Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	British ColumbiaMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	5,000,879	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	4,648,055	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.6	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	2,211,694	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	2,041,834	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	920,686.55	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	5,000,880	2,457,515	2,543,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	716,900	369,250	347,650	14.3	15.0	13.7
0 to 4 years	216,825	111,015	105,805	4.3	4.5	4.2
5 to 9 years	244,290	125,810	118,485	4.9	5.1	4.7
10 to 14 years	255,790	132,425	123,365	5.1	5.4	4.9
15 to 64 years	3,267,620	1,614,625	1,652,995	65.3	65.7	65.0
15 to 19 years	253,690	131,245	122,445	5.1	5.3	4.8
20 to 24 years	294,650	151,505	143,145	5.9	6.2	5.6
25 to 29 years	337,090	170,500	166,585	6.7	6.9	6.5
30 to 34 years	358,585	178,925	179,660	7.2	7.3	7.1
35 to 39 years	353,350	175,175	178,175	7.1	7.1	7.0
40 to 44 years	319,740	156,480	163,260	6.4	6.4	6.4
45 to 49 years	310,035	149,520	160,515	6.2	6.1	6.3
50 to 54 years	329,005	158,540	170,460	6.6	6.5	6.7
55 to 59 years	356,345	172,520	183,825	7.1	7.0	7.2
60 to 64 years	355,130	170,210	184,920	7.1	6.9	7.3
65 years and over	1,016,365	473,640	542,720	20.3	19.3	21.3
65 to 69 years	319,405	152,705	166,700	6.4	6.2	6.6
70 to 74 years	272,365	130,370	141,995	5.4	5.3	5.6
75 to 79 years	181,075	86,060	95,015	3.6	3.5	3.7
80 to 84 years	121,055	55,285	65,780	2.4	2.2	2.6
85 years and over	122,465	49,225	73,235	2.4	2.0	2.9
85 to 89 years	74,315	32,315	42,005	1.5	1.3	1.7
90 to 94 years	36,840	13,715	23,120	0.7	0.6	0.9
95 to 99 years	9,790	2,865	6,925	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	1,515	330	1,185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.3	15.0	13.7	14.3	15.0	13.7
15 to 64 years	65.3	65.7	65.0	65.3	65.7	65.0
65 years and over	20.3	19.3	21.3	20.3	19.3	21.3
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.9	2.4	2.0	2.9
Average age of the population	43.1	42.2	43.9	43.1	42.2	43.9
Median age of the population	42.8	41.6	44.0	42.8	41.6	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	866,340	...	...	42.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	62,890	...	...	3.1	...	...
Row house	168,590	...	...	8.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	249,835	...	...	12.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	417,475	...	...	20.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	221,845	...	...	10.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,760	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	51,100	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	600,705	...	...	29.4	...	...
2 persons	719,865	...	...	35.3	...	...
3 persons	296,200	...	...	14.5	...	...
4 persons	256,700	...	...	12.6	...	...
5 or more persons	168,355	...	...	8.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,915,945	2,416,800	2,499,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	4,283,980	2,088,265	2,195,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	2,464,130	1,229,850	1,234,280	57.5	58.9	56.2
Married	2,036,165	1,015,165	1,021,000	47.5	48.6	46.5
Living common-law	427,970	214,680	213,285	10.0	10.3	9.7
Living common law - Never married	313,560	158,045	155,515	7.3	7.6	7.1
Living common law - Separated	17,220	8,940	8,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	87,370	43,700	43,670	2.0	2.1	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	9,815	3,995	5,820	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	1,819,845	858,415	961,435	42.5	41.1	43.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,202,625	653,345	549,280	28.1	31.3	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	110,710	47,290	63,420	2.6	2.3	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	283,035	109,615	173,420	6.6	5.2	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	223,475	48,165	175,310	5.2	2.3	8.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,399,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	763,875	...	...	54.6	...	...
3 persons	290,335	...	...	20.7	...	...
4 persons	255,295	...	...	18.2	...	...
5 or more persons	89,900	...	...	6.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,399,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	1,190,930	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	977,010	...	...	69.8	...	...
With children⁶	496,240	...	...	35.5	...	...
Without children	480,770	...	...	34.4	...	...
Common-law couples	213,925	...	...	15.3	...	...
With children⁶	64,570	...	...	4.6	...	...
Without children	149,355	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	208,475	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	161,820	...	...	11.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	46,655	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	4,915,945	2,416,800	2,499,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	3,897,915	1,933,790	1,964,120	79.3	80.0	78.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	2,381,865	1,191,345	1,190,515	48.5	49.3	47.6
Parents in one-parent families	208,475	46,660	161,820	4.2	1.9	6.5
Children⁶	1,307,575	695,790	611,785	26.6	28.8	24.5
In a two-parent family	1,001,235	529,410	471,830	20.4	21.9	18.9
In a one-parent family	306,340	166,380	139,960	6.2	6.9	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,018,030	483,010	535,015	20.7	20.0	21.4
Living alone	600,705	273,740	326,960	12.2	11.3	13.1
Living with other relatives⁷	139,900	56,735	83,160	2.8	2.3	3.3
Living with non-relatives only	277,425	152,535	124,890	5.6	6.3	5.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	2,041,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,157,520	...	...	56.7	...	...
Couple-family households	1,002,775	...	...	49.1	...	...
With children⁶	463,945	...	...	22.7	...	...
Without children	538,825	...	...	26.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	154,745	...	...	7.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	75,700	...	...	3.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	20,325	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	79,015	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	108,570	...	...	5.3	...	...
One-person households	600,705	...	...	29.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,076,345	1,987,855	2,088,490	97.0	97.0	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,200	36,000	40,800	47,200	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,078,810	1,989,180	2,089,630	97.1	97.1	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,400	33,600	37,200	42,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,655,710	1,808,310	1,847,405	87.0	88.3	85.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	43,600	28,400	35,200	43,600	28,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,886,365	1,471,335	1,415,030	68.7	71.8	65.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,000	31,200	38,000	46,000	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,377,800	1,555,875	1,821,925	80.4	76.0	84.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,100	10,600	10,000	9,100	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	370,345	168,520	201,825	8.8	8.2	9.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,106,935	526,910	580,025	26.4	25.7	27.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,075,270	1,987,400	2,087,875	97.0	97.0	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,450	63,500	45,800	54,450	63,500	45,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,077,810	1,988,785	2,089,025	97.1	97.1	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	51,900	39,600	45,600	51,900	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,654,285	1,807,745	1,846,535	87.0	88.3	85.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	60,800	40,440	50,520	60,800	40,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,886,325	1,472,690	1,413,635	68.7	71.9	65.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	59,800	40,840	50,520	59,800	40,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,374,170	1,553,970	1,820,205	80.3	75.9	84.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,030	10,490	11,490	11,030	10,490	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	368,410	167,495	200,910	8.8	8.2	9.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	6,030	6,970	6,540	6,030	6,970
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,102,145	524,940	577,205	26.2	25.6	26.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,110	8,940	9,260	9,110	8,940	9,260
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	4,200,420	2,048,395	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,301,410	737,105	564,300	31.0	36.0	26.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,500	57,600	65,000	71,500	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700	86,600	66,000	77,700	86,600	66,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,195,830	547,835	647,995	28.5	26.7	30.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,400	17,400	19,400	22,400	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	36,160	25,840	30,560	36,160	25,840
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.0	78.2	83.2	87.0	78.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.8	69.8	60.4	65.8	69.8	60.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8	12.9	21.9	16.8	12.9	21.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.5	7.1	5.6	4.5	7.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.7	5.6	4.5	3.7	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	124,155	60,445	63,710	3.0	3.0	3.0
With total income	4,076,350	1,987,855	2,088,490	97.0	97.0	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	385,230	166,325	218,900	9.5	8.4	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	474,245	197,530	276,715	11.6	9.9	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	627,895	264,860	363,035	15.4	13.3	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	515,780	222,825	292,955	12.7	11.2	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	442,130	198,985	243,150	10.8	10.0	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	363,335	172,380	190,950	8.9	8.7	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	284,130	149,100	135,030	7.0	7.5	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	221,755	125,565	96,190	5.4	6.3	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	172,110	101,195	70,915	4.2	5.1	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	136,185	81,180	55,005	3.3	4.1	2.6
$100,000 and over	453,550	307,905	145,645	11.1	15.5	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	297,440	194,595	102,850	7.3	9.8	4.9
$150,000 and over	156,105	113,310	42,800	3.8	5.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	121,690	59,120	62,575	2.9	2.9	2.9
With after-tax income	4,078,810	1,989,185	2,089,630	97.1	97.1	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	402,375	172,800	229,575	9.9	8.7	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	490,875	204,625	286,255	12.0	10.3	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	705,795	299,550	406,245	17.3	15.1	19.4
$30,000 to $39,999	593,485	261,620	331,865	14.6	13.2	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	502,775	233,645	269,135	12.3	11.7	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	387,850	198,895	188,955	9.5	10.0	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	283,825	160,510	123,315	7.0	8.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	207,535	122,690	84,840	5.1	6.2	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	150,155	91,640	58,515	3.7	4.6	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	99,015	63,800	35,220	2.4	3.2	1.7
$100,000 and over	255,125	179,415	75,715	6.3	9.0	3.6
$100,000 to $124,999	127,025	86,835	40,195	3.1	4.4	1.9
$125,000 and over	128,100	92,585	35,515	3.1	4.7	1.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	1,314,135	576,965	737,165	31.3	28.2	34.3
With employment income	2,886,365	1,471,335	1,415,035	68.7	71.8	65.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	397,640	182,895	214,745	13.8	12.4	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	234,130	99,970	134,165	8.1	6.8	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	339,265	147,650	191,615	11.8	10.0	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	266,065	118,485	147,580	9.2	8.1	10.4
$30,000 to $39,999	257,235	116,285	140,950	8.9	7.9	10.0
$40,000 to $49,999	247,550	116,085	131,470	8.6	7.9	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	230,030	112,805	117,220	8.0	7.7	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	190,470	105,215	85,260	6.6	7.2	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	154,990	91,615	63,375	5.4	6.2	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	128,265	77,550	50,715	4.4	5.3	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	105,855	64,420	41,430	3.7	4.4	2.9
$100,000 and over	334,875	238,370	96,505	11.6	16.2	6.8
$100,000 to $124,999	154,515	102,955	51,560	5.4	7.0	3.6
$125,000 and over	180,360	135,420	44,940	6.2	9.2	3.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	4,200,500	2,048,300	2,152,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,960,225	1,926,690	2,033,535	94.3	94.1	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,000	32,800	38,400	46,000	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,968,465	1,928,380	2,040,085	94.5	94.1	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	30,000	34,800	40,800	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,614,710	1,784,370	1,830,340	86.1	87.1	85.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,800	29,800	36,400	44,800	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,972,225	1,505,485	1,466,740	70.8	73.5	68.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	45,200	30,600	36,800	45,200	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,715,540	1,173,320	1,542,220	64.6	57.3	71.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,520	6,450	5,880	4,520	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	258,710	115,865	142,845	6.2	5.7	6.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,120	5,800	5,480	5,120	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,959,300	1,926,475	2,032,835	94.3	94.0	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	62,250	42,880	52,300	62,250	42,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,967,440	1,928,070	2,039,370	94.5	94.1	94.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,400	50,520	36,640	43,400	50,520	36,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,612,845	1,783,870	1,828,980	86.0	87.1	85.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,080	61,850	40,560	51,080	61,850	40,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,971,405	1,506,375	1,465,035	70.7	73.5	68.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,120	58,700	39,280	49,120	58,700	39,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,711,365	1,168,975	1,542,390	64.5	57.1	71.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,330	8,200	8,430	8,330	8,200	8,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	258,380	115,595	142,790	6.2	5.6	6.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,140	6,310	7,810	7,140	6,310	7,810
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	4,200,420	2,048,395	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,288,260	729,135	559,120	30.7	35.6	26.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	68,000	52,800	60,400	68,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,800	82,200	60,600	72,800	82,200	60,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,128,665	516,540	612,120	26.9	25.2	28.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	29,400	22,600	25,200	29,400	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,280	43,320	30,320	36,280	43,320	30,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0	92.0	85.0	89.0	92.0	85.0
