Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	British ColumbiaMore information: [Province] Remove			CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove
	Counts			Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	5,000,879	...	...	36,991,981	...	...
Population, 2016¹	4,648,055	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.6	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	2,211,694	...	...	16,284,235	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	2,041,834	...	...	14,978,941	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.4	...	...	4.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	920,686.55	...	...	8,788,702.80	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	5,000,880	2,457,515	2,543,365	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740
0 to 14 years	716,900	369,250	347,650	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285
0 to 4 years	216,825	111,015	105,805	1,831,195	938,790	892,405
5 to 9 years	244,290	125,810	118,485	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655
10 to 14 years	255,790	132,425	123,365	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225
15 to 64 years	3,267,620	1,614,625	1,652,995	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710
15 to 19 years	253,690	131,245	122,445	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240
20 to 24 years	294,650	151,505	143,145	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430
25 to 29 years	337,090	170,500	166,585	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370
30 to 34 years	358,585	178,925	179,660	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040
35 to 39 years	353,350	175,175	178,175	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835
40 to 44 years	319,740	156,480	163,260	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530
45 to 49 years	310,035	149,520	160,515	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985
50 to 54 years	329,005	158,540	170,460	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685
55 to 59 years	356,345	172,520	183,825	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350
60 to 64 years	355,130	170,210	184,920	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245
65 years and over	1,016,365	473,640	542,720	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750
65 to 69 years	319,405	152,705	166,700	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665
70 to 74 years	272,365	130,370	141,995	1,847,585	879,850	967,735
75 to 79 years	181,075	86,060	95,015	1,260,930	589,090	671,845
80 to 84 years	121,055	55,285	65,780	840,545	370,905	469,645
85 years and over	122,465	49,225	73,235	861,395	319,540	541,860
85 to 89 years	74,315	32,315	42,005	525,445	212,735	312,705
90 to 94 years	36,840	13,715	23,120	258,035	87,300	170,735
95 to 99 years	9,790	2,865	6,925	68,380	17,670	50,715
100 years and over	1,515	330	1,185	9,535	1,830	7,710
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.3	15.0	13.7	16.3	16.9	15.6
15 to 64 years	65.3	65.7	65.0	64.8	65.4	64.2
65 years and over	20.3	19.3	21.3	19.0	17.7	20.2
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.9	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	43.1	42.2	43.9	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	42.8	41.6	44.0	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Single-detached house	866,340	...	...	7,872,310	...	...
Semi-detached house	62,890	...	...	746,560	...	...
Row house	168,590	...	...	980,110	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	249,835	...	...	821,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	417,475	...	...	2,738,020	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	221,845	...	...	1,596,155	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,760	...	...	34,880	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	51,100	...	...	189,420	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 person	600,705	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
2 persons	719,865	...	...	5,124,800	...	...
3 persons	296,200	...	...	2,194,825	...	...
4 persons	256,700	...	...	2,002,455	...	...
5 or more persons	168,355	...	...	1,260,850	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,915,945	2,416,800	2,499,140	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	4,283,980	2,088,265	2,195,715	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460
Married or living common-law	2,464,130	1,229,850	1,234,280	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595
Married	2,036,165	1,015,165	1,021,000	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875
Living common-law	427,970	214,680	213,285	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725
Living common law - Never married	313,560	158,045	155,515	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685
Living common law - Separated	17,220	8,940	8,285	123,830	65,045	58,785
Living common law - Divorced	87,370	43,700	43,670	721,715	365,760	355,950
Living common law - Widowed	9,815	3,995	5,820	87,165	36,860	50,300
Not married and not living common-law	1,819,845	858,415	961,435	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,202,625	653,345	549,280	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455
Not married and not living common law - Separated	110,710	47,290	63,420	741,135	319,045	422,090
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	283,035	109,615	173,420	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	223,475	48,165	175,310	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,399,405	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
2 persons	763,875	...	...	5,306,105	...	...
3 persons	290,335	...	...	2,147,825	...	...
4 persons	255,295	...	...	1,953,035	...	...
5 or more persons	89,900	...	...	855,960	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,399,405	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
Total couple families	1,190,930	...	...	8,576,585	...	...
Married couples	977,010	...	...	6,627,310	...	...
With children⁶	496,240	...	...	3,481,775	...	...
Without children	480,770	...	...	3,145,535	...	...
Common-law couples	213,925	...	...	1,949,275	...	...
With children⁶	64,570	...	...	808,645	...	...
Without children	149,355	...	...	1,140,630	...	...
Total one-parent families	208,475	...	...	1,686,340	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	161,820	...	...	1,302,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	46,655	...	...	383,670	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	4,915,945	2,416,800	2,499,140	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Total - Persons in census families	3,897,915	1,933,790	1,964,120	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	2,381,865	1,191,345	1,190,515	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560
Parents in one-parent families	208,475	46,660	161,820	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670
Children⁶	1,307,575	695,790	611,785	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400
In a two-parent family	1,001,235	529,410	471,830	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805
In a one-parent family	306,340	166,380	139,960	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,018,030	483,010	535,015	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620
Living alone	600,705	273,740	326,960	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520
Living with other relatives⁷	139,900	56,735	83,160	927,345	393,085	534,260
Living with non-relatives only	277,425	152,535	124,890	1,526,645	878,800	647,840
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	2,041,830	...	...	14,978,945	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,157,520	...	...	8,932,695	...	...
Couple-family households	1,002,775	...	...	7,627,195	...	...
With children⁶	463,945	...	...	3,789,795	...	...
Without children	538,825	...	...	3,837,400	...	...
One-parent-family households	154,745	...	...	1,305,500	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	75,700	...	...	441,745	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	20,325	...	...	94,235	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	79,015	...	...	450,415	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	108,570	...	...	663,835	...	...
One-person households	600,705	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,076,345	1,987,855	2,088,490	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,200	36,000	41,200	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,078,810	1,989,180	2,089,630	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,400	33,600	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,655,710	1,808,310	1,847,405	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	43,600	28,400	35,200	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,886,365	1,471,335	1,415,030	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,000	31,200	37,200	43,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,377,800	1,555,875	1,821,925	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,100	10,600	9,800	8,500	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	370,345	168,520	201,825	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,720	5,760	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,106,935	526,910	580,025	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,075,270	1,987,400	2,087,875	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,450	63,500	45,800	54,450	62,650	46,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,077,810	1,988,785	2,089,025	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	51,900	39,600	44,920	50,320	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,654,285	1,807,745	1,846,535	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	60,800	40,440	50,240	59,500	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,886,325	1,472,690	1,413,635	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	59,800	40,840	50,280	58,050	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,374,170	1,553,970	1,820,205	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,030	10,490	11,490	11,170	10,180	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	368,410	167,495	200,910	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	6,030	6,970	7,050	6,710	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,102,145	524,940	577,205	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,110	8,940	9,260	8,920	8,740	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	4,200,420	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,301,410	737,105	564,300	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,500	57,600	63,600	69,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700	86,600	66,000	77,200	85,400	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,195,830	547,835	647,995	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,400	17,400	18,400	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	36,160	25,840	29,160	33,960	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.0	78.2	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.8	69.8	60.4	66.8	70.6	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8	12.9	21.9	17.8	13.7	23.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.5	7.1	5.4	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.7	5.6	4.7	4.0	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without total income	124,155	60,445	63,710	1,094,320	545,400	548,915
With total income	4,076,350	1,987,855	2,088,490	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660
Under $10,000 (including loss)	385,230	166,325	218,900	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310
$10,000 to $19,999	474,245	197,530	276,715	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945
$20,000 to $29,999	627,895	264,860	363,035	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570
$30,000 to $39,999	515,780	222,825	292,955	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375
$40,000 to $49,999	442,130	198,985	243,150	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755
$50,000 to $59,999	363,335	172,380	190,950	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330
$60,000 to $69,999	284,130	149,100	135,030	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795
$70,000 to $79,999	221,755	125,565	96,190	1,592,465	887,985	704,480
$80,000 to $89,999	172,110	101,195	70,915	1,239,395	708,430	530,965
$90,000 to $99,999	136,185	81,180	55,005	965,950	553,435	412,510
$100,000 and over	453,550	307,905	145,645	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625
$100,000 to $149,999	297,440	194,595	102,850	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520
$150,000 and over	156,105	113,310	42,800	1,057,615	758,510	299,105
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without after-tax income	121,690	59,120	62,575	1,079,955	537,800	542,155
With after-tax income	4,078,810	1,989,185	2,089,630	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	402,375	172,800	229,575	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725
$10,000 to $19,999	490,875	204,625	286,255	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855
$20,000 to $29,999	705,795	299,550	406,245	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845
$30,000 to $39,999	593,485	261,620	331,865	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250
$40,000 to $49,999	502,775	233,645	269,135	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005
$50,000 to $59,999	387,850	198,895	188,955	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920
$60,000 to $69,999	283,825	160,510	123,315	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790
$70,000 to $79,999	207,535	122,690	84,840	1,428,520	814,645	613,875
$80,000 to $89,999	150,155	91,640	58,515	1,027,015	592,405	434,605
$90,000 to $99,999	99,015	63,800	35,220	643,700	402,325	241,380
$100,000 and over	255,125	179,415	75,715	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185
$100,000 to $124,999	127,025	86,835	40,195	792,455	530,970	261,490
$125,000 and over	128,100	92,585	35,515	804,335	578,645	225,695
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without employment income	1,314,135	576,965	737,165	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450
With employment income	2,886,365	1,471,335	1,415,035	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125
Under $5,000 (including loss)	397,640	182,895	214,745	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955
$5,000 to $9,999	234,130	99,970	134,165	1,739,570	765,825	973,750
$10,000 to $19,999	339,265	147,650	191,615	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810
$20,000 to $29,999	266,065	118,485	147,580	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050
$30,000 to $39,999	257,235	116,285	140,950	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190
$40,000 to $49,999	247,550	116,085	131,470	1,859,845	899,795	960,055
$50,000 to $59,999	230,030	112,805	117,220	1,640,805	842,030	798,780
$60,000 to $69,999	190,470	105,215	85,260	1,367,510	754,825	612,685
$70,000 to $79,999	154,990	91,615	63,375	1,099,625	637,060	462,570
$80,000 to $89,999	128,265	77,550	50,715	929,490	539,395	390,095
$90,000 to $99,999	105,855	64,420	41,430	760,035	439,505	320,530
$100,000 and over	334,875	238,370	96,505	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670
$100,000 to $124,999	154,515	102,955	51,560	1,129,445	714,235	415,210
$125,000 and over	180,360	135,420	44,940	1,288,265	936,805	351,460
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,960,225	1,926,690	2,033,535	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,000	32,800	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,968,465	1,928,380	2,040,085	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	30,000	35,200	40,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,614,710	1,784,370	1,830,340	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,800	29,800	36,800	44,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,972,225	1,505,485	1,466,740	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	45,200	30,600	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,715,540	1,173,320	1,542,220	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,520	6,450	4,240	1,960	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	258,710	115,865	142,845	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,120	5,800	5,720	5,560	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,959,300	1,926,475	2,032,835	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	62,250	42,880	52,350	61,250	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,967,440	1,928,070	2,039,370	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,400	50,520	36,640	42,920	49,000	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,612,845	1,783,870	1,828,980	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,080	61,850	40,560	51,040	60,800	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,971,405	1,506,375	1,465,035	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,120	58,700	39,280	50,560	58,800	41,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,711,365	1,168,975	1,542,390	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,330	8,200	8,430	7,950	6,990	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	258,380	115,595	142,790	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,140	6,310	7,810	7,560	6,880	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	4,200,420	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,288,260	729,135	559,120	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	68,000	52,800	60,000	66,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,800	82,200	60,600	73,200	81,900	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,128,665	516,540	612,120	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	29,400	22,600	24,200	28,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,280	43,320	30,320	35,200	41,280	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0	92.0	85.0	87.6	91.2	83.0
Employment income (%)	70.4	73.8	66.0	71.8	75.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	10.9	8.0	14.9	12.3	8.9	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	600,705	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,441,130	...	...	10,582,930	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,600	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	87,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	600,425	...	...	4,394,500	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	53,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,680	...	...	44,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,441,410	...	...	10,584,445	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,600	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	30,080	...	...	165,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,160	...	...	91,750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	19,290	...	...	178,475	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	41,735	...	...	274,140	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	82,340	...	...	637,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	63,830	...	...	505,875	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	64,895	...	...	488,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	75,105	...	...	560,950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	73,975	...	...	572,650	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	73,180	...	...	559,155	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	144,895	...	...	1,093,185	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	139,140	...	...	1,044,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	131,840	...	...	986,460	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	122,530	...	...	921,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	112,775	...	...	844,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	853,065	...	...	6,053,945	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	235,680	...	...	1,753,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	178,970	...	...	1,283,445	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	221,175	...	...	1,545,935	...	...
$200,000 and over	217,240	...	...	1,471,075	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	34,265	...	...	186,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,550	...	...	95,195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	19,930	...	...	183,430	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	43,390	...	...	289,545	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	86,585	...	...	681,900	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	72,515	...	...	589,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	74,810	...	...	582,275	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	85,940	...	...	666,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	85,575	...	...	676,995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	85,000	...	...	655,100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	168,315	...	...	1,285,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	160,070	...	...	1,223,830	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	149,385	...	...	1,137,840	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	136,615	...	...	1,039,375	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	121,890	...	...	911,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	704,010	...	...	4,773,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	243,560	...	...	1,757,035	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	167,850	...	...	1,152,855	...	...
