395	16,880
Algeria	670	345	325	33,230	17,020	16,210
Morocco	1,085	615	475	23,640	12,125	11,510
Tunisia	505	305	200	12,655	7,100	5,555
Egypt	3,230	1,665	1,565	30,255	15,145	15,115
South Africa, Republic of	3,660	1,885	1,770	19,060	9,900	9,160
Other locations of study in Africa	9,830	5,130	4,700	64,700	33,325	31,385
Asia	188,060	80,750	107,315	1,352,215	594,805	757,410
Iran⁸⁸	3,440	1,605	1,835	66,630	30,180	36,450
Iraq	1,435	730	705	16,515	8,250	8,265
Israel	655	350	305	11,355	5,725	5,630
Lebanon	1,500	695	805	19,565	9,355	10,210
Syria⁸⁹	1,370	700	660	16,405	7,885	8,520
Turkey	895	540	360	11,855	6,595	5,260
China⁹⁰	17,320	7,525	9,795	201,100	87,370	113,720
Taiwan	960	245	715	14,520	4,750	9,770
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,245	425	820	18,325	7,445	10,875
Japan	1,935	530	1,405	18,605	5,280	13,325
Korea, South⁹²	6,990	2,990	4,000	53,575	20,575	33,000
Philippines	74,205	29,080	45,130	305,795	115,370	190,420
Viet Nam	1,500	545	955	12,500	4,490	8,005
Bangladesh	2,470	990	1,490	25,000	11,360	13,645
Sri Lanka	1,280	685	595	15,085	7,090	7,995
India	52,120	24,905	27,215	405,850	199,380	206,475
Pakistan	10,355	4,710	5,645	75,155	35,055	40,100
Other locations of study in Asia	8,390	3,510	4,885	64,385	28,650	35,735
Oceania	6,410	3,505	2,905	47,960	24,495	23,460
Australia	4,880	2,560	2,320	38,525	19,270	19,250
New Zealand	1,105	680	425	7,785	4,300	3,485
Other locations of study in Oceania	425	265	160	1,655	930	730
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	3,375,135	1,675,855	1,699,280	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
In the labour force	2,295,380	1,215,955	1,079,425	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070
Employed	2,030,730	1,077,590	953,135	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025
Unemployed	264,650	138,365	126,290	1,988,645	999,600	989,045
Not in the labour force	1,079,750	459,900	619,845	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605
Participation rate	68.0	72.6	63.5	63.7	67.7	59.8
Employment rate	60.2	64.3	56.1	57.1	60.9	53.4
Unemployment rate	11.5	11.4	11.7	10.3	9.9	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	3,375,130	1,675,855	1,699,275	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,140,745	497,150	643,595	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170
Worked	2,234,385	1,178,705	1,055,680	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,164,455	670,620	493,835	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,069,930	508,085	561,840	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.5	39.9	41.0	41.7	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	2,295,380	1,215,955	1,079,430	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	34,850	35,605	486,865	237,950	248,915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	2,224,920	1,181,100	1,043,820	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
Employee	1,876,950	967,450	909,500	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375
Permanent position	1,560,435	814,805	745,625	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310
Temporary position	316,520	152,640	163,880	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065
Fixed term (1 year or more)	97,610	44,060	53,555	867,740	386,965	480,775
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	218,905	108,585	110,320	1,804,030	885,740	918,285
Self-employed¹⁹²	347,975	213,655	134,320	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	2,295,380	1,215,955	1,079,430	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	34,850	35,605	486,865	237,950	248,915
All occupations¹⁹¹	2,224,920	1,181,100	1,043,820	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	23,120	16,455	6,665	254,760	177,450	77,315
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	373,795	110,275	263,520	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	182,880	140,540	42,340	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595
3 Health occupations	182,480	34,585	147,895	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	246,625	82,115	164,510	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	51,815	21,140	30,675	596,785	275,420	321,360
6 Sales and service occupations	538,930	232,640	306,285	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	441,955	399,605	42,345	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	99,430	77,250	22,180	541,235	416,960	124,270
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	83,895	66,480	17,415	857,540	612,415	245,120
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	2,295,380	1,215,955	1,079,430	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	34,850	35,605	486,865	237,950	248,915
All industries¹⁹¹	2,224,920	1,181,100	1,043,820	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	63,965	42,305	21,665	434,800	295,160	139,640
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	112,890	88,690	24,200	239,030	195,605	43,425
22 Utilities	22,630	15,900	6,735	147,750	109,475	38,270
23 Construction	210,350	177,845	32,505	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025
31-33 Manufacturing	118,890	88,735	30,155	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330
41 Wholesale trade	71,580	50,655	20,930	610,295	406,960	203,335
44-45 Retail trade	253,030	117,605	135,425	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	128,410	96,000	32,410	981,030	742,515	238,515
51 Information and cultural industries	28,680	16,625	12,055	400,460	237,940	162,520
52 Finance and insurance	68,355	27,225	41,135	815,225	358,145	457,080
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	39,400	21,625	17,775	343,940	186,230	157,710