Employment income (%)	70.4	73.8	66.0	70.4	73.8	66.0
Government transfers (%)	10.9	8.0	14.9	10.9	8.0	14.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	2,041,835	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	600,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...	43,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,441,130	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	2,041,835	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,600	...	...	108,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	91,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	600,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	55,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,680	...	...	46,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,441,410	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	130,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,600	...	...	109,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	30,080	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,160	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	19,290	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	41,735	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	82,340	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	63,830	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	64,895	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	75,105	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	73,975	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	73,180	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	144,895	...	...	7.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	139,140	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	131,840	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	122,530	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	112,775	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	853,065	...	...	41.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	235,680	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	178,970	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	221,175	...	...	10.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	217,240	...	...	10.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	34,265	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,550	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	19,930	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	43,390	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	86,585	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	72,515	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	74,810	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	85,940	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	85,575	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	85,000	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	168,315	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	160,070	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	149,385	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	136,615	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	121,890	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	704,010	...	...	34.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	243,560	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	167,850	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	292,600	...	...	14.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,364,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	562,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	561,965	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	188,585	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	878,130	426,275	451,855	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	40,800	37,600	39,200	40,800	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,200	34,800	36,000	37,200	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,363,860	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,900	...	...	108,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	561,775	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,100	...	...	115,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	563,000	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	161,800	...	...	161,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...	133,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	186,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,400	...	...	83,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...	73,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	875,470	423,270	452,200	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,240	53,050	47,600	50,240	53,050	47,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,720	44,400	41,200	42,720	44,400	41,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	4,915,940	2,416,800	2,499,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	866,210	446,475	419,740	17.6	18.5	16.8
0 to 5 years	264,100	135,340	128,760	5.4	5.6	5.2
18 to 64 years	3,085,015	1,515,740	1,569,280	62.8	62.7	62.8
65 years and over	964,710	454,590	510,120	19.6	18.8	20.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	528,870	246,885	281,980	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	98,830	51,230	47,600	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	29,460	15,150	14,310	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	297,960	141,460	156,505	...	...	...
65 years and over	132,075	54,200	77,875	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.2	11.3	10.8	10.2	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	11.4	11.5	11.3	11.4	11.5	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.1	11.2	11.2	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.3	10.0	9.7	9.3	10.0
65 years and over (%)	13.7	11.9	15.3	13.7	11.9	15.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	4,825,465	2,371,915	2,453,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	848,955	437,500	411,455	17.6	18.4	16.8
0 to 5 years	259,060	132,740	126,320	5.4	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	3,033,655	1,490,215	1,543,435	62.9	62.8	62.9
65 years and over	942,860	444,195	498,660	19.5	18.7	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	279,035	139,265	139,770	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	44,480	23,070	21,410	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	11,690	6,045	5,640	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	201,000	101,455	99,545	...	...	...
65 years and over	33,555	14,740	18,815	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.8	5.9	5.7	5.8	5.9	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6	6.8	6.5	6.6	6.8	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.6	3.3	3.8	3.6	3.3	3.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	4,915,940	2,416,800	2,499,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	2,300,730	1,101,130	1,199,605	46.8	45.6	48.0
In bottom decile	516,435	247,990	268,445	10.5	10.3	10.7
In second decile	444,845	206,090	238,750	9.0	8.5	9.6
In third decile	436,965	208,575	228,385	8.9	8.6	9.1
In fourth decile	442,745	214,155	228,590	9.0	8.9	9.1
In fifth decile	459,740	224,315	235,420	9.4	9.3	9.4
In top half of the distribution	2,615,210	1,315,675	1,299,535	53.2	54.4	52.0
In sixth decile	475,780	234,975	240,805	9.7	9.7	9.6
In seventh decile	494,480	246,315	248,165	10.1	10.2	9.9
In eighth decile	518,565	260,640	257,925	10.5	10.8	10.3
In ninth decile	550,860	278,965	271,890	11.2	11.5	10.9
In top decile	575,535	294,785	280,750	11.7	12.2	11.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	4,915,940	...	...	4,915,940	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.346	...	...	0.346	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.306	...	...	0.306	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	4,461,290	2,220,225	2,241,070	90.1	91.2	89.0
French only	1,785	810	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	326,865	146,310	180,565	6.6	6.0	7.2
Neither English nor French	161,720	67,240	94,475	3.3	2.8	3.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,718,195	2,332,370	2,385,825	95.3	95.8	94.8
French	56,495	28,130	28,370	1.1	1.2	1.1
English and French	18,145	8,260	9,885	0.4	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	158,820	65,825	92,995	3.2	2.7	3.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	4,761,600	2,343,570	2,418,030	96.2	96.3	96.1
Official languages	3,382,455	1,699,060	1,683,395	68.3	69.8	66.9
English	3,325,035	1,670,420	1,654,615	67.1	68.6	65.7
French	57,420	28,645	28,780	1.2	1.2	1.1
Non-official languages	1,379,145	644,515	734,630	27.9	26.5	29.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,490	2,600	2,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	820	390	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	630	310	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	620	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	305	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	135	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	1,560	710	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,545	705	840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	615	280	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	460	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	1,080	510	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	265	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	95	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	1,005	505	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	575	295	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	760	380	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	295	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,373,655	641,910	731,745	27.7	26.4	29.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	33,195	17,710	15,485	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	110	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,005	1,025	980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	310	165	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,590	805	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	31,020	16,575	14,450	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	1,620	790	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	22,970	12,330	10,640	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	1,505	770	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	580	295	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	800	405	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,260	1,275	980	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,455	1,310	1,150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	34,145	15,270	18,875	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,530	670	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	32,560	14,580	17,985	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	104,100	42,685	61,415	2.1	1.8	2.4
Bikol	425	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,375	550	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	3,585	1,405	2,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	345	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,895	755	1,140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	6,325	2,650	3,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	4,080	1,730	2,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	200	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	365	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	870	400	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	395	165	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,835	33,800	49,045	1.7	1.4	1.9
Waray-Waray	300	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	945	425	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	925	465	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	375	170	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,260	7,225	6,035	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	565	290	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	4,740	2,590	2,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	5,055	2,645	2,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	2,810	1,650	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	657,345	321,395	335,955	13.3	13.2	13.3
Albanian	1,645	850	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,350	650	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	81,655	37,525	44,135	1.6	1.5	1.8
Baltic languages	1,065	475	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	545	250	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	525	220	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	80,590	37,050	43,540	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,025	960	1,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5,855	2,770	3,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	330	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15,810	7,190	8,625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	28,660	12,825	15,835	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	16,425	8,055	8,365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	1,655	805	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	6,805	3,255	3,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	7,665	3,855	3,815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	3,275	1,475	1,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	950	430	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	7,120	3,120	4,000	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	415	225	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	110	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	84,375	39,695	44,675	1.7	1.6	1.8
Frisian	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	53,255	24,820	28,435	1.1	1.0	1.1
German	50,695	23,575	27,125	1.0	1.0	1.1
Pennsylvania German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	2,330	1,130	1,205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	23,295	11,250	12,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	3,700	1,830	1,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	17,345	8,325	9,020	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	235	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,580	775	810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	7,530	3,465	4,060	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	3,625	1,700	1,925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	1,520	720	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	2,175	940	1,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	5,545	2,925	2,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	368,635	184,325	184,310	7.4	7.6	7.3
Indo-Aryan languages	306,465	153,205	153,260	6.2	6.3	6.1
Assamese	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,765	2,640	2,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	8,250	4,130	4,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	32,390	16,270	16,120	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	1,195	510	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,605	840	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,725	900	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240,865	119,945	120,915	4.9	4.9	4.8
Rohingya	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	285	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,935	960	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	12,210	6,195	6,015	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	625	325	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	62,135	31,100	31,030	1.3	1.3	1.2