$150,000 and over	292,600	...	...	1,864,100	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,364,485	...	...	10,117,305	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	562,590	...	...	3,929,500	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	561,965	...	...	4,311,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	188,585	...	...	1,547,920	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	878,130	426,275	451,855	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	40,800	37,600	38,400	40,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,200	34,800	34,800	36,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,363,860	...	...	10,113,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,900	...	...	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	561,775	...	...	3,926,040	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,100	...	...	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	563,000	...	...	4,318,755	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	161,800	...	...	160,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	186,930	...	...	1,539,580	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,400	...	...	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	875,470	423,270	452,200	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,240	53,050	47,600	49,440	52,050	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,720	44,400	41,200	41,560	43,080	40,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	4,915,940	2,416,800	2,499,140	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
0 to 17 years	866,210	446,475	419,740	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005
0 to 5 years	264,100	135,340	128,760	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775
18 to 64 years	3,085,015	1,515,740	1,569,280	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665
65 years and over	964,710	454,590	510,120	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	528,870	246,885	281,980	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765
0 to 17 years	98,830	51,230	47,600	854,565	439,490	415,075
0 to 5 years	29,460	15,150	14,310	282,315	144,250	138,065
18 to 64 years	297,960	141,460	156,505	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640
65 years and over	132,075	54,200	77,875	985,745	391,695	594,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.2	11.3	11.1	10.5	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.4	11.5	11.3	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.1	12.7	12.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.3	10.0	9.7	9.4	9.9
65 years and over (%)	13.7	11.9	15.3	15.0	12.7	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	4,825,465	2,371,915	2,453,550	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440
0 to 17 years	848,955	437,500	411,455	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505
0 to 5 years	259,060	132,740	126,320	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925
18 to 64 years	3,033,655	1,490,215	1,543,435	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865
65 years and over	942,860	444,195	498,660	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	279,035	139,265	139,770	1,863,335	950,150	913,180
0 to 17 years	44,480	23,070	21,410	319,545	164,490	155,060
0 to 5 years	11,690	6,045	5,640	99,435	50,875	48,560
18 to 64 years	201,000	101,455	99,545	1,344,640	702,660	641,975
65 years and over	33,555	14,740	18,815	199,155	83,010	116,145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.8	5.9	5.7	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.2	4.5	4.6	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6	6.8	6.5	6.0	6.4	5.7
65 years and over (%)	3.6	3.3	3.8	3.1	2.7	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	4,915,940	2,416,800	2,499,140	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
In bottom half of the distribution	2,300,730	1,101,130	1,199,605	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345
In bottom decile	516,435	247,990	268,445	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070
In second decile	444,845	206,090	238,750	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660
In third decile	436,965	208,575	228,385	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735
In fourth decile	442,745	214,155	228,590	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210
In fifth decile	459,740	224,315	235,420	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670
In top half of the distribution	2,615,210	1,315,675	1,299,535	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900
In sixth decile	475,780	234,975	240,805	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535
In seventh decile	494,480	246,315	248,165	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230
In eighth decile	518,565	260,640	257,925	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530
In ninth decile	550,860	278,965	271,890	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415
In top decile	575,535	294,785	280,750	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	4,915,940	...	...	36,328,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.346	...	...	0.347	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.306	...	...	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English only	4,461,290	2,220,225	2,241,070	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800
French only	1,785	810	970	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390
English and French	326,865	146,310	180,565	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330
Neither English nor French	161,720	67,240	94,475	689,725	284,170	405,555
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	4,718,195	2,332,370	2,385,825	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025
French	56,495	28,130	28,370	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110
English and French	18,145	8,260	9,885	476,175	237,635	238,535
Neither English nor French	158,820	65,825	92,995	673,100	275,685	397,420
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	4,761,600	2,343,570	2,418,030	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600
Official languages	3,382,455	1,699,060	1,683,395	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510
English	3,325,035	1,670,420	1,654,615	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835
French	57,420	28,645	28,780	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675
Non-official languages	1,379,145	644,515	734,630	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,490	2,600	2,890	148,895	71,630	77,265
Algonquian languages	820	390	430	97,125	46,545	50,580
Blackfoot	30	15	15	2,520	1,180	1,340
Cree-Innu languages	630	310	320	67,665	32,715	34,950
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,500	2,825	2,670
Cree languages	620	305	320	53,070	25,645	27,430
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	155	70	85
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	580	300	280
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	10	3,460	1,675	1,785
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25	2,475	1,075	1,395
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	170	75	95	5,025	2,345	2,675
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	85	55	30	2,850	1,370	1,480
Cree, n.o.s.	305	150	155	38,535	18,810	19,725
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	8,465	3,930	4,535
Naskapi	0	0	0	625	310	315
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	10	5	5,155	2,415	2,745
Mi'kmaq	10	10	5	4,910	2,290	2,620
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	245	125	120
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	65	90	21,775	10,230	11,550
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	5	0	865	400	460
Oji-Cree	15	5	5	9,310	4,525	4,790
Ojibway languages	135	55	85	11,605	5,300	6,300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	470	235	235
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	65	25	40
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	5	25	1,880	850	1,030
Ojibway, n.o.s.	100	45	55	9,185	4,190	4,995
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages	1,560	710	850	12,885	6,200	6,680
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,545	705	840	12,785	6,155	6,630
Dakelh (Carrier)	615	280	335	625	280	340
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	90	40	50	120	55	60
Dene, n.o.s.	70	40	30	8,060	3,865	4,190
Gwich'in	5	0	5	175	70	105
Slavey-Hare languages	60	25	35	1,505	755	755
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	20	5	10	400	195	200
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	270	120	150
Slavey, n.o.s.	40	20	20	840	440	400
Tahltan languages	85	45	40	150	80	65
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	65	40	25
Tahltan	80	40	40	80	40	40
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	1,390	725	670
Tse'khene (Sekani)	35	5	30	35	5	30
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	460	210	250	465	210	255
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tutchone languages	5	0	0	120	40	85
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	15	55
Southern Tutchone	5	0	5	25	10	15
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	25	10	20
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	110	55	60	120	50	65
Tlingit	10	5	10	50	20	25
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	45	20	25
Haida	40	20	25	45	15	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	50	15	35	33,790	16,480	17,315
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	5	560	220	340
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	0	335	140	200
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	225	85	140
Inuktitut	35	10	25	33,200	16,240	16,955
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	30	10	20
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	355	150	205
Cayuga	0	0	0	35	15	15
Mohawk	5	5	5	275	115	155
Oneida	0	0	0	45	10	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	10	5	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	30	15	15	30	15	15
Michif	25	10	15	485	220	265
Salish languages	1,080	510	565	1,095	520	575
Halkomelem	180	90	95	185	90	95
Lillooet	100	45	50	100	45	55
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	180	95	80	180	100	80
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	265	120	140	265	125	140
Squamish	25	10	15	25	10	15
Straits	95	40	45	95	40	50
Syilx (Okanagan)	185	80	105	185	80	105
Salish languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	55	30	25
Siouan languages	10	5	5	1,040	485	555
Assiniboine	5	0	0	70	40	25
Dakota	5	0	5	560	245	315
Stoney	5	5	0	365	180	190
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	20	20
Tsimshian languages	1,005	505	505	1,035	515	515
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	575	295	275	590	300	290
Nisga'a	320	155	165	325	155	170
Tsimshian	115	60	60	120	60	60
Wakashan languages	760	380	385	770	385	385
Haisla	80	30	50	85	35	55
Heiltsuk	295	180	115	300	180	120
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	150	70	80	150	70	80
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	215	90	125	220	95	130
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	20	5	15
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	70	25	40	180	75	100
Non-Indigenous languages	1,373,655	641,910	731,745	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830
Afro-Asiatic languages	33,195	17,710	15,485	698,355	359,625	338,730
Berber languages	110	70	40	27,490	14,715	12,775
Kabyle	70	45	30	24,760	13,130	11,625
Tamazight	25	15	10	2,340	1,365	975
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	395	225	170
Chadic languages	50	35	15	1,985	1,085	905
Hausa	40	25	15	1,315	740	570
Mina	10	10	5	675	340	335
Coptic	10	5	5	1,015	510	505
Cushitic languages	2,005	1,025	980	49,410	23,275	26,135
Bilen	30	15	15	2,020	1,085	935
Oromo	310	165	140	5,905	3,015	2,890
Somali	1,590	805	785	40,730	18,775	21,955
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	755	400	350
Semitic languages	31,020	16,575	14,450	618,450	320,045	298,405
Amharic	1,620	790	835	25,685	12,090	13,600
Arabic	22,970	12,330	10,640	508,410	265,350	243,060
Aramaic languages	1,505	770	735	27,690	13,465	14,220
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	580	295	280	17,220	8,320	8,900
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	800	405	390	8,860	4,335	4,525
Aramaic, n.o.s.	125	65	60	1,600	805	795
Harari	15	10	15	1,220	550	675
Hebrew	2,260	1,275	980	19,495	10,505	8,995
Maltese	170	85	90	4,425	2,080	2,340
Tigrigna	2,455	1,310	1,150	31,075	15,775	15,300
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	450	235	220
Austro-Asiatic languages	34,145	15,270	18,875	192,985	87,230	105,750
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,530	670	865	19,525	8,820	10,705
Vietnamese	32,560	14,580	17,985	173,000	78,180	94,820
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	50	25	30	460	230	225
Austronesian languages	104,100	42,685	61,415	565,375	238,875	326,500
Bikol	425	180	240	2,115	940	1,180
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,375	550	825	8,215	3,425	4,790
Cebuano	3,585	1,405	2,175	18,945	7,800	11,145
Fijian	345	180	170	605	325	280
Hiligaynon	1,895	755	1,140	9,690	3,900	5,795
Ilocano	6,325	2,650	3,675	33,520	14,140	19,380
Indonesian	4,080	1,730	2,345	11,910	4,990	6,920
Kankanaey	200	85	120	1,100	465	640
Kinaray-a	125	45	80	670	275	395
Malagasy languages	35	15	20	2,085	990	1,090
Merina	0	0	0	1,245	580	670
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	20	835	415	425
Malay	365	180	185	1,330	570	760
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	870	400	470	5,615	2,635	2,980
Pangasinan	395	165	230	2,050	900	1,150
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,835	33,800	49,045	461,150	194,805	266,345
Waray-Waray	300	125	175	1,625	690	935
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	945	425	525	4,740	2,035	2,705
Creole languages	925	465	460	78,235	35,650	42,580
Haitian Creole	115	60	50	52,435	23,355	29,085
Jamaican English Creole	40	25	15	600	315	290
Krio	35	20	15	795	365	435
Morisyen	375	170	205	6,125	3,015	3,110
Sango	0	0	0	580	280	300
Creole, n.o.s.	180	100	80	15,550	7,325	8,230
Creole languages, n.i.e.	170	85	90	2,135	1,000	1,140
Dravidian languages	13,260	7,225	6,035	244,165	125,180	118,990
Kannada	565	290	270	6,240	3,215	3,020
Malayalam	4,740	2,590	2,155	54,050	29,375	24,670
Tamil	5,055	2,645	2,405	152,850	75,010	77,845
Telugu	2,810	1,650	1,160	30,045	17,095	12,950
Tulu	70	40	30	615	310	305
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	370	170	195
Georgian	160	95	70	2,180	1,175	1,005
Hmong-Mien languages	85	40	45	565	265	305
Indo-European languages	657,345	321,395	335,955	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520
Albanian	1,645	850	795	29,265	14,690	14,580
Armenian	1,350	650	695	33,720	16,335	17,385
Balto-Slavic languages	81,655	37,525	44,135	648,810	297,100	351,710
Baltic languages	1,065	475	595	10,560	4,425	6,135
Latvian	545	250	290	4,430	1,875	2,555
Lithuanian	525	220	300	6,130	2,555	3,580
Slavic languages	80,590	37,050	43,540	638,250	292,670	345,580
Belarusian	70	30	40	720	325	395
Bulgarian	2,025	960	1,065	19,035	9,090	9,950
Czech	5,855	2,770	3,090	20,025	9,215	10,815
Macedonian	330	170	165	14,795	7,075	7,720
Polish	15,810	7,190	8,625	160,170	72,120	88,050
Russian	28,660	12,825	15,835	197,905	89,100	108,800
Rusyn	25	5	15	500	240	255
Serbo-Croatian	16,425	8,055	8,365	116,735	56,900	59,835
Bosnian	1,655	805	855	13,820	6,785	7,040
Croatian	6,805	3,255	3,545	43,500	20,755	22,740
Serbian	7,665	3,855	3,815	57,425	28,410	29,015
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	300	145	155	1,995	945	1,045
Slovak	3,275	1,475	1,805	15,255	6,930	8,320
Slovene (Slovenian)	950	430	520	7,965	3,425	4,535
Ukrainian	7,120	3,120	4,000	84,705	38,005	46,695
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	440	235	205
Celtic languages	415	225	190	2,150	1,110	1,045
Irish	110	60	40	665	355	315
Scottish Gaelic	80	40	35	425	210	210
Welsh	200	100	100	825	410	420
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	230	135	95
Germanic languages	84,375	39,695	44,675	463,400	221,365	242,035
Frisian	200	95	105	1,570	800	775
High German languages	53,255	24,820	28,435	301,570	142,580	158,990
German	50,695	23,575	27,125	272,865	128,250	144,615
Pennsylvania German	15	10	5	9,065	4,530	4,540
Swiss German	2,330	1,130	1,205	7,575	3,740	3,835
Yiddish	215	110	105	12,060	6,060	6,005
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	23,295	11,250	12,040	138,655	67,815	70,840
Afrikaans	3,700	1,830	1,870	12,270	6,175	6,095
Dutch	17,345	8,325	9,020	80,315	39,000	41,310
Low German, n.o.s.	235	100	130	8,670	4,255	4,420
Low Saxon	110	60	50	1,270	650	625
Plautdietsch	1,580	775	810	33,200	16,410	16,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	165	155	2,935	1,325	1,605
Scandinavian languages	7,530	3,465	4,060	20,275	9,500	10,775
Danish	3,625	1,700	1,925	9,945	4,750	5,195
Icelandic	215	100	115	905	430	480
Norwegian	1,520	720	795	3,535	1,675	1,860
Swedish	2,175	940	1,230	5,890	2,645	3,245
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	60	35	1,330	670	660
Greek	5,545	2,925	2,625	93,335	45,860	47,470
Indo-Iranian languages	368,635	184,325	184,310	1,659,505	847,400	812,105
Indo-Aryan languages	306,465	153,205	153,260	1,358,645	697,075	661,575
Assamese	75	40	35	545	265	280
Bengali	4,765	2,640	2,125	87,580	45,160	42,425
Gujarati	8,250	4,130	4,120	138,985	73,335	65,655
Hindi	32,390	16,270	16,120	152,825	79,585	73,240
Kacchi	1,195	510	680	6,930	3,100	3,830
Kashmiri	80	50	30	745	395	350
Konkani	280	145	135	3,425	1,675	1,745
Marathi	1,605	840	770	14,145	7,330	6,810
Nepali	1,725	900	825	23,425	11,920	11,510
Oriya languages	110	55	55	1,775	940	835
Odia	65	40	30	1,125	615	510
Oriya, n.o.s.	45	20	20	645	325	320
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240,865	119,945	120,915	666,585	341,515	325,065
Rohingya	65	35	30	545	265	280
Sindhi	285	155	125	3,985	2,070	1,915
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,935	960	970	18,000	8,895	9,110
Urdu	12,210	6,195	6,015	235,290	118,540	116,755
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	625	325	305	3,865	2,085	1,780
Iranian languages	62,135	31,100	31,030	300,555	150,160	150,390
Baluchi	65	35	35	555	305	250
Kurdish	2,775	1,510	1,265	16,485	8,770	7,715
Parsi	155	85	70	555	310	240
Pashto	1,365	760	600	19,520	10,170	9,355
Persian languages	57,700	28,670	29,030	262,625	130,180	132,440
Dari	6,005	2,965	3,045	57,220	28,070	29,155
Iranian Persian	46,395	23,045	23,355	179,425	89,070	90,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,295	2,665	2,630	25,975	13,040	12,930
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	815	425	390
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	305	165	140
Italic (Romance) languages	113,685	55,180	58,505	1,194,290	574,295	619,995
Catalan	200	115	90	905	470	440
Italian	19,805	10,000	9,800	319,505	154,295	165,205
Portuguese	24,320	11,490	12,840	240,680	115,235	125,450
Romanian	8,775	4,250	4,525	93,160	44,185	48,975
Spanish	60,465	29,260	31,205	538,870	259,500	279,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	1,165	610	550
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	385	195	185
Japanese	22,030	7,135	14,895	43,850	14,205	29,650
Korean	59,935	26,815	33,125	170,400	77,075	93,325
Mongolian	435	185	250	1,850	800	1,050
Niger-Congo languages	4,910	2,455	2,455	108,295	52,850	55,440
Akan (Twi)	545	300	240	13,120	6,400	6,720
Bamanankan	15	10	5	1,855	1,000	860
Edo	75	35	35	1,685	745	940
Éwé	110	60	50	1,955	1,030	920
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	20	20	3,520	1,825	1,695
Ga	50	25	25	815	400	415
Ganda	160	75	90	1,890	885	1,010
Gikuyu	70	30	35	760	320	440
Igbo	290	150	140	5,175	2,720	2,460
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	295	145	145	7,380	3,365	4,015
Lingala	90	50	40	4,260	1,925	2,335
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	520	245	275
Mòoré	0	0	0	515	260	260
Mwani	30	15	10	695	365	325
Ndebele	50	20	30	920	420	500