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	177,895	99,055	78,840	1,571,160	877,780	693,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,420	2,075	2,345	45,455	21,495	23,955
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	91,750	51,325	40,430	792,600	457,880	334,725
61 Educational services	149,170	43,775	105,400	1,413,320	436,645	976,670
62 Health care and social assistance	285,090	51,930	233,155	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	42,685	20,880	21,805	350,710	180,205	170,500
72 Accommodation and food services	132,930	57,280	75,650	1,085,270	478,000	607,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	104,530	50,355	54,175	797,935	373,775	424,165
91 Public administration	118,270	61,230	57,040	1,188,915	598,780	590,135
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,422,110	1,273,895	1,148,215	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
English	2,319,940	1,223,960	1,095,975	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855
French	3,840	1,145	2,695	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420
Non-official language	14,015	7,470	6,545	169,205	89,515	79,685
Indigenous³⁹	245	140	105	6,935	3,590	3,345
Non-Indigenous	13,770	7,330	6,440	162,265	85,925	76,345
English and French	20,015	8,200	11,815	1,682,510	859,635	822,870
English and non-official language(s)	61,830	31,865	29,965	570,220	291,000	279,220
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	20,935	9,955	10,980
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,550	765	785	69,340	34,190	35,145
Multiple non-official languages	885	475	410	11,265	5,960	5,305
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,422,110	1,273,895	1,148,215	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
Single responses	2,407,485	1,266,360	1,141,120	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810
Official languages	2,381,515	1,252,385	1,129,135	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175
English	2,374,615	1,250,455	1,124,165	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105
French	6,900	1,930	4,970	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070
Non-official languages	25,965	13,980	11,990	310,455	161,825	148,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	765	425	340	19,435	9,725	9,710
Algonquian languages	695	400	300	11,600	6,020	5,575
Blackfoot	60	35	25	60	35	25
Cree-Innu languages	630	355	280	9,115	4,715	4,400
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,015	585	430
Cree languages	630	355	280	5,985	3,170	2,815
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	110	65	40
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	765	385	385
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	80	45	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	55	30	20	190	110	85
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	55	20	35	140	80	65
Cree, n.o.s.	520	295	220	4,695	2,500	2,205
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	1,955	875	1,075
Naskapi	0	0	0	155	80	80
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	835	435	400
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	825	430	395
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	1,585	830	755
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	875	490	385
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	695	340	355
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	40	20	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0	0	40	25	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	610	295	320
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	45	20	25	895	410	480
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	20	25	890	410	475
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	20	10	15
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	40	20	20	535	255	280
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	155	70	90
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10	35	15	15
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0	0	100	45	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	130	75	55
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	30	10	25
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	6,630	3,200	3,425
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	15	0	15
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	10	0	0	6,605	3,200	3,405
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	30	0	25
Mohawk	0	0	0	30	0	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Michif	0	0	0	25	10	10
Salish languages	0	0	0	125	50	80
Halkomelem	0	0	0	35	15	20
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	30	0	25
Squamish	0	0	0	10	10	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	10	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	20	10	15
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Siouan languages	15	0	10	30	10	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	10	0	10
Stoney	15	0	10	15	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	40	15	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0	15	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	40	0	35
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	25,200	13,555	11,650	291,025	152,095	138,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,025	535	495	9,265	5,300	3,955
Berber languages	0	0	0	45	35	10
Kabyle	0	0	0	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	165	70	95	415	185	235
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	0
Oromo	30	15	15	40	20	15
Somali	135	60	80	365	155	210
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	850	450	400	8,785	5,080	3,705