Baluchi	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,775	1,510	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,365	760	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	57,700	28,670	29,030	1.2	1.2	1.2
Dari	6,005	2,965	3,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	46,395	23,045	23,355	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,295	2,665	2,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	113,685	55,180	58,505	2.3	2.3	2.3
Catalan	200	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	19,805	10,000	9,800	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	24,320	11,490	12,840	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	8,775	4,250	4,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	60,465	29,260	31,205	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	22,030	7,135	14,895	0.4	0.3	0.6
Korean	59,935	26,815	33,125	1.2	1.1	1.3
Mongolian	435	185	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,910	2,455	2,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	545	300	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	295	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,090	520	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	555	305	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	735	360	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	420	215	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	220	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,000	560	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	895	500	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	419,855	189,740	230,115	8.5	7.8	9.1
Chinese languages	417,290	188,495	228,795	8.4	7.7	9.1
Hakka	2,080	895	1,185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	205,205	91,455	113,750	4.1	3.8	4.5
Min Dong	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,780	5,240	6,540	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,200	1,405	1,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	192,140	88,195	103,945	3.9	3.6	4.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,560	1,155	1,405	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,485	1,205	1,280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	1,015	485	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	725	345	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	645	305	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	395	215	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,395	1,380	3,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,100	525	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,170	800	2,365	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	6,055	3,325	2,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	625	345	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	4,765	2,685	2,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	165	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	11,275	5,160	6,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	575	235	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	3,005	1,240	1,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	7,700	3,685	4,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	190,055	91,010	99,040	3.8	3.7	3.9
English and French	17,320	8,415	8,905	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	150,730	72,755	77,980	3.0	3.0	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	2,395	1,135	1,260	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,960	1,335	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	16,645	7,375	9,270	0.3	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,491,395	1,745,260	1,746,140	70.5	71.7	69.4
French	11,050	5,420	5,625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	464,235	216,230	248,005	9.4	8.9	9.9
Indigenous³⁹	645	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	463,590	215,910	247,685	9.4	8.9	9.8
English and French	42,645	19,975	22,670	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	880,090	419,520	460,570	17.8	17.2	18.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,065	480	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	21,610	9,790	11,820	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	39,565	17,910	21,660	0.8	0.7	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	4,753,615	2,340,025	2,413,590	96.0	96.1	95.9
Official languages	3,906,070	1,939,330	1,966,740	78.9	79.7	78.1
English	3,888,825	1,930,925	1,957,900	78.5	79.3	77.8
French	17,245	8,400	8,845	0.3	0.3	0.4
Non-official languages	847,550	400,695	446,850	17.1	16.5	17.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,215	595	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	465	235	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	460	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	250	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	210	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	846,335	400,100	446,235	17.1	16.4	17.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	19,805	10,000	9,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,150	570	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	930	455	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,605	9,405	9,195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	765	345	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	13,845	6,995	6,850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	1,110	545	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	600	290	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,030	535	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,810	975	840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	21,705	9,915	11,790	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	780	360	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20,890	9,535	11,350	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	54,720	24,615	30,105	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bikol	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	585	260	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,735	780	950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	865	390	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	3,280	1,480	1,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,375	675	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	425	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45,380	20,305	25,080	0.9	0.8	1.0
Waray-Waray	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	355	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	430	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	230	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	8,005	4,180	3,825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	240	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,890	1,545	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	3,185	1,585	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,645	895	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	364,340	179,590	184,745	7.4	7.4	7.3
Albanian	690	345	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	675	315	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	33,875	16,185	17,690	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	225	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	33,650	16,070	17,580	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	900	430	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,760	875	890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,250	2,470	2,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	16,090	7,655	8,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,745	3,270	3,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	720	345	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,940	885	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	4,010	1,990	2,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,040	510	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,630	755	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,280	5,870	6,410	0.2	0.2	0.3
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,805	3,690	4,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	7,320	3,455	3,865	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	480	230	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,785	1,850	1,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	1,725	850	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,485	720	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	440	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	670	320	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,915	900	1,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	263,030	130,695	132,330	5.3	5.4	5.3
Indo-Aryan languages	220,735	110,140	110,605	4.5	4.5	4.4
Assamese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,720	1,410	1,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	4,160	2,050	2,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	17,670	8,855	8,815	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	455	185	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	780	400	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,120	570	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	184,065	91,825	92,240	3.7	3.8	3.7
Rohingya	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	940	445	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	8,235	4,095	4,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	42,285	20,560	21,725	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baluchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,765	900	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	900	490	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	39,475	19,095	20,375	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	3,690	1,785	1,900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	32,375	15,665	16,710	0.7	0.6	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,405	1,640	1,765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	51,830	25,240	26,590	1.0	1.0	1.1
Catalan	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,475	1,930	2,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	12,670	6,055	6,615	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	3,620	1,740	1,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	30,960	15,455	15,500	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10,220	4,190	6,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	45,525	20,925	24,600	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,485	705	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	375	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,720	970	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	1,390	790	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	325	180	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	310,860	141,235	169,630	6.3	5.8	6.7
Chinese languages	309,165	140,385	168,780	6.2	5.8	6.7
Hakka	605	270	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	162,130	73,835	88,295	3.3	3.0	3.5
Min Dong	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,285	2,850	3,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,010	930	1,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	136,525	61,785	74,745	2.8	2.5	3.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,455	650	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,665	830	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	670	325	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	530	270	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	475	240	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	240	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,570	655	915	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	500	235	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,010	390	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,030	1,540	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,500	1,290	1,205	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,375	1,100	1,280	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	500	210	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,815	855	955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	198,040	94,560	103,480	4.0	3.9	4.1
English and French	7,210	3,415	3,800	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	183,010	87,560	95,445	3.7	3.6	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	535	245	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,525	735	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	5,760	2,605	3,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	4,951,660	2,434,585	2,517,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	4,130,200	2,045,235	2,084,970	83.4	84.0	82.8
English	304,845	147,605	157,245	6.2	6.1	6.2
French	34,575	15,995	18,575	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	379,250	176,935	202,310	7.7	7.3	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	5,140	2,360	2,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	374,105	174,580	199,525	7.6	7.2	7.9
English and French	2,740	1,245	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	46,940	22,760	24,175	0.9	0.9	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	11,880	5,335	6,550	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	655	300	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	40,580	19,180	21,395	0.8	0.8	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	4,754,865	2,350,105	2,404,760	96.7	97.2	96.2
English	4,753,275	2,349,445	2,403,835	96.7	97.2	96.2
French	327,350	145,985	181,370	6.7	6.0	7.3
Non-official languages	1,780,325	838,795	941,525	36.2	34.7	37.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	16,560	7,740	8,820	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquian languages	1,985	885	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,450	675	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,425	660	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	435	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	745	360	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	440	175	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	400	160	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	275	115	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	3,540	1,580	1,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	3,490	1,570	1,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	1,530	675	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	235	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	135	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	855	395	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	245	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	225	80	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	205	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	90	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	240	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5,145	2,450	2,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	1,400	665	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	590	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	465	270	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	1,060	475	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	345	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	315	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	690	315	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	2,610	1,310	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,120	545	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	1,080	585	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	455	205	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	2,145	965	1,180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	790	335	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	685	300	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	355	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,764,475	831,400	933,075	35.9	34.4	37.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	50,895	27,105	23,785	1.0	1.1	1.0