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	100	120	8,660	4,035	4,625
Shona	355	170	185	3,605	1,665	1,940
Soninke	5	0	0	505	315	190
Sotho-Tswana languages	65	25	35	520	200	320
Swahili	1,090	520	570	16,000	7,630	8,370
Wojenaka	10	5	5	1,030	495	535
Wolof	50	25	25	4,890	2,605	2,285
Yoruba	555	305	250	15,015	7,605	7,410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	735	360	375	13,000	6,405	6,590
Nilo-Saharan languages	420	215	200	6,920	3,565	3,355
Dinka	105	50	50	1,865	1,000	865
Nuer	50	25	25	1,090	515	570
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	220	120	105	3,395	1,745	1,645
African, n.o.s.	45	20	25	575	305	270
Sign languages	1,000	560	440	6,955	3,710	3,250
American Sign Language	895	500	390	4,965	2,635	2,335
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	990	520	465
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	1,005	555	450
Sino-Tibetan languages	419,855	189,740	230,115	1,309,825	602,025	707,800
Chinese languages	417,290	188,495	228,795	1,292,640	593,580	699,055
Hakka	2,080	895	1,185	9,765	4,420	5,345
Mandarin	205,205	91,455	113,750	679,255	310,750	368,510
Min Dong	185	90	95	1,310	665	645
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,780	5,240	6,540	27,805	12,415	15,390
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,200	1,405	1,795	8,880	3,995	4,880
Yue (Cantonese)	192,140	88,195	103,945	553,380	255,540	297,835
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,560	1,155	1,405	11,610	5,500	6,110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	60	80	630	295	330
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,485	1,205	1,280	16,600	8,160	8,445
Burmese	1,015	485	535	3,305	1,590	1,710
Kuki-Chin languages	210	90	120	870	400	475
Karenic languages	725	345	380	4,520	2,240	2,275
S'gaw Karen	645	305	335	3,900	1,940	1,960
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	615	305	315
Tibetan	395	215	185	7,025	3,475	3,545
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	890	445	440
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	585	285	295
Tai-Kadai languages	4,395	1,380	3,015	22,350	8,605	13,745
Lao	1,100	525	580	11,485	5,475	6,010
Thai	3,170	800	2,365	10,455	2,960	7,495
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	410	165	240
Turkic languages	6,055	3,325	2,730	53,520	28,385	25,135
Azerbaijani	625	345	280	4,490	2,460	2,030
Kazakh	115	40	75	540	230	305
Turkish	4,765	2,685	2,080	44,190	23,615	20,570
Uyghur	240	120	120	1,355	660	690
Uzbek	150	70	80	1,805	890	920
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	165	65	95	1,150	530	620
Uralic languages	11,275	5,160	6,115	68,180	31,000	37,180
Estonian	575	235	340	4,485	1,945	2,535
Finnish	3,005	1,240	1,760	12,200	5,075	7,120
Hungarian	7,700	3,685	4,015	51,500	23,980	27,525
Other languages, n.i.e.	130	70	60	1,060	540	520
Multiple responses	190,055	91,010	99,040	1,475,690	719,210	756,480
English and French	17,320	8,415	8,905	291,325	142,420	148,905
English and non-official language(s)	150,730	72,755	77,980	921,480	450,685	470,800
French and non-official language(s)	2,395	1,135	1,260	117,910	57,875	60,040
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,960	1,335	1,630	52,880	25,900	26,975
Multiple non-official languages	16,645	7,375	9,270	92,095	42,330	49,765
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	3,491,395	1,745,260	1,746,140	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270
French	11,050	5,420	5,625	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685
Non-official language	464,235	216,230	248,005	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315
Indigenous³⁹	645	320	325	50,460	25,385	25,080
Non-Indigenous	463,590	215,910	247,685	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240
English and French	42,645	19,975	22,670	953,760	465,560	488,205
English and non-official language(s)	880,090	419,520	460,570	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570
French and non-official language(s)	1,065	480	585	395,320	188,195	207,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	21,610	9,790	11,820	455,760	217,995	237,770
Multiple non-official languages	39,565	17,910	21,660	200,320	93,165	107,155
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	4,753,615	2,340,025	2,413,590	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035
Official languages	3,906,070	1,939,330	1,966,740	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850
English	3,888,825	1,930,925	1,957,900	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485
French	17,245	8,400	8,845	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365
Non-official languages	847,550	400,695	446,850	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,215	595	615	85,835	42,950	42,885
Algonquian languages	130	55	70	50,135	25,010	25,120
Blackfoot	10	10	5	980	495	480
Cree-Innu languages	110	50	60	38,255	19,165	19,090
Atikamekw	0	0	0	4,345	2,285	2,060
Cree languages	100	45	60	26,700	13,425	13,270
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	50	30	30
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	560	300	265
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	2,545	1,225	1,315
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	5	665	305	360
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	5	15	1,455	730	725
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	830	430	405
Cree, n.o.s.	70	30	35	20,585	10,400	10,180
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	6,710	3,190	3,520
Naskapi	0	0	0	505	260	245
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	2,650	1,250	1,395
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	2,595	1,225	1,365
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	55	25	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	8,250	4,100	4,155
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	230	105	120
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	4,540	2,305	2,235
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	3,480	1,685	1,800
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	145	70	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	25	10	15
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	390	195	200
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	2,925	1,405	1,515
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	465	235	230	7,260	3,675	3,585
Northern Athabaskan languages	460	230	230	7,230	3,655	3,575
Dakelh (Carrier)	215	95	120	220	100	125
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	20	10	5	30	10	15
Dene, n.o.s.	20	10	5	5,255	2,610	2,650
Gwich'in	0	0	0	35	15	20
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	0	705	390	315
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	5	0	200	110	95
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	115	60	55
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	395	220	175
Tahltan languages	5	5	5	10	5	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	5
Tahltan	5	5	5	5	5	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	755	420	335
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	165	85	75	165	85	75
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	5	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	5
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	10	40	20	20
Tlingit	5	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	15	10	5
Haida	10	0	5	10	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	27,295	13,695	13,600
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	95	45	55
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	50	25	25
Inuktitut	10	5	5	27,140	13,625	13,520
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	100	45	55
Cayuga	0	0	0	15	10	5
Mohawk	10	5	5	65	30	40
Oneida	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	5	5	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	5	5	0
Michif	10	0	5	150	80	70
Salish languages	250	120	125	260	130	130
Halkomelem	45	20	25	50	20	30
Lillooet	40	15	20	35	20	20
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	30	20	10	35	20	10
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	80	40	40	85	40	40
Squamish	5	0	5	5	0	5
Straits	30	15	10	30	15	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	5	10	15	5	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	5	5	0
Siouan languages	15	10	5	240	110	130
Assiniboine	0	0	0	10	5	10
Dakota	0	0	0	120	65	60
Stoney	0	0	0	90	40	55
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	5
Tsimshian languages	210	115	100	220	115	105
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	120	65	55	120	65	55
Nisga'a	80	40	40	85	40	45
Tsimshian	10	5	5	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	65	20	40	70	25	40
Haisla	10	5	5	10	5	5
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	5	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	5	15	20	5	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	15	25	5	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	5	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	15	10	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	85	40	40
Non-Indigenous languages	846,335	400,100	446,235	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	19,805	10,000	9,805	395,840	197,010	198,830
Berber languages	40	20	20	11,295	5,940	5,355
Kabyle	30	10	15	10,180	5,325	4,850
Tamazight	5	5	0	840	455	380
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	280	155	130
Chadic languages	10	5	5	835	425	410
Hausa	5	0	5	635	330	305
Mina	5	5	0	200	95	105
Coptic	0	0	0	545	265	280
Cushitic languages	1,150	570	585	30,375	14,115	16,260
Bilen	25	15	10	1,645	890	760
Oromo	155	80	75	3,890	1,935	1,960
Somali	930	455	475	24,410	11,075	13,335
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	425	215	205
Semitic languages	18,605	9,405	9,195	352,790	176,270	176,520
Amharic	765	345	415	14,030	6,470	7,565
Arabic	13,845	6,995	6,850	285,915	143,650	142,260
Aramaic languages	1,110	545	575	20,740	9,940	10,800
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	390	195	195	12,935	6,150	6,785
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	600	290	310	6,585	3,185	3,400
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	55	65	1,220	605	615
Harari	20	5	15	680	305	380
Hebrew	1,030	535	500	8,515	4,355	4,160
Maltese	5	0	5	795	360	435
Tigrigna	1,810	975	840	21,860	11,050	10,810
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	250	135	115
Austro-Asiatic languages	21,705	9,915	11,790	127,730	58,660	69,070
Khmer (Cambodian)	780	360	425	10,650	4,765	5,880
Vietnamese	20,890	9,535	11,350	116,785	53,735	63,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	15	300	160	135
Austronesian languages	54,720	24,615	30,105	326,245	149,550	176,700
Bikol	130	65	60	760	370	395
Bisaya, n.o.s.	585	260	325	4,125	1,895	2,230
Cebuano	1,735	780	950	10,195	4,720	5,480
Fijian	110	60	50	200	110	85
Hiligaynon	865	390	480	5,015	2,265	2,750
Ilocano	3,280	1,480	1,795	18,350	8,350	10,000
Indonesian	1,375	675	700	4,150	1,985	2,170
Kankanaey	105	45	60	585	265	320
Kinaray-a	55	20	30	320	150	170
Malagasy languages	15	10	10	725	370	355
Merina	0	0	0	330	165	170
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	390	205	190
Malay	55	30	25	280	145	140
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	425	195	225	3,030	1,435	1,590
Pangasinan	130	55	75	680	310	375
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45,380	20,305	25,080	275,045	125,870	149,170
Waray-Waray	115	65	50	680	325	360
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	355	175	180	2,100	1,000	1,105
Creole languages	430	200	230	35,195	15,455	19,740
Haitian Creole	25	15	15	22,610	9,620	12,990
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	300	125	175
Krio	20	5	10	360	150	210
Morisyen	230	110	115	3,640	1,760	1,880
Sango	0	0	0	295	135	160
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40	7,120	3,275	3,845
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35	870	395	475
Dravidian languages	8,005	4,180	3,825	169,705	85,265	84,440
Kannada	240	125	105	3,060	1,575	1,485
Malayalam	2,890	1,545	1,345	35,390	19,010	16,380
Tamil	3,185	1,585	1,595	112,335	54,240	58,095
Telugu	1,645	895	750	18,470	10,215	8,250
Tulu	25	15	15	240	120	120
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	205	105	105
Georgian	100	60	40	1,335	730	610
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	215	105	120
Indo-European languages	364,340	179,590	184,745	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380
Albanian	690	345	345	14,110	7,005	7,100
Armenian	675	315	355	21,970	10,415	11,550
Balto-Slavic languages	33,875	16,185	17,690	303,480	143,495	159,985
Baltic languages	225	115	105	2,495	1,120	1,380
Latvian	90	45	45	880	395	485
Lithuanian	135	70	65	1,615	720	895
Slavic languages	33,650	16,070	17,580	300,985	142,375	158,610
Belarusian	15	5	5	215	100	115
Bulgarian	900	430	465	10,315	5,005	5,310
Czech	1,760	875	890	5,680	2,705	2,980
Macedonian	125	65	60	6,105	2,880	3,225
Polish	5,250	2,470	2,785	65,140	30,225	34,915
Russian	16,090	7,655	8,435	125,780	59,290	66,490
Rusyn	10	5	0	290	155	135
Serbo-Croatian	6,745	3,270	3,480	53,150	25,720	27,430
Bosnian	720	345	380	6,480	3,135	3,345
Croatian	1,940	885	1,050	14,925	6,965	7,960
Serbian	4,010	1,990	2,015	31,110	15,310	15,800
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	640	315	325
Slovak	1,040	510	535	5,015	2,410	2,605
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	35	50	1,375	595	785
Ukrainian	1,630	755	870	27,825	13,250	14,580
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	95	55	40
Celtic languages	45	30	15	555	295	265
Irish	20	15	5	310	165	145
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	105	55	55
Welsh	20	15	5	100	55	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	40	25	15
Germanic languages	12,280	5,870	6,410	140,450	68,575	71,875
Frisian	10	5	5	270	110	155
High German languages	7,805	3,690	4,115	103,780	50,460	53,325
German	7,320	3,455	3,865	86,820	41,815	45,005
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	7,270	3,640	3,630
Swiss German	480	230	245	1,750	870	875
Yiddish	5	0	0	7,950	4,140	3,810
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,785	1,850	1,930	33,710	16,730	16,980
Afrikaans	1,725	850	870	6,095	3,055	3,035
Dutch	1,485	720	770	8,100	3,950	4,150
Low German, n.o.s.	60	30	35	4,965	2,480	2,485
Low Saxon	45	25	20	490	240	245
Plautdietsch	440	215	230	13,845	6,895	6,945
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	20	15	220	100	120
Scandinavian languages	670	320	350	1,940	920	1,020
Danish	220	105	115	615	280	340
Icelandic	50	25	25	175	75	95
Norwegian	95	40	55	260	125	135
Swedish	305	145	160	890	435	450
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	740	355	390
Greek	1,915	900	1,015	38,300	17,490	20,810
Indo-Iranian languages	263,030	130,695	132,330	1,167,370	590,435	576,930
Indo-Aryan languages	220,735	110,140	110,605	962,820	490,815	472,000
Assamese	20	15	10	215	110	110
Bengali	2,720	1,410	1,305	56,750	28,435	28,315
Gujarati	4,160	2,050	2,115	92,005	47,790	44,215
Hindi	17,670	8,855	8,815	91,930	47,555	44,375
Kacchi	455	185	275	3,055	1,310	1,750
Kashmiri	30	15	10	270	130	140
Konkani	45	20	25	880	415	470
Marathi	780	400	380	7,460	3,800	3,660
Nepali	1,120	570	555	16,835	8,595	8,235
Oriya languages	40	20	20	795	420	375
Odia	25	15	15	525	275	250
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	270	145	130
Punjabi (Panjabi)	184,065	91,825	92,240	520,390	266,775	253,610
Rohingya	60	30	25	410	195	215
Sindhi	130	60	70	2,110	1,060	1,050
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	940	445	495	9,665	4,775	4,890
Urdu	8,235	4,095	4,135	158,040	78,420	79,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	145	125	2,015	1,040	975
Iranian languages	42,285	20,560	21,725	204,420	99,545	104,875
Baluchi	40	20	20	330	170	155
Kurdish	1,765	900	865	10,380	5,245	5,135
Parsi	75	35	40	280	130	150
Pashto	900	490	410	13,215	6,670	6,545
Persian languages	39,475	19,095	20,375	179,745	87,075	92,670
Dari	3,690	1,785	1,900	36,190	17,395	18,795
Iranian Persian	32,375	15,665	16,710	125,840	61,060	64,780
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,405	1,640	1,765	17,715	8,620	9,095
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	475	250	225
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	125	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages	51,830	25,240	26,590	577,735	273,965	303,770
Catalan	80	40	35	370	185	190
Italian	4,475	1,930	2,545	92,755	38,750	54,005
Portuguese	12,670	6,055	6,615	118,730	56,685	62,045
Romanian	3,620	1,740	1,885	48,090	23,135	24,955
Spanish	30,960	15,455	15,500	317,365	155,005	162,360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	425	210	220
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	190	95	95
Japanese	10,220	4,190	6,035	20,055	8,290	11,765
Korean	45,525	20,925	24,600	125,525	58,250	67,275
Mongolian	220	115	105	1,050	505	545
Niger-Congo languages	1,485	705	780	38,600	18,055	20,545
Akan (Twi)	165	85	80	6,000	2,755	3,240
Bamanankan	5	5	0	560	280	280
Edo	10	5	5	365	150	215
Éwé	45	20	20	470	225	245
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	1,315	665	650
Ga	15	10	5	260	115	150
Ganda	30	20	10	555	260	295
Gikuyu	10	5	10	105	50	55
Igbo	85	40	45	1,530	770	765
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	105	50	55	2,720	1,205	1,520
Lingala	25	10	10	1,520	655	860
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	90	35	60
Mòoré	0	0	0	70	30	35
Mwani	0	0	0	160	85	75
Ndebele	10	5	5	295	130	160
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	75	3,780	1,760	2,025
Shona	65	35	35	1,035	480	555
Soninke	0	0	0	235	145	85
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	130	45	85
Swahili	375	175	205	7,055	3,290	3,765
Wojenaka	0	0	0	290	130	160
Wolof	15	10	5	1,945	1,040	910
Yoruba	160	80	80	5,395	2,505	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	210	105	110	2,720	1,250	1,470
Nilo-Saharan languages	155	75	80	3,155	1,555	1,600
Dinka	30	15	10	900	485	420
Nuer	20	10	5	645	295	355
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	1,465	705	760
African, n.o.s.	20	10	15	140	75	70
Sign languages	1,720	970	745	12,160	7,005	5,160
American Sign Language	1,390	790	605	8,175	4,660	3,515
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	1,475	830	645
Sign languages, n.i.e.	325	180	140	2,520	1,515	1,000
Sino-Tibetan languages	310,860	141,235	169,630	967,965	450,210	517,755
Chinese languages	309,165	140,385	168,780	955,685	444,115	511,565
Hakka	605	270	335	3,625	1,645	1,985
Mandarin	162,130	73,835	88,295	530,945	249,675	281,270
Min Dong	95	45	50	775	370	405
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,285	2,850	3,440	13,945	6,255	7,685
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,010	930	1,080	5,750	2,705	3,050
Yue (Cantonese)	136,525	61,785	74,745	393,430	180,000	213,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,455	650	805	6,985	3,360	3,625
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	225	110	115
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,665	830	835	11,990	5,960	6,035
Burmese	670	325	345	2,075	1,010	1,070
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	660	320	340
Karenic languages	530	270	260	3,400	1,725	1,675
S'gaw Karen	475	240	240	2,960	1,500	1,460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	440	225	210
Tibetan	240	130	110	5,395	2,680	2,705
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	465	225	240
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	290	135	155
Tai-Kadai languages	1,570	655	915	10,120	4,660	5,460
Lao	500	235	265	5,955	2,850	3,105
Thai	1,010	390	620	3,955	1,725	2,230
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	210	85	125
Turkic languages	3,030	1,540	1,490	32,490	16,530	15,960
Azerbaijani	295	140	155	2,200	1,095	1,105
Kazakh	15	5	10	105	55	50
Turkish	2,500	1,290	1,205	27,970	14,290	13,685
Uyghur	125	60	60	850	420	435
Uzbek	65	30	35	950	470	480
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	410	195	210
Uralic languages	2,375	1,100	1,280	18,790	8,625	10,165
Estonian	65	30	35	615	245	370
Finnish	500	210	290	1,880	825	1,050
Hungarian	1,815	855	955	16,295	7,550	8,745