Amharic	100	50	60	215	95	120
Arabic	600	315	280	7,190	4,250	2,940
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	460	325	130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	330	240	90
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	90	70	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	40	20	20
Hebrew	10	10	0	585	240	340
Tigrigna	125	60	65	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	500	805	9,770	4,135	5,635
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	495	215	285
Vietnamese	1,275	480	795	9,260	3,905	5,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	15	15	0
Austronesian languages	1,160	540	620	4,760	2,180	2,580
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	0	15	45	15	25
Cebuano	0	0	0	95	45	50
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ilocano	70	40	25	165	90	70
Indonesian	10	0	10	170	90	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,065	490	570	4,205	1,895	2,310
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	30	20
Creole languages	0	0	0	390	185	210
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	375	170	205
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	90	35	55	3,010	1,410	1,605
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	40	20	25	250	140	110
Tamil	30	10	25	2,685	1,255	1,425
Telugu	15	0	10	70	15	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	80	45	35
Indo-European languages	12,180	7,175	5,010	112,395	64,055	48,335
Albanian	0	0	0	315	170	140
Armenian	0	0	0	530	295	235
Balto-Slavic languages	780	300	480	10,085	4,390	5,695
Baltic languages	0	0	0	95	15	75
Latvian	0	0	0	50	10	35
Lithuanian	0	0	0	45	10	40
Slavic languages	780	300	480	9,995	4,375	5,620
Bulgarian	20	0	15	145	55	90
Czech	15	10	0	105	50	55
Macedonian	0	0	0	75	60	15
Polish	225	90	135	2,265	1,000	1,265
Russian	305	100	200	5,240	2,085	3,155
Serbo-Croatian	90	45	45	835	485	355
Bosnian	25	10	20	120	80	40
Croatian	10	0	10	155	95	65
Serbian	55	35	20	555	310	245
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	10	40	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ukrainian	115	55	60	1,265	620	650
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	60	30	30
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	55	25	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,025	1,985	1,045	14,250	8,060	6,190
Frisian	0	0	0	15	10	10
High German languages	1,555	970	580	10,480	5,695	4,790
German	1,540	965	575	6,615	3,655	2,970
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	2,560	1,405	1,150
Swiss German	10	0	0	255	115	135
Yiddish	0	0	0	1,050	520	530
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,445	995	455	3,540	2,245	1,290
Afrikaans	10	0	10	65	20	40
Dutch	85	50	30	965	515	440
Low German, n.o.s.	330	245	80	560	420	140
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	1,025	695	330	1,940	1,275	670
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10	190	100	85
Danish	0	0	0	25	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0	25	20	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	55	30	25
Swedish	0	0	0	90	45	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Greek	15	0	15	875	445	430
Indo-Iranian languages	5,660	3,440	2,220	55,455	32,965	22,490
Indo-Aryan languages	5,435	3,340	2,100	48,020	28,910	19,100
Bengali	10	0	10	645	290	355
Gujarati	135	65	65	1,115	515	600
Hindi	280	150	135	2,235	1,145	1,090
Kacchi	0	0	0	15	0	15
Marathi	0	0	0	20	0	15
Nepali	70	20	50	275	125	145
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,630	2,975	1,655	40,840	25,480	15,365
Sindhi	15	0	10	25	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	105	80	25
Urdu	285	125	160	2,725	1,265	1,465
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Iranian languages	220	100	120	7,430	4,045	3,385
Kurdish	0	0	0	175	145	35
Pashto	10	0	10	130	70	60
Persian languages	210	95	110	7,110	3,825	3,285
Dari	70	30	40	800	445	360
Iranian Persian	115	55	65	5,715	2,980	2,735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	20	0	595	400	195
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,660	1,415	1,245	30,795	17,685	13,105
Catalan	0	0	0	15	10	0
Italian	45	25	20	1,625	730	900
Portuguese	125	75	50	6,970	4,070	2,895
Romanian	75	45	35	680	375	310
Spanish	2,420	1,275	1,145	21,455	12,465	8,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	35	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	35	15	20
Japanese	205	70	135	3,560	1,225	2,340
Korean	1,250	630	620	14,345	7,125	7,225
Mongolian	15	10	10	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35	410	210	200
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	30	10	20
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	0	25	15	10
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	0	30	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0	20	15	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	0	150	95	55
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	65	20	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	15
Sign languages	200	100	100	2,010	795	1,210
American Sign Language	170	80	85	1,590	620	970
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	285	110	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	135	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340	3,725	3,615	128,375	64,180	64,190
Chinese languages	7,295	3,700	3,605	128,045	63,990	64,055
Hakka	0	0	0	45	25	25
Mandarin	3,105	1,570	1,535	76,040	37,760	38,280
Min Dong	0	0	0	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	485	210	270
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	20	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	4,145	2,095	2,050	50,950	25,725	25,225