Berber languages	235	140	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	140	90	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	285	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,745	1,470	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	500	280	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	2,215	1,180	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	48,405	25,830	22,570	1.0	1.1	0.9
Amharic	3,100	1,605	1,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	35,595	19,250	16,355	0.7	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	2,270	1,165	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	895	495	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,050	510	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	6,995	3,570	3,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	270	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,435	1,890	1,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	44,030	19,965	24,070	0.9	0.8	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,210	1,020	1,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	41,975	19,020	22,950	0.9	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	148,455	61,285	87,165	3.0	2.5	3.5
Bikol	810	370	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,655	655	1,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5,995	2,485	3,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,020	500	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,135	1,215	1,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	11,285	4,555	6,725	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	6,810	3,175	3,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	330	115	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	200	70	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	3,485	1,665	1,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,550	675	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	925	375	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	133,780	54,495	79,285	2.7	2.3	3.2
Waray-Waray	865	360	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,580	2,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	3,230	1,610	1,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	470	225	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	265	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	160	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,070	520	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	835	450	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	555	280	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	20,585	11,060	9,530	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kannada	1,615	885	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	6,765	3,705	3,060	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	9,740	5,125	4,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	4,860	2,760	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	240	140	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	906,560	443,600	462,960	18.4	18.4	18.5
Albanian	2,195	1,045	1,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,600	765	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	101,395	47,765	53,630	2.1	2.0	2.1
Baltic languages	1,480	695	790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	730	330	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	750	365	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	100,340	47,265	53,075	2.0	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	330	140	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,475	1,190	1,285	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	7,935	3,815	4,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	505	260	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	19,640	9,130	10,510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	42,390	19,800	22,590	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	21,625	10,790	10,835	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	3,150	1,540	1,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	11,060	5,345	5,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	11,070	5,640	5,425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	480	255	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	4,315	1,945	2,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,280	585	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	12,205	5,430	6,775	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	2,675	1,430	1,245	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	1,665	920	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	260	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	610	290	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	160	100	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	128,605	60,765	67,835	2.6	2.5	2.7
Frisian	375	210	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	86,275	41,190	45,085	1.8	1.7	1.8
German	84,325	40,275	44,050	1.7	1.7	1.8
Pennsylvania German	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	3,030	1,415	1,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	34,480	16,520	17,965	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	9,755	5,050	4,705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	22,380	10,375	12,005	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	2,180	1,055	1,130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	405	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	12,425	5,520	6,910	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	4,950	2,235	2,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	330	130	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	3,125	1,420	1,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	4,730	2,125	2,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	210	135	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	9,005	4,630	4,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	477,485	240,310	237,175	9.7	9.9	9.5
Indo-Aryan languages	406,375	204,750	201,625	8.3	8.5	8.1
Assamese	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	6,565	3,480	3,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	14,340	7,060	7,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	134,950	67,645	67,300	2.7	2.8	2.7
Kacchi	2,925	1,295	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	775	400	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	3,555	1,910	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,445	1,270	1,180	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315,000	158,625	156,375	6.4	6.6	6.3
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	645	350	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,440	1,630	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	25,780	13,590	12,190	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,645	855	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	73,745	37,010	36,730	1.5	1.5	1.5
Baluchi	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,875	2,110	1,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,645	1,545	1,105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	68,960	34,500	34,460	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	8,235	4,005	4,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	55,745	27,930	27,815	1.1	1.2	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,780	2,995	2,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	200	135	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	210	135	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	211,725	100,750	110,975	4.3	4.2	4.4
Catalan	565	270	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	36,370	17,200	19,170	0.7	0.7	0.8
Portuguese	33,005	16,050	16,955	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	11,210	5,470	5,745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	143,900	68,245	75,660	2.9	2.8	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	655	380	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	320	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	41,835	17,590	24,240	0.9	0.7	1.0
Korean	69,935	31,335	38,600	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	565	250	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	13,290	6,795	6,495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	1,365	695	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	215	125	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	415	205	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	130	35	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	980	485	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	605	280	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	475	260	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	335	130	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	725	345	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	105	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5,205	2,735	2,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,815	935	880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,275	1,215	1,060	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	670	315	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	235	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	7,965	3,150	4,815	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	7,020	2,700	4,320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,105	515	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	491,660	225,430	266,230	10.0	9.3	10.7
Chinese languages	488,465	223,825	264,650	9.9	9.3	10.6
Hakka	3,615	1,645	1,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	312,625	140,985	171,640	6.4	5.8	6.9
Min Dong	215	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	24,065	10,615	13,450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,760	2,020	2,740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	246,045	112,580	133,465	5.0	4.7	5.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,215	1,025	1,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,375	1,710	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	1,730	870	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	770	375	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	705	340	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	590	320	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	6,725	2,635	4,085	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	1,635	735	900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5,310	1,960	3,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10,910	5,605	5,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	1,665	880	790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	230	70	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	9,230	4,805	4,425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	235	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	275	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	13,510	6,345	7,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	695	310	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	3,635	1,675	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	9,230	4,395	4,840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	585	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	290,210	141,210	148,995	5.9	5.8	6.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	279,670	136,400	143,265	5.7	5.6	5.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	180,085	87,860	92,225	3.7	3.6	3.7
Métis	97,860	47,745	50,120	2.0	2.0	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	1,720	795	925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	5,980	2,730	3,245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	4,560	2,075	2,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	4,625,735	2,275,675	2,350,060	94.1	94.2	94.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	136,875	66,610	70,265	2.8	2.8	2.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,779,065	2,350,275	2,428,790	97.2	97.2	97.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	1,363,190	...	...	66.8	...	...
Renter	669,450	...	...	32.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	9,190	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	482,755	...	...	23.6	...	...
Not condominium	1,559,075	...	...	76.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	30,855	...	...	1.5	...	...
1 bedroom	354,020	...	...	17.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	569,180	...	...	27.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	539,910	...	...	26.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	547,870	...	...	26.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	766,380	...	...	37.5	...	...
5 rooms	300,895	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	248,045	...	...	12.1	...	...
7 rooms	205,105	...	...	10.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	521,410	...	...	25.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,984,655	...	...	97.2	...	...
More than one person per room	57,180	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,919,140	...	...	94.0	...	...
Not suitable	122,700	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	256,175	...	...	12.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	550,690	...	...	27.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	289,940	...	...	14.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	336,315	...	...	16.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	122,855	...	...	6.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	164,165	...	...	8.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	135,725	...	...	6.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	185,965	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,922,640	...	...	94.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	119,195	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	1,003,245	...	...	49.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	904,960	...	...	44.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	133,630	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	2,041,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	57,980	...	...	2.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	282,195	...	...	13.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	343,380	...	...	16.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	354,340	...	...	17.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	407,735	...	...	20.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	347,335	...	...	17.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	182,155	...	...	8.9	...	...
85 years and over	66,710	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,988,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,481,365	...	...	74.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	506,850	...	...	25.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	434,390	...	...	21.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	2,041,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	683,985	...	...	33.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	451,550	...	...	22.1	...	...
Not suitable only	89,300	...	...	4.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	80,200	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	23,945	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	29,585	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	7,640	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,770	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,357,845	...	...	66.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,915,755	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	257,090	...	...	13.4	...	...