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	15	390	195	195
Multiple responses	198,040	94,560	103,480	1,563,345	758,295	805,045
English and French	7,210	3,415	3,800	230,955	112,070	118,880
English and non-official language(s)	183,010	87,560	95,445	1,123,355	546,255	577,095
French and non-official language(s)	535	245	295	125,525	60,405	65,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,525	735	785	56,805	27,370	29,430
Multiple non-official languages	5,760	2,605	3,160	26,705	12,190	14,515
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085
None	4,130,200	2,045,235	2,084,970	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980
English	304,845	147,605	157,245	1,956,965	969,380	987,580
French	34,575	15,995	18,575	571,040	268,530	302,510
Non-official language	379,250	176,935	202,310	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260
Indigenous³⁹	5,140	2,360	2,785	63,565	29,285	34,280
Non-Indigenous	374,105	174,580	199,525	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975
English and French	2,740	1,245	1,490	86,185	42,600	43,585
English and non-official language(s)	46,940	22,760	24,175	323,845	161,995	161,850
French and non-official language(s)	11,880	5,335	6,550	134,565	61,575	72,995
English, French and non-official language(s)	655	300	360	11,870	5,975	5,895
Multiple non-official languages	40,580	19,180	21,395	234,905	115,470	119,430
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310
Official languages	4,754,865	2,350,105	2,404,760	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360
English	4,753,275	2,349,445	2,403,835	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470
French	327,350	145,985	181,370	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875
Non-official languages	1,780,325	838,795	941,525	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400
Indigenous languages³⁹	16,560	7,740	8,820	243,155	116,360	126,795
Algonquian languages	1,985	885	1,100	163,815	78,135	85,675
Blackfoot	60	20	45	6,680	3,120	3,560
Cree-Innu languages	1,450	675	775	105,850	50,975	54,870
Atikamekw	15	15	10	6,815	3,455	3,360
Cree languages	1,425	660	770	87,875	42,340	45,530
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	420	220	200
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	895	450	445
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	10	0	4,880	2,320	2,555
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	95	25	70	4,675	2,025	2,645
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	435	195	245	12,005	5,440	6,555
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	160	80	80	5,110	2,460	2,650
Cree, n.o.s.	745	360	385	61,000	29,930	31,070
Innu (Montagnais)	10	10	0	10,745	4,935	5,805
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,035	515	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	65	20	40	10,035	4,770	5,260
Mi'kmaq	60	15	40	9,245	4,370	4,880
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	10	0	820	420	400
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	440	175	260	42,865	20,015	22,850
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	15	0	1,950	895	1,060
Oji-Cree	25	10	15	15,305	7,450	7,855
Ojibway languages	400	160	240	26,160	11,930	14,235
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	80	30	45	2,035	875	1,165
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	215	80	135
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	50	10	40	3,625	1,670	1,955
Ojibway, n.o.s.	275	115	160	20,720	9,495	11,225
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	165	100	65
Athabaskan languages	3,540	1,580	1,955	20,390	9,635	10,755
Northern Athabaskan languages	3,490	1,570	1,920	20,135	9,515	10,620
Dakelh (Carrier)	1,530	675	855	1,550	680	870
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	205	100	105	270	125	145
Dene, n.o.s.	205	95	110	11,560	5,470	6,085
Gwich'in	15	10	10	295	115	180
Slavey-Hare languages	85	30	50	2,330	1,140	1,190
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	25	10	15	775	355	420
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	415	195	215
Slavey, n.o.s.	55	25	30	1,210	620	590
Tahltan languages	235	125	105	480	265	220
Kaska (Nahani)	20	10	10	245	130	115
Tahltan	220	125	95	235	140	100
Tlicho (Dogrib)	15	10	0	2,140	1,080	1,060
Tse'khene (Sekani)	135	40	95	135	40	95
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	855	395	465	870	400	470
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	175	75	100
Tutchone languages	25	10	15	320	120	190
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	135	50	85
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	140	50	85
Tutchone, n.o.s.	15	0	10	50	25	25
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	245	120	130	290	140	150
Tlingit	35	15	15	150	75	75
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	110	55	55
Haida	225	80	145	245	90	155
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	205	100	100	42,795	20,980	21,820
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	20	15	1,140	505	630
Inuinnaqtun	30	15	15	795	365	430
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	350	145	205
Inuktitut	175	90	90	41,680	20,495	21,185
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	70	30	40
Iroquoian languages	100	60	40	2,055	880	1,175
Cayuga	0	0	0	230	95	135
Mohawk	90	45	35	1,605	655	950
Oneida	0	0	0	210	105	110
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	25
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	190	90	105	215	90	120
Michif	240	100	140	1,905	850	1,050
Salish languages	5,145	2,450	2,695	5,305	2,555	2,755
Halkomelem	1,400	665	735	1,415	670	745
Lillooet	590	285	305	600	285	305
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	465	270	200	510	300	215
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	1,060	475	580	1,090	510	580
Squamish	345	165	175	350	165	185
Straits	315	130	180	325	135	185
Syilx (Okanagan)	690	315	375	705	320	390
Salish languages, n.i.e.	325	155	170	360	190	175
Siouan languages	100	60	35	2,965	1,465	1,495
Assiniboine	15	10	10	370	195	175
Dakota	30	20	10	1,530	715	810
Stoney	0	0	0	925	470	455
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20	325	180	140
Tsimshian languages	2,610	1,310	1,295	2,665	1,335	1,335
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,120	545	575	1,135	555	580
Nisga'a	1,080	585	500	1,110	595	515
Tsimshian	455	205	250	465	210	255
Wakashan languages	2,145	965	1,180	2,205	1,010	1,200
Haisla	285	145	140	295	145	145
Heiltsuk	330	160	170	335	170	170
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	790	335	460	820	355	465
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	685	300	390	700	315	390
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	55	30	25
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	355	165	185	645	310	335
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	285	140	145	855	405	450
Non-Indigenous languages	1,764,475	831,400	933,075	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825
Afro-Asiatic languages	50,895	27,105	23,785	1,100,035	565,845	534,195
Berber languages	235	140	95	42,835	22,775	20,060
Kabyle	140	90	45	37,415	19,660	17,755
Tamazight	65	30	35	4,735	2,720	2,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	1,330	750	575
Chadic languages	315	155	160	7,090	3,740	3,350
Hausa	285	135	150	5,080	2,695	2,380
Mina	25	20	10	2,010	1,040	965
Coptic	60	40	25	3,690	1,790	1,900
Cushitic languages	2,745	1,470	1,275	71,930	34,430	37,500
Bilen	30	15	20	2,745	1,490	1,260
Oromo	500	280	220	9,635	4,860	4,780
Somali	2,215	1,180	1,030	59,005	27,735	31,270
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	1,400	760	645
Semitic languages	48,405	25,830	22,570	1,015,485	524,700	490,780
Amharic	3,100	1,605	1,495	48,305	23,910	24,395
Arabic	35,595	19,250	16,355	838,045	436,510	401,540
Aramaic languages	2,270	1,165	1,100	39,655	19,690	19,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	895	495	400	23,865	11,765	12,100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,050	510	535	13,285	6,625	6,655
Aramaic, n.o.s.	380	190	190	3,195	1,625	1,570
Harari	20	0	20	2,000	925	1,075
Hebrew	6,995	3,570	3,430	83,205	42,515	40,685
Maltese	270	130	150	6,535	3,080	3,450
Tigrigna	3,435	1,890	1,550	45,970	23,120	22,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	1,760	1,065	695
Austro-Asiatic languages	44,030	19,965	24,070	260,030	120,035	139,995
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,210	1,020	1,190	28,390	13,100	15,290
Vietnamese	41,975	19,020	22,950	232,800	107,435	125,355
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65	30	40	910	455	455
Austronesian languages	148,455	61,285	87,165	793,275	336,445	456,840
Bikol	810	370	445	4,260	1,975	2,275
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,655	655	1,005	10,990	4,625	6,375
Cebuano	5,995	2,485	3,510	33,045	13,790	19,250
Fijian	1,020	500	525	1,765	900	865
Hiligaynon	3,135	1,215	1,920	16,385	6,650	9,735
Ilocano	11,285	4,555	6,725	61,680	25,280	36,400
Indonesian	6,810	3,175	3,640	19,815	8,895	10,915
Kankanaey	330	115	215	1,950	770	1,175
Kinaray-a	200	70	130	860	345	510
Malagasy languages	100	45	60	3,885	1,960	1,920
Merina	20	10	10	2,355	1,215	1,140
Malagasy, n.o.s.	85	35	50	1,565	785	780
Malay	3,485	1,665	1,820	10,770	4,995	5,775
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,550	675	875	10,555	4,690	5,865
Pangasinan	925	375	550	4,455	1,885	2,575
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	133,780	54,495	79,285	737,565	310,735	426,830
Waray-Waray	865	360	505	4,520	1,910	2,610
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,580	2,005	20,140	8,785	11,355
Creole languages	3,230	1,610	1,615	184,840	85,045	99,790
Haitian Creole	470	225	245	134,895	61,215	73,680
Jamaican English Creole	265	115	155	4,875	2,200	2,675
Krio	160	65	90	1,955	870	1,090
Morisyen	1,070	520	550	15,345	7,620	7,725
Sango	15	10	10	1,535	785	750
Creole, n.o.s.	835	450	385	31,220	14,400	16,825
Creole languages, n.i.e.	555	280	275	9,585	4,575	5,005
Dravidian languages	20,585	11,060	9,530	359,485	185,160	174,325
Kannada	1,615	885	735	18,420	9,660	8,760
Malayalam	6,765	3,705	3,060	77,910	42,025	35,890
Tamil	9,740	5,125	4,610	237,890	119,570	118,320
Telugu	4,860	2,760	2,095	54,685	30,575	24,110
Tulu	205	110	95	1,765	935	835
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	30	970	450	520
Georgian	240	140	95	3,015	1,565	1,445
Hmong-Mien languages	160	85	80	720	365	360
Indo-European languages	906,560	443,600	462,960	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195
Albanian	2,195	1,045	1,155	38,345	19,410	18,935
Armenian	1,600	765	830	44,500	21,675	22,825
Balto-Slavic languages	101,395	47,765	53,630	820,305	384,390	435,915
Baltic languages	1,480	695	790	13,890	5,900	7,985
Latvian	730	330	400	6,020	2,595	3,425
Lithuanian	750	365	390	7,895	3,325	4,570
Slavic languages	100,340	47,265	53,075	809,985	380,025	429,960
Belarusian	330	140	190	2,825	1,185	1,640
Bulgarian	2,475	1,190	1,285	24,210	11,805	12,400
Czech	7,935	3,815	4,115	28,625	13,595	15,030
Macedonian	505	260	245	23,015	10,965	12,050
Polish	19,640	9,130	10,510	204,460	94,135	110,325
Russian	42,390	19,800	22,590	309,235	145,375	163,860
Rusyn	45	15	25	680	345	330
Serbo-Croatian	21,625	10,790	10,835	155,775	76,800	78,975
Bosnian	3,150	1,540	1,605	25,380	12,555	12,825
Croatian	11,060	5,345	5,715	73,845	36,015	37,830
Serbian	11,070	5,640	5,425	83,735	41,550	42,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	480	255	225	3,085	1,590	1,500
Slovak	4,315	1,945	2,370	20,905	9,455	11,450
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,280	585	695	10,650	4,715	5,935
Ukrainian	12,205	5,430	6,775	131,655	59,230	72,425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	770	385	385
Celtic languages	2,675	1,430	1,245	10,485	5,430	5,055
Irish	1,665	920	745	5,360	2,940	2,415
Scottish Gaelic	260	130	125	2,170	1,050	1,120
Welsh	610	290	320	2,170	1,015	1,155
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	160	100	55	910	495	415
Germanic languages	128,605	60,765	67,835	658,705	319,800	338,905
Frisian	375	210	165	2,835	1,480	1,350
High German languages	86,275	41,190	45,085	453,995	222,215	231,780
German	84,325	40,275	44,050	419,195	204,840	214,355
Pennsylvania German	25	15	15	10,565	5,260	5,305
Swiss German	3,030	1,415	1,620	10,465	5,025	5,440
Yiddish	480	225	255	20,155	10,105	10,045
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	34,480	16,520	17,965	191,840	93,435	98,405
Afrikaans	9,755	5,050	4,705	29,670	15,335	14,335
Dutch	22,380	10,375	12,005	107,985	51,330	56,650
Low German, n.o.s.	345	175	170	10,555	5,245	5,315
Low Saxon	55	25	30	1,310	640	670
Plautdietsch	2,180	1,055	1,130	41,165	20,590	20,575
Vlaams (Flemish)	405	200	205	3,985	1,825	2,155
Scandinavian languages	12,425	5,520	6,910	37,500	17,205	20,300
Danish	4,950	2,235	2,720	14,700	6,805	7,900
Icelandic	330	130	200	1,475	685	790
Norwegian	3,125	1,420	1,710	8,860	4,180	4,675
Swedish	4,730	2,125	2,610	14,620	6,765	7,855
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	210	135	75	1,275	720	555
Greek	9,005	4,630	4,375	145,060	71,685	73,375
Indo-Iranian languages	477,485	240,310	237,175	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990
Indo-Aryan languages	406,375	204,750	201,625	1,918,570	989,350	929,220
Assamese	100	55	45	1,155	590	565
Bengali	6,565	3,480	3,080	120,605	62,330	58,270
Gujarati	14,340	7,060	7,280	209,415	110,000	99,405
Hindi	134,950	67,645	67,300	761,425	395,410	366,015
Kacchi	2,925	1,295	1,630	15,085	6,785	8,300
Kashmiri	185	95	90	1,830	965	865
Konkani	775	400	370	8,950	4,300	4,645
Marathi	3,555	1,910	1,645	35,230	18,210	17,020
Nepali	2,445	1,270	1,180	30,660	15,680	14,980
Oriya languages	180	90	90	3,235	1,665	1,570
Odia	95	45	45	1,710	925	785
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	35	50	1,550	755	795
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315,000	158,625	156,375	942,170	488,075	454,090
Rohingya	55	35	20	765	345	420
Sindhi	645	350	295	8,385	4,480	3,910
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,440	1,630	1,810	33,050	16,645	16,400
Urdu	25,780	13,590	12,190	414,870	211,895	202,975
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,645	855	785	11,320	6,280	5,040
Iranian languages	73,745	37,010	36,730	370,520	186,750	183,770
Baluchi	155	85	70	985	565	420
Kurdish	3,875	2,110	1,760	24,035	13,005	11,030
Parsi	290	115	175	1,000	535	470
Pashto	2,645	1,545	1,105	31,695	16,810	14,885
Persian languages	68,960	34,500	34,460	326,285	163,665	162,620
Dari	8,235	4,005	4,230	78,220	38,765	39,460
Iranian Persian	55,745	27,930	27,815	222,160	111,750	110,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,780	2,995	2,785	30,345	15,460	14,880
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	200	135	65	1,830	970	855
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	210	135	75	2,135	1,245	895
Italic (Romance) languages	211,725	100,750	110,975	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575
Catalan	565	270	290	2,855	1,560	1,305
Italian	36,370	17,200	19,170	547,655	263,950	283,705
Portuguese	33,005	16,050	16,955	336,865	164,985	171,880
Romanian	11,210	5,470	5,745	116,520	55,570	60,950
Spanish	143,900	68,245	75,660	1,171,450	548,315	623,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	655	380	275	4,890	2,835	2,060
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	320	135	185	1,965	1,025	940
Japanese	41,835	17,590	24,240	98,070	43,380	54,690
Korean	69,935	31,335	38,600	203,885	92,275	111,605
Mongolian	565	250	315	2,545	1,085	1,455
Niger-Congo languages	13,290	6,795	6,495	267,520	131,495	136,025
Akan (Twi)	1,365	695	670	26,240	12,585	13,660
Bamanankan	65	40	25	4,950	2,570	2,380
Edo	175	85	90	4,945	2,315	2,630
Éwé	290	155	135	4,645	2,490	2,165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	30	50	7,840	4,100	3,740
Ga	215	125	90	3,255	1,565	1,685
Ganda	415	205	215	4,650	2,055	2,600
Gikuyu	130	35	100	1,850	750	1,100
Igbo	980	485	490	18,365	9,345	9,020
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	605	280	325	13,515	6,305	7,210
Lingala	475	260	225	25,720	12,260	13,460
Luba-Kasai	60	30	30	2,695	1,300	1,395
Mòoré	15	10	0	2,085	1,055	1,035
Mwani	10	10	0	1,080	585	490
Ndebele	190	90	105	2,425	1,140	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	335	130	205	14,825	7,070	7,755
Shona	725	345	380	7,280	3,440	3,845
Soninke	0	0	0	1,010	650	360
Sotho-Tswana languages	105	60	40	1,305	580	725
Swahili	5,205	2,735	2,475	57,295	28,950	28,340
Wojenaka	25	10	10	2,820	1,440	1,380
Wolof	165	95	70	12,940	6,925	6,015
Yoruba	1,815	935	880	50,935	25,265	25,675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,275	1,215	1,060	43,625	21,935	21,685
Nilo-Saharan languages	670	315	350	11,090	5,570	5,530
Dinka	115	55	60	2,815	1,470	1,345
Nuer	60	30	35	1,490	685	805
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	235	265	6,815	3,425	3,385
African, n.o.s.	130	75	55	2,760	1,485	1,275
Sign languages	7,965	3,150	4,815	49,535	19,685	29,850
American Sign Language	7,020	2,700	4,320	37,620	14,430	23,195
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	15	6,195	2,525	3,670
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,105	515	595	7,450	3,515	3,940
Sino-Tibetan languages	491,660	225,430	266,230	1,550,930	721,520	829,410
Chinese languages	488,465	223,825	264,650	1,528,860	710,700	818,160
Hakka	3,615	1,645	1,970	14,830	6,845	7,980
Mandarin	312,625	140,985	171,640	987,300	452,995	534,305
Min Dong	215	90	130	1,825	840	980
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	24,065	10,615	13,450	51,755	22,840	28,920
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,760	2,020	2,740	13,660	6,060	7,600
Yue (Cantonese)	246,045	112,580	133,465	724,925	335,185	389,740
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,215	1,025	1,190	11,720	5,695	6,020
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	1,185	560	625
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,375	1,710	1,665	22,300	10,955	11,345
Burmese	1,730	870	865	5,935	2,910	3,025
Kuki-Chin languages	295	130	165	1,140	520	620
Karenic languages	770	375	395	5,705	2,790	2,915
S'gaw Karen	705	340	365	5,030	2,490	2,545
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	845	395	450
Tibetan	590	320	270	9,160	4,565	4,590
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	150	125	1,940	890	1,050
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	215	95	120	1,220	540	680
Tai-Kadai languages	6,725	2,635	4,085	33,705	14,255	19,440
Lao	1,635	735	900	17,630	8,320	9,310
Thai	5,310	1,960	3,350	18,575	6,955	11,615
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	85	95	800	330	465
Turkic languages	10,910	5,605	5,305	91,375	47,575	43,800
Azerbaijani	1,665	880	790	9,875	5,380	4,490
Kazakh	230	70	165	1,415	600	815
Turkish	9,230	4,805	4,425	78,500	41,130	37,365
Uyghur	235	115	125	1,660	790	875
Uzbek	275	135	135	3,290	1,645	1,640
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	295	125	170	2,150	980	1,165
Uralic languages	13,510	6,345	7,165	85,055	39,290	45,765
Estonian	695	310	385	5,315	2,320	2,990
Finnish	3,635	1,675	1,960	15,325	6,735	8,590
Hungarian	9,230	4,395	4,840	64,625	30,320	34,300
Other languages, n.i.e.	585	285	300	5,545	2,750	2,790
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	290,210	141,210	148,995	1,807,250	877,645	929,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	279,670	136,400	143,265	1,743,165	847,385	895,785
First Nations (North American Indian)	180,085	87,860	92,225	1,048,405	506,515	541,890
Métis	97,860	47,745	50,120	624,220	306,220	318,000
Inuk (Inuit)	1,720	795	925	70,540	34,645	35,895
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	5,980	2,730	3,245	28,855	13,645	15,215
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	4,560	2,075	2,485	35,225	16,620	18,610
Non-Indigenous identity	4,625,735	2,275,675	2,350,060	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	136,875	66,610	70,265	831,720	402,310	429,405
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,779,065	2,350,275	2,428,790	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Owner	1,363,190	...	...	9,955,975	...	...