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	30	15	460	240	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	15	295	175	125
Burmese	10	10	0	60	40	20
Karenic languages	25	10	10	135	85	50
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	120	80	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0	90	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	170	65	100	765	310	450
Lao	15	10	0	80	30	50
Thai	150	55	90	670	275	395
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Turkic languages	145	115	30	1,345	695	650
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	35	15	25
Turkish	145	115	30	1,270	660	615
Uyghur	0	0	0	30	20	15
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uralic languages	50	30	20	485	215	270
Estonian	0	0	0	70	15	50
Finnish	0	0	0	90	25	65
Hungarian	45	30	15	330	170	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Multiple responses	14,630	7,530	7,100	453,880	231,205	222,675
English and French	2,560	1,105	1,455	321,975	163,305	158,675
English and non-official language(s)	11,695	6,245	5,440	115,955	60,210	55,745
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20	6,280	2,795	3,485
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	65	75	7,405	3,795	3,605
Multiple non-official languages	190	90	105	2,265	1,100	1,165
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,422,110	1,273,895	1,148,215	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
None	2,350,940	1,239,355	1,111,590	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935
English	13,200	6,355	6,840	902,625	474,755	427,875
French	14,630	6,410	8,215	589,755	288,955	300,800
Non-official language	36,335	18,310	18,025	331,375	168,035	163,335
Indigenous³⁹	2,125	865	1,255	18,190	7,740	10,450
Non-Indigenous	34,210	17,445	16,765	313,185	160,295	152,885
English and French	35	25	10	2,940	1,445	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	1,080	540	540	33,125	15,680	17,445
French and non-official language(s)	1,125	565	560	22,615	11,475	11,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	360	210	150
Multiple non-official languages	4,760	2,335	2,420	50,740	25,425	25,315
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,030,730	1,077,590	953,140	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020
Worked at home	446,315	211,420	234,900	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705
Worked outside Canada	5,430	4,105	1,330	58,335	40,295	18,035
No fixed workplace address	319,675	242,835	76,845	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415
Usual place of work	1,259,305	619,240	640,065	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,259,305	619,240	640,065	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	902,040	419,240	482,800	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	292,360	157,820	134,535	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	52,590	34,120	18,470	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285
Commute to a different province or territory	12,315	8,060	4,260	98,060	60,210	37,850
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,578,980	862,070	716,915	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Car, truck or van	1,378,685	765,905	612,775	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,287,940	730,925	557,015	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	90,740	34,980	55,760	844,155	343,100	501,050
Public transit	88,255	39,915	48,345	1,000,510	422,270	578,235
Walked	62,810	27,445	35,360	672,815	296,610	376,205
Bicycle	11,370	7,975	3,395	138,615	92,195	46,415
Other method	37,865	20,820	17,040	285,820	144,225	141,595
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,578,980	862,070	716,915	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Less than 15 minutes	487,710	225,360	262,355	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185
15 to 29 minutes	610,485	333,105	277,385	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285
30 to 44 minutes	302,735	184,370	118,365	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670
45 to 59 minutes	87,230	55,475	31,755	910,610	542,485	368,125
60 minutes and over	90,815	63,765	27,050	926,120	599,115	327,005
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,578,980	862,070	716,915	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	116,400	88,060	28,340	938,820	701,960	236,865
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	296,930	194,765	102,165	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	424,170	228,535	195,630	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	299,145	134,910	164,240	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	195,835	83,185	112,655	1,661,340	740,915	920,430
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	246,495	132,620	113,880	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	971,390	499,245	472,145	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	67,140	34,000	33,140	897,205	456,120	441,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	904,245	465,240	439,005	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	704,490	362,400	342,090	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	49,735	25,180	24,555	682,190	346,420	335,770
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	24,675	12,010	12,665	467,685	234,475	233,215
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	25,055	13,170	11,890	214,500	111,950	102,550
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	654,755	337,220	317,530	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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