Not in core need	1,658,665	...	...	86.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,330,795	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.5	...	...	57.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.3	...	...	19.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	...	...	1,668	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	785,000	...	...	785,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	983,000	...	...	983,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	663,870	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0	...	...	11.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.8	...	...	37.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,494	...	...	1,494	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,190	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	368	...	...	368	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	446	...	...	446	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	120,245	59,370	60,880	2.4	2.5	2.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	118,210	58,475	59,730	2.4	2.4	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	100,805	49,745	51,060	2.1	2.1	2.0
Métis single ancestry	16,830	8,485	8,350	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	570	245	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,040	890	1,145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,870	830	1,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	60	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	191,640	92,300	99,335	3.9	3.8	4.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	184,975	89,155	95,825	3.8	3.7	3.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	123,735	59,635	64,100	2.5	2.5	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	59,905	28,840	31,070	1.2	1.2	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,330	680	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	6,665	3,145	3,515	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,390	3,035	3,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	4,604,055	2,265,220	2,338,840	93.7	93.7	93.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	4,359,045	2,149,325	2,209,725	88.7	88.9	88.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	812,305	418,815	393,495	16.5	17.3	15.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,546,745	1,730,505	1,816,235	72.1	71.6	72.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	556,895	267,560	289,330	11.3	11.1	11.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,319,230	1,663,815	1,655,410	67.5	68.8	66.2
Immigrants⁸¹	1,425,710	665,630	760,085	29.0	27.5	30.4
Before 1980	280,160	133,415	146,745	5.7	5.5	5.9
1980 to 1990	164,445	76,815	87,630	3.3	3.2	3.5
1991 to 2000	299,115	137,275	161,840	6.1	5.7	6.5
2001 to 2010	316,915	145,825	171,090	6.4	6.0	6.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	365,075	172,295	192,780	7.4	7.1	7.7
2011 to 2015	167,650	78,200	89,450	3.4	3.2	3.6
2016 to 2021	197,425	94,095	103,325	4.0	3.9	4.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	171,000	87,440	83,560	3.5	3.6	3.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,425,715	665,630	760,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	117,555	59,560	57,995	8.2	8.9	7.6
5 to 14 years	226,910	116,660	110,250	15.9	17.5	14.5
15 to 24 years	275,435	124,860	150,575	19.3	18.8	19.8
25 to 44 years	639,200	288,950	350,255	44.8	43.4	46.1
45 years and over	166,605	75,600	91,010	11.7	11.4	12.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,425,715	665,630	760,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	126,075	58,445	67,635	8.8	8.8	8.9
Brazil	8,765	4,120	4,645	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	5,450	2,440	3,010	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	5,770	2,990	2,780	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyana	1,400	585	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	490	285	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	4,295	2,190	2,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	13,385	5,910	7,480	0.9	0.9	1.0
Peru	3,510	1,535	1,975	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	2,725	1,255	1,470	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	59,920	27,535	32,380	4.2	4.1	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	20,355	9,600	10,760	1.4	1.4	1.4
Europe	307,495	151,050	156,445	21.6	22.7	20.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,510	2,205	2,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatia	5,390	2,670	2,725	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	7,025	3,650	3,380	0.5	0.5	0.4
Germany	30,910	14,710	16,200	2.2	2.2	2.1
Greece	3,350	1,895	1,460	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	5,115	2,395	2,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	13,410	6,920	6,490	0.9	1.0	0.9
Netherlands	16,070	7,985	8,085	1.1	1.2	1.1
Poland	14,305	6,610	7,700	1.0	1.0	1.0
Portugal	7,785	3,765	4,020	0.5	0.6	0.5
Romania	9,370	4,490	4,885	0.7	0.7	0.6
Russian Federation	12,170	5,240	6,930	0.9	0.8	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	4,565	2,275	2,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	9,450	4,390	5,060	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	116,525	58,485	58,045	8.2	8.8	7.6
Other places of birth in Europe	47,545	23,380	24,170	3.3	3.5	3.2
Africa	53,330	27,245	26,085	3.7	4.1	3.4
Algeria	510	325	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,005	540	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	3,310	1,900	1,410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	2,485	1,440	1,050	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	2,590	1,305	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	1,270	610	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	3,585	1,880	1,700	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	1,240	625	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15,380	7,710	7,670	1.1	1.2	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	21,955	10,905	11,050	1.5	1.6	1.5
Asia	905,585	412,460	493,125	63.5	62.0	64.9
Afghanistan	6,245	3,065	3,185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	45,970	23,175	22,795	3.2	3.5	3.0
Iraq	7,000	3,750	3,245	0.5	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	2,455	1,390	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	6,545	3,420	3,130	0.5	0.5	0.4
Turkey	3,095	1,690	1,410	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	217,970	94,905	123,065	15.3	14.3	16.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	78,855	36,815	42,035	5.5	5.5	5.5
Korea, South⁹²	47,520	21,345	26,180	3.3	3.2	3.4
Taiwan	40,445	18,100	22,340	2.8	2.7	2.9
Philippines	131,645	54,350	77,300	9.2	8.2	10.2
Viet Nam	32,390	14,475	17,915	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	3,035	1,520	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	197,115	96,630	100,480	13.8	14.5	13.2
Pakistan	13,345	6,910	6,430	0.9	1.0	0.8
Sri Lanka	5,375	2,595	2,775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	66,580	28,320	38,260	4.7	4.3	5.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	33,225	16,430	16,800	2.3	2.5	2.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	197,420	94,095	103,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	22,835	10,990	11,850	11.6	11.7	11.5
Brazil	5,130	2,430	2,695	2.6	2.6	2.6
Colombia	1,075	495	580	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,005	515	490	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexico	3,045	1,450	1,595	1.5	1.5	1.5
United States of America	8,760	4,325	4,430	4.4	4.6	4.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	530	205	330	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	3,265	1,545	1,720	1.7	1.6	1.7
Europe	25,290	13,375	11,920	12.8	14.2	11.5
France	1,730	935	795	0.9	1.0	0.8
Germany	1,380	680	705	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	2,420	1,485	935	1.2	1.6	0.9
Italy	995	555	445	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	2,075	835	1,235	1.1	0.9	1.2
Ukraine	1,935	885	1,045	1.0	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,675	4,510	3,165	3.9	4.8	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	7,090	3,490	3,605	3.6	3.7	3.5
Africa	10,465	5,545	4,915	5.3	5.9	4.8
Algeria	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	340	205	140	0.2	0.2	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	610	350	255	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	1,515	935	585	0.8	1.0	0.6
Ethiopia	620	340	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	275	115	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	1,770	925	845	0.9	1.0	0.8
Somalia	255	130	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,965	945	1,015	1.0	1.0	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,420	1,245	1,180	1.2	1.3	1.1
Asia	134,395	61,590	72,805	68.1	65.5	70.5
Afghanistan	1,325	700	625	0.7	0.7	0.6
Bangladesh	655	340	315	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	31,450	13,060	18,390	15.9	13.9	17.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,515	1,125	1,390	1.3	1.2	1.3
India	39,390	20,140	19,245	20.0	21.4	18.6
Iran⁸⁸	5,850	2,865	2,980	3.0	3.0	2.9
Iraq	1,545	840	705	0.8	0.9	0.7
Israel	605	365	240	0.3	0.4	0.2
Japan	2,090	500	1,590	1.1	0.5	1.5
Jordan	395	200	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	7,220	2,935	4,280	3.7	3.1	4.1
Lebanon	395	175	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepal	405	195	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	2,390	1,300	1,090	1.2	1.4	1.1
Philippines	21,220	9,170	12,055	10.7	9.7	11.7
Saudi Arabia	565	340	230	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	710	330	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	4,955	2,635	2,320	2.5	2.8	2.2
Turkey	1,025	615	410	0.5	0.7	0.4
United Arab Emirates	620	305	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	2,845	995	1,850	1.4	1.1	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	6,215	2,450	3,770	3.1	2.6	3.6
Oceania and other⁹³	4,440	2,600	1,840	2.2	2.8	1.8
Australia	3,280	1,965	1,315	1.7	2.1	1.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	1,160	630	530	0.6	0.7	0.5
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	4,915,940	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,657,625	783,205	874,415	33.7	32.4	35.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	1,068,600	536,615	531,985	21.7	22.2	21.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	2,189,720	1,097,065	1,092,655	44.5	45.4	43.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,145,550	532,215	613,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	661,395	320,875	340,525	57.7	60.3	55.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	273,695	157,230	116,470	23.9	29.5	19.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	387,700	163,640	224,055	33.8	30.7	36.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	372,185	152,795	219,390	32.5	28.7	35.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	97,720	52,250	45,470	8.5	9.8	7.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	14,250	6,295	7,960	1.2	1.2	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,145,550	532,215	613,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	27,320	15,640	11,685	2.4	2.9	1.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	138,760	59,130	79,630	12.1	11.1	13.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	40,690	20,075	20,615	3.6	3.8	3.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	71,860	33,525	38,335	6.3	6.3	6.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,145	2,030	3,110	0.4	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	861,775	401,815	459,965	75.2	75.5	75.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,689,490	810,165	879,325	34.4	33.5	35.2
South Asian	473,965	240,475	233,495	9.6	9.9	9.3
Chinese	550,590	257,590	293,000	11.2	10.7	11.7
Black	61,760	31,965	29,790	1.3	1.3	1.2
Filipino	174,280	76,070	98,210	3.5	3.1	3.9
Arab	28,010	15,015	12,995	0.6	0.6	0.5
Latin American	65,970	31,960	34,015	1.3	1.3	1.4
Southeast Asian	71,785	33,340	38,445	1.5	1.4	1.5
West Asian	69,270	34,800	34,470	1.4	1.4	1.4
Korean	72,815	33,390	39,425	1.5	1.4	1.6
Japanese	44,120	18,335	25,790	0.9	0.8	1.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	18,080	8,935	9,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	58,840	28,295	30,540	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	3,226,450	1,606,725	1,619,730	65.6	66.5	64.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	4,915,940	2,416,890	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	459,320	236,305	223,015	9.3	9.8	8.9
English	1,019,250	499,340	519,910	20.7	20.7	20.8
Irish	627,920	297,705	330,215	12.8	12.3	13.2
Scottish	774,455	376,280	398,170	15.8	15.6	15.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	312,750	150,460	162,290	6.4	6.2	6.5
German	539,145	263,480	275,665	11.0	10.9	11.0
Chinese	517,805	242,015	275,785	10.5	10.0	11.0
Italian	162,485	81,275	81,205	3.3	3.4	3.2
Indian (India)	275,975	138,885	137,090	5.6	5.7	5.5
Ukrainian	210,100	102,030	108,065	4.3	4.2	4.3
Dutch	189,985	94,390	95,600	3.9	3.9	3.8
Polish	134,635	63,780	70,850	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	6,240	3,120	3,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	191,025	94,050	96,980	3.9	3.9	3.9
Filipino	172,915	75,990	96,930	3.5	3.1	3.9
French Canadian	39,930	19,400	20,535	0.8	0.8	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	82,175	42,475	39,700	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	105,005	51,270	53,735	2.1	2.1	2.2
Métis	85,205	41,265	43,930	1.7	1.7	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	102,475	51,755	50,715	2.1	2.1	2.0
Russian	121,755	58,460	63,295	2.5	2.4	2.5
Norwegian	137,170	65,790	71,385	2.8	2.7	2.9
Welsh	104,225	49,190	55,035	2.1	2.0	2.2
Portuguese	39,755	19,465	20,290	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	71,530	34,865	36,660	1.5	1.4	1.5
Spanish	54,365	25,030	29,335	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	103,630	48,520	55,115	2.1	2.0	2.2
Hungarian	51,915	25,060	26,855	1.1	1.0	1.1
Acadian	7,025	3,455	3,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	19,050	9,780	9,275	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	18,520	9,370	9,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	34,395	17,265	17,135	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	93,395	47,650	45,740	1.9	2.0	1.8
Vietnamese	51,890	24,430	27,455	1.1	1.0	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	12,590	6,755	5,840	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	23,300	11,910	11,390	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	9,865	5,140	4,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	47,650	22,170	25,480	1.0	0.9	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	24,875	11,715	13,160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	72,025	33,110	38,915	1.5	1.4	1.6
Romanian	30,195	14,590	15,605	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	8,440	4,310	4,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	49,390	24,720	24,675	1.0	1.0	1.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	13,865	6,995	6,870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	54,865	26,740	28,130	1.1	1.1	1.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	24,140	11,670	12,470	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	69,100	35,355	33,750	1.4	1.5	1.4
Austrian	45,280	21,810	23,465	0.9	0.9	0.9