Renter	669,450	...	...	4,953,840	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	9,190	...	...	69,130	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Condominium	482,755	...	...	2,248,280	...	...
Not condominium	1,559,075	...	...	12,730,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
No bedrooms	30,855	...	...	132,060	...	...
1 bedroom	354,020	...	...	2,124,485	...	...
2 bedrooms	569,180	...	...	3,829,965	...	...
3 bedrooms	539,910	...	...	4,982,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	547,870	...	...	3,909,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	766,380	...	...	4,662,125	...	...
5 rooms	300,895	...	...	2,323,910	...	...
6 rooms	248,045	...	...	2,037,185	...	...
7 rooms	205,105	...	...	1,796,855	...	...
8 or more rooms	521,410	...	...	4,158,855	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,984,655	...	...	14,625,230	...	...
More than one person per room	57,180	...	...	353,715	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Suitable	1,919,140	...	...	14,173,290	...	...
Not suitable	122,700	...	...	805,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1960 or before	256,175	...	...	3,027,045	...	...
1961 to 1980	550,690	...	...	4,171,840	...	...
1981 to 1990	289,940	...	...	1,982,515	...	...
1991 to 2000	336,315	...	...	1,805,985	...	...
2001 to 2005	122,855	...	...	959,860	...	...
2006 to 2010	164,165	...	...	1,034,925	...	...
2011 to 2015	135,725	...	...	967,540	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	185,965	...	...	1,029,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,922,640	...	...	14,059,395	...	...
Major repairs needed	119,195	...	...	919,545	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One-maintainer household	1,003,245	...	...	7,659,700	...	...
Two-maintainer household	904,960	...	...	6,631,755	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	133,630	...	...	687,485	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	2,041,835	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
15 to 24 years	57,980	...	...	424,695	...	...
25 to 34 years	282,195	...	...	2,077,895	...	...
35 to 44 years	343,380	...	...	2,600,000	...	...
45 to 54 years	354,340	...	...	2,646,945	...	...
55 to 64 years	407,735	...	...	3,046,560	...	...
65 to 74 years	347,335	...	...	2,432,140	...	...
75 to 84 years	182,155	...	...	1,292,805	...	...
85 years and over	66,710	...	...	457,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,988,210	...	...	14,687,350	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,481,365	...	...	11,612,640	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	506,850	...	...	3,074,715	...	...
30% to less than 100%	434,390	...	...	2,742,920	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	2,041,830	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	683,985	...	...	4,379,420	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	451,550	...	...	2,728,995	...	...
Not suitable only	89,300	...	...	595,110	...	...
Major repairs needed only	80,200	...	...	645,465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	23,945	...	...	135,770	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	29,585	...	...	199,355	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	7,640	...	...	64,095	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,770	...	...	10,630	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,357,845	...	...	10,599,520	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,915,755	...	...	14,355,555	...	...
In core need	257,090	...	...	1,451,025	...	...
Not in core need	1,658,665	...	...	12,904,530	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,330,795	...	...	9,807,720	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.5	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.3	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.0	...	...	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	...	...	1,498	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	785,000	...	...	472,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	983,000	...	...	618,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	663,870	...	...	4,936,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.8	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.7	...	...	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,494	...	...	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,190	...	...	69,130	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.4	...	...	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	368	...	...	284	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	446	...	...	327	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	120,245	59,370	60,880	985,200	480,950	504,245
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	118,210	58,475	59,730	963,705	470,850	492,855
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	100,805	49,745	51,060	763,230	371,400	391,825
Métis single ancestry	16,830	8,485	8,350	146,010	72,680	73,325
Inuit single ancestry	570	245	325	54,475	26,770	27,700
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,040	890	1,145	21,490	10,095	11,395
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,870	830	1,040	17,665	8,215	9,450
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	70	40	35	2,430	1,185	1,250
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	60	15	50	1,070	530	535
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	35	10	20	320	165	155
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	191,640	92,300	99,335	1,219,285	585,590	633,690
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	184,975	89,155	95,825	1,183,350	568,980	614,365
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	123,735	59,635	64,100	801,630	384,550	417,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	59,905	28,840	31,070	362,130	174,975	187,150
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,330	680	655	19,595	9,450	10,150
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	6,665	3,145	3,515	35,930	16,605	19,320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,390	3,035	3,360	31,815	14,790	17,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	60	110	2,785	1,190	1,595
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	50	35	1,005	500	505
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	330	125	210
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	4,604,055	2,265,220	2,338,840	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	4,359,045	2,149,325	2,209,725	33,143,225	16,360,910	16,782,315
Canadian citizens aged under 18	812,305	418,815	393,495	6,784,875	3,486,545	3,298,330
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,546,745	1,730,505	1,816,235	26,358,355	12,874,365	13,483,990
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	556,895	267,560	289,330	3,185,250	1,576,255	1,608,995
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,319,230	1,663,815	1,655,410	27,042,120	13,461,515	13,580,610
Immigrants⁸¹	1,425,710	665,630	760,085	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,340
Before 1980	280,160	133,415	146,745	1,540,610	731,340	809,265
1980 to 1990	164,445	76,815	87,630	924,320	443,805	480,520
1991 to 2000	299,115	137,275	161,840	1,511,475	708,315	803,165
2001 to 2010	316,915	145,825	171,090	1,930,525	911,190	1,019,340
2011 to 2021⁸²	365,075	172,295	192,780	2,454,570	1,181,515	1,273,055
2011 to 2015	167,650	78,200	89,450	1,126,330	536,615	589,715
2016 to 2021	197,425	94,095	103,325	1,328,240	644,900	683,335
Non-permanent residents⁸³	171,000	87,440	83,560	924,850	499,490	425,365
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,425,715	665,630	760,085	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Under 5 years	117,555	59,560	57,995	748,265	377,795	370,470
5 to 14 years	226,910	116,660	110,250	1,438,440	730,675	707,765
15 to 24 years	275,435	124,860	150,575	1,594,290	720,630	873,660
25 to 44 years	639,200	288,950	350,255	3,783,335	1,782,805	2,000,525
45 years and over	166,605	75,600	91,010	797,180	364,260	432,920
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,425,715	665,630	760,085	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Americas	126,075	58,445	67,635	1,203,180	546,325	656,855
Brazil	8,765	4,120	4,645	48,450	22,405	26,050
Colombia	5,450	2,440	3,010	80,570	36,675	43,900
El Salvador	5,770	2,990	2,780	49,450	24,430	25,015
Guyana	1,400	585	815	85,530	37,870	47,660
Haiti	490	285	210	99,945	44,585	55,360
Jamaica	4,295	2,190	2,105	145,360	63,430	81,925
Mexico	13,385	5,910	7,480	90,585	42,215	48,370
Peru	3,510	1,535	1,975	31,420	13,925	17,490
Trinidad and Tobago	2,725	1,255	1,470	65,035	29,110	35,930
United States of America	59,920	27,535	32,380	256,090	115,380	140,705
Other places of birth in Americas	20,355	9,600	10,760	250,760	116,305	134,460
Europe	307,495	151,050	156,445	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,510	2,205	2,305	35,925	17,705	18,220
Croatia	5,390	2,670	2,725	36,675	18,115	18,560
France	7,025	3,650	3,380	121,525	63,845	57,685
Germany	30,910	14,710	16,200	126,470	60,560	65,915
Greece	3,350	1,895	1,460	54,715	27,050	27,665
Hungary	5,115	2,395	2,720	31,050	14,595	16,450
Italy	13,410	6,920	6,490	204,065	101,445	102,625
Netherlands	16,070	7,985	8,085	75,830	39,020	36,810
Poland	14,305	6,610	7,700	135,030	60,660	74,370
Portugal	7,785	3,765	4,020	128,795	62,880	65,910
Romania	9,370	4,490	4,885	86,770	40,820	45,955
Russian Federation	12,170	5,240	6,930	81,840	35,185	46,650
Serbia⁸⁶	4,565	2,275	2,285	31,925	15,480	16,450
Ukraine	9,450	4,390	5,060	81,135	36,840	44,295
United Kingdom⁸⁷	116,525	58,485	58,045	464,135	229,710	234,430
Other places of birth in Europe	47,545	23,380	24,170	271,725	131,935	139,790
Africa	53,330	27,245	26,085	821,735	412,365	409,375
Algeria	510	325	185	79,660	41,065	38,600
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,005	540	465	33,110	15,775	17,340
Egypt	3,310	1,900	1,410	73,710	38,730	34,980
Eritrea	2,485	1,440	1,050	31,385	16,575	14,815
Ethiopia	2,590	1,305	1,285	41,715	19,955	21,760
Morocco	1,270	610	655	81,775	41,085	40,685
Nigeria	3,585	1,880	1,700	81,290	41,665	39,620
Somalia	1,240	625	620	32,500	14,600	17,900
South Africa, Republic of	15,380	7,710	7,670	51,590	25,740	25,855
Other places of birth in Africa	21,955	10,905	11,050	314,995	157,170	157,825
Asia	905,585	412,460	493,125	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420
Afghanistan	6,245	3,065	3,185	62,450	30,940	31,515
Iran⁸⁸	45,970	23,175	22,795	182,940	92,300	90,645
Iraq	7,000	3,750	3,245	84,130	42,660	41,465
Lebanon	2,455	1,390	1,065	95,725	50,675	45,055
Syria⁸⁹	6,545	3,420	3,130	97,590	49,855	47,735
Turkey	3,095	1,690	1,410	35,270	18,835	16,435
China⁹⁰	217,970	94,905	123,065	715,835	317,970	397,860
Hong Kong⁹¹	78,855	36,815	42,035	213,855	100,480	113,375
Korea, South⁹²	47,520	21,345	26,180	138,355	63,025	75,325
Taiwan	40,445	18,100	22,340	65,365	28,725	36,635
Philippines	131,645	54,350	77,300	719,580	305,115	414,460
Viet Nam	32,390	14,475	17,915	182,095	82,670	99,425
Bangladesh	3,035	1,520	1,520	70,090	35,675	34,415
India	197,115	96,630	100,480	898,050	451,120	446,930
Pakistan	13,345	6,910	6,430	234,105	118,390	115,715
Sri Lanka	5,375	2,595	2,775	136,240	66,215	70,030
Other places of birth in Asia	66,580	28,320	38,260	375,340	175,930	199,410
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	33,225	16,430	16,800	61,965	31,055	30,910
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	197,420	94,095	103,330	1,328,240	644,900	683,340
Americas	22,835	10,990	11,850	154,490	74,275	80,215
Brazil	5,130	2,430	2,695	19,895	9,340	10,560
Colombia	1,075	495	580	11,455	5,090	6,365
Haiti	35	25	15	10,550	5,155	5,400
Jamaica	1,005	515	490	15,155	7,740	7,420
Mexico	3,045	1,450	1,595	17,150	8,405	8,745
United States of America	8,760	4,325	4,430	39,875	19,790	20,085
Venezuela⁹⁵	530	205	330	7,060	2,980	4,075
Other places of birth in Americas	3,265	1,545	1,720	33,350	15,785	17,570
Europe	25,290	13,375	11,920	134,425	69,310	65,120
France	1,730	935	795	27,175	14,560	12,610
Germany	1,380	680	705	5,365	2,660	2,705
Ireland⁹⁶	2,420	1,485	935	6,355	4,000	2,350
Italy	995	555	445	4,240	2,470	1,770
Russian Federation	2,075	835	1,235	10,905	4,335	6,570
Ukraine	1,935	885	1,045	14,515	6,570	7,945
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,675	4,510	3,165	22,755	13,550	9,200
Other places of birth in Europe	7,090	3,490	3,605	43,120	21,160	21,960
Africa	10,465	5,545	4,915	206,965	102,875	104,090
Algeria	65	40	20	15,745	7,530	8,220
Burundi	110	35	75	4,935	2,420	2,510
Cameroon	120	70	50	11,795	5,545	6,250
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	340	205	140	8,915	4,200	4,720
Côte d'Ivoire	40	25	10	7,915	3,795	4,125
Egypt	610	350	255	12,120	6,285	5,835
Eritrea	1,515	935	585	16,330	8,755	7,575
Ethiopia	620	340	275	9,385	4,415	4,970
Morocco	275	115	160	12,835	6,025	6,810
Nigeria	1,770	925	845	40,360	20,575	19,780
Somalia	255	130	125	6,315	3,240	3,075
South Africa, Republic of	1,965	945	1,015	8,510	4,290	4,220
Sudan⁹⁷	235	115	120	4,690	2,375	2,315
Tunisia	115	60	55	8,155	4,185	3,975
Other places of birth in Africa	2,420	1,245	1,180	38,960	19,250	19,715
Asia	134,395	61,590	72,805	823,205	393,110	430,090
Afghanistan	1,325	700	625	12,730	6,290	6,440
Bangladesh	655	340	315	13,185	6,670	6,515
China⁹⁰	31,450	13,060	18,390	118,035	50,365	67,665
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,515	1,125	1,390	6,495	2,880	3,620
India	39,390	20,140	19,245	246,995	128,205	118,790
Iran⁸⁸	5,850	2,865	2,980	25,650	12,310	13,340
Iraq	1,545	840	705	17,715	8,835	8,875
Israel	605	365	240	4,850	2,565	2,290
Japan	2,090	500	1,590	4,445	1,035	3,410
Jordan	395	200	195	4,635	2,375	2,260
Korea, South⁹²	7,220	2,935	4,280	20,985	8,790	12,200
Lebanon	395	175	215	9,980	5,120	4,860
Nepal	405	195	205	4,890	2,475	2,415
Pakistan	2,390	1,300	1,090	36,255	18,070	18,190
Philippines	21,220	9,170	12,055	151,490	66,720	84,765
Saudi Arabia	565	340	230	9,560	5,195	4,365
Sri Lanka	710	330	380	8,480	4,010	4,465
Syria⁸⁹	4,955	2,635	2,320	63,130	32,725	30,410
Turkey	1,025	615	410	10,150	5,520	4,635
United Arab Emirates	620	305	320	8,405	4,325	4,085
Viet Nam	2,845	995	1,850	14,725	5,605	9,125
Other places of birth in Asia	6,215	2,450	3,770	30,410	13,035	17,375
Oceania and other⁹³	4,440	2,600	1,840	9,160	5,335	3,825
Australia	3,280	1,965	1,315	6,535	3,845	2,685
Other places of birth⁹⁸	1,160	630	530	2,625	1,490	1,135
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,657,625	783,205	874,415	9,606,595	4,631,905	4,974,690
Second generation¹⁰¹	1,068,600	536,615	531,985	6,393,310	3,207,980	3,185,330
Third generation or more¹⁰²	2,189,720	1,097,065	1,092,655	20,328,565	10,097,280	10,231,290
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,145,550	532,215	613,340	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	661,395	320,875	340,525	3,673,705	1,837,625	1,836,090
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	273,695	157,230	116,470	1,556,675	935,790	620,885
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	387,700	163,640	224,055	2,117,030	901,835	1,215,200
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	372,185	152,795	219,390	2,016,010	821,325	1,194,685
Refugees¹⁰⁸	97,720	52,250	45,470	1,039,275	543,725	495,550
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	14,250	6,295	7,960	91,900	42,145	49,755
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,145,550	532,215	613,340	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	27,320	15,640	11,685	416,105	222,895	193,205
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	138,760	59,130	79,630	705,405	324,370	381,035
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	40,690	20,075	20,615	183,250	92,135	91,110
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	71,860	33,525	38,335	377,130	188,535	188,590
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,145	2,030	3,110	39,540	15,685	23,855
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	861,775	401,815	459,965	5,099,470	2,401,190	2,698,280
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,689,490	810,165	879,325	9,639,205	4,712,790	4,926,415
South Asian	473,965	240,475	233,495	2,571,400	1,324,120	1,247,275
Chinese	550,590	257,590	293,000	1,715,770	808,745	907,035
Black	61,760	31,965	29,790	1,547,870	754,100	793,765
Filipino	174,280	76,070	98,210	957,355	427,755	529,600
Arab	28,010	15,015	12,995	694,015	362,845	331,170
Latin American	65,970	31,960	34,015	580,235	281,030	299,200
Southeast Asian	71,785	33,340	38,445	390,340	184,120	206,220
West Asian	69,270	34,800	34,470	360,495	181,795	178,695
Korean	72,815	33,390	39,425	218,140	101,855	116,285
Japanese	44,120	18,335	25,790	98,890	42,315	56,575
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	18,080	8,935	9,145	172,885	83,310	89,580
Multiple visible minorities	58,840	28,295	30,540	331,805	160,790	171,010
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	3,226,450	1,606,725	1,619,730	26,689,275	13,224,375	13,464,900
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	4,915,940	2,416,890	2,499,055	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian	459,320	236,305	223,015	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530
English	1,019,250	499,340	519,910	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580
Irish	627,920	297,705	330,215	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505
Scottish	774,455	376,280	398,170	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580
French, n.o.s.¹²²	312,750	150,460	162,290	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250
German	539,145	263,480	275,665	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230
Chinese	517,805	242,015	275,785	1,713,870	806,365	907,500
Italian	162,485	81,275	81,205	1,546,390	774,250	772,140
Indian (India)	275,975	138,885	137,090	1,347,715	691,535	656,185
Ukrainian	210,100	102,030	108,065	1,258,635	612,455	646,175
Dutch	189,985	94,390	95,600	988,585	489,045	499,545
Polish	134,635	63,780	70,850	982,820	472,290	510,525
Québécois	6,240	3,120	3,120	981,635	490,130	491,510
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	191,025	94,050	96,980	938,950	462,420	476,530
Filipino	172,915	75,990	96,930	925,490	414,915	510,570
French Canadian	39,930	19,400	20,535	906,315	441,610	464,705
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	82,175	42,475	39,700	691,260	347,080	344,175
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	105,005	51,270	53,735	632,340	304,220	328,120
Métis	85,205	41,265	43,930	560,335	271,985	288,350
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	102,475	51,755	50,715	551,910	278,060	273,850
Russian	121,755	58,460	63,295	548,140	260,075	288,065
Norwegian	137,170	65,790	71,385	466,500	224,290	242,210
Welsh	104,225	49,190	55,035	455,720	216,490	239,230
Portuguese	39,755	19,465	20,290	448,305	222,770	225,535
American	71,530	34,865	36,660	353,495	172,240	181,255
Spanish	54,365	25,030	29,335	342,040	160,475	181,570
Swedish	103,630	48,520	55,115	334,505	156,840	177,665
Hungarian	51,915	25,060	26,855	320,150	155,755	164,395
Acadian	7,025	3,455	3,575	305,170	145,500	159,675
Pakistani	19,050	9,780	9,275	303,260	154,435	148,825
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	18,520	9,370	9,150	301,955	148,335	153,625
Jewish	34,395	17,265	17,135	282,015	141,530	140,490
Punjabi	93,395	47,650	45,740	279,950	145,620	134,330
Vietnamese	51,890	24,430	27,455	275,530	131,075	144,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	12,590	6,755	5,840	263,710	138,210	125,500
Greek	23,300	11,910	11,390	262,140	132,975	129,160
Jamaican	9,865	5,140	4,725	249,070	119,265	129,805
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	47,650	22,170	25,480	226,220	107,785	118,435
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	24,875	11,715	13,160	219,855	105,825	114,030
Korean	72,025	33,110	38,915	217,650	101,805	115,845
Romanian	30,195	14,590	15,605	215,885	103,720	112,165
Lebanese	8,440	4,310	4,135	210,605	107,990	102,615
Iranian	49,390	24,720	24,675	200,465	100,790	99,675
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	13,865	6,995	6,870	200,340	99,800	100,540
Danish	54,865	26,740	28,130	196,945	96,220	100,725
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	24,140	11,670	12,470	194,840	94,035	100,810
Sikh	69,100	35,355	33,750	194,640	101,255	93,385
Austrian	45,280	21,810	23,465	189,535	92,740	96,800
Belgian	19,505	9,395	10,110	182,175	90,150	92,030
Haitian	1,215	640	575	178,990	84,510	94,490
Hindu	19,405	10,140	9,265	166,160	87,665	78,495
Mexican	28,445	14,140	14,305	155,495	77,435	78,055
Mennonite	20,925	10,530	10,395	155,095	77,735	77,360
Swiss	28,520	13,995	14,525	145,570	72,015	73,555
Finnish	33,680	16,290	17,390	144,055	69,270	74,785
Sri Lankan	6,440	3,210	3,235	132,410	65,175	67,240
Croatian	23,750	11,645	12,100	130,820	64,915	65,905
Japanese	54,640	23,430	31,215	129,425	56,850	72,580
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	20,125	9,935	10,190	120,125	60,575	59,550
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	4,840	2,340	2,500	111,605	53,700	57,905
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30,950	14,970	15,980	110,735	54,730	56,005
Muslim	8,220	4,150	4,065	105,620	54,095	51,525
Egyptian	5,810	3,125	2,685	105,245	55,230	50,020
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	11,730	5,675	6,055	104,765	51,375	53,395
Tamil	3,380	1,835	1,545	102,170	51,165	51,005
Icelandic	25,910	12,770	13,135	101,990	50,370	51,620
Colombian	7,315	3,555	3,760	100,555	47,995	52,560
Moroccan	2,020	980	1,035	99,980	50,835	49,150
Czech	22,425	10,920	11,505	98,925	47,495	51,430
Syrian	6,550	3,350	3,195	98,250	49,385	48,865
Guyanese	2,420	1,240	1,180	97,210	46,270	50,940
Afghan	9,605	4,725	4,875	96,810	48,255	48,550
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,515	2,250	2,260	94,585	44,335	50,250
Serbian	12,660	6,575	6,080	93,360	46,945	46,410
Ojibway	5,145	2,565	2,580	92,220	44,610	47,600
Newfoundlander	4,530	2,415	2,115	91,670	45,665	46,005
Hong Konger	30,020	14,470	15,550	81,680	39,485	42,195
Ontarian	3,315	1,570	1,750	80,555	39,675	40,880
Persian	19,155	9,840	9,315	80,340	41,415	38,925
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,120	2,075	2,050	77,405	37,655	39,750
Turkish	8,070	4,185	3,895	76,745	39,955	36,795
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	2,120	1,005	1,110	76,675	37,315	39,365
Bangladeshi	3,740	1,930	1,810	75,425	39,085	36,335
Algerian	915	545	370	73,770	38,035	35,740
Brazilian	12,435	6,005	6,430	71,755	34,670	37,085
Nigerian	4,110	2,075	2,040	69,540	34,680	34,860
Armenian	4,040	2,075	1,960	68,850	34,105	34,745
Slovak	11,565	5,520	6,045	68,210	33,475	34,740
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,810	5,340	6,470	66,780	31,525	35,255
Somali	2,665	1,460	1,205	65,555	31,555	33,995
Taiwanese	37,530	17,430	20,100	64,020	29,280	34,740
Iraqi	4,590	2,350	2,240	59,300	29,865	29,435
Salvadorean	6,580	3,285	3,295	59,280	29,150	30,130
African Caribbean	1,640	805	830	59,050	26,385	32,670
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	10,735	5,070	5,670	58,870	27,845	31,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,140	2,630	2,510	58,840	30,560	28,280
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,715	1,245	1,465	57,195	25,715	31,475
Algonquin	1,880	965	915	56,070	27,025	29,040
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,855	835	1,025	52,085	23,685	28,395
Lithuanian	7,330	3,450	3,885	52,040	24,510	27,530
South African	13,965	6,930	7,035	49,840	24,885	24,955
Australian	18,505	9,575	8,925	46,765	24,165	22,595
Palestinian	2,750	1,470	1,280	45,905	23,930	21,975
Chilean	6,220	3,100	3,125	45,685	22,520	23,165
Congolese	1,500	780	715	45,260	22,000	23,260
Nova Scotian	2,015	885	1,125	44,720	21,700	23,025
Ethiopian	2,720	1,275	1,440	42,545	20,675	21,875
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,295	2,430	2,870	42,405	20,105	22,300
Peruvian	4,260	1,975	2,285	42,295	19,925	22,370
Yoruba	1,350	720	635	42,075	21,740	20,330
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,350	1,545	1,805	41,950	19,835	22,115
Berber	605	370	235	41,700	22,325	19,370
Albanian	2,455	1,180	1,280	41,620	21,050	20,570
Maltese	2,750	1,340	1,420	40,670	20,210	20,455
Macedonian	1,235	605	630	39,440	19,500	19,940
Slovenian	5,340	2,485	2,855	38,595	18,785	19,815
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	7,865	3,860	4,005	38,520	18,935	19,585
New Brunswicker	875	430	445	37,670	18,235	19,435
Gujarati	2,670	1,335	1,340	36,970	19,580	17,385
Eritrean	2,245	1,230	1,015	36,290	18,185	18,110
African Canadian	1,535	790	750	35,395	17,140	18,250
Israeli	3,645	1,850	1,800	35,345	18,410	16,940
Mohawk	2,355	1,205	1,155	33,330	16,485	16,845
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	6,545	2,955	3,585	33,135	15,355	17,775
Bulgarian	3,720	1,785	1,930	33,085	16,235	16,850
Albertan	3,430	1,690	1,735	32,575	16,525	16,055
Ghanaian	1,670	905	770	31,720	15,650	16,065
Barbadian	1,950	985	970	31,440	15,265	16,175
African American	4,500	2,320	2,180	31,430	15,700	15,730
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	5,580	2,605	2,975	30,565	14,635	15,930
Tunisian	550	285	265	30,465	16,585	13,875
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	5,285	2,660	2,625	30,220	15,225	14,995
Cuban	1,770	895	870	30,065	14,830	15,235
Bosnian	3,785	1,910	1,875	28,490	14,320	14,170
Venezuelan	1,835	810	1,025	28,395	13,220	15,175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	180	70	110	28,225	13,490	14,735
Latvian	4,860	2,450	2,415	28,140	13,515	14,620
Bengali	1,370	745	625	26,675	13,830	12,850
Cameroonian	335	220	120	26,535	12,960	13,580
Guatemalan	2,415	1,320	1,095	26,460	13,920	12,540
Indonesian	8,440	3,890	4,550	26,330	11,910	14,415
Laotian	2,485	1,160	1,320	25,875	12,500	13,375
Ilocano	4,765	2,115	2,655	25,575	11,860	13,715
Northern Irish	4,550	2,245	2,305	25,200	12,495	12,710
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	5,445	2,660	2,785	24,420	12,265	12,155
British Columbian	20,450	10,360	10,085	24,325	12,230	12,095
Ecuadorian	1,135	545	595	24,255	11,510	12,745
Franco Ontarian	360	155	205	24,110	11,540	12,570
Argentinian	2,625	1,260	1,365	23,500	11,665	11,840
Estonian	4,695	2,200	2,495	23,455	11,080	12,375
Kurdish	3,375	1,830	1,550	23,130	12,670	10,460
Fijian	16,120	7,710	8,410	23,020	11,040	11,980
Jatt	8,370	4,345	4,025	22,785	11,695	11,090
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,695	1,480	1,210	22,785	11,680	11,105
Coptic	760	445	315	22,570	11,405	11,165
Thai	5,745	2,120	3,630	22,275	8,525	13,750
Dominican	860	415	445	22,125	10,615	11,510
Nepali	2,305	1,130	1,170	21,975	11,215	10,765
Kabyle	75	30	40	20,565	10,595	9,975
Assyrian	695	415	285	19,685	9,730	9,955
Igbo	890	445	440	19,305	9,890	9,415
Byelorussian	2,610	1,250	1,355	18,850	9,055	9,795
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,025	505	520	18,745	9,030	9,710
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	2,015	1,025	990	18,545	8,975	9,570
Abenaki	215	135	80	18,420	8,545	9,870
Moldovan	1,415	655	755	18,190	8,850	9,340
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,285	640	650	17,955	8,625	9,330
New Zealander	7,840	3,965	3,875	17,755	9,275	8,470
Sudanese	945	460	485	17,485	8,825	8,665
Breton	365	185	175	17,465	8,710	8,755
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,655	660	995	17,315	7,300	10,020
Malaysian	5,420	2,535	2,885	17,050	7,935	9,115
Plains Cree	715	360	355	16,570	8,255	8,310
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	780	450	330	16,315	8,565	7,750
Huron (Wendat)	390	205	190	15,910	7,715	8,195
Saskatchewanian	2,890	1,400	1,490	15,780	7,505	8,280
Buddhist	2,950	1,390	1,565	15,660	7,485	8,175
Gaspesian	90	65	35	15,650	7,290	8,360
Norman	745	505	240	15,340	8,155	7,190
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,830	830	1,005	15,055	7,180	7,875
Ivorian	135	80	55	15,010	7,255	7,755
Saulteaux	845	445	400	14,265	6,730	7,535
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	935	430	500	14,260	6,525	7,735
Burundian	380	180	200	14,110	6,810	7,295
Tigrinya	1,145	660	485	13,910	7,435	6,470
Nicaraguan	1,890	880	1,010	13,840	6,730	7,120
Mauritian	1,160	565	595	13,755	7,020	6,730
Kenyan	2,215	1,050	1,165	13,565	6,510	7,055
Oji-Cree	250	120	130	13,525	6,610	6,915
Vincentian	345	165	180	13,245	5,800	7,445
Jordanian	925	465	460	13,225	7,055	6,170
Manitoban	1,760	855	905	13,095	6,530	6,565
Cape Bretoner	420	160	255	13,065	6,175	6,885
Rwandan	635	320	320	12,890	6,150	6,740
Grenadian	350	180	170	12,890	5,965	6,930
Malayali	980	520	465	12,490	6,580	5,910
Chaldean	850	420	430	12,115	6,080	6,035
Sinhalese	1,285	605	680	12,080	5,905	6,170
Mayan	1,855	960	895	11,710	5,980	5,730
Honduran	1,500	760	740	10,920	5,370	5,550
Cherokee	2,920	1,345	1,570	10,825	5,080	5,745
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	150	95	55	10,750	5,130	5,620
Indo-Caribbean	385	200	190	10,490	4,710	5,775
Flemish	1,540	705	830	10,275	4,950	5,325
United Empire Loyalist	905	485	420	10,015	4,975	5,045
Senegalese	105	50	55	9,955	5,115	4,840
Azerbaijani	1,400	740	660	9,915	5,165	4,750
Sicilian	935	495	440	9,835	5,135	4,695
Pashtun	945	465	475	9,825	5,195	4,625
Malay	2,625	1,255	1,370	9,795	4,725	5,065
Goan	750	365	380	9,700	4,710	4,990
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	320	155	165	9,455	4,705	4,755
Tibetan	715	355	360	9,350	4,650	4,700
Zimbabwean	1,240	615	620	9,165	4,435	4,725
Burmese	2,225	1,120	1,100	9,150	4,385	4,760
Mongolian	1,955	890	1,065	9,090	4,240	4,850
Azorean	380	195	185	8,970	4,235	4,735
Atikamekw	0	0	0	8,400	4,270	4,125
Bamileke	55	25	35	8,315	4,220	4,090
Indo-Guyanese	75	35	35	8,310	3,765	4,545
Ugandan	1,145	510	635	8,285	3,910	4,375
Oromo	575	320	255	8,255	4,425	3,830
Tanzanian	945	470	475	8,140	3,945	4,195
Yemeni	420	195	220	8,115	3,995	4,130
Central African	35	20	15	8,080	3,830	4,250
Libyan	650	390	260	7,945	4,265	3,680
Basque	1,165	620	545	7,745	4,030	3,710
Uruguayan	515	290	230	7,660	3,870	3,790
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	405	200	195	7,640	3,835	3,805
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	655	260	395	7,635	3,690	3,950
Igorot	1,330	590	730	7,535	3,305	4,230
Fulani	85	40	50	7,480	3,865	3,620
Woodland Cree	105	55	50	7,415	3,615	3,800
Guinean	135	70	65	7,390	3,700	3,695
St. Lucian	180	110	70	7,285	3,340	3,945
Prince Edward Islander	280	145	135	7,225	3,355	3,875
Maliseet	100	40	55	7,220	3,515	3,705
Beninese	100	50	50	6,810	3,630	3,180
Telugu	615	340	280	6,670	3,730	2,945
Roma	1,205	600	600	6,545	3,225	3,320
Costa Rican	1,075	485	585	6,500	3,265	3,230
African Nova Scotian	145	60	85	6,480	2,945	3,535
Malagasy	110	55	55	6,255	3,085	3,170
Kashmiri	545	260	285	6,165	3,020	3,145
Singaporean	2,630	1,165	1,460	6,060	2,755	3,305
Karen	980	520	460	6,050	3,065	2,985
Edo	205	95	105	5,985	2,995	2,995
Tajik	665	335	335	5,980	2,965	3,015
Amhara	305	165	140	5,945	3,010	2,930
Paraguayan	1,095	570	520	5,925	2,855	3,075
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Buddhist	83,860	35,040	48,825	356,975	157,435	199,540
Christian	1,684,870	766,705	918,165	19,373,325	9,131,320	10,242,005
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	434,920	203,070	231,850	2,760,760	1,319,760	1,440,995
Anabaptist	21,275	10,210	11,065	144,145	70,095	74,050
Anglican	137,485	59,595	77,885	1,134,315	515,270	619,045
Baptist	57,265	25,770	31,495	436,940	200,325	236,615
Catholic	588,140	272,340	315,805	10,880,360	5,193,345	5,687,010
Christian Orthodox	45,135	21,835	23,300	623,010	301,055	321,955
Jehovah's Witness	25,715	11,245	14,470	137,255	59,505	77,750
Latter Day Saints	12,875	5,795	7,075	87,725	41,365	46,360
Lutheran	46,395	20,205	26,185	328,045	150,115	177,925
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	7,290	3,295	3,995	100,655	46,640	54,020
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	41,140	18,550	22,585	399,025	180,870	218,155
Presbyterian	28,040	12,260	15,780	301,400	136,440	164,960
Reformed	12,455	6,050	6,400	79,870	39,250	40,620
United Church	129,000	51,815	77,185	1,214,185	531,740	682,445
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	97,745	44,660	53,085	745,650	345,540	400,110
Hindu	81,320	42,070	39,245	828,195	430,135	398,060
Jewish	26,850	12,980	13,870	335,295	164,220	171,070
Muslim	125,915	63,375	62,535	1,775,715	904,205	871,510
Sikh	290,870	145,740	145,130	771,790	394,345	377,445
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	11,570	5,495	6,075	80,685	38,460	42,230
Other religions and spiritual traditions	51,440	20,890	30,555	229,015	97,645	131,370
No religion and secular perspectives	2,559,250	1,324,585	1,234,660	12,577,475	6,619,395	5,958,080
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	4,875,955	2,396,280	2,479,675	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600
Non-movers	4,169,710	2,050,165	2,119,540	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050
Movers	706,245	346,115	360,130	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550
Non-migrants	395,215	193,080	202,135	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005
Migrants	311,030	153,035	157,990	1,813,155	895,610	917,550
Internal migrants	251,245	123,785	127,455	1,519,200	748,025	771,180
Intraprovincial migrants	187,990	92,090	95,900	1,250,235	612,810	637,425
Interprovincial migrants	63,250	31,695	31,555	268,965	135,215	133,750
External migrants	59,785	29,250	30,535	293,955	147,585	146,370
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	4,699,740	2,305,755	2,393,985	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080
Non-movers	2,639,500	1,292,175	1,347,330	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660
Movers	2,060,245	1,013,590	1,046,655	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420
Non-migrants	757,040	372,900	384,135	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460
Migrants	1,303,200	640,680	662,520	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955
Internal migrants	1,016,025	498,920	517,105	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755
Intraprovincial migrants	799,455	390,525	408,935	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105
Interprovincial migrants	216,565	108,395	108,170	921,345	459,695	461,650
External migrants	287,175	141,765	145,415	1,692,390	859,195	833,200
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,025	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	643,330	341,470	301,860	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,557,095	1,706,925	1,850,170	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,691,860	1,313,265	1,378,600	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	259,010	148,785	110,220	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,432,850	1,164,475	1,268,375	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
No certificate, diploma or degree	565,665	292,000	273,665	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,238,000	610,685	627,320	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,396,755	1,145,715	1,251,040	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,197,050	598,425	598,620	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	323,635	243,815	79,815	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	133,020	78,330	54,685	1,458,160	827,980	630,185
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	190,615	165,490	25,130	1,183,395	983,525	199,870
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	711,810	289,555	422,255	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	161,600	65,055	96,545	896,755	372,560	524,195
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,199,710	547,285	652,420	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955
Bachelor's degree	775,145	347,145	427,995	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	84,000	34,915	49,085	556,510	243,200	313,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	32,985	18,045	14,945	214,105	108,000	106,105