Belgian	19,505	9,395	10,110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	1,215	640	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	19,405	10,140	9,265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexican	28,445	14,140	14,305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	20,925	10,530	10,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Swiss	28,520	13,995	14,525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	33,680	16,290	17,390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sri Lankan	6,440	3,210	3,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	23,750	11,645	12,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	54,640	23,430	31,215	1.1	1.0	1.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	20,125	9,935	10,190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	4,840	2,340	2,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30,950	14,970	15,980	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	8,220	4,150	4,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	5,810	3,125	2,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	11,730	5,675	6,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	3,380	1,835	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25,910	12,770	13,135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombian	7,315	3,555	3,760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	2,020	980	1,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	22,425	10,920	11,505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	6,550	3,350	3,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	2,420	1,240	1,180	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afghan	9,605	4,725	4,875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,515	2,250	2,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	12,660	6,575	6,080	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	5,145	2,565	2,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	4,530	2,415	2,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	30,020	14,470	15,550	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ontarian	3,315	1,570	1,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	19,155	9,840	9,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,120	2,075	2,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	8,070	4,185	3,895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	2,120	1,005	1,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,740	1,930	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	915	545	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	12,435	6,005	6,430	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigerian	4,110	2,075	2,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	4,040	2,075	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	11,565	5,520	6,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,810	5,340	6,470	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	2,665	1,460	1,205	0.1	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	37,530	17,430	20,100	0.8	0.7	0.8
Iraqi	4,590	2,350	2,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	6,580	3,285	3,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,640	805	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	10,735	5,070	5,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,140	2,630	2,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,715	1,245	1,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	1,880	965	915	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,855	835	1,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	7,330	3,450	3,885	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	13,965	6,930	7,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	18,505	9,575	8,925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	2,750	1,470	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	6,220	3,100	3,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	1,500	780	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	2,015	885	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,720	1,275	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,295	2,430	2,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	4,260	1,975	2,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	1,350	720	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,350	1,545	1,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	605	370	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	2,455	1,180	1,280	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	2,750	1,340	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,235	605	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	5,340	2,485	2,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	7,865	3,860	4,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	875	430	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	2,670	1,335	1,340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	2,245	1,230	1,015	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	1,535	790	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	3,645	1,850	1,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	2,355	1,205	1,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	6,545	2,955	3,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	3,720	1,785	1,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	3,430	1,690	1,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	1,670	905	770	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	1,950	985	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	4,500	2,320	2,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	5,580	2,605	2,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	5,285	2,660	2,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,770	895	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	3,785	1,910	1,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,835	810	1,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	180	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	4,860	2,450	2,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,370	745	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	335	220	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	2,415	1,320	1,095	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	8,440	3,890	4,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	2,485	1,160	1,320	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	4,765	2,115	2,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	4,550	2,245	2,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	5,445	2,660	2,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	20,450	10,360	10,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ecuadorian	1,135	545	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	360	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	2,625	1,260	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	4,695	2,200	2,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,375	1,830	1,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	16,120	7,710	8,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jatt	8,370	4,345	4,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,695	1,480	1,210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	760	445	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5,745	2,120	3,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	860	415	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	2,305	1,130	1,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	695	415	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	890	445	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	2,610	1,250	1,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,025	505	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	2,015	1,025	990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	215	135	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,415	655	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,285	640	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	7,840	3,965	3,875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	945	460	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	365	185	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,655	660	995	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	5,420	2,535	2,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	715	360	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	780	450	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	390	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	2,890	1,400	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	2,950	1,390	1,565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	90	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	745	505	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,830	830	1,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	845	445	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	935	430	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	380	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,145	660	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,890	880	1,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	1,160	565	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	2,215	1,050	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	345	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	925	465	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	1,760	855	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	420	160	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	635	320	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	350	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	980	520	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	850	420	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	1,285	605	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,855	960	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	1,500	760	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	2,920	1,345	1,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	150	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	385	200	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	1,540	705	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	905	485	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	1,400	740	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	935	495	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	945	465	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,625	1,255	1,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	750	365	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	715	355	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	1,240	615	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	2,225	1,120	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	1,955	890	1,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	380	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	1,145	510	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	575	320	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	945	470	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	420	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	650	390	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	1,165	620	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	515	290	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	405	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	655	260	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,330	590	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	615	340	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	1,205	600	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	1,075	485	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	545	260	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	2,630	1,165	1,460	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karen	980	520	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	665	335	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	305	165	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	1,095	570	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	4,915,945	2,416,885	2,499,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	83,860	35,040	48,825	1.7	1.4	2.0
Christian	1,684,870	766,705	918,165	34.3	31.7	36.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	434,920	203,070	231,850	8.8	8.4	9.3
Anabaptist	21,275	10,210	11,065	0.4	0.4	0.4
Anglican	137,485	59,595	77,885	2.8	2.5	3.1
Baptist	57,265	25,770	31,495	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	588,140	272,340	315,805	12.0	11.3	12.6
Christian Orthodox	45,135	21,835	23,300	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	25,715	11,245	14,470	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	12,875	5,795	7,075	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lutheran	46,395	20,205	26,185	0.9	0.8	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	7,290	3,295	3,995	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	41,140	18,550	22,585	0.8	0.8	0.9
Presbyterian	28,040	12,260	15,780	0.6	0.5	0.6
Reformed	12,455	6,050	6,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	129,000	51,815	77,185	2.6	2.1	3.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	97,745	44,660	53,085	2.0	1.8	2.1
Hindu	81,320	42,070	39,245	1.7	1.7	1.6
Jewish	26,850	12,980	13,870	0.5	0.5	0.6
Muslim	125,915	63,375	62,535	2.6	2.6	2.5
Sikh	290,870	145,740	145,130	5.9	6.0	5.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	11,570	5,495	6,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	51,440	20,890	30,555	1.0	0.9	1.2
No religion and secular perspectives	2,559,250	1,324,585	1,234,660	52.1	54.8	49.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	4,875,955	2,396,280	2,479,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	4,169,710	2,050,165	2,119,540	85.5	85.6	85.5
Movers	706,245	346,115	360,130	14.5	14.4	14.5
Non-migrants	395,215	193,080	202,135	8.1	8.1	8.2
Migrants	311,030	153,035	157,990	6.4	6.4	6.4
Internal migrants	251,245	123,785	127,455	5.2	5.2	5.1
Intraprovincial migrants	187,990	92,090	95,900	3.9	3.8	3.9
Interprovincial migrants	63,250	31,695	31,555	1.3	1.3	1.3
External migrants	59,785	29,250	30,535	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	4,699,740	2,305,755	2,393,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,639,500	1,292,175	1,347,330	56.2	56.0	56.3
Movers	2,060,245	1,013,590	1,046,655	43.8	44.0	43.7
Non-migrants	757,040	372,900	384,135	16.1	16.2	16.0
Migrants	1,303,200	640,680	662,520	27.7	27.8	27.7
Internal migrants	1,016,025	498,920	517,105	21.6	21.6	21.6
Intraprovincial migrants	799,455	390,525	408,935	17.0	16.9	17.1
Interprovincial migrants	216,565	108,395	108,170	4.6	4.7	4.5
External migrants	287,175	141,765	145,415	6.1	6.1	6.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	643,330	341,470	301,860	15.3	16.7	14.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,557,095	1,706,925	1,850,170	84.7	83.3	86.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,691,860	1,313,265	1,378,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	259,010	148,785	110,220	9.6	11.3	8.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,432,850	1,164,475	1,268,375	90.4	88.7	92.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	565,665	292,000	273,665	13.5	14.3	12.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,238,000	610,685	627,320	29.5	29.8	29.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,396,755	1,145,715	1,251,040	57.1	55.9	58.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,197,050	598,425	598,620	28.5	29.2	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	323,635	243,815	79,815	7.7	11.9	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	133,020	78,330	54,685	3.2	3.8	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	190,615	165,490	25,130	4.5	8.1	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	711,810	289,555	422,255	16.9	14.1	19.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	161,600	65,055	96,545	3.8	3.2	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,199,710	547,285	652,420	28.6	26.7	30.3