Master's degree	264,145	121,485	142,660	1,740,605	824,250	916,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	43,440	25,700	17,740	279,660	165,795	113,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,691,860	1,313,260	1,378,600	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	216,660	122,720	93,935	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	694,785	358,700	336,090	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,780,415	831,840	948,575	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	838,680	416,930	421,745	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	217,350	164,860	52,495	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	88,765	52,645	36,115	1,050,285	586,420	463,865
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	128,590	112,210	16,375	836,220	693,830	142,395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	507,405	206,015	301,390	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	113,915	46,055	67,865	623,090	261,035	362,050
Bachelor's degree or higher	941,735	414,910	526,830	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215
Bachelor's degree	610,735	267,470	343,270	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	63,310	25,280	38,030	430,875	179,230	251,645
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,675	11,985	12,690	167,730	75,120	92,615
Master's degree	212,745	93,655	119,090	1,446,435	659,295	787,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	30,275	16,520	13,755	209,445	115,530	93,915
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	4,200,425	2,048,390	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,803,665	902,685	900,990	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900
Education	158,060	37,395	120,670	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
13. Education	158,060	37,395	120,670	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	109,100	46,770	62,330	631,255	274,065	357,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	13,390	9,570	3,815	74,785	53,390	21,395
50. Visual and performing arts	95,715	37,200	58,510	556,470	220,680	335,790
Humanities	143,340	55,460	87,875	926,560	354,120	572,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	16,850	3,705	13,145	106,345	23,460	82,885
23. English language and literature/letters	35,465	10,360	25,105	184,600	53,020	131,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	48,620	19,020	29,605	316,050	119,215	196,830
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,860	1,075	1,780	18,935	6,835	12,095
38. Philosophy and religious studies	7,705	4,630	3,075	57,745	33,040	24,700
39. Theology and religious vocations	12,220	7,385	4,835	77,510	46,140	31,365
54. History	16,035	8,595	7,450	108,935	58,310	50,620
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,580	695	2,880	56,440	14,090	42,345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	288,970	102,380	186,590	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,140	1,360	3,780	29,430	7,065	22,365
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	31,375	11,580	19,795	233,400	88,205	145,200
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	39,140	3,530	35,610	344,150	27,905	316,240
22. Legal professions and studies	44,255	15,575	28,680	325,785	115,335	210,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	6,625	2,525	4,105	49,855	16,000	33,850
42. Psychology	52,080	13,955	38,125	327,965	79,295	248,665
45. Social sciences	110,350	53,860	56,495	705,540	336,960	368,580
Business, management and public administration	493,290	201,060	292,230	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075
30.16 Accounting and computer science	645	220	425	5,335	1,705	3,630
44. Public administration and social service professions	30,855	6,685	24,175	272,240	55,995	216,245
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	461,790	194,160	267,625	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	106,515	54,495	52,015	719,715	353,540	366,175
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	44,910	19,580	25,330	297,055	121,615	175,435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	25,655	12,030	13,620	155,955	72,245	83,705
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,880	665	1,220	35,380	14,950	20,430
40. Physical sciences	30,600	21,085	9,515	196,620	130,745	65,875
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,470	1,140	2,330	34,710	13,985	20,730
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	105,555	69,245	36,310	804,230	531,435	272,795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	83,795	58,985	24,810	643,145	454,370	188,775
25. Library science	6,145	865	5,280	43,085	7,100	35,985
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,030	7,715	5,320	99,360	57,560	41,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,580	1,680	900	18,640	12,400	6,240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	458,590	409,460	49,135	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900
04. Architecture and related services	19,025	11,490	7,535	135,020	81,930	53,090
14. Engineering	119,995	96,730	23,260	900,475	723,080	177,395
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	83,585	73,495	10,085	726,155	638,355	87,800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	115	45	75	580	190	390
46. Construction trades	104,445	101,120	3,325	703,905	683,060	20,845
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	86,325	83,625	2,700	659,480	640,895	18,590
48. Precision production	45,110	42,955	2,150	380,505	363,710	16,795
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	60,510	33,885	26,625	407,545	234,360	173,175
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	31,920	15,075	16,845	262,580	140,520	122,070
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,595	18,815	9,775	144,960	93,845	51,115
Health and related fields	350,930	73,605	277,325	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	40	10	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	27,000	13,530	13,470	180,785	89,005	91,780
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	312,980	53,940	259,035	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	725	175	550	5,255	1,425	3,825
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	10,230	5,960	4,270	64,030	34,630	29,400
Personal, protective and transportation services	121,210	61,715	59,495	1,006,425	520,970	485,455
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	76,425	24,575	51,850	548,520	151,115	397,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	505	435	75	3,965	3,520	445
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,025	930	95	6,900	6,210	690
43. Security and protective services	15,820	11,280	4,540	227,835	160,930	66,905
49. Transportation and materials moving	27,425	24,490	2,935	219,205	199,190	20,010
Other¹⁷⁹	685	235	450	5,305	1,640	3,665
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,691,865	1,313,265	1,378,600	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	911,450	481,425	430,025	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Education	99,640	21,315	78,320	742,175	158,185	583,990
13. Education	99,640	21,315	78,320	742,175	158,185	583,990
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	85,350	36,335	49,005	490,455	210,500	279,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,815	6,950	2,860	54,645	38,170	16,475
50. Visual and performing arts	75,530	29,385	46,145	435,815	172,330	263,480
Humanities	103,360	38,515	64,845	649,695	241,235	408,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,735	2,545	10,190	79,235	16,400	62,835
23. English language and literature/letters	25,770	7,190	18,580	134,815	37,610	97,210
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	35,310	13,320	21,990	216,725	80,505	136,220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,895	745	1,150	12,910	4,540	8,370
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,780	3,440	2,335	41,640	23,645	17,990
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,845	4,740	3,105	48,920	29,245	19,675
54. History	11,615	6,050	5,565	78,415	40,800	37,615
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,410	480	1,930	37,045	8,490	28,555
Social and behavioural sciences and law	226,805	76,655	150,150	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,220	1,075	3,145	23,895	5,520	18,370
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	26,730	9,590	17,150	196,475	72,125	124,350
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,960	2,705	27,260	270,970	20,095	250,875
22. Legal professions and studies	34,935	10,780	24,150	261,265	82,850	178,420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,150	1,960	3,185	37,830	12,160	25,670
42. Psychology	39,250	9,600	29,645	249,205	55,840	193,365
45. Social sciences	86,555	40,945	45,615	549,090	254,250	294,840
Business, management and public administration	379,485	152,040	227,445	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	445	140	300	3,995	1,335	2,665
44. Public administration and social service professions	22,625	4,535	18,095	213,140	40,230	172,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	356,415	147,365	209,055	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685
Physical and life sciences and technologies	77,340	37,350	39,990	513,555	241,780	271,785
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	33,945	14,030	19,915	227,460	90,390	137,075
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	18,520	8,355	10,165	108,350	48,075	60,280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,545	520	1,030	14,270	5,690	8,580
40. Physical sciences	21,390	13,835	7,555	140,510	88,540	51,970
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,935	610	1,330	22,960	9,090	13,870
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	87,185	58,400	28,785	667,305	445,970	221,330
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	72,700	51,710	20,995	554,185	392,835	161,350
25. Library science	3,600	540	3,060	27,610	4,720	22,885
27. Mathematics and statistics	8,865	4,890	3,975	70,940	39,000	31,940
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,010	1,265	755	14,565	9,415	5,155
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	327,735	286,655	41,080	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420
04. Architecture and related services	14,690	8,220	6,480	105,845	61,230	44,605
14. Engineering	93,760	73,350	20,400	724,235	568,385	155,850
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	57,590	49,650	7,940	536,600	464,510	72,090
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	35	70	510	160	350
46. Construction trades	74,045	71,450	2,595	510,105	493,000	17,100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	57,950	55,995	1,950	467,225	452,385	14,840
48. Precision production	29,605	27,965	1,640	266,690	253,110	13,585
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	45,705	23,930	21,775	314,120	170,440	143,680
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	23,700	10,410	13,290	199,335	99,700	99,635
03. Natural resources and conservation	22,005	13,520	8,485	114,780	70,745	44,040
Health and related fields	258,665	55,710	202,960	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	20,980	10,585	10,395	139,280	67,885	71,385
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	229,855	41,240	188,620	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	580	90	490	4,430	945	3,485
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,245	3,790	3,455	48,115	23,255	24,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	88,615	44,750	43,865	772,450	399,835	372,615
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	56,165	18,390	37,775	414,520	112,935	301,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	305	240	65	2,955	2,575	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	450	410	40	3,850	3,415	435
43. Security and protective services	12,270	8,530	3,740	183,025	128,295	54,725
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,425	17,180	2,240	168,105	152,620	15,485
Other¹⁷⁹	535	180	355	4,075	1,150	2,930
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	2,691,865	1,313,265	1,378,600	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	911,450	481,425	430,025	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,780,415	831,835	948,580	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100
Location of study inside Canada	1,316,405	622,255	694,150	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130
Same as province or territory of residence	1,029,000	480,420	548,580	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830
Different than province or territory of residence	287,405	141,835	145,570	1,239,495	602,195	637,300
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	464,010	209,580	254,430	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970
Americas	84,155	40,735	43,420	483,810	238,040	245,775
United States of America	57,255	28,610	28,650	279,005	143,575	135,435
Mexico	8,850	3,950	4,895	36,400	16,175	20,230
Cuba	310	150	160	8,345	4,275	4,070
Haiti	20	15	0	10,620	5,645	4,970
Jamaica	655	290	365	12,780	6,110	6,670
Brazil	8,395	3,865	4,530	40,050	18,445	21,605
Colombia	2,315	1,005	1,310	31,165	13,875	17,295
Peru	945	345	595	7,780	3,025	4,750
Venezuela⁹⁵	815	345	470	12,655	5,330	7,320
Other locations of study in Americas	4,590	2,160	2,430	45,000	21,575	23,425
Europe	92,195	46,985	45,210	543,725	281,205	262,520
Belgium	755	430	325	7,795	4,260	3,535
France	5,075	2,645	2,425	97,770	53,930	43,840
Germany	5,805	2,975	2,830	22,450	12,070	10,380
Netherlands	2,315	1,265	1,055	10,825	6,065	4,765
Switzerland	1,915	905	1,010	8,470	4,420	4,050
Hungary	945	430	515	5,160	2,465	2,700
Moldova¹⁸³	455	200	255	9,055	4,165	4,890
Poland	2,960	1,320	1,645	25,215	11,115	14,100
Romania	3,515	1,720	1,795	32,250	16,190	16,060
Russian Federation	5,880	2,560	3,325	36,095	16,250	19,845
Ukraine	4,345	1,945	2,395	36,405	16,635	19,775
Ireland⁹⁶	5,665	3,255	2,410	16,040	9,175	6,865
United Kingdom⁸⁷	38,270	20,230	18,040	151,900	81,980	69,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	840	410	430	6,030	2,915	3,115
Italy	1,610	890	720	8,895	5,055	3,840
Serbia⁸⁶	1,565	845	720	8,745	4,470	4,280
Other locations of study in Europe	10,275	4,955	5,320	60,615	30,055	30,560
Africa	12,250	6,465	5,785	216,815	111,010	105,805
Nigeria	1,315	690	630	33,280	16,395	16,880
Algeria	130	85	45	33,230	17,020	16,210
Morocco	470	255	215	23,640	12,125	11,510
Tunisia	160	75	85	12,655	7,100	5,555
Egypt	1,490	800	690	30,255	15,145	15,115
South Africa, Republic of	5,860	3,055	2,800	19,060	9,900	9,160
Other locations of study in Africa	2,825	1,510	1,315	64,700	33,325	31,385
Asia	258,905	106,700	152,210	1,352,215	594,805	757,410
Iran⁸⁸	16,325	7,150	9,175	66,630	30,180	36,450
Iraq	1,465	830	635	16,515	8,250	8,265
Israel	1,345	690	660	11,355	5,725	5,630
Lebanon	550	260	295	19,565	9,355	10,210
Syria⁸⁹	805	405	400	16,405	7,885	8,520
Turkey	1,680	995	680	11,855	6,595	5,260
China⁹⁰	59,350	24,555	34,795	201,100	87,370	113,720
Taiwan	8,905	2,985	5,915	14,520	4,750	9,770
Hong Kong⁹¹	7,025	2,820	4,210	18,325	7,445	10,875
Japan	8,185	1,960	6,230	18,605	5,280	13,325
Korea, South⁹²	19,605	7,220	12,385	53,575	20,575	33,000
Philippines	55,140	20,255	34,880	305,795	115,370	190,420
Viet Nam	2,145	625	1,520	12,500	4,490	8,005
Bangladesh	1,135	485	650	25,000	11,360	13,645
Sri Lanka	975	480	490	15,085	7,090	7,995
India	60,565	28,910	31,655	405,850	199,380	206,475
Pakistan	3,935	1,855	2,080	75,155	35,055	40,100
Other locations of study in Asia	9,780	4,215	5,565	64,385	28,650	35,735
Oceania	16,505	8,700	7,810	47,960	24,495	23,460
Australia	12,315	6,385	5,930	38,525	19,270	19,250
New Zealand	3,340	1,855	1,485	7,785	4,300	3,485
Other locations of study in Oceania	855	465	390	1,655	930	730
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
In the labour force	2,657,275	1,378,375	1,278,900	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070
Employed	2,433,600	1,264,715	1,168,885	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025
Unemployed	223,675	113,655	110,015	1,988,645	999,600	989,045
Not in the labour force	1,543,145	670,020	873,130	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605
Participation rate	63.3	67.3	59.4	63.7	67.7	59.8
Employment rate	57.9	61.7	54.3	57.1	60.9	53.4
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.2	8.6	10.3	9.9	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	4,200,425	2,048,390	2,152,030	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,563,830	685,205	878,625	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170
Worked	2,636,595	1,363,185	1,273,410	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,350,335	768,255	582,080	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,286,260	594,930	691,330	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.8	39.9	41.0	41.7	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	486,865	237,950	248,915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
Employee	2,144,475	1,076,150	1,068,330	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375
Permanent position	1,788,175	913,100	875,070	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310
Temporary position	356,305	163,045	193,255	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065
Fixed term (1 year or more)	116,190	53,010	63,190	867,740	386,965	480,775
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	240,110	110,035	130,070	1,804,030	885,740	918,285
Self-employed¹⁹²	458,635	275,905	182,735	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	486,865	237,950	248,915
All occupations¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	32,255	22,375	9,885	254,760	177,450	77,315
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	446,160	137,765	308,395	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	209,185	158,605	50,580	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595
3 Health occupations	199,185	43,765	155,415	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	309,360	103,155	206,205	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	110,585	52,240	58,340	596,785	275,420	321,360
6 Sales and service occupations	666,705	293,530	373,180	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	469,450	425,905	43,545	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	72,075	51,750	20,325	541,235	416,960	124,270
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	88,155	62,965	25,185	857,540	612,415	245,120
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	486,865	237,950	248,915
All industries¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	60,320	38,580	21,735	434,800	295,160	139,640
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	24,955	20,610	4,350	239,030	195,605	43,425
22 Utilities	14,820	10,765	4,050	147,750	109,475	38,270
23 Construction	234,345	201,185	33,155	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025
31-33 Manufacturing	152,790	107,750	45,035	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330
41 Wholesale trade	80,165	53,130	27,035	610,295	406,960	203,335
44-45 Retail trade	301,060	142,230	158,830	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	142,230	108,095	34,135	981,030	742,515	238,515
51 Information and cultural industries	71,295	43,800	27,495	400,460	237,940	162,520
52 Finance and insurance	95,560	41,275	54,290	815,225	358,145	457,080
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	59,155	31,515	27,640	343,940	186,230	157,710
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	238,650	131,495	107,150	1,571,160	877,780	693,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,785	2,740	3,040	45,455	21,495	23,955
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	110,215	62,865	47,350	792,600	457,880	334,725
61 Educational services	192,855	62,310	130,545	1,413,320	436,645	976,670
62 Health care and social assistance	319,525	64,150	255,375	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	60,775	30,215	30,560	350,710	180,205	170,500
72 Accommodation and food services	182,105	78,435	103,670	1,085,270	478,000	607,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	113,780	50,100	63,680	797,935	373,775	424,165
91 Public administration	142,730	70,795	71,940	1,188,915	598,780	590,135
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
English	2,617,625	1,354,690	1,262,935	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855
French	3,090	850	2,240	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420
Non-official language	52,925	27,750	25,180	169,205	89,515	79,685
Indigenous³⁹	140	60	80	6,935	3,590	3,345
Non-Indigenous	52,790	27,690	25,100	162,265	85,925	76,345
English and French	21,550	8,765	12,785	1,682,510	859,635	822,870
English and non-official language(s)	154,255	76,820	77,440	570,220	291,000	279,220
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50	20,935	9,955	10,980
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,520	1,160	1,360	69,340	34,190	35,145
Multiple non-official languages	3,840	2,000	1,840	11,265	5,960	5,305
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
Single responses	2,820,225	1,453,980	1,366,250	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810
Official languages	2,726,710	1,405,545	1,321,160	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175
English	2,720,275	1,403,805	1,316,470	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105
French	6,430	1,740	4,690	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070
Non-official languages	93,520	48,430	45,090	310,455	161,825	148,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	290	85	200	19,435	9,725	9,710
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	11,600	6,020	5,575
Blackfoot	0	0	0	60	35	25
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	9,115	4,715	4,400
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,015	585	430
Cree languages	0	0	0	5,985	3,170	2,815
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	110	65	40
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	765	385	385
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	80	45	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	190	110	85
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	140	80	65
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	4,695	2,500	2,205
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	1,955	875	1,075
Naskapi	0	0	0	155	80	80
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	835	435	400
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	825	430	395
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,585	830	755
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	875	490	385
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	695	340	355
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	40	20	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	40	25	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	610	295	320
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	55	15	45	895	410	480
Northern Athabaskan languages	55	15	45	890	410	475
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	10	15	20	10	15
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	535	255	280
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	155	70	90
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	35	15	15
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	100	45	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	130	75	55
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	30	10	25	30	10	25
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	10	0	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	6,630	3,200	3,425
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	15	0	15
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	0	0	0	6,605	3,200	3,405
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	30	0	25
Mohawk	0	0	0	30	0	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	10	0	10	10	0	10
Michif	0	0	0	25	10	10
Salish languages	125	50	80	125	50	80
Halkomelem	35	15	20	35	15	20
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	30	0	25	30	0	25
Squamish	10	10	0	10	10	0
Straits	0	0	10	0	10	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	10	15	20	10	15
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	15	10	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	10	0	10
Stoney	0	0	0	15	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	40	15	30	40	15	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	20	10	10
Nisga'a	10	0	10	10	0	10
Tsimshian	15	0	10	15	0	10
Wakashan languages	40	0	35	40	0	35
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	15	15	0	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	15	15	0	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	93,230	48,340	44,890	291,025	152,095	138,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	520	320	205	9,265	5,300	3,955
Berber languages	0	0	0	45	35	10
Kabyle	0	0	0	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	415	185	235
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	40	20	15
Somali	10	0	10	365	155	210
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	500	320	185	8,785	5,080	3,705
Amharic	20	10	10	215	95	120
Arabic	355	250	110	7,190	4,250	2,940
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	460	325	130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	330	240	90
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	90	70	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	40	20	20
Hebrew	60	20	40	585	240	340
Tigrigna	45	25	20	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,720	1,070	1,645	9,770	4,135	5,635
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	495	215	285
Vietnamese	2,695	1,060	1,630	9,260	3,905	5,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	15	0
Austronesian languages	855	430	420	4,760	2,180	2,580
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	45	15	25
Cebuano	20	15	0	95	45	50
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ilocano	40	25	20	165	90	70
Indonesian	85	50	45	170	90	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	680	335	340	4,205	1,895	2,310
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	50	30	20
Creole languages	0	0	0	390	185	210
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	375	170	205
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	75	35	35	3,010	1,410	1,605
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	15	10	0	250	140	110
Tamil	55	30	30	2,685	1,255	1,425
Telugu	0	0	0	70	15	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	80	45	35
Indo-European languages	30,820	18,165	12,655	112,395	64,055	48,335
Albanian	20	0	10	315	170	140
Armenian	20	0	15	530	295	235
Balto-Slavic languages	915	350	565	10,085	4,390	5,695
Baltic languages	15	0	15	95	15	75
Latvian	15	0	15	50	10	35
Lithuanian	0	0	0	45	10	40
Slavic languages	900	350	555	9,995	4,375	5,620
Bulgarian	10	0	10	145	55	90
Czech	25	20	10	105	50	55
Macedonian	0	0	0	75	60	15
Polish	85	25	60	2,265	1,000	1,265
Russian	645	245	400	5,240	2,085	3,155
Serbo-Croatian	90	45	40	835	485	355
Bosnian	10	0	10	120	80	40
Croatian	10	0	0	155	95	65
Serbian	75	45	30	555	310	245
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	40	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	20	1,265	620	650
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	60	30	30
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	55	25	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	680	310	370	14,250	8,060	6,190
Frisian	0	0	0	15	10	10
High German languages	450	200	255	10,480	5,695	4,790
German	400	180	220	6,615	3,655	2,970
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	2,560	1,405	1,150
Swiss German	50	15	30	255	115	135
Yiddish	0	0	0	1,050	520	530
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195	100	100	3,540	2,245	1,290
Afrikaans	0	0	0	65	20	40
Dutch	85	40	45	965	515	440
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	560	420	140
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	105	55	50	1,940	1,275	670
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20	190	100	85
Danish	0	0	0	25	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0	25	20	0
Norwegian	20	15	0	55	30	25
Swedish	15	0	10	90	45	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Greek	50	35	10	875	445	430
Indo-Iranian languages	25,450	15,470	9,980	55,455	32,965	22,490
Indo-Aryan languages	23,425	14,315	9,115	48,020	28,910	19,100
Bengali	10	10	0	645	290	355
Gujarati	10	0	10	1,115	515	600
Hindi	555	310	250	2,235	1,145	1,090
Kacchi	0	0	0	15	0	15
Marathi	0	0	0	20	0	15
Nepali	10	10	0	275	125	145
Punjabi (Panjabi)	22,730	13,945	8,785	40,840	25,480	15,365
Sindhi	0	0	0	25	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	105	80	25
Urdu	100	40	55	2,725	1,265	1,465
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Iranian languages	2,020	1,155	865	7,430	4,045	3,385
Kurdish	25	20	10	175	145	35
Pashto	0	0	0	130	70	60
Persian languages	1,985	1,135	855	7,110	3,825	3,285
Dari	110	75	35	800	445	360
Iranian Persian	1,710	940	770	5,715	2,980	2,735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	120	50	595	400	195
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,675	1,975	1,700	30,795	17,685	13,105
Catalan	0	0	0	15	10	0
Italian	120	55	65	1,625	730	900
Portuguese	555	245	310	6,970	4,070	2,895
Romanian	60	35	30	680	375	310
Spanish	2,940	1,645	1,300	21,455	12,465	8,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	35	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	15	20
Japanese	2,015	695	1,320	3,560	1,225	2,340
Korean	6,855	3,485	3,370	14,345	7,125	7,225
Mongolian	0	10	0	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	15	0	10	410	210	200
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	30	10	20
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	30	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0	20	15	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	150	95	55
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	65	20	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	15
Sign languages	300	105	190	2,010	795	1,210
American Sign Language	285	95	185	1,590	620	970
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	285	110	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	135	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	48,730	23,930	24,800	128,375	64,180	64,190
Chinese languages	48,670	23,890	24,780	128,045	63,990	64,055
Hakka	0	0	0	45	25	25
Mandarin	28,465	13,710	14,755	76,040	37,760	38,280
Min Dong	0	0	0	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	110	125	485	210	270
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	20	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	19,865	10,015	9,855	50,950	25,725	25,225
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	45	40	460	240	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	295	175	125
Burmese	30	15	10	60	40	20
Karenic languages	0	0	0	135	85	50
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	120	80	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0	90	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	205	65	140	765	310	450
Lao	0	0	0	80	30	50
Thai	200	60	140	670	275	395
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Turkic languages	60	20	40	1,345	695	650
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	35	15	25
Turkish	55	10	40	1,270	660	615
Uyghur	0	0	0	30	20	15
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uralic languages	50	10	40	485	215	270
Estonian	0	0	0	70	15	50
Finnish	20	0	15	90	25	65
Hungarian	30	0	25	330	170	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Multiple responses	35,660	18,080	17,585	453,880	231,205	222,675
English and French	2,470	970	1,510	321,975	163,305	158,675
English and non-official language(s)	32,195	16,590	15,610	115,955	60,210	55,745
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	6,280	2,795	3,485
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	65	65	7,405	3,795	3,605
Multiple non-official languages	825	445	380	2,265	1,100	1,165
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
None	2,703,945	1,398,765	1,305,180	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935
English	36,055	17,805	18,250	902,625	474,755	427,875
French	16,140	7,125	9,020	589,755	288,955	300,800
Non-official language	79,300	38,900	40,400	331,375	168,035	163,335
Indigenous³⁹	1,320	470	850	18,190	7,740	10,450
Non-Indigenous	77,980	38,430	39,550	313,185	160,295	152,885
English and French	70	30	40	2,940	1,445	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	4,745	2,165	2,580	33,125	15,680	17,445
French and non-official language(s)	1,945	860	1,085	22,615	11,475	11,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	360	210	150
Multiple non-official languages	13,685	6,410	7,275	50,740	25,425	25,315
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,433,600	1,264,715	1,168,885	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020
Worked at home	549,845	262,840	287,005	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705
Worked outside Canada	10,065	6,785	3,275	58,335	40,295	18,035
No fixed workplace address	373,475	277,860	95,615	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415
Usual place of work	1,500,215	717,240	782,980	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,500,215	717,235	782,980	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	774,620	341,895	432,725	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	638,825	322,890	315,940	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	77,845	46,415	31,440	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285
Commute to a different province or territory	8,920	6,040	2,875	98,060	60,210	37,850
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Car, truck or van	1,497,765	824,995	672,775	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,376,410	775,555	600,865	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	121,350	49,440	71,910	844,155	343,100	501,050
Public transit	174,045	72,290	101,750	1,000,510	422,270	578,235
Walked	121,550	51,185	70,360	672,815	296,610	376,205
Bicycle	36,790	22,990	13,800	138,615	92,195	46,415
Other method	43,535	23,635	19,900	285,820	144,225	141,595
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Less than 15 minutes	595,470	276,270	319,200	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185
15 to 29 minutes	637,130	333,835	303,295	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285
30 to 44 minutes	369,645	216,975	152,670	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670
45 to 59 minutes	137,115	81,460	55,655	910,610	542,485	368,125
60 minutes and over	134,330	86,550	47,780	926,120	599,115	327,005
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	125,470	91,685	33,785	938,820	701,960	236,865
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	298,120	192,650	105,460	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	449,315	237,080	212,235	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	418,635	186,225	232,415	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	303,745	133,880	169,865	1,661,340	740,915	920,430
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	278,405	153,580	124,825	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	884,130	455,675	428,450	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,575	28,115	27,465	897,205	456,120	441,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	828,550	427,565	400,990	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	651,050	336,315	314,735	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	43,010	21,805	21,205	682,190	346,420	335,770
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	23,960	11,755	12,205	467,685	234,475	233,215
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	19,050	10,050	8,995	214,500	111,950	102,550
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	608,040	314,500	293,535	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 12, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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