Bachelor's degree	775,145	347,145	427,995	18.5	16.9	19.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	84,000	34,915	49,085	2.0	1.7	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	32,985	18,045	14,945	0.8	0.9	0.7
Master's degree	264,145	121,485	142,660	6.3	5.9	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	43,440	25,700	17,740	1.0	1.3	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,691,860	1,313,260	1,378,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	216,660	122,720	93,935	8.0	9.3	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	694,785	358,700	336,090	25.8	27.3	24.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,780,415	831,840	948,575	66.1	63.3	68.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	838,680	416,930	421,745	31.2	31.7	30.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	217,350	164,860	52,495	8.1	12.6	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	88,765	52,645	36,115	3.3	4.0	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	128,590	112,210	16,375	4.8	8.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	507,405	206,015	301,390	18.8	15.7	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	113,915	46,055	67,865	4.2	3.5	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	941,735	414,910	526,830	35.0	31.6	38.2
Bachelor's degree	610,735	267,470	343,270	22.7	20.4	24.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	63,310	25,280	38,030	2.4	1.9	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,675	11,985	12,690	0.9	0.9	0.9
Master's degree	212,745	93,655	119,090	7.9	7.1	8.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	30,275	16,520	13,755	1.1	1.3	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	4,200,425	2,048,390	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,803,665	902,685	900,990	42.9	44.1	41.9
Education	158,060	37,395	120,670	3.8	1.8	5.6
13. Education	158,060	37,395	120,670	3.8	1.8	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	109,100	46,770	62,330	2.6	2.3	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	13,390	9,570	3,815	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	95,715	37,200	58,510	2.3	1.8	2.7
Humanities	143,340	55,460	87,875	3.4	2.7	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	16,850	3,705	13,145	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	35,465	10,360	25,105	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	48,620	19,020	29,605	1.2	0.9	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,860	1,075	1,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	7,705	4,630	3,075	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	12,220	7,385	4,835	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	16,035	8,595	7,450	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,580	695	2,880	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	288,970	102,380	186,590	6.9	5.0	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,140	1,360	3,780	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	31,375	11,580	19,795	0.7	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	39,140	3,530	35,610	0.9	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	44,255	15,575	28,680	1.1	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	6,625	2,525	4,105	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	52,080	13,955	38,125	1.2	0.7	1.8
45. Social sciences	110,350	53,860	56,495	2.6	2.6	2.6
Business, management and public administration	493,290	201,060	292,230	11.7	9.8	13.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	645	220	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	30,855	6,685	24,175	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	461,790	194,160	267,625	11.0	9.5	12.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	106,515	54,495	52,015	2.5	2.7	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	44,910	19,580	25,330	1.1	1.0	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	25,655	12,030	13,620	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,880	665	1,220	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	30,600	21,085	9,515	0.7	1.0	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,470	1,140	2,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	105,555	69,245	36,310	2.5	3.4	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	83,795	58,985	24,810	2.0	2.9	1.2
25. Library science	6,145	865	5,280	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,030	7,715	5,320	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,580	1,680	900	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	458,590	409,460	49,135	10.9	20.0	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	19,025	11,490	7,535	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	119,995	96,730	23,260	2.9	4.7	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	83,585	73,495	10,085	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	104,445	101,120	3,325	2.5	4.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	86,325	83,625	2,700	2.1	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	45,110	42,955	2,150	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	60,510	33,885	26,625	1.4	1.7	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	31,920	15,075	16,845	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,595	18,815	9,775	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	350,930	73,605	277,325	8.4	3.6	12.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	27,000	13,530	13,470	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	312,980	53,940	259,035	7.5	2.6	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	725	175	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	10,230	5,960	4,270	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	121,210	61,715	59,495	2.9	3.0	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	76,425	24,575	51,850	1.8	1.2	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	505	435	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,025	930	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	15,820	11,280	4,540	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	27,425	24,490	2,935	0.7	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	685	235	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,691,865	1,313,265	1,378,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	911,450	481,425	430,025	33.9	36.7	31.2
Education	99,640	21,315	78,320	3.7	1.6	5.7
13. Education	99,640	21,315	78,320	3.7	1.6	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	85,350	36,335	49,005	3.2	2.8	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,815	6,950	2,860	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	75,530	29,385	46,145	2.8	2.2	3.3
Humanities	103,360	38,515	64,845	3.8	2.9	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,735	2,545	10,190	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	25,770	7,190	18,580	1.0	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	35,310	13,320	21,990	1.3	1.0	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,895	745	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,780	3,440	2,335	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,845	4,740	3,105	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	11,615	6,050	5,565	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,410	480	1,930	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	226,805	76,655	150,150	8.4	5.8	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,220	1,075	3,145	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	26,730	9,590	17,150	1.0	0.7	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,960	2,705	27,260	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	34,935	10,780	24,150	1.3	0.8	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,150	1,960	3,185	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	39,250	9,600	29,645	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	86,555	40,945	45,615	3.2	3.1	3.3
Business, management and public administration	379,485	152,040	227,445	14.1	11.6	16.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	445	140	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	22,625	4,535	18,095	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	356,415	147,365	209,055	13.2	11.2	15.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	77,340	37,350	39,990	2.9	2.8	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	33,945	14,030	19,915	1.3	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	18,520	8,355	10,165	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,545	520	1,030	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	21,390	13,835	7,555	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,935	610	1,330	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	87,185	58,400	28,785	3.2	4.4	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	72,700	51,710	20,995	2.7	3.9	1.5
25. Library science	3,600	540	3,060	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	8,865	4,890	3,975	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,010	1,265	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	327,735	286,655	41,080	12.2	21.8	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	14,690	8,220	6,480	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	93,760	73,350	20,400	3.5	5.6	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	57,590	49,650	7,940	2.1	3.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	74,045	71,450	2,595	2.8	5.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	57,950	55,995	1,950	2.2	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	29,605	27,965	1,640	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	45,705	23,930	21,775	1.7	1.8	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	23,700	10,410	13,290	0.9	0.8	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	22,005	13,520	8,485	0.8	1.0	0.6
Health and related fields	258,665	55,710	202,960	9.6	4.2	14.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	20,980	10,585	10,395	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	229,855	41,240	188,620	8.5	3.1	13.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	580	90	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,245	3,790	3,455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	88,615	44,750	43,865	3.3	3.4	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	56,165	18,390	37,775	2.1	1.4	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	305	240	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	450	410	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	12,270	8,530	3,740	0.5	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,425	17,180	2,240	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	535	180	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	2,691,865	1,313,265	1,378,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	911,450	481,425	430,025	33.9	36.7	31.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,780,415	831,835	948,580	66.1	63.3	68.8
Location of study inside Canada	1,316,405	622,255	694,150	48.9	47.4	50.4
Same as province or territory of residence	1,029,000	480,420	548,580	38.2	36.6	39.8
Different than province or territory of residence	287,405	141,835	145,570	10.7	10.8	10.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	464,010	209,580	254,430	17.2	16.0	18.5
Americas	84,155	40,735	43,420	3.1	3.1	3.1
United States of America	57,255	28,610	28,650	2.1	2.2	2.1
Mexico	8,850	3,950	4,895	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	655	290	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	8,395	3,865	4,530	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	2,315	1,005	1,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	945	345	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	815	345	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	4,590	2,160	2,430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	92,195	46,985	45,210	3.4	3.6	3.3
Belgium	755	430	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	5,075	2,645	2,425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	5,805	2,975	2,830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	2,315	1,265	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	1,915	905	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	945	430	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	455	200	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	2,960	1,320	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	3,515	1,720	1,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	5,880	2,560	3,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	4,345	1,945	2,395	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	5,665	3,255	2,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	38,270	20,230	18,040	1.4	1.5	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	840	410	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,610	890	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,565	845	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	10,275	4,955	5,320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	12,250	6,465	5,785	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	1,315	690	630	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	470	255	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,490	800	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	5,860	3,055	2,800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	2,825	1,510	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	258,905	106,700	152,210	9.6	8.1	11.0
Iran⁸⁸	16,325	7,150	9,175	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	1,465	830	635	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	1,345	690	660	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	550	260	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	805	405	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	1,680	995	680	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	59,350	24,555	34,795	2.2	1.9	2.5
Taiwan	8,905	2,985	5,915	0.3	0.2	0.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	7,025	2,820	4,210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japan	8,185	1,960	6,230	0.3	0.1	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	19,605	7,220	12,385	0.7	0.5	0.9
Philippines	55,140	20,255	34,880	2.0	1.5	2.5
Viet Nam	2,145	625	1,520	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	1,135	485	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	975	480	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	60,565	28,910	31,655	2.2	2.2	2.3
Pakistan	3,935	1,855	2,080	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	9,780	4,215	5,565	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	16,505	8,700	7,810	0.6	0.7	0.6
Australia	12,315	6,385	5,930	0.5	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	3,340	1,855	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	855	465	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	4,200,425	2,048,395	2,152,030	...	...	...
In the labour force	2,657,275	1,378,375	1,278,900	...	...	...
Employed	2,433,600	1,264,715	1,168,885	...	...	...
Unemployed	223,675	113,655	110,015	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	1,543,145	670,020	873,130	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.3	67.3	59.4	63.3	67.3	59.4
Employment rate	57.9	61.7	54.3	57.9	61.7	54.3
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.2	8.6	8.4	8.2	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	4,200,425	2,048,390	2,152,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,563,830	685,205	878,625	37.2	33.5	40.8
Worked	2,636,595	1,363,185	1,273,410	62.8	66.5	59.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,350,335	768,255	582,080	32.1	37.5	27.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,286,260	594,930	691,330	30.6	29.0	32.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.8	39.9	40.9	41.8	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	2.0	1.9	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	98.0	98.1	97.8
Employee	2,144,475	1,076,150	1,068,330	80.7	78.1	83.5
Permanent position	1,788,175	913,100	875,070	67.3	66.2	68.4
Temporary position	356,305	163,045	193,255	13.4	11.8	15.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	116,190	53,010	63,190	4.4	3.8	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	240,110	110,035	130,070	9.0	8.0	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	458,635	275,905	182,735	17.3	20.0	14.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	2.0	1.9	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	98.0	98.1	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	32,255	22,375	9,885	1.2	1.6	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	446,160	137,765	308,395	16.8	10.0	24.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	209,185	158,605	50,580	7.9	11.5	4.0
3 Health occupations	199,185	43,765	155,415	7.5	3.2	12.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	309,360	103,155	206,205	11.6	7.5	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	110,585	52,240	58,340	4.2	3.8	4.6
6 Sales and service occupations	666,705	293,530	373,180	25.1	21.3	29.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	469,450	425,905	43,545	17.7	30.9	3.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	72,075	51,750	20,325	2.7	3.8	1.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	88,155	62,965	25,185	3.3	4.6	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	2,657,275	1,378,380	1,278,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,165	26,325	27,835	2.0	1.9	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	2,603,110	1,352,050	1,251,060	98.0	98.1	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	60,320	38,580	21,735	2.3	2.8	1.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	24,955	20,610	4,350	0.9	1.5	0.3
22 Utilities	14,820	10,765	4,050	0.6	0.8	0.3
23 Construction	234,345	201,185	33,155	8.8	14.6	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	152,790	107,750	45,035	5.7	7.8	3.5
41 Wholesale trade	80,165	53,130	27,035	3.0	3.9	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	301,060	142,230	158,830	11.3	10.3	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	142,230	108,095	34,135	5.4	7.8	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	71,295	43,800	27,495	2.7	3.2	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	95,560	41,275	54,290	3.6	3.0	4.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	59,155	31,515	27,640	2.2	2.3	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	238,650	131,495	107,150	9.0	9.5	8.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,785	2,740	3,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	110,215	62,865	47,350	4.1	4.6	3.7
61 Educational services	192,855	62,310	130,545	7.3	4.5	10.2
62 Health care and social assistance	319,525	64,150	255,375	12.0	4.7	20.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	60,775	30,215	30,560	2.3	2.2	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	182,105	78,435	103,670	6.9	5.7	8.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	113,780	50,100	63,680	4.3	3.6	5.0
91 Public administration	142,730	70,795	71,940	5.4	5.1	5.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,617,625	1,354,690	1,262,935	91.7	92.0	91.3
French	3,090	850	2,240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	52,925	27,750	25,180	1.9	1.9	1.8
Indigenous³⁹	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	52,790	27,690	25,100	1.8	1.9	1.8
English and French	21,550	8,765	12,785	0.8	0.6	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	154,255	76,820	77,440	5.4	5.2	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,520	1,160	1,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,840	2,000	1,840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,820,225	1,453,980	1,366,250	98.8	98.8	98.7
Official languages	2,726,710	1,405,545	1,321,160	95.5	95.5	95.5
English	2,720,275	1,403,805	1,316,470	95.3	95.4	95.1
French	6,430	1,740	4,690	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	93,520	48,430	45,090	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	290	85	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	93,230	48,340	44,890	3.3	3.3	3.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	520	320	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	500	320	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	355	250	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,720	1,070	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,695	1,060	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	855	430	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	680	335	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	30,820	18,165	12,655	1.1	1.2	0.9
Albanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	915	350	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	900	350	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	645	245	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	680	310	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	450	200	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	400	180	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	25,450	15,470	9,980	0.9	1.1	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	23,425	14,315	9,115	0.8	1.0	0.7
Bengali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	555	310	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	22,730	13,945	8,785	0.8	0.9	0.6
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,020	1,155	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,985	1,135	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,710	940	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	120	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,675	1,975	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	555	245	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,940	1,645	1,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,015	695	1,320	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	6,855	3,485	3,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	300	105	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	285	95	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	48,730	23,930	24,800	1.7	1.6	1.8
Chinese languages	48,670	23,890	24,780	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	28,465	13,710	14,755	1.0	0.9	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	19,865	10,015	9,855	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	65	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	60	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	35,660	18,080	17,585	1.2	1.2	1.3
English and French	2,470	970	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	32,195	16,590	15,610	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	825	445	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,855,890	1,472,060	1,383,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	2,703,945	1,398,765	1,305,180	94.7	95.0	94.3
English	36,055	17,805	18,250	1.3	1.2	1.3
French	16,140	7,125	9,020	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	79,300	38,900	40,400	2.8	2.6	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	1,320	470	850	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	77,980	38,430	39,550	2.7	2.6	2.9
English and French	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,745	2,165	2,580	0.2	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,945	860	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	13,685	6,410	7,275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,433,600	1,264,715	1,168,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	549,845	262,840	287,005	22.6	20.8	24.6
Worked outside Canada	10,065	6,785	3,275	0.4	0.5	0.3
No fixed workplace address	373,475	277,860	95,615	15.3	22.0	8.2
Usual place of work	1,500,215	717,240	782,980	61.6	56.7	67.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,500,215	717,235	782,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	774,620	341,895	432,725	51.6	47.7	55.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	638,825	322,890	315,940	42.6	45.0	40.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	77,845	46,415	31,440	5.2	6.5	4.0
Commute to a different province or territory	8,920	6,040	2,875	0.6	0.8	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	1,497,765	824,995	672,775	79.9	82.9	76.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,376,410	775,555	600,865	73.5	77.9	68.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	121,350	49,440	71,910	6.5	5.0	8.2
Public transit	174,045	72,290	101,750	9.3	7.3	11.6
Walked	121,550	51,185	70,360	6.5	5.1	8.0
Bicycle	36,790	22,990	13,800	2.0	2.3	1.6
Other method	43,535	23,635	19,900	2.3	2.4	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	595,470	276,270	319,200	31.8	27.8	36.3
15 to 29 minutes	637,130	333,835	303,295	34.0	33.5	34.5
30 to 44 minutes	369,645	216,975	152,670	19.7	21.8	17.4
45 to 59 minutes	137,115	81,460	55,655	7.3	8.2	6.3
60 minutes and over	134,330	86,550	47,780	7.2	8.7	5.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,873,690	995,095	878,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	125,470	91,685	33,785	6.7	9.2	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	298,120	192,650	105,460	15.9	19.4	12.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	449,315	237,080	212,235	24.0	23.8	24.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	418,635	186,225	232,415	22.3	18.7	26.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	303,745	133,880	169,865	16.2	13.5	19.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	278,405	153,580	124,825	14.9	15.4	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	884,130	455,675	428,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,575	28,115	27,465	6.3	6.2	6.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	828,550	427,565	400,990	93.7	93.8	93.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	651,050	336,315	314,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	43,010	21,805	21,205	6.6	6.5	6.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	23,960	11,755	12,205	3.7	3.5	3.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	19,050	10,050	8,995	2.9	3.0	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	608,040	314,500	293,535	93.4	93.5	93.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 29, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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